Investigacion Costos Estimados

 

WJBXG_TBCAC CG TAJ DA_ILT CG FWASG@AIA HADWISAC CG DBGJDBAT GDLJL@BDAT GTDWGIA CG AWCBSL_BA DLJSAOBIBCAC XB IBD. FATUA_ ILUG[ IBDCA. AW^BIBA_; FIGJCA HWGJSGT

BJXGTSBFADBLJ Jl. 1 DLTSLT GTSB@ACLT

 

Dlstls Gstb`acls

Ils dlstls gstb`acls sg dljsbcgraj gi prb`gr pasl para ia prgcgtgr`bjadbôj cgi dlstl cg prlcuddbôj para ils trgs gig`gjtls cgi dlstl (`atgrbai, `ajl cg lora y ils dlstls dlstls bjcbr bjcbrgdt gdtls ls cg haorbd haorbdadb adbôj ôj l darfa darfa haorb haorbi) i) y tuvbgr tuvbgrlj lj plr hbjaib hbjaibcac cac  prljlstbdar gi dlstl tltai a bjvgrtbrsg gj uj prlcudtl cgtgr`bjacl. Asb`bs`l, gi lokgtbvl lokgt bvl bjbdbai qug sg pgrsbfug pgrsbfug gj ia gstb`adbôj gstb`adbôj cgi dlstl, gs gi cg tgjgr uja oasg  para dltbzar prgdbls cg vgjta, plstgrblr`gjtg gs plsboig utbibzar gsg dlstl gstb`acl dlj hbjgs dljtaoigs, cajcl lrbfgj ai sbstg`a cg dlstls gstb`acls.

Ia daradt daradtgrà gràst stbda bda gspgdb gspgdbai ai cg uj sb sbstg stg`a `a cg dlstls dlstls gstb`ac gstb`acls ls gs qug ai nadgrs nad grsgg ia dl`par dl`paradb adbôj ôj dlj ils dlstls rgaigs, rgaigs, aqugii aqugiils ls cgográ cgográj j akusta akustarsg rsg a ia rgaibcac, sbgjcl plsboig ilfrar dlj gi tbg`pl uja prgcgtgr`bjadbôj qug sg adgrqug `ás ai dlstl rgai. rgai. Cg il ajtgs ajtgs gxpugstl sg pugcg bjhgrbr qug ils dlstls gstb`acls sl slj j uja va varb rbaj ajtg tg cg ils ils Dlst Dlstls ls Ur Urgcg gcgtg tgr` r`bj bjacl aclss y su lo lokg kgtb tbvl vl gs hb hbka karr ia iass  prlygddbljgs cg ils dlstls ujbtarbls para gi prôxb`l pgràlcl cgi dlstgl. Asà pugs, ia jgdgsbcac qug tbgjgj ias g`prgsas bjcustrbaigs y ias cg sgrvbdbls cg dljldgr sus dlstls dlj ajtgiadbôj, loibfa a gstas lrfajbzadbljgs a cbspljgr cg uj frupl cg  pgrsljas bjstrubcas g bcôjgas para qug cgtgr`bjgj sus dlstls y asà plcgr prgsgjtar  y lhrgdgr prgdbls cg vgjtas razljaoigs.

Cgi `bs`l `lcl, ia lotgjdbôj cg ils dlstls gstb`acls sg oasa gj dáiduils slorg gxpgrbgjdbas acqubrbcas y gj uj dljldb`bgjtl a`pibl cg ia bjcustrba gj dugstbôj, dáiduils qug cg jbjfuja `ajgra tbgjgj oasg tâdjbda, sbgjcl jgdgsarbl nadgr ias dlrrgddbljgs para akustarils ai dlstl rgai. Gi sbstg`a cg dlstls gstb`acls sg utbibza ta`obâj uja dugjta bjcgpgjcbgjtg  para daca gig`gjtl cgi dlstl, pgrl ils vailrgs a rgfbstrar cbhbgrgj pardbai`gjtg cg ia `lcaib `lcaibcac cac ajtgrblr`g ajtgrblr`gjtg jtg gstucbaca. gstucbaca. Ghgdtbva`gj Ghgdtbva`gjtg, tg, gi trata`bgjt trata`bgjtl l cg cbdnas dugjtas gs gi sbfubgjtg;

 

1. Tg darfaj plr ils ils dlstls rgaigs rgaigs gj qug sg bjdurrg bjdurrg curajtg curajtg gi pgrblcl pgrblcl cg haorbdadbôj. haorbdadbôj.

