Investigacion DANIEL Y ANDRES

 

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Dcotmonkc :.

IJ IJLJ LJOD ODM MK KM MM MOM OMYF YFNJ NJ DC DCO OY YMJ MJDD DDNC NCO O............. ........................... ............................. .............................. ............................. .......................9 .........9 :.9. :.9.

MD MD]J ]JDN DNCO CO F FMO MOMY MYJL JL K KML ML I IJL JLJO JODM DM KM MO MOMY MYFÈ FÈJ J....................................................9

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IJ IJLJ LJOD ODM M KM MO MOMY MYFN FNJ JM MO OT TNT NT[M [MHJ HJT T DM DMYY YYJK JKCT CT.....................................................;

:.;. IJLJODM KM MOMYFNJ MO TNT[MHJT JINMY[CT............................................................6 :.=.

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LM LM^ ^K KM ML LJ JPCN CNTN TNMY MY-L -LJ JQLJ LJD DM7................................................................................:=

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HJZ]NOJT [ [M MYHNDJT.............. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ..............................9: ...............9:

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DL DLJT JTN@ N@ND NDJD JDNÔ NÔO O KM KM LJ LJT TH HJZ JZ]N ]NOJ OJT T [Î [ÎYH YHND NDJT JT...............................................94

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NOPM NO PMT[ T[NF NFJD JDNC NCO O O± O±55 :. IJL IJLJOD JODM MK KM MM MOMY OMYFNJ FNJ DCO YMJDDN YMJDDNCO CO :. :.9. 9. MD]J MD]JDN DNCO CO F FMO MOMY MYJL JL K KML ML I IJL JLJO JODM DM KM KM MO MOMY MYFÈ FÈJ J Lj mdujdnôo fmomrjl kml ijljodm km momrfèj sm mxprmsj km lj snfunmotm `crhj7

Lj mxprmsnôo hjtmhêtndj kml ijljodm km hjsjs pumkm snhiclnzjrsm km lj snfunmotm hjomrj, uoj vmz emdec lcs jrrmflcs hjtmhêtndcs rmspmdtnvcs7

Kcokm ∀M ms lj kn`mrmodnj km momrfèj tctjl km snstmhj (jduhuljdnôo) kurjotm uo prcdmsc c djhinc km mstjkc, Z (Djlcr) y V ([rjijgc) qum sco momrfèjs km trjos`mrmodnj ejdnj ml snstmhj kml motcroc c vndmvmrsj, K (E+B+Q) sco momrfèjs qum sm trjospcrtjo dco lj hjtmrnj qum motrj c sjlm kml snstmhj, y Mrx ms lj fmomrjdnôo c dcosuhc km momrfèj pcr pjrtm kml snstmhj prckudtc km uoj rmjddnôo quèhndj (Motjlpèj km Ymjddnôo). Mstj mdujdnôo pumkm smr jplndjkj j uo mqunpc noknvnkujl c j tckj uoj 9

 

 pljotj, mo lj mdujdnôo sm pumkmo notrckudnr jlfuojs snhpln`ndjdncoms7 :.

Oc ejy ejy jduh jduhul uljd jdnô nôoo kkmm mmom omrf rfèèj kkmo mottrc kml kml ssns nsttmh mhjj

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Oc ejy ejy fmom fmomrj rjdn dnôo ôo km momr momrfè fèjj kkmo motr trcc kkml ml sn snst stmh mhjj

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Oc sm sm ddccosu osuhm mmoomrfèj kkmmotrc kml snstmhj

Tn notrckudnhcs msjs snhpln`ndjdncoms lj mdujdnôo sm rmkudm j7

[YJOT@. KM MOMYFNJ J [YJPMT KM LJ @YCO[MYJ KML TNT[MHJ8[YJOT@. KM MOMYFNJ @]MYJ KM LJ @YCO[MYJ KML TNT[MHJ Ms jquml qum oc prmsmotj notmrdjhinc dco ml hmknc jhinmotm qum lc rckmj

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IJLJ IJLJOD ODM M KM MOM MOMYF YFNJ NJ M MO O TN TNT[ T[MH MHJT JT D DMY MYYJ YJKC KCT T Ml prnodnpnc qum rnfm lcs ijljodms km ms lj lmy km dcosmrvjdnôo km lj momrfèj qum mstjilmdm qum lj momrfèj oc pumkm drmjrsm on kmstrunrsm (mxdmptc mo  prcdmscs oudlmjrms). Mstj lmy ms tjhinîo lljhjkj prnhmr prnodnpnc km lj tmrhcknoêhndj. Mo lj hês fmomrjl km sus `crhjs, lj prnhmrj lmy kndm qum lj vmlcdnkjk j lj dujl lj momrfèj (dnoîtndj + pctmodnjl + notmroj) ms nofrmsjkj j uo snstmhj pcr uo `lunkc, hês lj vmlcdnkjk j lj dujl nofrmsj momrfèj mo `crhj km djlcr, hmocs lj vmlcdnkjk j lj dujl lj momrfèj ms trjospcrtjkj pcr ml `lunkc `umrj kml snstmhj, hmocs lj vmlcdnkjk j lj dujl ml snstmhj rmjlnzj trjijgc scirm lcs jlrmkmkcrms, ms nfujl j lj vmlcdnkjk j lj dujl lj momrfèj sm jduhulj mo ml snstmhj. Pmjhcs su jplndjdnôo j uo snstmhj dmrrjkc.

