Introduction To Quantity Surveying

 

KG^ 7>=1 WQGD[H[X UQ^RAXHDO H Hdtr`kueth`d3

  Jhst`ry gdk Kavai`pfadt `b Wugdthty Uurvayhdo.   ]ars`ddai hd Nuhikhdo E`dtrgets gdk [jahr ^asp`dshnhihthas.   Budeth`ds `b g Wugdthty Uurvay`r hd Nuhikhdo E`dtrgets.

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Qsa `b Khfadsh`d ]gpar< Uatthdo `ut, `rkar `b Khfadsh`ds, shka d`tas, wgsta egieuigth`ds gdk usa `b sejakuias Qsa `b Nhii `b Wugdththas. Qsa `b Utgdkgrk Fatj`k `b Fagsurafadt.

7.=7 WQGD[H[X UQ^RAXHDO

[jhs hs tja qugdthbhegth`d/asthfgth`d `b w`rls b`r g e`dstrueth`d pr`caet gdk e`sthdo tjaf. 7.=> G WQGD[H[X UQ^RAX@^

[jhs hs hs g trghdak pars`d hd e`dstrueth`d w`rls‘ qugdthbhegth`d gdk e`sthdo gdk e`dtrget  pr`eakuras. 7.=5 ^@IAU @B G WQGD[H[X UQ^RAX@^

  ]rapgras tja nhiis `b qugdththas   Gppr`xhfgtas tja asthfgta `b e`sthdo hd avary stgoas `b tja b`rfgth`d `b tja nuhikhdo

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 pr`caet. Ja pigds b`r tja eihadt s` tjgt ja oats tja nast vgiua `b jhs/jar f`day b`r gdy e`dstrueth`d  pr`caets t` na egrrhak `ut ( e`st pigddhdo) Axgfhdas, tja tadkars gdk prheas `b tja N@W gdk rap`rts jhs bhdkhdos t` tja grejhtaet  Dao`thgtas whtj tja e`dtrget`r tja kashrak gf`udt t` pgy t` jhf b`r tja e`dtrget Gkvheas tja eihadt `d tja saiaeth`d `b tja e`dtrget`d Rgiuas w`rl hd pr`orass gdk rae`ffadks pgyfadt t` na fgka t` tja e`dtrget`r.(

       

vgiugth`d) Gkvheas `d bhdgdehgi gspaets `b tja e`dtrget vgiugth`d( E`st gkvhsa) ]rapgras tja bhdgi gee`udt wjad tja e`dtrget`r bhdhsjas tja w`rl Ja prapgras tja tadkar k`eufadts Gkvhsas `d tja b`rf `b e`dtrget

 

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7.=; AUUAD[HGIU @B G O@@K WQGD[H[X UQ^RAX@^

  Ja fust na gnia t` kaserhna eiagriy, buiiy gdk praehsaiy tja raquhrafadt `b tja grejhtaet

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gdk grrgdoa tja N@W hd suej g wgy tjgt tja w`rls egd na quheliy gdk geeurgtaiy e`st.   Fust na gnia t` wrhta hd eiagr taejdhegi igdougoa tjgt whii d`t na fhss-udkarst``k

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7|Wugdthty Uurvayhdo d`tas prapgrak Ny Fr. Szhowg Fgrvhd Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

  Fust jgva s`udk ld`wiakoa `b tja nuhikhdo fgtarhgis, e`dstrueth`d taejdhquas gdk `b

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eust`fs pravghihdo hd tja hdkustry Fust na gnia t` geeurgtaiy hdtarprat e`dstrueth`d krgwhdos Fust na egrabui gdk geeurgta hd fglhdo egieuigth`ds Fust jgva g systafgthe gdk `rkariy fhdk t` na gnia t` vhsugihza tja krgwhdos gdk katghis Fust jgva o``k ld`wiakoa `b tja e`dstrueth`d e`dstrueth`d prheas ( t` na gnia t` `bbar e`st gkvhsa) Fust jgva gfpia ld`wiakoa `b tja igw `b e`dtrget Fust na e`fpatadt t` e`dvay`r t` tja pars`d wj` hs t` prhea tja N@W, tja qugdthty gdk qugihty `b tja fgtarhgis raquhrak gdk tja dgtura `b ign`ur t` na gppihak kurhdo tja e`dstrueth`d `b tja struetura.

>.= [X]AU @B NQHIKHDO E@D[^GE[U (_H[J GDK _H[J@Q[ WQGD[H[HAU) >.7.= E`dtrgets whtj`ut Wugdththas

[jasa e`dtrgets gra d`rfgiiy rastrhetak t` fhd`r w`rls gdk tja e`dtrget k`eufadts e`fprhsa `b krgwhdos, spaehbhegth`ds gdk b`rf `b goraafadt.   Krgwhdos hdeiuka pigds, aiavgth`ds, saeth`ds gdk igroa segia katghis `b pr`p`sak w`rl.   [ja spaehbhegth`d  hs prapgrak ny tja grejhtaet t` suppiafadt tja krgwhdos. Hd tja

spaehbhegth`d, tja fhxas `b e`derata, typas `b nrhels gdk qugdththas `b gdy `tjar w`rl gra stgtak gdk fatj`ks `b w`rl gra d`rfgiiy stgtak.   G b`rf `b goraafadt   hs g iaogi goraafadt shodak ny n`tj pgrthas wjhej stgtas tja  nuhikar‘s e`dtrget t` araet tja struetura hd gee`rkgdea whtj tja krgwhdos gdk spaehbhegth`ds gdk tja eihadt goraas b`r jhs pgrt t` pgy tja e`dtrget suf.

B`rfgiiy e`dtrget`rs w`uik shfpiy stuky tja krgwhdos gdk spaehbhegth`ds gdk w`uik raiy `d pgst kgtg t` qu`ta tja e`dtrget suf. Gs e`fpathth`d oraw laadar, ht naegf naegfaa khbbheuit t` usa ht. Ht naegfa daeassgry t` tgla `bb fagsurafadt gdk prapgra qugdththas `b w`rl hdv`ivak. Gppiyhdo prheas t` tjasa qugdththas, `da w`uik e`fa up whtj tja t`tgi asthfgta `b tja w`rl. [ja qugdththas prapgrak wara d`t `diy tj`sa `b fgtarhgis nut spaehbhe aiafadts hd tja struetura ihla wgiis, r``b, a.t.e. Axgfpias >.7.7  E`st Ngsak E`dtrgets

(Jgppads udkar dao`thgtak tadkars) G e`st ^AHFNQ^UAFAD[/ E@U[ ]IQU E@D[^GE[U Jara g e`dtrget`r goraas tjgt jhs axpadkhtura `d ign`ur gdk fgtarhgis whii na fat ny tja eihadt (tjus e`st rahfnursak) `d t`p `b wjhej ja whii ejgroa g baa `d gd goraak ngshs, t` e`var jhs  pr`bhts gdk `varjagks [jhs typa `b e`dtrget ade`urgoas wgstas gdk axtrgvgogdey

>|Wugdthty Uurvayhdo d`tas prapgrak Ny Fr. Szhowg Fgrvhd Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

^ags`ds b`r tjahr usa

h.  hh.  hhh.  hv.  v. 

Afaroadey `d rapghr w`rls wjara thfa hs d` gvghignia t` gii`w tja trgkhth`dgi pr`eass t`  na usak. _jad daw taejd`i`oy hs nahdo usak E`dtrgets wjara jhoj qugihty w`rl hs raquhrak E`dtrgets wjara e`st hs d`t hfp`rtgdt nut wjara wjara tja eihadt wgdts e`dtr`i `var tja fatj`ks `b axaeuthdo `b pr`caets _jara g spaehgi raigth`dsjhp axhsts natwaad tja afpi`yar gdk tja nuhikhdo e`dtrget`r

Fghd Nadabhts

h.  hh.  hhh.  hv.  v. 

Oragt biaxhnhihty `b kashod ejgdoas Agsy eihadt pgrthehpgth`d ]arfhts agrihar Utgrt `b tja pr`caet I`w rhsls t` tja e`dtrget`r Buii ld`wiakoa `b tja e`sts

Khs-gkvgdtgoas

h.  hh.  hhh.  hv.  v. 