?. Tg ao aolja ljaj j pl plrr ils ils dl dlst stls ls gstb`a gstb`acl cls, s, a `gcb `gcbca ca qu qugg sg tgr`b tgr`bja ja ia haorbd haorbdad adbô bôj j cg da daca ca  prlcudtl l iltg cg prlcudtls. Tb ai târ`bjl cgi pgrblcl cg dlstls sg prldgcg a rgfbstrar gi Bjvgjtarbl cg Urlcudtls gj Urldgsl cg Haorbdadbôj, dlj aoljl a ias trgs dugjtas ajtgs `gjdbljacas, utbibzajcl ta`obâj para gsta dljtaobibzadbôj ils dlstls gstb`acls, gi saicl cg ia dugjta @atgrbai Cbrgdtl gj Urldgsl, Sraoakl Cbrgdtl gj Urldgsl y Fastls cg Haorbdadbôj gj Urldgsl, jgdgsarba`gjtg, cgográ bjcbdar ia cbhgrgjdba gjtrg ils dlstls rgaigs y ils dlstls gstb`acls dlrrgs dlr rgspljc pljcbgj bgjtg tg a tlca tlca ia prlcud prlcuddbô dbôj j cgi pgràlc pgràlcl. l. Gj gsta gsta hlr`a hlr`a gs plsboi plsboigg dljldg dljldgr  r  filoai`gjtg, sb ias gstb`adbljgs ngdnas dljdugrcaj l jl dlj ia rgaibcac.

Lokgtbvls cg Dlstls Gstb`acls

Ilss dl Il dlst stls ls gst gstb`ac b`acls ls tbgj tbgjgj gj pl plrr lo lokg kgttl ia hbka hbkadb dbôj ôj pr prgv gvgj gjtb tbva va cg il ilss dl dlst stls ls dl dlj j gi hb hbj j cg dljtrliar ils dlstls rgaigs dlrrgspljcbgjtgs cg uj pgrblcl cgtgr`bjacl plr tai razôj sg tl`aj gj dugjta ils sbfubgjtgs lokgtbvls; 

Bjhlr`adbôj a`piba y lplrtuja.

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Dljtrli cg lpgradbljgs y cg fastls.

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Cgtgr` Cgt gr`bja bjadbô dbôj j dljhbao dljhbaoig ig cgi dlstl dlstl ujbtar ujbtarbl. bl. Cg gstg gstg apargd apargdgj gj b`plrtajtgs cgrbvadbljgs, dl`l slj;

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Hbkar gi prgdbl cg vgjta (duajcl il pgr`bta ia lhgrta y ia cg`ajca).

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Xaiuadbôj cg ia prlcuddbôj prlcud dbôj tgr`bjaca, tgr`bjac a, gj prldgsl, prldgsl , avgrbaca, avgrbac a, cghgdtulsa, pârcbca jlr`ai cg prlcuddbôj y cgi dlstl cg prlcuddbôj cg il vgjcbcl.

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Uliàtbdas cg gxpiltadbôj, prlcuddbôj, da`obl, gtd.

 

Daradtgràstbdas cg Dlstls Gstb`acls

Ias daradtgràstbdas cg ils dlstls gstb`acls pugcgj rgsu`brsg gj;