4

 

]o snstmhj smrê jinmrtc c dmrrjkc smf÷o lj hjsj pumkj c oc jtrjvmsjr lcs lèhntms kml hnshc kurjotm ml pmrèckc km tnmhpc mo qum sm pljotmj ml ijljodm km momrfèj. Qcr km`nondnôo, uo prcdmsc ijtde c pcr lctms ms dmrrjkc hnmotrjs qum uo smhnijtde c uo prcdmsc dcotèouc sco jinmrtcs. Ml ijljodm notmfrjl km uo snstmhj dmrrjkc kmim smr pljotmjkc motrm kcs nostjotms km tnmhpc (³pcr quî3). Dchc lj momrfèj oc pumkm drmjrsm on kmstrunrsm, lcs tîrhnocs km fmomrjdnôo c dcosuhc oc tnmomo smotnkc, llmfjokc j7 Jduhuljdnôo 8 motrjkj - sjlnkj Dujokc pljotmjhcs lcs  ijljodms km hjsj mo uo snstmhj dmrrjkc lcs tîrhnocs km motrjkj y sjlnkj km hjtmrnj sm djodmljijo yj qum oc ejièj drudm km hjsj mo ljs `rcotmrjs kml snstmhj. Tno mhijrfc, mo uo snstmhj dmrrjkc, lj momrfèj pumkm smr trjos`mrnkj mo lcs lèhntm kml snstmhj dchc djlcr c trjijgc, pcr lc tjotc, lcs tîrhnocs jotmrncrms km motrjkj y sjlnkj oc pumkmo mlnhnojrsm (sè sm mlnhnojo lcs tîrhnocs km motrjkj/sjlnkj km momrfèj trjospcrtjkj pcr ml `lunkc kmotrc c `umrj kml snstmhj) Momrfèj `nojl kml snstmhj - Momrfèj nondnjl kml snstmhj 8 Momrfèj omtj trjos`mrnkj jl snstmhj (motrjkj - sjlnkj) Momrfèj nondnjl kml snstmhj 8 ]n + Mdn + MQn Momrfèj `nojl kml snstmhj 8 ]` + Md` + MQ`  Momrfèj trjos`mrnkj 8 Z + V

 

Kcokm lcs suièokndms n y ` sm rm`nmrmo j lcs mstjkcs nondnjl c `nojl kml snstmhj, ], Mb, Mp, Z y V rmprmsmotjo momrfèj notmroj, momrfèj dnoîtndj,

trjos`mrnkc jl snstmhj pcr lcs jlrmkmkcrms y trjijgc rmjlnzjkc pcr lcs jlrmkmkcrms scirm ml snstmhj. Ymjfrupjokc llmfjhcs j7 momrfèj pctmodnjl, djlcr

(]` - ]n) + (Md` — Mdn) + (Mp` - Mpn) 8 Z + V

ô sn mhplmjhcs ml sèhiclc Λ pjrj snfon`ndjr (`nojl - nondnjl)7 Λ] + ΛMd + ΛMp 8 Z+V Lj ÷ltnhj mdujdnôo ms dcocdnkj dchc lj Qrnhmrj Lmy km lj [mrhcknoêhndj pjrj snstmhjs dmrrjkcs. Qjrj jplndjr mstj mdujdnôo j uo [mrhcknoêhndj pjrj  prcdmsc dmrrjkc kmimo tmomrsm mo dumotj ljs snfunmotms dcosnkmrjdncoms2 dcos nkmrjdncoms2 :.- Lj momrfèj notmroj km uo snstmhj kmpmokm djsn mxdlusnvjhmotm km su dchpcsndnôo quèhndj, mstjkc km jfrmfjdnôo (sôlnkc, lèqunkc c fjs) y km lj tmhpmrjturj kml snstmhj hjtmrnjl. Ms nokmpmoknmotm km lj prmsnôo pjrj fjsms nkmjlms y prêdtndjhmotm nokmpmoknmotm km lj prmsnôo pjrj lèqunkcs y sôlnkcs. sôlnkc s. Tn oc ejy djh djhincs incs km tmhpmrjturj, on djhincs km `jsm on

 

rmjddnôo quèhndj mo ml snstmhj dmrrjkc y sn lcs djhincs km prmsnôo sco pmqumúcs c hmocs km uojs pcdjs jthôs`mrjs, motcodms Λ] ≅ 1.

9.- Tn uo snstmhj oc sm mstê jdmlmrjokc (c rmtjrkjokc), ΛMd 8 1. Tn uo snstmhj oc mstê jsdmoknmokc on djymokc, motcodms ΛMp 8 1 4.- Tn uo snstmhj c sus jlrmkmkcrms mstêo j lj hnshj tmhpmrjturj c ml snstmhj mstê pmr`mdtjhmotm jnsljkc, motcodms Z 8 1. Mstm prcdmsc sm kmochnoj jknjiêtndc. ;.- Ml trjijgc m`mdtujkc pcr ml snstmhj c scirm îl, mstê jdchpjújkc km uo hcvnhnmotc km lcs lèhntms c dcotcroc kml snstmhj dcotrj uoj `umrzj (pcr  mgmhplc ml hcvnhnmotc km uo pnstôo c rctjdnôo km uo mgm c ml pjsc km uoj dcrrnmotm mlîdtrndj c rjknjdnôo mo ml dcotcroc). Tn oc ejy pjrtms hôvnlms, on dcrrnmotms mlîdtrndjs, on rjknjdnôo mo lcs lèhntms kml snstmhj, motcodms tmomhcs V 8 1. :.;. IJLJODM KM MOMYFNJ MO TNT[MHJT JINMY[CT Qcr km`nondnôo km prcdmsc jinmrtc, mo mstcs ejy uo `lugc km hjtmrnj qum jtrjvnmsj jtrjvn msj lcs lèhn lèhntms tms kml hnshc hnmot hnmotrjs rjs ml prcdmsc sm llmvj j djic. Qcr lc tjotc, pjrj qum lj hjsj nofrmsm jl snstmhj ms omdmsjrnc m`mdtujr uo trjijgc  pjrj mhpugjr mstj hjsj mo ml snstmhj y ml snstmhj kmim rmjlnzjr uo trjijgc scirm lcs jlrmkmkcrms pjrj qum lj hjsj pumkj sjlnr kml snstmhj. Jhics trjijgcs (tjotc pjrj nofrmsjr lj hjtmrnj c qum mstj mfrmsm) kmimo smr 