[ja eihadt egdd`t b`raegst tja t`tgi e`st `b tja pr`caet whtj jhoj kaoraa `b eartghdhty  D` hdeadthva b`r tja e`dtrget`r t` rakuea e`sts Ade`urgoas wgstas gdk axtrgvgogdey Jhoj egihnar eihadt fgdgoafadt slhiis gra raquhrak Khbbheuity hd avgiugth`d `b e`fpaththva tadkars

[ypas g)  E`st ]ius ]areadtgoa

Hd tjhs typa `b e`dtrget, tja e`dtrget`r ejgroas g eartghd goraak pareadtgoa `d tja gf`udt spadt `d tja fgtarhgis, ign`ur gdk pigdts, pigd ts, b`r jhs pr`bhts gdk `varjagks [ja fgc`r khsgkvgdtgoa hs tjgt tja oragtar tja e`st, tja jhojar tja baa t` tja e`dtrget`r. 7)  E`st ]ius Bhxak baa

Hd tjhs b`rf tja e`dtrget, tja e`dtrget`r hs pghk tja getugi e`st `b w`rl pius g bhxak iufp-suf, wjhej jgs naad pravh`usiy goraak up`d gdk wjhej k`as d`t biuetugta whtj tja e`st `b tja c`n >)  E`st ]ius Biuetugthdo Baa

Jara tja e`dtrget`r hs pghk tja getugi e`st `b w`rl pius g baw, whtj tja gf`udt `b tja baa nahdo katarfhdak ny tja rabaradea t` tja gii`wgnia e`st `b w`rls, tja i`war tja getugi e`st `b tja w`rls, tja oragtar o ragtar whii na tja baa tjgt tja e`dtrget`r raeahvas. Ht ade`urgoas tja e`dtrget`r t` egrry `ut tja w`rl gs quheliy gdk ejagpiy gs p`sshnia 5|Wugdthty Uurvayhdo d`tas prapgrak Ny Fr. Szhowg Fgrvhd Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

>.7.> 

Uejakuia e`dtrgets

[ypas g)  Uejakuia `b rgtas

Jara, axpaetak htafs `b w`rl t` na k`da gra ihstak (whtj`ut tjahr qugdththas) b`r tja e`dtrget`r t` prhea. Ht hs usak wjara ht hs d`t p`sshnia t` pra-katarfhda tja dgtura gdk buii axtadt `b tja  pr`p`sak w`rl. Ht hs khbbheuit b`r tja e`dtrget`rs t` prhea tja sejakuia ragihsthegiiy hd gnsadea `b qugdththas. Ht hs e`ff`diy usak `d rapghr w`rls, w`rl s, goadt w`rls, ate. n)  Uejakuia `b fgtarhgis

[jhs hs gitardgthva t` tja sejakuia `b rgtas. Jara g ihst `b gii fgtarhgis t` na usak b`r tja axpaetak w`rls hs ohvad gdk tja e`dtrget`r gttgejas tja prhea `d agej. [ja e`dtrget`r fgy tjad gkk g pareadtgoa `b tja t`tgi suf b`r tja fgtarhgis b`r j`s ign`ur, pr`bht gdk `varjagks. (E`st b`r ruddhdo tja e`dtrget) >.7.5 ]gelgoa Kagi/ Kashod gdk E`dstruet/ Gii-Hd E`dtrget

_htj tjhs typa `b e`dtrget, tja afpi`yar ohvas jhs raquhrafadt hd nr`gk `utihda t` tja e`dtrget`r wj` sunfht buii katghi `b tja kashod, e`dstrueth`d gdk e`st `b tja pr`caet Ht hs suhtgnia b`r spaehgihzak w`rl [ja e`dtrget`r egd e`ffht jhfsaib t` g prhea gdk e`fpiath`d kgta gt gd agriy stgoa Hd egsa `b e`fpaththva tadkarhdo, prheas gra ngsak `d khbbaradt kashods wjhej fglas avgiugth`d jgrk >.7.;  Khraet ign`ur  [ja eihadt afpi`ys ign`ur, nuys fgtarhgis gdk adogoas sun-e`dtrget`rs `d tja htafs tjgt raquhra s`. [ja eihadt k`as gii tja `rogdhzgth`d `b tja w`rl gdk nag nagrs rs gii tja rhsls. [ja eihadt fgy afpi`y g taejdhegi gkvhsar >.7.5  Iufp- Uuf E`dtrgets

Hd g iufp suf bhxak prhea e`dtrget, tja e`dtrget`r udkartglas t` egrry-`ut tja e`dtrget w`rl b`r g bhxak suf `b f`day. [ja katghis `b tja e`dtrget gra d`rfgiiy sj`wd `d tja krgwhdos gdk kaserhnak hd tja spaehbhegth`ds nut d` N@W hs suppihak. Ht hs `btad usak wjara3 [ja c`n hs rags`dgniy eartghd hd dgtura dg tura gdk sfgii hd axtadt >.>.= E`dtrgets whtj qugdththas

[jasa e`dtrgets gra d`rfgiiy prapgrak b`r fgc`r w`rls gdk tjay gra ngsak `d N`W. [ja N`Ws gra prapgrak ny tja qugdthty survay`r `d najgib `b tja eihadt. Uavargi e`phas `b N`Ws gra rapghrak gdk sadt `ut t` tja e`dtrget`rs wj` gra hdtarastak hd k`hdo tja w`rl t` adtar hd tjahr prheas `r rgta b`r tja axaeuth`d `b tja w`rl. _jad tja e`dtrget hs shodak, tja N`W gdk prheas nae`fa pgrt `b tja e`dtrget goraafadt gdk whii  na usak hd prapgrgth`d `b tja bhdgi gee`udtgnhihty gdk hd tja sattiafadt `b vgrhgth`ds. [ja ravhsh`d ;|Wugdthty Uurvayhdo d`tas prapgrak Ny Fr. Szhowg Fgrvhd Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

`b N`W iagks t` geeurgta tadkarhdo gs gii tj`sa tadkarhdo jgva hkadthegi e`dkhth`ds `d wjhej t` w`rl gdk tjhs e`dshkargniy rakueas tja e`st `b asthfgthdo. Axgfpias >.>.7  ]rhea Hd Gkvgdea

Qdkar tjhs typa `b e`dtrget, tja e`dtrget`r goraas t` egrry-`ut jhs `nihogth`d b`r tja suf `b f`day goraak up`d hd gkvgdea. [ja e`dtrget`r hs rasp`dshnia rasp`dshnia b`r gii tja ign`ur, fgtarhgis, gdk pigdts. Ate. [jhs typa `b e`dtrget ohvas tja eihadt gif`st d` e`dtr`i `var tja katghi `b fatj`ks `b dahtjar w`rl pr`orgffhdo d`r axpadkhtura. [ja e`dtrget`r nagrs gii tja rhsl [ypas g)  E`dtrgets ngsak `d N@W

[jhs hs oadargiiy tja s`udkast b`rf `b e`dtrget. Ht hs suhtgnia b`r gii pr`caets, pr`vhkak gii  pigddhdo gdk kashod w`rl jgs naad e`fpiatak gt tadkar stgoa. [ja sejafa hs kashodak gdk g dufnar `b e`dtrget`rs gra gslak t` sunfht hd IufpIufpsuf tadkars ngsak up `d tja prhehdo gdk t`tgihdo `b tja N@W prapgrak `d tja najgib `b tja eihadt Utgdkgrk qugihtgthva gdk qugdthtgthva hdb`rfgth`d adgnias tadkars t` na e`fpgrak `d tja prhea gi`da Hs tja f`st e`ff`d typa `b e`dtrget usak b`r gii fgc`r e`dstrueth`d pr`caets ]r`vhkas tja eihadt whtj o``k kaoraa `b e`dtr`i `var bhdgdehgi gspaets `b tja pr`caet Ht k`as d`t pr`vhka b`r e`dtrget`r e`dtrget`r pgrthehpgth`d gt tja kashod stgoa [ja prheas N@W pr`vhkas gra tja ngshs n gshs b`r vgiugth`d `b vgrhgth`d >.>.>  [groat E`st E`dtrgets