a.-

Ia

gstb`adbôj

cg

dlstls

ujbtarbls ls,,

oasg

cgi

sbstg`a

`bs`l,

gs

 prgcl`bjajtg`gjtg g`pàrbda ( sg partg cg gxpgrbgjdbas fgjgraigs `lcbhbdacas `ás l `gjls a`piba`gjtg, plr ils da`obls prgvbstls gj `atgrbaigs, `ajl cg lora y dlstls bjcbrgdtls cg haorbdadbôj) y jl rbfurlsa`gjtg tâdjbda l dbgjtàhbda. Gstl jl sbfjbhbda qug gi sbstg`a jl  pugca apibdarsg a bjcustrbas gj qug sg dljtg`pig ia giaolradbôj cg jugvls prlcudtls l cg ujbcacgs u loras cg gspgdbhbdadbljgs `uy partbduiargs kusta`gjtg sg na vbstl qug gstas  pgduibarbcacgs cbgrlj lrbfgj ai surfb`bgjtl cgi sbstg`a `bs`l= sbj g`oarfl, ias gstb`adbljgs sg cbhgrgjdbaj sbg`prg plr gstg darádtgr uj tajtl frugsl y gstáj sukgtas a ahbjadbljgs uitgrblrgs.  o.- Ias bjcustrbas gj qug lpgra ghbdbgjtg`gjtg uj sbstg`a cg gsta jaturaigza slj aqugiias pgqugñas l `gcbajas gj qug ia prlcuddbôj jl gs `uy varbaca= l sb il gs, rgsuita hadt hadtbo boig ig ghgdt ghgdtua uarr af afru rupa padb dblj ljgs gs cg prlcu prlcudt dtls ls== jb na nay y uj fr fraj aj jû jû`g `grl rl cg dg dgjt jtrl rlss l cgparta`gjtls cg prlcuddbôj. d.- Gi fracl cg ajáibsbs dljtaoig, gj duajtl a dlstls rgaigs cg prlcuddbôj sg rghbgrg, gs rgcudbcl y pugcg iigfarsg a frajcgs sb`pibhbdadbljgs= plr gkg`pil; gib`bjarsg gi sbstg`a cg bjvgjtarbls pgrpgtuls gj il qug rgspgdta ai dljtrli cg ils `atgrbaigs, sustbtuyâjclsg plr  dl`paradbljgs pgrbôcbdas cg bjvgjtarbls, `âtlcl filoai l plr`gjlrbzacl `gcbajtg tl`as cg bjvgjtarbls hàsbdls= su`bjbstrl cg `atgrbaigs a ia prlcuddbôj a travâs cg sb`pigs vaigs ac`bjbstratbvls cg adugrcl dlj ils rgqugrb`bgjtls cg ias ôrcgjgs, cg ils prldgsls l cg ias hôr`uias para ia haorbdadbôj cg daca prlcudtl.

 

c.- Aujqug gi sbstg`a gs `ás obgj apibdaoig a uj sbstg`a cg dlstls plr prldgsls, ta`obâj sugig utbibzarsg gj ujl cg ôrcgjgs, aujqug gj gstg ûitb`l dasl ya su sb`pibdbcac jl gs taj gvbcgjtg, cgobcl a qug sg rgqubgrg rgqubgrg bcgjtbhbdar bcgjtbhbdar ias `atgrbas `atgrbas prb`as y `ajl cg lora cbrgdta cbrgdta dljsu`bcas dljsu`bcas gj daca lrcgj y gj gstas dljcbdbljgs jl sgrá hadtboig gib`bjar gi sbstg`a cg bjvgjtarbls pgrpgtuls rgspgdtl a ias `atgrbas prb`as prbjdbpaigs jb ias tarkgtas cg cbstrboudbôj cg tbg`pl rgspgdtl a ia `ajl cg lora cbrgdta. g.- Ias dl`paradbljgs plstgrblrgs gjtrg ils dlstls gstb`acls y ils rgaigs, ai hbjaibzar  uj pgràlcl cg dlstls l ia gkgdudbôj cg uj traoakl u lora cgtgr`bjacls, acligdg cg ia `bs`a ib`btadbôj cg rgaibzarsg gj hlr`a uj tajtl filoai y jl suhbdbgjtg`gjtg ajaiàtbda. h.- Dljsbcgrajcl gi sbstg`a gj su dljkujtl y gj sus plsbobibcacgs cg cgsarrliil uitgrblr, rgsuita sgr uj pujtl cg trajsbdbôj gjtrg uj sbstg`a cg dlstls nbstôrbdls dlj l sbj  prgcgtgr`bjadbôj cg darfa haorbi y uj sbstg`a cg dlstls gstájcar.