 

nodlunkcs mo ml ijljodm km momrfèj, y lj kn`mrmodnj motrm jhics ms ml trjijgc km `lugc. Mo rmjlnkjk mo mstcs snstmhjs, hês qum ejiljr km trjijgc kmdnhcs vmlcdnkjk km trjos`mrmodnj km momrfèj dchc trjijgc c trjijgc/tnmhpc)

ΛE„ 8 √ h„gīg - √ h„gīg

Dtms. Tjlnkj - Dtms. Motrjkj

ΛM„d 8 √ h„gug_/9 - √ h„gug_/9

Dtms. Tjlnkj - Dtms. Motrjkj ΛM„p 8 √ h„gfzg - √ h„gfzg Dtms.Tjlnkj - Dtms. Motrjkj

ΛE„ + ΛM„d + ΛM„p 8 Z„ + VT Mstj mdujdnôo mstjilmdm qum mo uo snstmhj jinmrtc mo mstjkc mstjdncojrnc, lj vmlcdnkjk omtj j lj dujl lj momrfèj ms trjos`mrnkj j uo snstmhj dchc djlcr  y/c ml trjijgc mo ml mgm (Z„ + V„s ) ms nfujl j lj kn`mrmodnj motrm lj vmlcdnkjk j lj dujl ljs djotnkjkms (motjlpèj + momrfèj dnoîtndj + momrfèj  pctmodnjl) sco trjospcrtjkjs `umrj y kmotrc kml snstmhj (ΛE„ + ΛM„d +

 

ΛM„p) :.=. MO[JLQNJ Lj motj motjlp lpèj èj ms lj djot djotnk nkjk jk km momr momrfè fèjj dcot dcotmo monk nkjj mo uoj uoj su sust stjo jodn dnj. j. Ymprmsmotj uoj hmknkj tmrhcknoêhndj lj dujl vnmom `nfurjkj dco lj lmtrj E mo hjy÷sdulj, lj vjrnjdnôo km mstj hmknkj humstrj lj djotnkjk km momrfèj jtrjèkj c dmknkj pcr uo snstmhj tmrhcknoêhndc, ms kmdnr, lj prcpcrdnôo km momrfèj qum uo snstmhj trjos`nmrm j su motcroc. Ml tîrhnoc motjlpèj sm kmrnvj kml frnmfc “motejlpcs‘ qum snfon`ndj djlmotjr. Lj mot motjl jlpèj pèj suml sumlmm hjo hjomgj mgjrsm rsm kmo kmotrc trc kml dco dcotmx tmxtc tc tmr tmrhck hcknoê noêhnd hndcc pjrj rm`mrnrsm rm`mrnr sm j lj djotnkjk km momrfè momrfèjj qum sm modumotrj mo hcvnhnmotc jl  prckudnrsm uoj prmsnôo dcostjotm scirm uo cigmt cigmtcc hjtmr hjtmrnjl. njl. Lj motjlpèj motjlpèj tmrhcknoêhndj vnmom mxprmsjkj mo gculm (uonkjk km hmknkj utnlnzjkj mo ml dêldulc km momrfèj, trjijgc y djlcr), y su `ôrhulj ms lj snfunmotm7 E8 ]+ QP.

:.=.:. :.=. :. [N [NQC QCT T KM KM M MO[ O[JL JLQN QNJ J Lj vjrnjdnôo km lj motjlpèj mstêokjr (kmoctjkj dchc E1 E 1 u EC) ms lj vjrnjdnôo km motjlp mot jlpèj èj qum cdur cdurrm rm mo uo snstmh snstmhjj dujo dujokc kc uoj uon uonkjk kjk mqu mqunvj nvjlmo lmotm tm km hjtmrnj sm trjos`crhj hmknjotm uoj rmjddnôo quèhndj ijgc dcokndncoms ocrhjlms c mstêokjr. Tus uonkjkms sco lcs bG/hcl mo ml snstmhj notmrojdncojl. ]oj vjrnjdnôo km lj motjlpèj mstêokjr km uoj rmjddnôo dch÷o ms lj vjrnjdnôo km lj  lj motjlpèj mstêokjr km `crhjdnôo, qum ej snkc kmtmrhnojkj pjrj uoj frjo

 

djotnkjk km sustjodnjs. Lj vjrnjdnôo km motjlpèj km dujlqunmr rmjddnôo ijgc dujlmsqunmrj dujlms qunmrj dcokndncoms dcokndncoms sm pumkm dchput dchputjr, jr, citmonîokcsm lj vjrnjd vjrnjdnôo nôo km motjlpèj motjl pèj km `crhjd `crhjdnôo nôo km tckcs lcs rmjdtn rmjdtnvcs vcs y prckudt prckudtcs. cs. Ctrjs rmjddn rmjddncoms coms dco vjrnjdncoms km motjlpèj mstêokjr sco lj dchiustnôo (vjrnjdnôo km lj motjlp mot jlpèj èj mst mstêok êokjr jr km dch dchiust iustnôo nôo)) y lj omut omutrjl rjlnzj nzjdnôo dnôo (v (vjrn jrnjd jdnô nôoo km lj motjlpèj mstêokjr km omutrjlnzjdnôo). :.=.:.:MO[JLQÈJ KM YMJDDNÔO7  Ms usjkj pjrtn pjrtnduljrhm duljrhmotm otm mo ljs rmjddncoms quèhndjs y rmprmsmotj ml djlcr lnimrjkc c jiscrinkc kurjotm lj rmjddnôo2 ms djlduljkj j trjvîs km lj kn`mrmodnj km motjlpèj motrm lcs  prckudtcs y rmjdtnvcs7 ∀Er 8 E(prckudtcs) — E(rmjdtnvcs) Kôokm7 E @nojl ms lj motjlpèj `nojl kml snstmhj. Mo uoj rmjddnôo quèhndj, ms lj motjlpèj km lcs prckudtcs. E Nondnjl ms lj motjlpèj nondnjl kml snstmhj. Mo uoj rmjddnôo quèhndj, ms lj motjlpèj km lcs rmjdtnvcs.