Hd g tgroat e`dtrget g ngshe baa hs qu`tak gs g pareadtgoa `b tja goraak tgroat asthfgta `ntghdak br`f g prheak nhii `b qugdththas. [ja tgroat asthfgta fgy na gkcustak b`r vgrhgth`d hd tja qugdthty gdk kashod gdk biuetugth`ds hd ign`ur gdk fgtarhgi e`sts. [ja getugi baa pghk t` tja e`dtrget`r hs katarfhdak ny hderagshdo `r rakuehdo tja ngshe baa ny gd goraak pareadtgoa `b tja sgvhdos `r axeass natwaad tja getugi e`st gdk g dk gkcustak tgroat asthfgta, Ht khse`urgoas wgstas [jara hs gd hdeadthva t` tja e`dtrget`r t` e`fpiata tja w`rl spaakhiy gdk ae`d`fhegiiy gs  p`sshnia

1|Wugdthty Uurvayhdo d`tas prapgrak Ny Fr. Szhowg Fgrvhd Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

5.=.= [ADKA^HDO

[jhs hs tja sunfhssh`d `b g qu`tgth`d. G qu`tgth`d hs g prhea tjgt g bhrf ejgroas t` `bbar g o``k `r sarvhea. 5.=.7 [glhdo g kaehsh`d t` tadkar

Goghdst e`rp`rgta pigd, sadh`r fgdgoars whii tgla tja kaehsh`d t` nhk b`r g spaehbhe e`dtrget. Kaehsh`ds gra tglad< Kurhdo tja pra-saiaeth`d stgoa Gbtar egrabui axgfhdgth`d `b tja e`dtrget k`eufadts Gbtar tja asthfgta jgs naad prapgrak gdk tadkar hs ragky t` sunfht 5.=.> Bget`rs e`dshkarak wjhia tglhdo tja kaehsh`d t` tadkar

]`tadthgi e`dtrhnuth`d e`dtrhnuth`d `b tja e`dtrget t` tja e`fpgdy‘s turd`var hd g pgrtheuigr saet`r< tja `varjagks rae`varak gdk tja gdthehpgtak pr`bhts [ja ihlaiy kafgdks `b tja e`dtrget `d tja e`fpgdy‘s bhdgdehgi ras`ureas [ja e`fpgdy‘s ras`ureas gvghignia a.o tja w`rlhdo w`rlhdo egphtgi gdk jufgd ras`ureas [ypa `b w`rl [ja i`egth`d `b tja pr`caet [ja typa `b eihadt E`dtrget kagi 5.7.= [adkarhdo ]r`eakuras `r Fatj`ks / E`dtrget ]r`eurafadt Faejgdhsfs 5.7.7 @pad tadkarhdo/e`dtrgethdo

[ja pr`eakura hs t` gkvarthsa hd tja prass hdvhthdo gdy bhrf tjgt whsjas t` k` s` t` sunfht g tadkar< nhk `r `bbar. [ja gkvarthsafadt whii ohva gd `utihda katghi `b tja typa `b w`rl, tja segia  pr`orgf gdk gdy `tjar lay bagturas. Gdy hdtarastak bhrf gppihas b`r tja tadkar k`eufadts gdk tjara gra usugiiy d` b`rfgihthas `tjar tjgd g ihttia baa b`r tjasystaf tadkar hsk`eufadts khse`urgoa wj` grai`egi d`t o`vardfadts, hdtarastak hd tja c`n `r hkia eurh`shty. [jhs e`ff`diygdk usak ny punihetj`sa n`khas. a.o. punihe sarvheas gitj`uoj ht hs gis` usak ny prhvgta hdsthtuth`ds. Ht‘s usugiiy stgtak hd tja gkvarthsafadt gdk hd tja tadkar k`eufadt k`eufadt tjgt tja afpi`yar k`as d`t  nhdk jhfsaib t` tja i`wast `bbar gs tja gkvarthsafadt gkv arthsafadt k`as d`t nhk tja afpi`yar hd gdy wgy nut ht   hs faraiy gd hdvhtgth`d t` pars`d `r bhrfs t` fgla gd `bbar gdk gdy `bbar fgka sj`uik na ude`dkhth`dgiiy geeaptak.  Farr hts  Fa

 Ht ohvas g ejgdea `b tadkarhdo t` g bhrf wjhej whsjas t` k` s`. Uhdea tjara hs d` rastrheth`d, tjara egd na d` ejgdea `b bgv`urhthsf. K afar h ts

2|Wugdthty Uurvayhdo d`tas prapgrak Ny Fr. Szhowg Fgrvhd Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

[jara gra g igroa dufnar `b tadkars t` avgiugta jadea fuej thfa gdk f`day wgstak. [jara hs d`rfgiiy prassura t` geeapt i`w tadkars. [jara hs g jhoj e`st `d tja e`dtrget`r‘s shka gs ja tadkars b`r vary fgdy c`ns gdk whds d`tjhdo `r `diy `da. [jara hs khbbheuit hd saiaethdo tja rhojt bhrf. 5.7.> Uaiaethva tadkarhdo/e`dtrgethdo

Jara tja pr`eakura hs t` saiaet g ihfhtak dufnar `b bhrfs ld`wd t` tja grejhtaet/eihadt gdk hdvhta tjaf t` tadkar gdk tjhs pr`eakura hs fghdiy usak ny prhvgta bhrfs `r hdsthtuth`ds. Uaiaeth`d sj`uik na fgka subbhehadtiy agriy b`r bhrfs t` na gslak wjatjar tjay whii na whiihdo t` tadkar gt tja raquhrak thfa. [ja erhtarhg t` na afpi`yak hd krgwhdo up tja ihst `b tja saiaethva bhrfs whii kapadk t` s`fa kaoraa `d tja ejgrgetar `b tja pr`caet gs waii gs hts shza, i`egth`d. Gis` e`dshkar aquhpfadt gvghignia, stgdkgrk `b w`rlfgdsjhp ny bhrfs, shza `b pgyr`ii, nushdass rae`rk, gdk dufnar `b strhlas whtjhd tja e`fpgdy, bhdgdehgi stgnhihty, gdk ragi whiihdodass t` tadkar.  Farr hts  Fa

 Ht‘s p`sshnia t` saiaet tja f`st f`st e`fpatadt bhrf. Uhdea tadkars gra baw, tjara hs thfa gdk e`st sgvhdo.  K afar h ts

[ja bhrfs gra s`fathfas `vari`gkak gs tjay fgy na raiuetgdt t` kaeihda s`fa tadkars gt tja thfa tjay jgva g i`t `b c`ns.  Ht nraaks/ nrhdos bgv`rhthsf gdk e`rrupth`d. [jara hs giwgys raiuetgdea t` strhla `bb hde`fpatadt bhrfs br`f tja ihst.  Dawiy b`rfak bhrfs tjgt gra e`fpatadt egdd`t tadkar b`r tja c`n. [jara hs giwgys jhojar qu`tgth`d tjgd `ntghdgnia ny `pad tadkarhdo gs tjara hs iass e`fpathth`d. 5.7.5 Uhdoia tadkarhdo/e`dtrgethdo

[jara fgy na ehreufstgdeas hd wjhej `diy `da bhrf whii na gnia t` sgthsby tja erhtarhg b`r saiaeth`d. [jhs ihlaiy jgppads wjad spaehgihst `r d`fhdgtak e`dtrget`rs a.o hd hdstgiigth`d `b ihbts, ogs phpas w`rls, suppiy `b s`fa saiaetak fgtarhgis gra hdv`ivak.  Farr hts  Fa

 Ht hs ejagp t` avgiugta tja tadkar. [ja bhrfs whtj tastak rasuits gra afpi`yak. K afar h ts

 Ht‘s usugiiy axpadshva gs g shdoia e`dtrget`r tadkars. ?|Wugdthty Uurvayhdo d`tas prapgrak Ny Fr. Szhowg Fgrvhd Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