Xgjtakas cg ils Dlstls Gstb`acls

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_gcuddb _gcuddbôj ôj jltaoig jltaoig cg ils fastl fastlss cg ac`bjbst ac`bjbstrad radbôj bôj.. Duajcl Duajcl ias gstb`a gstb`adbl dbljgs jgs slj  obgj ngdnas, dljsbcgrajcl cbhgrgjtgs hadtlrgs, ia hbkadbôj cg c g pliàtbdas cg prgdbls cg cg vgjtaa gs oastaj vgjt oastajtg tg dlrrgd dlrrgdta. ta. Ia jgdgsbc jgdgsbcac ac cg pradtb pradtbdar dar bjvgjt bjvgjtarb arbls ls hàs hàsbdl bdlss cg ils `atgrbaigs ayuca a qug jl sg prlcuzdaj pârcbcas plr rlols dljtbjuacls cg ias

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gxbstgjdbas. Tu lotgj lotgjdb dbôj ôj dlj ajtgr ajtgrbl blrb rbcac cac a ia prlcud prlcuddb dbôj ôj dljcud dljcudgg a ia ac aclpd lpdbô bôj j cg jlr`a jlr`ass dlrrgdtas gj ias hujdbljgs cg dl`pra, prlcuddbôj y cbstrboudbôj.

•

Gi gstucb gstucbl l cg ias varbadb varbadbljgs ljgs ldurr ldurrbca bcass dljcudg dljcudg a dlstls dlstls ghbdbgj ghbdbgjtgs tgs g bjdgjt bjdgjtbvl bvlss a rgaibzar `gklrgs gstb`adbljgs para pgràlcls suosbfubgjtgs.

 

Cgsvgjtakas cg ils Dlstls Gstb`acls

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Tg dljsbc dljsbcgra gra dl`l dl`l cgsvgjt cgsvgjtaka aka gi ngdnl ngdnl cg qug qug ias ias gstb` gstb`adbl adbljgs jgs plr plr daca daca gig`gjt gig`gjtl l cgi dlstl jl slj ias `ás prgdbsas, a cbhgrgjdba cgi c gi dlstl gstájcar.

•

Ul Ulrr il fgjgr fgjgrai ai gi gs gstu tucb cbl l cg ias varba varbadb dblj ljgs gs prlcud prlcudbc bcas as gjtrg gjtrg ils dlstl dlstlss gs gstb tb`a `acl clss y rgaigs jl gs taj gxnaustbva dl`l gj gi dasl cgi dlstl gstájcar.

Hbdna cg dlstls Gstb`acls

Ia sgddbôj cg `atgrbaigs dl`prgjcgrá tajtl ias ujbcacgs jgdgsarbas para haorbdar  dl`l il qug sg gspgra utbibzar, ia daibcac y gi prgdbl. Ia sgddbôj cg `ajl cg lora tgjcrá ias lpgradbljgs cg traoakl, gi tbg`pl a g`pigarsg y gi saiarbl plr daca ujbcac. Ia sgddbôj cg fastls bjcbrgdtls cgográ tgjgr ias dultas jlr`aigs plr nlras nl`orgs dl`putacas. Ia hbdna cg dlstl gstb`acl cgog oasarsg gj uj ajáibsbs dl`pigtl cg ia prlcuddbôj. Ia apibdadbôj cg ils dlstls dlstls gstb`a gstb`acls cls a ias hbdnas hbdnas sgrá, sgrá, dljhlr` dljhlr`gg avajdg avajdg ia prlcudd prlcuddbôj bôj.. Ias hbdnas hbdnas sg gjdugjtraj vbjduiacas a ia adu`uiadbôj qug tbgjgj iufar gj dugjtas rgprgsgjtatbvas cg ils  prlcudtls giaolracls y gj prldgsl cg haorbdadbôj, pugstl qug dljhlr`g sg vgj gstls ruorls sg dljtaobibzaj a ils dlstls gstb`acls.

Ulr gsl, `bgjtras `ás cgtaiiacls y prgdbsls sgaj, ias gspgdbhbdadbljgs cg gstas hbdnas, `gkl `g klrr sgrá sgrá ia gx gxad adtb tbtu tuc c qu qugg prlp prlplr lrdb dblja ljará rá ia ap apib ibda dadb dbôj ôj cg gs gstg tg sb sbst stg` g`aa cg dl dlst stls ls gspgdbai`gjtg sb sg iigva cgobca dugjta cg ia prlcuddbôj hàsbda. Curajtg gi pgrblcl cg dlstl, ils dlstls dlstls rgaigs rgaigs rgfbst rgfbstrac racls ls gj sus gig`gj gig`gjtls tls sg iig iigvaj vaj jlr`ai jlr`ai`gj `gjtg tg a sus dugjtas dugjtas rgspgdt rgs pgdtbva bvas. s. Ai hbjai hbjai cgi pgrblc pgrblcl l tgjg`l tgjg`lss pugs pugs uja hlr`a hlr`a cg dl`par dl`paradb adbôj ôj gjtrg gjtrg ias bjvgrsbljgs ghgdtuacas y ias gstb`adbljgs qug sg ghgdtuarlj.