Mstm Mstm vjlc vjlcrr pumk pumkmm smr smr pcsn pcsntn tnvc vc c omfj omfjtn tnvc vc,, ms mstc tc kmpm kmpmok okmr mrêê km sè ocs ocs modcot mod cotrjh rjhcs cs mo prms prmsmodn modnjj km uo prcd prcdmsc msc mxct mxctîrh îrhndc ndc c mok mokctî ctîrhn rhndc. dc. Ejfjhcs lj kmkuddnôo kml snfoc km hjomrj notuntnvj7 sm sjim qum uo

 

 prcdmsc sm dcosnkmrj mxctîrhndc dujokc jl cd cdurrnr urrnr mstm ssmm lnimrj djlcr ejdèj lcs jlrmkmkcrms, mstc snfon`ndj qum ml snstmhj pnmrkm djlcr, pcr lc qum ∀E5 B 8 9= ·D 2 dcodmotrjdnôo km sustjodnjs knsumltjs 8 : H ). ). Tm mxprmsj dchc

Λ E 1 y dchc sm hnkm mo G c bG kmpmokm km dôhc sm jgustm lj rmjddnôo.

 

:.=.: .:..4. MO[JLQÈJ KM @CYHJDNÔ NÔO7 O7 rmp rmprm rmsmo smotj tj lj djotnkjk km djlcr qum sm jiscrim c sm kmsdjrfj dujokc sm  prckudm uo hcl km uo dchpumstc. Mstj motjlpèj smrê omfjtnvj, dujokc prcvmofj km uoj rmjddnôo mxctîrhndj, ms kmdnr qum lnimrj djlcr, hnmotrjs qum smrê pcsntnvj, dujokc ms mokctîrhndj (jiscrim ml djlcr). :. :.=. =.:. :.;. ;. MO MO[J [JLQ LQNJ NJ MT MT[Ê [ÊOK OKJY JY KM @CYH @CYHJD JDNÔ NÔO7 O7 Tm lljhj motjlpèj mstêokjr km `crhjdnôo c "djlcr mstêokjr  km `crhjdn `crhjdnôo" ôo" km uo dchpums dchpumstc tc j lj vjrnjdnôo vjrnjdnôo km mo motj tjlp lpèj èj qum qum jd jdcchp hpjú jújj lj `c `crh rhjd jdnô nôoo km : hcl km uoj uoj sustjodnj mo su mstjkc mstêokjr j pjrtnr km sus mlmhmotcs dcostntuymotms mo su mstjk mstjkcc mstêokjr (lj `crhj `crhj hês mstjilm km uo ml mlmh mhmo motc tc j : jt jthô hôs` s`mr mrjj km prm prmsn snôo ôo y j 9=± 9=± km tmhpmrjturj). Tm kmoctj pcr ΛE` ±.

Lj vjrnjdnôo km motjlpèj mstêokjr km `crhjdnôo sm hnkm mo uonkjkms uonkjk ms km momrfè momrfèjj pcr djotn djotnkjk kjk km sustjo sustjodnj. dnj. Tm sumlm sumlmoo kjr mo bnlc bnlcgu guln lncs cs  pcr hcl (bG hcl-:), pmrc pum pumkm km vmonr kjkj mo dujlqunmr dujlqu nmr uonkjk dco ljs hnshjs knhmosncom knhmosncoms. s. [ckcs lcs mlmhmotcs mo sus mstjkcs mstêokjrms (cxèfmoc fjs, djricoc sôlnkc mo `crhj km frj`ntc frj`ntc,, mtd. mtd.)) tn tnmo momo mo uoj mo motj tjlp lpèj èj mst mstêo êokjr kjr km `crhjdnôo km dmrc, kjkc qum su `crhjdnôo oc supcom onof÷o  prcdmsc. Lj vjrnjdnôo km motjlpèj mstêokjr km `crhjdnôo sm usj mo tmrhcquèhndj pjrj modcotrjr lj vjrnjdnôo km motjlpèj mstêokjr km

 

rmjddn rmj ddnôo. ôo. Mstc sm ejd ejdmm rmst rmstêokc êokclm lm lj suh suhjj km ljs motjl motjlpèj pèjss mstêokjr km `crhjdnôo km lcs rmjdtnvcs j lj suhj km ljs motjlpèjs mstêokjr km `crhjdnôo km lcs prckudtcs, dchc sm humstrj mo lj snfunmotm mdujdnôo mdujdnôo.. :. :.=. =.:. :.=. =.

MO[ O[JL JLQÈ QÈJ J KM DC DCH HI] I]T[ T[NÔ NÔO7 O7 Ymprmsmotj ml djlcr  kmsdjrfjkc, kmsdjrfj kc, j uoj prmsnôo dcostjotm, jl hchmotc km qumhjr uo hcl km sustjodnj. Jl rm`mrnrsm j uoj dljsm km rmjddnôo mo kcokm sm lnimrj djlcr, sm mstê ejiljokc km uoj rmjddnôo mxctîrhndj, pcr lc qum lj vjrnjdnôo km motjlpèj smrê omfjtnvj.

:. :.=. =.:. :.0. 0.

MO MO[J [JLQ LQÈJ ÈJ KM DJ DJHI HINC NC KM @J @JTM TM77 Jqumllj qum nhplndj lj jiscrdnôo c lnimrjdnôo km momrfèj dujokc uoj sustjodnj pjsj km uo mstjkc km km  jfrmfjdnôo j ctrc, ms kmdnr, km fjs j sôlnkc c j lèqunkc, mtd. Tm suiknvnkm mo7 motjlpèjj km vjpcrnzjd motjlpè vjpcrnzjdnôo, nôo, motjlpèj km sclnkn`ndjdn sclnkn`ndjdnôo ôo y motjlpèj km `usnôo, prnodnpjlhmotm.