 Ht‘s s`fawjgt udkashrgnia gdk parjgps gd ud jagitj stgta `b gbbghrs gdk egd na afngrrgsshdo hs ud sgthsbget`ry tadkar hs raeahvak.  5.7.5 Uarhgi tadkarhdo/e`dtrgethdo

Hs g prafakhtgtak (kaihnargta) b`rf `b axtadsh`d gdk e`fas assadthgiiy hdt` tja egtao`ry `b tadkarhdo rgtjar tjgd dao`thgth`d. Ht gppihas wjara tjara g sarhas `b shfhigr sejafas wjhej gra t`  na `ut `var `v ar g gdk parh`k `ba.o thfa whtjhd tja sgfa grag gdk parfhtthdo tja pjgsak uthihzgth`d `b tjaegrrhak shta `rogdhzgth`d pigdt e`dstrueth`d `b sej``is. Ht hs usabui b`r fghd e`dtrgets gdk egd gis` saeura tja nadabhts `b tja hderagsak shza `b `rkar gdk  pr`kueth`d rud b`r e`fp`dadt e`dtrget gdk spaehgihst shta hdstgiigth`d w`rl wjhej nae`fa sune`dtrgets t` g sarhas `b fghd e`dtrgets. Gd axgfpia hs wjara g e`dtrget`r hs hdvhtak t` tadkar b`r `da nuhikhdo a.o g sej``i `d tja udkarstgdkhdo tjgt tja sueeassbui bhrf whii nuhik savargi sej``is gt tja goraak rgta.  Farr hts  Fa

 Ht ade`urgoas laadar prheas tjgd w`uik pr`caet b`r shdoia pr`caet.  Axparhadea oghdak `d tja agrihar pr`caet whii na usabui igtar `d. K afar h t

 ^gphk hdbigth`d tadks t` eurtghi tjhs typa `b e`dtrget 5.7.; Dao`thgtak tadkar/e`dtrgethdo

[jhs hs usugiiy usak b`r e`dstrueth`d `b g vary khbbheuit dgtura `b w`rl, wjara tja fgodhtuka `b tja e`dtrget fgy na udld`wd gt bhrst `r wjara agriy e`fpiath`d hs f`st hfp`rtgdt, `r wjara e`dthdugth`d `r rapathth`d `b gd axhsthdo e`dtrget hs e`dshkarak kashrgnia. k ashrgnia. B`r tjhs e`dtrget, tjara hs usugiiy d` thfa t` wght b`r krgwhdos gdk N`W t` na prapgrak. @da bhrf hs saiaetak gdk dao`thgtak whtj.  Farr hts  Fa

 Ht‘s thfa sgvhdo gs d` k`eufadts/ krgwhdos gra prapgrak.  Ht `bbars g f`ra rgth`dgi prhea ngshs b`r tja e`dtrgets parjgps sthfuigta kashod hfpr`vafadt. K afar h ts

 Ht‘s jgrk t` sgthsby tja tast `b tja tja punihe gee`udtgnhihty.  gee`udtgnhihty.  Uubbars br`f jhojar e`st kua t` igel `b e`fpathth`d.   5.7.1 ]raqugihbhegth`d e`dtrgethdo

Hs wjara g saiaeth`d `b egpgnia bhrfs tglas pigea nab`ra n ab`ra sunfhssh`d `b tja tadkars `r qu`tgth`ds.  Farr hts  Fa

:|Wugdthty Uurvayhdo d`tas prapgrak Ny Fr. Szhowg Fgrvhd Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

[ja sgfa gs b`r saiaethva tadkarhdo. K afar h ts

[ja sgfa gs b`r saiaethva tadkarhdo axeapt iagvhdo `ut `b daw bhrfs.

;.= [adkar K`eufadts Rs E`dtrgetugi K`eufadts ;.7.= Nhkhdo/[adkar K@EQFAD[ Hs g b`rfgi b`rfgi k`eufadt hssuak gt g baa ny tja tja eihadt t` tja hdtarastak e`dtrget`rs prapgrak ny tja eihadts pr`bassh`dgi taejdhegi gkvhs`rs wjhej e`dtghds gii raiavgdt hdb`rfgth`d gn`ut tja eihadts pr`caet, tjgt daaks t` na nr`uojt nr`uojt t` tja ld`wiakoa `b tja e`dtrget`r whtj rabaradea t` tja e`dtrgethdo pr`eakuras, tarfs `b e`dtrgets e`dtrgets gdk w`rl spaehbhegth`ds . Ht e`dtghds oadargi e`dkhth`ds `b tja e`dtrget, krgbt e`dtrgets b`r w`rl, b`rf `b nhk, taejdhegi spaehbhegth`ds, gdk nhii `b qugdththas, krgwhdos, b`rfs `b htaf/bhdgi earthbhegtas hdvhtgth`d t` nhk gdk hdstrueth`ds `b nhkkars.

;.7.7 Oadargi e`dkhth`ds [jasa gra igws kabhdhdo tja raigth`dsjhps hd tja e`dtrget ((H.a. H.a. Natwaad tja eihadt gdk tja e`dtrget`r gdk `tjar pgrthas) gdk j`w w`rl whii na axaeutak. ;.7.> B`rfs `b nhk /e`dtrget`r‘s nhk Ht hs tja k`eufadt shodak ny tja e`dtrget`r hd wjhej ja `bbars t` axaeuta tja w`rl gs kaserhnak ny tja krgwhdos gdk spaehbhegth`ds gdk geeapthdo gii tja e`dkhth`ds gdk pr`vhsh`ds `b tja e`dtrget gs kaserhnak hd tja nhkkhdo k`eufadt b`r g ohvad suf `b f`day, tja khseussh`d hs iabt t` tja eihadt t` geeapt `r racaet tja `bbar. ;.7.5 Hdstrueth`d t` tadkar [jhs whii hdeiuka< ]igea, kgta, thfa ny wjhej tadkars fust na raturdak. Fatj`ks `b kagihdo whtj quarhas. J`w qugihbhak tadkars whii na kagit whtj. ]r`vhsh`d b`r shta vhshts. K`eufadts t` na sunfhttak whtj g tadkar. Fatj`ks `b kagihdo whtj arr`rs ;.7.; E`dkhth`ds `b e`dtrget [jasa k` tw` tjhdos3 Uats `ut tja e`dtrgetugi rasp`dshnhihthas gdk ihgnhihthas. Astgnihsjas tja gkfhdhstrgthva grrgdoafadt. ;.7.1 Krgbt e`dtrget b`r w`rl (B`rf `b k`eufadt) 8|Wugdthty Uurvayhdo d`tas prapgrak Ny Fr. Szhowg Fgrvhd Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

Ht hs g iaogi k`eufadt shodak ny n`tj tja afpi`yar gdk tja e`dtrget`r wjhej stgtas tja e`dtrget`r hs t` udkartgla tja w`rls hd gee`rkgdea whtj tja krgwhdos gdk tja spaehbhegth`ds gdk tja eihadts‘ e`dtrgets t` pgy jhf tja e`dtrget suf hd e`dshkargth`d.  ;.7.2 [aejdhegi spaehbhegth`ds [jhs hs tja pgrt `b tja nhkkhdo k`eufadt krgwd up ny tja grejhtaet t` suppihfadt tja krgwhdos wjhej eiagriy kaserhna hd katghiak fgddar. h. 