Ia bjcustrba qug dugjta dlj varbls cgparta`gjtls y haorbda prlcudtls cbhgrgjtgs, tgjcrá tajtas dugjtas cg prldgsl dl`l dgjtrl cg prlcuddbôj. A su vgz,

 

Ia prlcuddbôj tltai`gjtg tgr`bjaca sg traspasará a daca dugjta cg trajshgrgjdba y cg prlcudtl tgr`bjacl.

Cgtgr`bjadbôj y dajdgiadbôj cg ias Xarbadbljgs

Ias varbadbljgs slj hádbigs cg cgtgr`bjar aorbgjcl uja dugjta cg prlcuddbôj gj prldgsl  para daca gig`gjtl cgi dlstl y tgjcrg`ls; Urlcuddbôj gj prldgsl; `atgrbaigs Urlcuddbôj gj  prldgsl; `ajl cg lora Urlcuddbôj gj prldgsl; fastls cg prlcuddbôj

Gstas dugjtas slj darfacas a dlstls rgaigs y adrgcbtacls a dlstls gstb`acls, plr il tajtl gi saicl rgprgsgjtara ia varbadbôj gjtrg il rgai y il gstb`acl. Duajcl gj gstas dugjtas gi saicl gs cg jaturaigza cguclra bjcbdara qug ils dlstls gstb`acls hugrlj bjsuhbdbgjtgs, y sb plr gi dljtrarbl, sb gi saicl gs adrggclr, bjcbdara qug ils dlstls gstb`acls hugrlj supgrblrgs a ils rgaigs. Ias dugjtas cg prlcuddbôj gj prldgsl slj saicacas plr uja dugjta cg ’varbadbljgs‐ para daca gig`gjtl cgi dlstl. Ias varbadbljgs naobcas gjtrg dlstls gstb`acls y rgaigs sg pugcgj tratar dl`l sbfug; a) Dajdgia Dajdgiaria riass plr ’Dlstl ’Dlstl cg Xgjt Xgjtas as‐‐

 o) Dajdgiarias plr ’Uârcbcas y Fajajdbas‐

d) _gdt _gdtbbhbda hbdarr gi dáid dáidui uil l gs gsttb`ac b`acl l plr plr `gcbl gcbl cg uj dlgh dlghbd bdbbgjtg gjtg rgd gdtb tbhhbd bdac aclr lr,, lotgjbâjclsg jugva nlka cg dlstl ujbtarbl para huturls pgrblcls y aoslrobâjclsg ias varbadbljgs gj duaiqubgra cg ias hlr`as sbfubgjtgs; 

Dlrrbfbgjcl ias dugjtas ahgdtacas plr gi dlstl gstb`acl ajtgrblr;  prlcuddbôj cgi pgrblcl gxbstgjtg gj ai`adâj cg tgr`bjacls; dlstl cg vgjta cg ia `bs`a prlcuddbôj vgjcbca g bjvgjtarbl hbjai gj prldgsl.

 

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Lotgjbgjcl jugva ’nlka cg dlstl gstb`acl‐ dlj oasg gj gi dlghbdbgjtg rgdtbhbdaclr, dlrrbfbgjcl slil ia prlcuddbôj gj prldgsl p rldgsl gj su bjvgjtarbl hbjai y, dajdgiajcl gi saicl cg ’varbadbljgs‐ plr duaiqubgra dua iqubgra cg ias hlr`as sgñaiacas gj ils bjdbsls (a) y (o).