:. :.=. =.:. :.6. 6.

MO[ O[JL JLQÈ QÈJ J KM T TC CLN LNKN KN@N @NDJ DJD DNÔO7 NÔO7 Tm rm`nmrm j lj djotnkjk djotn kjk km momrfè momrfèjj qum ms dcovmon dcovmonmotm motm lnimrjr, pjrj qum uo hc hcll km sust sustjo jodn dnj, j, dco dco tmhp tmhpmr mrjt jtur urjj y pr prms msnô nôoo dcostjotm, sm trjsljkm km uo mstjkc lèqunkc j uo mstjkc sôlnkc.

:. :.=. =.:. :.5. 5.

MO[ O[JL JLQÈ QÈJ J KM PJQ PJQC CYN YNW WJD JDNÔ NÔO7 O7 Ms jqumllj kcokm lj momrfèj kmim dcosuhnrsm pjrj pckmr vjpcrnzjr uo hcl

 

km sustjodnj, ms kmdnr, pjsjr km uo mstjkc lèqunkc j uoc fjsmcsc. Dchc lj momrfèj jtrjèkj mstê mo `crhj km djlcr, sm mstê `rmotm j uo prcdmsc mokctîrhndc, pcr lc tjotc, lj vjrnjdnôo km lj motjlpèj smrê pcsntnvj. :.=.:.>.

rmjddnô dnôoo què quèhnd hndjj MO[JLQÈJ KM MOLJDM7 ]oj rmjd dcosnstmm mo lj rupturj km jlfuoc dcosnst jlfuocss km lcs moljdms km lcs rmjdtnvcs y mo lj `crhjdnôo km oumvcs moljdms qum kjrêo lufjr j lcs prckudt prckudtcs. cs. [monmokc mo dumotj qum lj rupturj km molj moljdm dmss supc supcom om uo dcosu dcosuhc hc km momr momrfè fèjj

y lj

`crhjdnôo km moljdms dchpcrtj uo kmsprmoknhnmotc km momrfèj, lj vjrnjdnôo km motjlpèj mo uoj rmjddnôo quèhndj sm pumkm kmtmrhnojr7

Mo mstm djsc, lcs vjlcrms citmonkcs sco jprcxnhjkcs, pums ljs motjlpèjs km moljdm sco vjlcrms prchmknc km moljdms mo kn`mrmotms hclîduljs. :.=. :. =.:. :.:1. :1. MO MO[J [JLQ LQNJ NJ KM KN KNTC TCL] L]DNÔ DNÔO O (ΛE (ΛEK) K)77 Lj motjlpnj km knscludnôo knsclu dnôo km uoj sustjodnj ms lj momrfèj novcludrjkj novcludrjkj mo ml prcdmsc km knscludnôo. Ml djhinc km motjlpnj qum sm cismrvj jl prmpjrjr uoj knscludnôo pumkm dcosnkmrjrsm dchc lj suhj km kcs momrfèjs7 lj momrfèj rmqumrnkj pjrj

 

rchpmr rch pmr

kmtm km tmrh rhno nojkc jkcss

mol moljd jdms ms

(s (scl clut utc-s c-scl clut utcc

y

knsclvmotm-kn knsclv motm-knsclvmot sclvmotm) m) y lj momrfè momrfèjj lnimr lnimrjkj jkj pjrj lj `crhjdnôo km moljdms oumvcs (sclutc-knsclvmotm). Ml vjlcr  km lj motjlpnj km knscludnôo kmpmokm km lj dcodmotrjdnôo km lj knscludnôo `nojl. :. :.=. =.:. :.:: ::.. MO[J MO[JLQ LQÈJ ÈJ KM OM OM][ ][YJ YJLN LNWJ WJDN DNÔO ÔO77 Nhplndj lj momrfèj lnimrjkj c jiscrinkj snmhprm (sclutc-knsclvmotm). Ml vjlcr km lj motjlpnj km knscludnôo kmpmokm km lj dcodmotrjdnôo km lj knscludnôo `nojl. :. :.=. =.:. :.:9 :9.. MO[J MO[JLQ LQÈJ ÈJ KM OM OM][ ][YJ YJLN LNWJ WJDN DNÔO ÔO7 Nhplndj lj momrfèj momr fèj lnimrj lnimrjkj kj c jisc jiscrinkj rinkj snmhprm qum uoj scludnôo êdnkj y uoj iêsndj sm hmzdlmo, ms kmdnr, dujokc duj okc

ijs ijsms ms

y

êdn êdnkcs kcs

sm

omu omutrj trjlnd lndmo mo

rmdèprcdjhmotm.

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LM^MT [MYHCZ]NHNDJT :.0.:. :.0. :. LM^ KM LJP LJPCNT CNTNMY NMY-LJ -LJQLJ QLJDM DM77

Tmf÷o J.L. Ljvcnsnmr y Q.T. Ljpljdm, lj djotnkjk km djlcr qum sm ej km suhnonstrjr suhnon strjr j uo dchpumstc pjrj kmsdchpcomrl kmsdchpcomrlcc mo sus mlmhmotcs ms nfujl jl djlcr kmsprmoknkc jl `crhjr ml dchpumstc j pjrtnr km sus mlmhmotcs. Mstm rmsultjkc rmsult jkc mxpmrnhmotjl mxpmrnhmotjl mstj, kmskm lumfc, mo jdumrkc knrmdt knrmdtcc dco ml prnhmr   prnodnpnc km lj [mrhcknoêhndj, yj qum km ctrj hjomrj smrnj pcsnilm drmjr  momrfè mom rfèjj tîr tîrhnd hndjj `crh `crhjok jokcc uo dch dchpums pumstc tc j pjrt pjrtnr nr km sus mlmhmo mlmhmotcs tcs,, y kmsdchpconîokclc lumfc, c vndmvmrsj.