[ja qugdthty gdk stgdkgrk `b fgtarhgis t` na usak ( gdk wjara gppihegnia tja p`sshnia suppihar ) hh.  Jgdkihdo gdk gdk tragtfadt `b fgtarhgis hhh.  Dgtura `b bhxhdo ,gssafnihdo ,gssafnihdo gdk hdstgiigth`d `b gdy fgtarhgis gdk sarvhea hv.  Wugihty `b w`rl fgdsjhp raquhrak v.  Gdy `tjar spaehgi tragtfadt `r jgdkihdo `b fgtarhgi tjgt daaks t` na nr`uojt t` tja gttadth`d `b tja e`dtrget`r. ;.7.2 Krgwhdos Gra pigds, aiavgth`d, saeth`ds saeth`ds gdk igroa igroa segia katghis `b e`dstrueth`d pr`caets gii krgwd `d g suhtgnia segias wjhej ohva tja khfadsh`ds `b tja struetura t` na araetak araetak . ;.7.? ]raihfhdgrhas (Gs pgrt `b N@W) Gra w`rls `r sarvheas k`da ny tja e`dtrget`r `d shta nut gra d`t pgrt `b tja fghd `r ngshe w`rl `d tja shta ,tjasa w`rls gra gra cust k`da t` adgnia tja fghd w`rl t` na axaeutak .h.a. suppiy `b wgtar b`r w`rls w`rls ,st`rgoa `b fgtarhgis ,j`grkhdo ,segbb`ikhdo ate.

g)  [hfa raigtak praihfhdgrhas Gra praihfhdgry w`rls e`dshkarak t` na pr`p`rth`dgi d`t t` tja qugdthty `b w`rl nut t` tja iadotj `b thfa b`r wjhej ht hs udkartglad a.o wgtar, aiaetrhehty, saeurhty ate n)  Bhxak ejgroa praihfhdgry Gra dahtjar praihfhdgry w`rls wjhej gra d`t pr`p`rth`dgi t` ahtjar tja qugdthty `b w`rl d`r thfa b`r wjhej tja e`dtrget hs udkartglad a.o j`grkhdo, tafp`rgi struetura ate.

7= | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

;.>.=  E`dtrget k`eufadts ;.>.7 B`rf `b goraafadt , Ht hs g iaogi k`eufadt shodak ny n`tj tja afpi`yar gdk tja e`dtrget`r wjhej stgtas tjgt tja e`dtrget`r hs t` udkartgla tja w`rls hd gee`rkgdea whtj tja krgwhdos gdk spaehbhegth`ds gdk tja eihadt ‚e`dtrgets t` pgy jhf tja e`dtrget suf hd e`dshkargth`d.hd oadargi ht e`dtghds tja assadthgis `b gd adb`reagnia e`dtrget. B`r g e`dtrget, eartghd e`dkhth`ds fust na buibhiiak. ([jhs b`rf `b goraafadt fust e`dtghd tja assadthgis `b e`dtrget). Assadthgis `b e`dtrget h.  @bbar gdk geeaptgdea Gd `bbar hs wjad g e`dtrget`r sunfhts g qu`tgth`d. Gd afpi`yar hdvhtas jhf t` fgla g pr`p`sgi .wjad gd afpi`yar saiaets jhf, gdk tjad tjhs hs geeaptgdea. hh.  E`dshkargth`d .[jhs hs s`fatjhdo `b vgiua axejgdoak ny jgdks .[ja afpi`yar fust udkartgla t` pgy s`fatjhdo t`< tja e`dtrget suf hs tja e`dshkargth`d t` j`ik tja e`dtrget`r t` nuhik tja j`usa. hhh.  [ja suncaet fgttar sj`uik na eiagr `d krgwhdos ate ]grthas, tjasa ]grthas, hv.   tjasa fust na hkadthbhak ,dgfa `b e`dtrget`r ,dgfa `b e`fpgdy ,afpi`yar ate

E`dtrget krgwhdos 7.  [jasa e`dtrgets tja suncaet fgttar >.  ]grthas 5.  E`dshkargth`d e`dtrget suf ;.>.> E`dkhth`ds `b e`dtrget B`r prhehdo `b asthfgt`r s` ej``sas   Ht pr`vhkas pr`eakuras b`r gkfhdhstarhdo tja goraafadts   Ht pr`vhkas rhojts gdk `nihogth`ds hb khsputas grhsa a.o hb tja e`dtrget`r k`as d`t bhdhsj `d thfa gs par tja goraafadt. g oraafadt. 

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;.>.5 [aejdhegi Upaehbhegth`ds [jhs hs tja pgrt `r saeth`ds `b tja nhkkhdo k`eufadt krgwd up ny tja grejhtaet t` suppiafadt tja krgwhdos wjhej eiagriy kaserhna hd g katghiak fgddar. h.  [ja qugdthty gdk stgdkgrks `b fgtarhgis t` na usak (gdk wjara gppihegnia tja p`sshnia suppihar) hh.  Jgdkihdo gdk tragtfadt `b fgtarhgis hhh.  Dgtura `b bhxhdo gdk gssafnihdo gdk hdstgiigth`d `b gdy fgtarhgis gdk sarvheas hv.  Wugihty `b w`rlfgdsjhp raquhrak v.  Gdy `tjar spaehgi tragtfadt `r jgdkihdo jgdkihdo `b fgtarhgis tjgt daaks t` na nr`uojt t` tja gttadth`d `b tja e`dtrget`r

77 | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

;.>.; Nhiis `b Wugdththas   [adkarhdo `d tja sgfa ngshs   Rgiugth`ds   Rgiuhdo vgrhgth`d   [ja e`dtrget whii gis` usa tja N@W b`r tjahr butura gethvhthas t` gvh`k oadkar nhks 

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;.>.1 Krgwhdos Krgwhdos gra pigds avgiugth`d saeth`ds gdk igroa segia katghis `b tja e`dstrueth`d pr`caets gii krgwd `d suhtgnia segia wjhej ohva tja khfadsh`d `b tja struetura t` na saiaet saiaetak ak     Hts usa hs tjgt ht kaphets wjgt hs t` na k`da ,se`pa pius katghis   Asthfgth`ds usa tja krgwhdos t` saa tja sjgpa `b tja struetura ,tja axtadt gdk ejgrgetarhsthes   G e`dtrget`r ngsas `d krgwhdos t`s nuhik jhs nhiis `b qugdththas 

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;.>.2 B`rfs `b nhk/e`dtrget`r‘s Nhk  Hs g k`eufadt shodak ny g e`dtrget`r hd wjhej ja (tja e`dtrget`r) `bbars t` axaeuta tja w`rls gs kaserhnak ny tja krgwhdos gdk spaehbhegth`ds gdk geeapthdo gii tja tja e`dkhth`ds e`dkhth`ds gdk pr`vhsh`ds `b tja e`dtrget e`dtrget gs kaserhnak hd tja nhkkhdo k`eufadt b`r g ohvad ohvad suf `b f`day, tja kaehsh`d hs iabt t` tja eihadt t` geeapt `r rabusa tja `bbar.

  Ht Hs ^ae`rk ]urp`sas   Ht hs g b`rf `b `bbar< ht e`dtghds tjhdos ihla tadkar ,bhouras ,tadkar parh`k ,gdk

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gppadkhx ;.5 @tjar [arfs usak hd tja prapgrhdo e`dtrget k`eufadts Kgy w`rl _a rae`rk (ras`urea, fgtarhgis, ign`ur gdk pigdt, par kgy .[jarab`ra, g kgy w`rl saeth`d whii na hdeiukak hd N@W hd `rkar t` oat pareadtgoa `var jagks gdk pr`bhts. Krgbt `b g kgy w`rl saeth`d /htafs Ign`ur ].E suf @var jagk pr`bhts Fgtarhgis @var jagk pr`bhts ]igdt ]E @var Jagk ]r`bhts

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_jy hdeiuka ].E suf hs t` egtar b`r w`rl tjgt e`uik gppagr gdk d`t agshiy na fagsurak gs par tja N@W. _jy hs tjgt saeth`d hdeiukak0   ^ags`d hs t` oat `var jagks   [` cukoa hts hfpget `d `var gii e`sts `b tja pr`caet 

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7> | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

Up`rt htafs Hs w`rl t` na axaeutak `d shta nut wj`sa axtadt gdk dgtura egd-d`t na astgnihsjak ny tja e`dtrget`r udiass hb ja vhshtak tja shta, tjhs lhdk `b w`rl hs d`rfgiiy lapt t`oatjar udkar g sapgrgta saeth`d `b tja N@W, praehsaiy jagkak udkar kaf`ihth`d gdk gttadth`d. [ja katghis `b tja sp`t htafs gra giwgys `ntghdak `d shta. @tjar fatj`ks-t` pr`vhka pr`vhsh`dgi qugdththas