Daradtgràstbdas 

Ias varbadbljgs rgfbstracas gj Urlcuddbôj gj Urldgsl sbg`prg cgogj rgfbstrarsg aoljacas gj rlkl l jgfrl

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Ias varbadbljgs rgfbstracas gj ias dugjtas cg varbadbôj sg rgfbstraj darfacas l aoljacas pgrl sbg`prg gj jgfrl

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Gj dlstls gstb`acls sbg`prg il `àjb`l y il `áxb`l a dlrrgfbr gs ia prlcuddbôj tgr`bjaca

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Ias Ias du dugj gjta tass cg Urlc Urlcud uddb dbôj ôj gj Urld Urldgs gsl, l, Ur Urlc lcud uddb dbôj ôj Sg Sgrr`bja jaca ca y Dlst Dlstl l cg Ur Urlcu lcudd ddbô bôj j cg il Xgjc Xgjcbc bcl l sg cg cgogr ográj áj dl dlrr rrgf gfbr br cg Dl Dlst stls ls Gs Gstb tb`a `acl clss a Dlst Dlstls ls Nbstôrbdls a travâs cgi Dlstl Wjbtarbl Akustacl

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Tg utbibzaraj trgs dugjtas cg varbadbôj (@ajl cg Lora, @atgrba Urb`a y Fastls Bjcbrgdtls)

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Tbg`prg cgográj sgr darfacls ils akustgs cg ias dugjtas cg Bjvgjtarbl Hbjai cg Urlcudd Url cuddbôj bôj gj Urldgs Urldgsl, l, a Urlcud Urlcuddbô dbôj j Sgr` Sgr`bj bjac acaa y Dlstl Dlstl cg Urlcudd Urlcuddbôj bôj cg il Xgjcbcl, bjcgpgjcbgjtg`gjtg cgi dlilr qug dlrrgspljca, ias dugjtas cg Urlcuddbôj gj Urldgsl sg saicaj a vailr gstb`acl

 

Urgfujtas slorg gi tg`a dlstls gstb`acls;

1. ¼Tg dljsbcgra gi prb`gr pasl para ia cgtgr`bjadbôj cgi dlstl cg prlcuddbôj< 

Dlstl gstájcar



Dljtaobibcac

 

Dlstls gstb`acls

?. ¼Tu daradtgràstbda gspgdbai gs qug ai nadgrsg ia dl`paradbôj dlj ils dlstls rgaigs aqugiils

cgográj akustarsg a ia rgaibcac sbgjcl plsboig ilfrar dlj gi tbg`pl uja prgcgtgr`bjadbôj rgai< 

Dlstl cg prlcuddbôj



Dlstl rgai Dlstls gstb`acls

4. ¼Gs ia hbkadbôj prgvgjtbva cg ils dlstls gstb`acls dlj gi hbj cg dljtrliar ils dlstls rgaigs

dlrrgspljcbgjtgs< 

Lokgtbvl cg dljtaobibcac



Lokgtbvl cg ia aucbtlrba

 

Lokgtbvl cg ils dlstls gstb`acls

3. ¼Gs ujl cg ils lokgtbvls cg dlstls gstb`acls para dljtrliar ils dlstls rgaigs cg uj

 pgrblcl cgtgr`bjacl<  

Dljtrli cg lpgradbljgs y cg fastls



_gsu`gj cg lpgradbljgs

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Dljtrli cg dljtaobibcac

7. ¼Gs uja cg ias daradtgr daradtgràst àstbda bdass cg ils dlstls dlstls gstb` gstb`acls acls gj duajtl duajtl a dlstls dlstls rgaigs rgaigs cg

 prlcuddbôj sg rghbgrg a qug gs y qug pugcg iigfarsg a frajcgs sb`pibhbdadbljgs< 

 



Gstb`adbôj cg dlstls gstb`acls Fracl cg ajáibsbs dljtaoig Dljtrli cg lpgradbljgs

 

8. ¼Gs uja cg ias vgjtakas cg ils dlstls gstb`acls duajcl ias gstb`adbljgs slj obgj ngdnas

dljsbcgrajcl cbhgrgjtgs hadtlrgs, ia hbkadbôj hbkadbôj cg pliàtbdas cg prgdbls cg prgdbls cg vgjta vgjta gs  oastajtg dlrrgdta< 

Gstucbl cg ias varbadbljgs _gcuddbôj jltaoig cg ils fastls cg ac`bjbstradbôj



dljtaobibcac

 

Dasl prádtbdl dlstls gstb`acls;

 

G frahàa ntps;//sucyibo.gs/cld/786>>3>/dasl-praddl-cg-dlsls-gs`acls-plr ntps;//www.fgrgjdbg.dl`/dlsls-gs`acls.n`i