 

Mo ctrjs pjljirjs7 Tn ejy uo Djlcr jscdnjkc j uoj Ymjddnôo mo uo smotnkc y sn lj mdujdnôo sm novnmrtm ml Djlcr jscdnjkc ms ml hnshc, pmrc km snfoc djhinjkc

 

:. :.0. 0.9. 9. LM^ KM E EMT MTT T7 Ml vjlcr kml Djlcr km Ymjddnôo ms ml hnshc tjotc sn mstj sm rmjlnzj mo uoj mtjpj c mo vj vjrnjs rnjs mtjpjs. ]oj dcosmdumodn dcosmdumodnjj km mstj lmy ms qum ljs Ymjddncoms Ymjddn coms [mrhcqu [mrhcquèhndj èhndjss sm pumkmo suhjr c rmstjr jlfmirjndjhmotm. jlfmirjndjhmotm. Lj Lmy km Emss lljhjkj tjhinîo LM^ KM LJ DCOT[JODNJ KM LJT T]HJT KM LCT DJLCYMT KM LJT YMJDNCOMT, ms tjhinîo lljhjkj uoj Lmy iêsndj km lj [mrhcquèhndj2 mstj kndm, sn km ljs sustjodnjs nondnjlms kjkjs sm pumkmo citmomr lcs prckudtcs `nojlms kjkcs pcr  kn`mrmotms trjymdtcrnjs, motcodms ml Djlcr [ctjl kml Qrcdmsc pcr dnmrtj trjymdtcrnj ms nfujl jl Djlcr [ctjl kml prcdmsc pcr ctrj trjymdtcrnj dujlqunmrj, dujlqu nmrj, ms kmdnr, oc kmpmokm km lj trjymdtcrn trjymdtcrnjj kml pjsc kmskm ljs sustjodnjs nondnjlms ejstj lcs prckudtcs km lj Ymjddnôo. Lj rmjddnôo km sèotmsns kml jdmtnlmoc, D9E9, lj pckmhcs msdrninr7

Mstj ms uoj rmjddnôo

qum

oc

 pckrmhcs rmjlnzjr mo uo djlcrèhmtrc pjrj mvjlujr su m`mdtc tîrhndc, pmrc omdmsntjhcs sjimr su motjlpèj mstêokjr. Jl hnshc tnmhpc, dcocdmhcs lj motjlpèj mstêokjr km ljs snfunmotms rmjddncoms7

 

Tn cismrvc lj mdujdnôo j lj qum qunmrc llmfjr, vmc qum omdmsntc tmomr sôlc D y E9 mo ml prnhmr hnmhirc y D9E9 mo ml smfuokc, pcr lc qum ms prmdnsc mlnhnojr C9, DC9 y E9C. Mstc lc pumkc lcfrjr sn ejfc uoj dchinojdnôo lnomjl km ljs mdujdncoms : — 47 Hultnplndc 9 pcr J, lj suhc dco I y lm rmstc lj hntjk km D7

tîrhnocs citmofc `nojlhmotm7

Tnhpln`ndjokc lcs nfujlms j jhics ljkcs

 

KMTNF]JLKJK KM DLJ]TN]T7

Ms uoj dcosmdumodnj km lj smfuokj lmy km lj tmrhcknoêhndj. Tm kmhcstrjrê qum ms vêlnkj pjrj tckcs lcs dndlcs pcsnilms, nodluymokc ljs hjqunojs tîrhndjs tjotc rmvmrsnilm dchc nrrmvmrsnilms y lcs rm`rnfmrjkcrms.

Lj nhpcrtjodnj kml Dndlc km Dljusnus sm pumkm nlustrjr sn sm dcosnkmrj ml Dndlc km lj [mrhcmlîdtrndj Tnhplm km lj `nfurj. Mstm dndlc ms uo pcdc kn`mrmotm kml dndlc dch÷o pjrj ljs tmrhcmlîdtrndjs pcrqum lj ichij hjomgj uoj hmzdlj km lèqunkc y vjpcr mo prcpcrdncoms tjlms qum ml lèqunkc sjturjkc sjlm km lj ichij y motrj j lj djlkmrj. Tupcofj qum jlfunmo no`nrhj qum lj  prmsnôo y lj djlnkjk mo knvmrscs puotcs kml dndlc sco ljs qum sm kjo mo lj `nfurj. ³Tjtns`jdm mstm dndlc lj kmsnfujlkjk km Dljusnus3 Ml djlcr sm trjos`nmrm mo kcs lufjrms, lj djlkmrj y ml dcokmosjkcr. Qcr lc tjotc,

 

Dchc lj tmhpmrjturj pmrhjomdm dcostjotm tjotc mo lj djlkmrj dchc mo ml dcokmosjkcr, mstc sm pumkm notmfrjr mo lj snfunmotm `crhj7

Jsè, mstm dndlc sjtns`jdm lj kmsnfujlkjk km Dljusnus, qum ms mqunvjlmotm j kmdnr qum oc vnclj lj Tmfuokj Lmy km lj [mrhcknoêhndj. :.0.4.. LM :.0.4 LM^ ^ KM BN BNYD YDEE EECC CC@ @ Tm rm`nmrm j m`mdtc km lj tmhpmrjturj scirm ml djlcr km `crhjdnôo. Lj vjrnjdnôo km lj djotnkjk km djlcr prckudnkj mo uoj rmjddnôo quèhndj pcr  djkj frjhc qum sm mlmvj lj tmhpmrjturj ms nfujl j lj kn`mrmodnj motrm lj suhj km ljs djpjdnkjkms djpjdnkjkms djlcrè`ndjs djlcrè`ndjs hcljrms km lcs rmjdtnvcs rmjdtnvcs y lcs  prckudtcs.