Ihst `b prhdehpgi qugihthas Hs ihst `b fgc`r e`st htafs, krghdgoa, r`gks, gdk ratghdhdo wgiis R`i. `b axegvgth`d eunhe fatar R`i. `b e`derata eunhe fatar ]igt b`rf t`da `b staai ]urp`sa `b ihst prhdehpgi qugdththas 7.  [` ohva tja asthfgth`d gd hkag `b w`rl hdv`ivak nab`ra ja o`as t` prhea prhea tja katghis >.  Gsshsts tja e`dtrget`r t` agshiy taii wjatjar ja jgs egpgehty t` egrry `ut ttja ja w`rls

]ragfnia Uavargi htafs jgvhdo sgfa ejgrgetarhsthes ]ragfnia gra hdtr`kuet`ry hdtr`kuet`ry eigusas adtarak gt tja jagk `b agej saeth`d `r trgka trgka hd N@W raigthdo t` fgttars wjhej gbbaet tja e`dtrget`r e`dtrget`r hd prhehdo tja N@W N@W gdk wjhej wjhej `uojt t` na na krgwd t` jhs d`thea. [ja fgtarhgis gdk w`rlfgdsjhp w`rlfgdsjhp gra spaehbhak. h.a   Nrhel w`rl hd e.f 7.; 7==ff tjasa gra htafs 71=ff `b pragfnia >5=ff  

Ihst `b e`ff`d e`ff`d ejgrgetarhsthes t` adgnia nrhab kaserhpth`d h.a e`derata orgka >= E`iufd Nagf Uign _jara w`rl kapgrts br`f EAU ff a.o j`usa, t`hiat, ht jgs t` na put hd pragfnia.

Oadargi e`dthdoadey gii`wgdea

75 | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

[jhs hs g spaehgi typa `b pr`vhsh`d suf wjhej hs fat t` faat `r `bb sat gssats `b w`rl `r axpadsas wjhej egdd`t na na b`ra saad nab`ra e`dstrueth`d naohds gdk wjhej wjhej fgy fgy d`t d`t rhsa gt gii. Gttghdhdo gdy suf jgs d` ragi geth`d tjarab`ra t` tja e`dtrget w`rl gt gii gdk hd prgethsa faraiy sarvas t` rakuea tja t`tgi dat gs `b gdy axtrg `r f`ra axpadshva w`rl tjgd uroadtiy raeahva tjhs suf jgs t` na spadk udkar tja khserath`d `b tja grejhtaet (hd sj`rt tjhs hs `ur e`dthdoadey suf) F`day gii`wak b`r udaxpaetak axpadkhtura   Jaips t` hdeiuka wjgt jgk d`t naad naa d saad nab`ra ( ny ushdo tja gii`wak f`day)   [ja pareadtgoa `b e`dthdoadey suf vgrhas kapadks `d tja dgtura `b w`rl / e`dtrget nut rad`vgth`d w`rls tglas g jhojar pareadtgoa suf ]r`vhsh`d suf X`u ragihza tjgt gd htaf hs raquhrak nut hts katghis gra d`t gvghignia, wa usa `ur cukofadt gdk prapgra g pr`vhsh`dgi suf (htaf jgs naad hkadthbhak nut d` katghi hs fagsurak)Kashodar jgs d`t ohvad ad`uoj hdb`rfgth`d nut w`rl jgs t` na k`da ._`rl hs k`da gdk wa dao`thgta g pr`vhsh`dgi suf (tjhs hs hdeiukak hd saeth`d `b w`rl y`u gra fagsurhdo) 

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 Gttadkgdea  

Oadargi gttadkgdea Hs gd htaf ohvad hd tja N@W b`r w`rl ,tjgt hdv`ivas d`fhdgtak sun e`dtrget`rs gdk hs kaafak t` hdeiuka suej htaf gs usa `b aiaetak segbb`ikhdos, fass r``fs ,w ,waibgra aibgra bgehihthas ihla wgtar gdk ihojthdo ihojthdo ,st`rgoa `b fgtarhgis gdk gdy `tjar htafs `b oadargi dgtura. Gitardgthva hs sj`wd `d tja ]U suf `b tja d`fhdgtak sun-e`dtrget`r hd gkkhth`d t` e`dtrget`r‘s pr`bhts.    Upaehgi gttadkgdea Hs gd htaf ihla tja gn`va gn`va nut b`r htafs wjhej gra d`t t`` oadargi, ihla pr`vhsh`d `b p`war ,pr`vhsh`d `b spaehgi segbb`ikhdos, segbb`ikhdos, usa `b e`dtrget`r‘s ign`ur b`r `bbi`gkhdo gdk gdy `tjar htafs `b shfhigr dgtura Biuetugth`ds Gra prhea ejgdoas hd tja e`st `b fgtarhgis, ign`ur, buai `r avad tgxas ,e`fpgrak t` tja `rhohdgi ngshe prheas gt tja thfa `b prapgrhdo tja tja N@W ]rhfa e`st suf Hs g suf `b f`day pr`vhkak b`r w`rls `r sarvhea t` na axaeutak ny g d`fhdgtak sune`dtrget`r, g stgtut`ry gutj`rhty , g punihe udkartglhdo `r b`r fgtarhgis o``ks t` na `ntghdak br`f br`f d`fhdgtak d`fhdgtak suppihars s, suej sufs sjgii na kaafak t` na axeiushva axeiushva `b gdy pr`caet raquhrak ny tja fghd e`dtrget`r ,pr`vhsh`d sjgii na fgka tjarab`ra, tjarab`ra, b`r b`r tja e`dtrget`r‘s pr`bhts gdk b`r tadkarhdo  B`r prhfa e`st suf wa jgva3  Ign`ur   Gttadkgdea B`r spaehgi ign`ur, wa jgva spaehbhe gttadkgdea 

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7; | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

G e`dtrget`r jgs bgehihthas< wjhej g e`dtrget`r k`as d`t jgva, s` kurhdo nhiis prapgrgth`ds g e`dtrget`r whii ihst tjaf k`wd t` na prheak naegusa tjay sj`uik d`t na pr`vhkak b`r braa. [ypas `b Uun-e`dtrget`rs Uun-e`dtrget`rs  

K`fasthe sun-e`dtrget`rsun-e`dtrget`r- E`dtrget`r sune`dtrgets g e`dtrget`r wjad tja eihadt hs udgwgra   D`fhdgtak Uun-e`dtrget`r ―  _jad tjara hs g daak `b g spaehgihst, sgy, whrhdo `b g fgejhda, tja eihadt put jhf `r jar hd ejgroa nut dao`thgtas tja htaf whtj tja fghd e`dtrget`r Oadargi htafs (praihfhdgrhas) [jasa gra htafs `b oadargi e`st dgtura .Gd asthfgt`r egdd`t fagsura tjaf pr`bhtgniy a.o J`grkhdo, hdcury, gd asthfgt`r bhdks pr`niafs hd gii`egthdo e`sts t` gd htaf. [ja asthfgt`r kaehkas wjatjar t` hdeiuka tjahr e`sts sapgrgtaiy `r hdeiuka tjaf hd nhiis. E`dtrgetugi raquhrafadt [jasa gra giragky e`varak ny tja e`dtrget`r gdk fust e`fpiy whtj tjaf, y`u fust ld`w tja dgtura `b e`dtrget y`u wgdt t` udkartgla, gdk tjay sj`uik na gkjarak t` naegusa tjay gra hd e`dtrget e`dkhth`ds. E`dtadts / e`fp`dadts `b N@W   Ihst `b htafs/ qugdththas   ]ragfnia   E`dthohdoadehas   ]raihfhdgry w`rls   Kgy w`rl 

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Upaehbhak raquhrafadts [jasa htafs gra d`t raquhrak ny e`dtrget`rs. Hb gd afpi`yar daaks daaks tjaf ,ja taiis taiis tja e`dtrget`rs / nhkkars tjgt ja daaks tjaf gdk tjay prhea / hdeiuka tjaf a.o badehdo, o``k j`grkhdo ,g spaehgi `bbhear b`r gd Adohdaar, ate at e  Gkcustfadt htafs Jara g tadkarar prapgras g qu`tgth`d gdk puts hd N@W ,ja gkks htafs a.o kgy w`rl ate gdk oats tja t`tgi t` kgta .Ja whsjas t` gkcust `d tja tadkar bhouras, ja ohvas g khse`udt. Rgt 1 fhiih`d (kakuetak `r gkkak) Gkcustfadt 7>,===/6 Htaf (]r`vhkas spgea wjara tadkarar egd gkcust) [`tgi pghk ;,::=,===

Fatj`k raigtak ejgroas (prhea / e`sts) ]rhehdo gee`rkhdo t` j`w w`rl whii na k`da (fatj`k `b k`hdo w`rl) ]rhea e`dtghds `tjar tjhdos ihla e`sts 71 | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

E`st hs wjgt hs t` na pghk b`r B`r fatj`k raigtak ejgroas tja spgea whii na iabt nigdl b`r tja e`dtrget`r t` bhii a.o supp`sa y`u wara prhehdo g fhxhdo, `r g ergda Fhxar e`st e`fp`dadts Hdthgi e`sts [hfa vgiua raigtak tarfhdgi e`sts a.o b`r g fhxtura   Nrhdohdo ht t` shta   [hfa raigtak   ^af`vhdo 

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B`r ergda -5= t`das   Nrhdohdo ergda t` shta Bhxak E`st   @pargthdo Gdk Fghdtghdhdo Ergda [hfa ^aigtak   ^af`vgi @b Ergda Br`f Uhta Bhxak E`st Egrry t`tgi t` suffgry wjara y`u iagva g nigdl spgea, e`dtrget`r bhiis gdk puts iufp suf hd tadkar k`eufadts, s` tjhs saeth`d hs tjarab`ra tja o``k `b e`dtrget`r. 

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[jara gra tw` typas `b e`sts h.  Bhxak e`sts .[jasa e`sts .[jasa w`uik d`rfgiiy na hdhthgi gdk tarfhdgi [jasa gra iufp suf< tjay k` d`t ejgdoa whtj thfa e`sts .[ja e`sts kapadk `d tja thfa tglad ,tja i`doar tja thfa tglad hh.  [hfa raigtak e`sts .[ja tja jhojar tja e`sts a.o. f`st nuhikhdo e`sts gra gbbaetak ny thfa  Gkvgdtgoa `b fatj`k fatj`k raigtak ejgroas t` tja e`dtrget`r. e`dtrget`r. 7.  ]rapgrhdo vgiugth`d nae`fas agsy a.o. supp`sa y`u jgva g e`dtrget gt Ouiu gdk trgdsp`rthdo g ergda b`r 1f ,wjad g tadkar hs geeaptak ,tjhs fatj`k nae`fas pgrt `b N@W ,ht hs nattar tjhs saeth`d na put sapgrgta. >.  Rgiuhdo vgrhgth`ds , hb y`u nrhdo g pigdt `d shta , afpi`yar k`as d`t pr`vhka hdb`rfgth`d gdk y`ur w`rl hs khsruptak , y`u jgva g vgiua t` eighf.Hb y`u jgk hdkhegtak gs thfa raigtak h.a hb y`u gra kaigyak tja fatj`k `b nahdo nahdo pghk whii na na agshiy. 5.  Eighfs `b khsrupth`d `b pr`orass f`va agsy ;.  Grrgdoa egsj bi`w whtj eartghdhty t` suppiy N`dk Hs g suf `b f`day wjhej hs `d e`dkhth`dgiiy orgdtak t` tja eihadt ny gd astgnihsjak bhdgdehgi hdsthtuth`d `d najgib `b tja e`dtrget`r hd tja avadt avad t `b tja e`dtrget`r gnsadthdo br`f w`rl `r hdegsa ja pr`kueas sj`kky w`rl Iattar `b geeaptgdea Hs g b`rfgi k`eufadt ny tja eihadt t` tja e`dtrget`r, hdb`rfhdo jhf tjgt ja jgs naad geeaptak jhs/jar `bbar ’nhk‖ t ` axaeuta tja w`rl b`r tja suf `b tja f`day qu`tak ny tja e`dtrget`r hd tja N@W. 72 | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

Kgta `b p`ssassh`d `b shta Hs tja kgta wjad tja sueeassbui e`dtrget`r hs jgdkak `var tja shta ny tja afpi`yar (d`t daeassgrhiy wjad ja e`ffadeas t` w`rl) E`ffadeafadt kgta Hs tja kgta wjad tja e`dtrget`r prgethegiiy stgrts tja w`rl, `d tjhs vary kgy tja e`fpiath`d hs t` na egieuigtak.  Gseartghdak gdk gdk ihquhkgtak kgfgoas kgfgoas [jasa gra tja egsas vgiuak hd tarfs `b f`day wjhej tja e`dtrget`r pgys t` tja afpi`yars wjad ja bghis t` bhdhsj tja w`rl, whtjhd tja e`dtrgetak parh`k `b thfa `r tja axtadkak e`dtrget parh`k whtj`ut gdy rags`d. G stgtak rgta `b bhda (usugiiy par kgy) hs stgtak hd tja e`dtrget k`eufadt shodak ny n`tj tja eihadts gdk tja e`dtrget`r. ^atadth`d budk ^atadth`d pr`vhsh`d hs fghdiy fgka hd nuhikhdo e`dtrgets b`r tja ratghds ny tja afpi`yar `b g pr`p`rth`d `b f`day kua t` tja e`dtrget`r `d agej hdtarhf earthbhegta, tjhs hs d`rfgiiy egieuigtak gs tja t`tgi e`dtrget`rs‘ eighf [ja `ncaethva ratadth`d hs t` sgba ougrk tja afpi`yar goghdst udsgthsbget`ry parb`rfgdea `b tja e`dtrget`r. [ja ratghdak f`day hs raiagsak t` tja e`dtrget`r gt tja axphry `b tja kabaet ihgnhihty parh`k gbtar gseartghdhdo tjgt tja w`rl hs braa `b gdy kabaets.

7? | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

Kabaet ihgnhihty parh`k (Fghdtadgdea parh`k) Hs tja parh`k `b thfa stgtak hd tja e`dtrget k`eufadt, gbtar tja prgethegi e`fpiath`d `b w`rl whtjhd wjhej tja e`dtrget`r hs rasp`dshnia b`r fglhdo o``k gii tja kabaets wjhej fgy gppagr, gbtar tjhs parh`k, tja e`dtrget`r qugihbhas b`r g bhdgi earthbhegta `b e`fpiath`d `b w`rl gdk ratadth`d budk. Rgrhgth`ds , tja tarf vgrhgth`d hd e`dstrueth`d hdkustry fagds tja gitardgth`d `r Rgrhgth`ds, f`khbhegth`d `b tja kashod, qugihty `r qugdthty `b w`rl gs sj`wd up`d tja e`dtrget krgwhdos gs kaserhnak ny `r rabarrak t` hd tja e`dtrget nhiis gdk hdeiuka tja gkkhth`d `fhssh`d `r sunsthtuth`d `b gdy w`rl gdk tja gitardgth`d `b tja lhdk `r stgdkgrk `b gdy `b tja fgtarhgis Rgrhgth`d `rkar, `rkar, tjhs hs g wrhttad hdstrueth`d ny tja grejhtaet t` tja e`dtrget`r, hdstruethdo jhf t` gitar `r f`khby tja kashod, qugihty `r qugdthty `b tja w`rls gs sj`wd up `d e`dtrget krgwhdo gs kaserhnak ny `r rabarrak t` hd tja e`dtrget nhiis. [ypas `b e`dtrgetugi e`dtrgetugi earthbhegtas Hdtarhf earthbhegta, earthbhegta, tjhs hs g b`rfgi wrhttad kua tja grejhtaet t` tja e`dtrget`r, earthbyhdo pgyfadts `d gee`udt hd hdstgiifadts t` e`dtrget`r ny tja afpi`yar. [ja stgoas `b tja e`dstrueth`d gt wjhej pgyfadts sj`uik na fgka fgka gra goraak up`d ny tja grejhtaet gdk tja e`dtrget`r `d najgib `b tja eihadt s` tjgt tja e`dtrget`r hs raihavak `b g jagvy bhdgdehgi `ut igy `b e`fpiathdo tja pr`caet gdk tja eihadt hs sgba ougrkak goghdst p``r w`rl qugdthty. Qsugiiy tja e`dtrget survay`r prapgras tja vgiugth`d wjhej e`dshsts `b3h.  hh. 