Ljs djpjdnkjkms djlcrè`ndjs km lcs fjsms pumkmo jgustjrsm dco su`ndnmotm  prmdnsnôo j uoj mxprmsnôo km lj `crhj7 

 

J pjrtnr km lj snfunmotm tjilj, kmtmrhnojr lj kn`mrmodnj motrm lj motjlpnj km dchiustnôo kml D (frj`ntc) 9>5 B y 4:= B j prmsnôo dcostjotm 7

Tustjodnj

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:.6.

HJZ]NOJT [ [M MYHNDJT

Tco jqumlljs qum dcovnmrtmo momrfèj tîrhndj mo trjijgc hmdêondc y vndmvmrsj) tnmomo qum `uodncojr mo dndlcs. Mo m`mdtc, pmosmhcs mo uoj hêqunoj tîrhndj qum `uodncoj dchc hctcr, ms kmdnr qum dcovnmrtm momrfèj tîrhnd tîrhndjj mo trjijgc hmdêondc. Qumstc qum ml hctcr  citnmom su momrfèj tîrhndj km uoj djotnkjk lnhntjkj km `umotms km momrfèj, tchjrê lj momrfèj tîrhndj j trjvîs km uo dcotjdtc `èsndc km jlfuoj dljsm mo uo nostjotm kmtmrhnojkc mo ml qum su mstjkc qumkj km`nonkc pcr lcs vjlcrms km lcs pjrêhmtrcs km mstjkc. Qcr  mgmhplc, supcofjhcs qum mo ml nostjotm mo qum rmdnim momrfèj tîrhndj sm modumotrj mo uo mstjkc km`nonkc pcr lcs vjlcrms Q:, [:, P: qum dcrrmspcokmo jl mstjkc :. Dchc dcosmdumodnj kml nofrmsc km lj momrfèj tîrhndj su`rm uoj trjos`crhjdnôo qum lc llmvj jl mstjkc 9 km`nonkc pcr sus pjrêhmtrcs Q9, [9, P9. Qjrj qum dcovnmrtj msj momrfèj tîrhndj mo trjijgc hmdêondc mstj tnmom qum sjlnr kml hctcr dchc trjijgc hmdêondc yj qum, sn oc `umsm jsè, sn sclc motrj momrfèj sno sjlnr kml hnshc, sm jduhuljrèj mo ml hctcr, qum oc tmokrèj onofuoj utnlnkjk y tmrhnojrèj pcr dcovmrtnrsm mo uo rmsmrvcrnc km momrfèj no÷tnl. Qmrc sn sjlm kml hctcr, trjtjrmhcs km citmomr ml hêxnhc imom`ndnc km msj mom momrf rfèj èj,, hm hmkn knjo jotm tm jl jlfuo fuojj tr trjos jos`cr `crhj hjdn dnôo ôo qum sjq sjqum um ml hê hêxn xnhc hc  prcvmdec pcsnilm, lc qum sôlc sm dcosnfum mxtrjymokc tckj lj momrfèj qum motrô jotms. Oc sm pumkm sjdjr hês trjijgc qum lj momrfèj qum motrô dchc momrfèj tîrhndj pcrqum ml hctcr oc ms uoj `umotm km momrfèj, sôlc dcovnmrtm

 

lj momrfèj tîrhndj qum citnmom km uoj djotnkjk lnhntjkj km `umotms mo trjijgc.

Qmrc tjhpcdc dcovnmom sjdjr hmocs, pcrqum smrèj uo jprcvmdejhnmotc  pjrdnjl km lj mmomrfèj omrfèj tîrhndj, km lc qum sm kmkudm qum lc qum sm kmim ejdmr  ms sjdjr tckj lj momrfèj tîrhndj, on hês on hmocs. Qmrc mstm ms uo pljotmc nrrmjl km lj sntujdnôo, yj qum lj mxpmrnmodnj km nodcotjilm djotnkjk km prumijs y km vjrncs snflcs km `jirndjr hctcrms kmhumstrj qum oc ms pcsnilm dcostrunr uo hctcr pmr`mdtc, djpjz km dcovmrtnr  tckj lj momrfèj tîrhndj mo trjijgc hmdêondc. J lc suhc sm dcosnfum dcovmrtnr uoj `rjddnôo hmocr, knfjhcs pcr mgmhplc uo 01 c uo 61%. Tm jdcst jdcstuh uhir irjj hm hmkn knrr lj m`n m`ndn dnmod modnj nj c rm rmokn oknhn hnmo motc tc km lc lcss prc prcdm dmscs scs mo tîrhnocs km `rjddncoms. Dujokc kmdnhcs qum uo kmtmrhnojkc prcdmsc tnmom uo rmoknhnmotc kml 61% snfon`ndj qum pcr djkj :11 uonkjkms km fjstc qum motrjo mot rjo jl prcd prcdmsc msc sm cit citnmo nmomo mo 61 km imom imom`nd `ndnc. nc. Mo ctr ctrjs js pjl pjljirj jirjs, s, ml rmoknhnmotc c m`ndnmodnj (mo tjotcs pcr uoc) sm mxprmsj jsè.

Mo lj prêdtndj ljs hêqunojs tîrhndjs sm usjo pjrj kcs `noms dcodrmtcs. Lcs hctcrms, dchc yj kngnhcs, dcovnmrtmo momrfèj tîrhndj mo trjijgc hmdêondc. Lcss rm`rn Lc rm`rnfm fmrjk rjkcrm crmss c dn dndl dlcs cs `rn `rnfc fcrè rè`n `ndc dcss sco hê hêqun qunoj ojss tî tîrh rhnd ndjs js qum dcosuhmo trjijgc hmdêondc mo lj mxtrjddnôo km momrfèj tîrhndj dco ml cigmtc km mo`rnjr uo rmdnotc. Lj mxpmrnmodnj prêdtndj kmhumstrj qum uo

 

rm`rnfmrjkcr rm`rnfm rjkcr tnmom qum `uodncojr mo dndlcs pjrj qum sm pumkj usjr mo `crhj dcotnouj. Qcr mgmhplc, sn tchjhcs uo trczc km enmlc y lc kmgjhcs mo ml rmdnotc qum qumrmhcs mo`rnjr, oc djim kukj qum citmomhcs ml m`mdtc kmsmjkc, pmrc sôlc hnmotrjs qumkm enmlc. ]oj vmz qum mstm sm ej `uoknkc tctjlhmotm, oc pckmhcs mxtrjmr hês momrfèj tîrhndj kml rmdnotc. Tclc pckmhcs mxtrjmrlj mo `crhj dcotnouj sn tmomhcs uoj hêqunoj tîrhndj dèdlndj qum sm modjrfum km mxtrjmr momrfèj tîrhndj, qum omdmsntj lj prcvnsnôo km trjijgc hmdêondc pjrj qum `uodncom mo `crhj nonotmrruhpnkj. Mo ml djsc km lcs hctcrms lj m`ndnmodnj c rmoknhnmotc ms ml dcdnmotm kml trjijgc prckudnkc y kml djlcr c momrfèj tîrhndj dcosuhnkj. Motcodms ml rmoknhnmotc sm mxprmsj km lj snfunmotm `crhj.

Qumstc qum, dchc kngnhcs, mo lj rmjlnkjk oc sm pumkm dcovmrtnr tckj lj momrfèj tîrhndj mo trjijgc hmdêondc ms mvnkmotm qum ml rmoknhnmotc km lcs hctcrms rmjlms ms snmhprm hmocr qum : mo tjotcs  pcr uoc c hmocr qum :11 mo tjotcs pcr dnmotc.

:.6.:. DLJ :.6.:. DLJTN@N TN@NDJD DJDNÔO NÔO KM LJ LJT T HJZ] HJZ]NOJ NOJT T [ÎYH [ÎYHNDJ NDJT T [uric hjqunojs c hjqunojs knoêhndjs (snstmhj jinmrtc)

 

j)

Hj Hjqu quno nojs js Hc Hctc tcrj rjss ([u ([uri rino nojs js)7 )7 Km Kmin inkc kc j lj dchp dchprm rmsn snin inln lnkj kjkk kml kml `lu `lunk nkc, c, kn knde decc `l `lun unkc kc

trjos`crhj su momrfèj tîrhndj mo momrfèj dnoîtndj hmknjotm uo prcdmsc km mxpjosnôo. Kndej momrfèj dnoîtndj smrê jprcvmdejkj pjrj fmomrjr uo pjr hctcr mo ml mgm km lj hêqunoj.  i) Hjqunojs Hjqun ojs Fmomrjk Fmomrjkcrjs([ur crjs([uricdchp icdchprmscrms)7 rmscrms)7   Km `crhj joêlcfj, uo pjr km jddncojhnmot jddnco jhnmotcc dcosmfu dcosmfunrê nrê nodrmhmotj nodrmhmotjrr lj vmlcdnkjk kml `lunkc y, kminkc j lj dchprmsnin dchprmsninlnkjk lnkjk km îstm y jl knsmúc mspmdn`ndc km lj hêqunoj, mstj momrfèj dnoîtndj sm trjos`crhjrê hmknjotm uo  prcdmsc km kn`usnôo (kmdmlmrjdnôo) mo momrfèj km prmsnôo, nodrmhmotêokcsm, pcr tjotc, su onvml tîrhndc. Hjqunojs [îrhndjs Pcluhîtrndjs (Tnstmhj Dmrrjkc)

j)

Hj Hjqu quno nojs js Hc Hctc tcrj rjss (Hê (Hêqu quno nojs js km Pj Pjpc pcr) r)77 ]o `l `lun unkc kc dc dcoo mlm mlmvj vjkj kj mo momr mrfè fèjj tîr tîrhn hndj dj,, mo

dcod dcodrm rmtc tc,, vjpc vjpcrr km jfuj jfuj,, sm notr notrck ckud udmm mo lj hê hêqu quno nojj y su mlmv mlmvjk jkjj pr prms msnô nôoo pr prcv cvcd cdjj ml kmspljzjhnmotc km uo îhiclc, fmomrjokc uo pjr hctcr kminkc jl hmdjonshc inmlj- hjonvmlj. Jl hckn`ndjrsm ml vcluhmo cdupjkc pcr ml `lunkc mo ml prcdmsc km mxpjosnôo ml `lunkc mstê knshnouymokc su momrfèj tîrhndj, kminkc j su dchprmsninlnkjk.  i)

Hjqunojs Fmomrjkcrjs (Dchprmscrms Pcluhîtrndcs)7 Ml nodrmhmotc km momrfèj tîrhndj

(juhmotc (juhmo tc km tmhpmrjturj) tmhpmrjturj) y/c km mxmrfè mxmrfèjj (juhmotc km prmsnôo prmsnôo,, mo uo dchprmscr rm`rnfmrjk rm`rnfmrjkcc dco dchprmsnôo nsctmrhj oc sm mlmvj lj momrfèj tîrhndj kml `lunkc, jl pmrhjomdmr lj tmhpmrjturj dcost dcostjot jotm. m. Tn Tnoo mhijr mhijrfc, fc, ml no nodrm drmhm hmot otcc km prm prmsn snôo ôo j [ dc dcost ostjo jotm tm kn knsh shno nouym uym lj mo motr trcpè cpèj, j, nodrmhmotêokcsm mo dcosmdumodnj lj mxmrfèj) sm prckudm pcr knshnoudnôo kml vcluhmo (Mo dnmrtcs dchprmscrms vcluhîtrndcs mstc oc ms mxjdtjhmotm dcrrmdtc) dchprmsnôo qum sm rmjlnzj jiscrinmokc trjijgc kml mxtmrncr