Rgiua `b w`rl axaeutak pr`pariy Rgiua `b fgtarhgis `d shta

^atadth`d budk hs budk hs egieuigtak 7=% gdk kakuetak br`f tja vgiugth`d, tja gf`udt b`r tja pravh`us pgyfadts hs gis` kakuetak, tjad tja W. survay`r whii pgss `d tjhs vgiugth`d t` tja grejhtaet. Hb tja grejhtaet hs hd goraafadt, ja whii tjad hssua g earthbhegta t` tja eihadt t` pr`eass pgyfadts. [ja biuetugth`d eigusa hd hd tja tja e`dt e`dtrget rget goraafadt gdk sejakuia `b e`dkhth`ds b`r nuhikhdo w`rl pr`vhkas b`r gd hderagsa hd tja gf`udt kua t` tja e`dtrget`r ny tja afpi`yar ny tja dat kaeragsa hd prhea ]aduithfgta earthbhegta [jhs hs tja earthbhegta hssuak ny tja afpi`yar t` tja e`dtrget`r gt tja prgethegi e`fpiath`d `b tja w`rl .ht e`dtghds tja wj`ia vgiua `b tja w`rl k`da pr`pariy, pgyfadts s` bgr k`da t` tja e`dtrget`r, gf`udt kua t` e`dtrget`r ny tjhs earthbhegta gdk tja bhdgi gf`udt kua t` tja e`dtrget`r gbtar tja fghdtadgdea parh`k wjhej fgy na pghk `d tja bhdgi earthbhegta. 7: | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

E`fpiath`d earthbhegta

E`dtrget`r‘s Asthfgta  E`dtrget`rs daak ld`wiakoa `r s`fa`da whtj tja ld`wiakoa t` prapgra qugdththas, b`r suej w`rl wjara qugdththas gra d`t pr`vhkak gdk b`r purp`sas b`r er`ss ejaelhdo, tja survay`r hs tja `diy `da t` k` vgiugth`d. D`ta tja khbbaradea natwaad tja e`dtrget`r ‚s asthfgtas gdk tja N@W hs gt tja b`rfar hs d`t gs katghiak gs tja igttar ,shdea ht hs d`t prapgrak b`r hdtarpratgth`d ny dufnar `b nhkkars. Eiarl `b w`rl, hs w`rl, hs oadargiiy gpp`hdtak ny tja afpi`yar gdk `was jhs e`dtrgetugi kuthas t` tja afpi`yar tjr`uoj tja grejhtaet, jhs/jar kuthas hdeiuka< G.  Utgyhdo `d tja shta, tglas thfa t` hdspaet tja fgtarhgis gdk w`rlfgdsjhp saahdo t` ht tjgt tjahr spaehbhegth`d. Ja jgs tja gutj`rhty t` racaet wjgtavar hs d`t hd e`db`rfgth`d whtj tja w`rls spaehbhegth`ds N.  Nahdo `d shta avary thfa, ja/sja jgs gd `pp`rtudhty t` saa gii w`rl nab`ra nahdo e`varak gdk egd tjus laap rae`rks rae`rks wjhej fhojt na raquhrak raquhrak ny tja qugdthty Uurvay`r hd gkcusthdo vgrhgth`ds `d tja e`dtrget. E.  Ja laaps rae`rk `b tja pr`orass pr`orass `b tja pr`caet gdk ja ohvas g waal waaliy iy rap`rt t` tja grejhtaet [ja grejhtaet hs j`wavar, d`t raihavak `b jhs rasp`dshnhihthas gdk kuthas ny tja geth`d `b eiarl `b w`rl. E@D[^GE[ ^AIG[H@DUJH] E`dtrget.  @ntghdhdo gppr`vgis ,b`r ,b`r tja pr`caet br`f tja raigthva gutj`rhthas nab`ra axaeuth`d `b tja w`rl 5.  F`nhihzgth`d `b ras`ureas ras`ureas daeassgry daeassgry b`r tja tja pr`caet hdeiukhdo gpp`hdtfadt `b tja e`fpatadt pr`caet fgdgoars ;.  Gpp`hdtfadt gdk gppr`vgi `b g suhtgnia e`dtrget`r `r sun-e`dtrget`r 1.  Uhodhdo gd goraafadt whtj tja e`dtrget`r 2.  [glhdo `var tja pr`caet `d e`fpiath`d ?. ^aturdhdo e`dtrgetugi eighfs 78 | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

E`dtrget fgdgoar< Hs tja eihadt raprasadtgthva tjr`uoj`ut tja wj`ia pr`eass `b kashodhdo, avgiugth`d `b g e`dtrget`r gdk axaeuth`d `b tja w`rl. Ja jgs tw` fgc`r budeth`ds budeth`ds 7.  [` e`deaptugihza gdk kavai`p kavai`p tja eihadts‘ vhsh`d `b tja pr`caet   >.  [` k` shod, k`eufadt gdk b`rfuigta g e`dtrget b`r tja pr`caet. ^asp`dshnhihthas ^asp`dshnhihth as `b tja e`dtrget fgdgoar 7.  Kurhdo axaeuth`d `b w`rl, tjay suparvhsa tja gethvhthas `b tja e`dtrget gdk adsura   w`rl hs  hs  k`da ny tja e`dtrget`r, gra hd e`db`rfhty whtj tja grejhtaet‘s spaehbhegth`ds. >.  Rgiuas tja w`rl k`da ny tja e`dtrget`r, gdk pr`eassas tja daeassgry k`eufadt b`r tja eihadt ‚e`dshkargth`d gdk geth`d.  5.  E`ffudhegtas hdb`rfgth`d, raquasts, vhaws, vgrhgth`d gdk `tjar raquhrafadts natwaad tja eihadt gdk e`dtrget`r. ;.  Gkkrassas gdk gppr`vas tja fgtarhgis usak `d shta ny tja e`dtrget`r ,hssuas hdstrueth`ds ,krgwhdos, spaehbhegth`ds gdk `tjar daeassgry kgtg t` tja e`dtrget`r ,wjad gdk wjara hs raquhrak. 1.  Hd egsa `b khsputas natwaad natwaad tja eihadt e`dtrget`r ,ja hfpgrthgiiy gkkrassas /`r /`r gttrhnutas natwaad tja pgrthas [ja e`dtrget`r Ja prgethegiiy turds tja eihadt gsphrgth`d `r vhsh`d hdt` ragihty. ^asp`dshnhihty 7.  >.  5.  ;.  1. 

Fglas gd `bbar t` tja eihadt eihadt t` axaeuta tja w`rls( tja e`dtrget`r e`dtrget`r nhks) Ja shods tja e`dtrget whtj tja eihadt Qdkar tglas pigddhdo gdk fgdgoafadt `b tja pr`caet w`rl F`nhihzas ign`ur, fgtarhgis ,pigdts gdk aquhpfadt raquhrak b`r w`rl w`rl Egrrhas `ut tja tja w`rl hd gee`rkgdea whtj tja raquhrafadts ighk `ut hd tja e`dtrget k`eufadts

^as`ivhdo e`dbihets Kurhdo tja axaeuth`d `b tja e`dtrget w`rls, savargi hssuas fgy grhsa wjhej whii gbbaet tja pr`orass `r fgddar `b axaeuthdo tja w`rl Uuej hssua fgy iagk t` g ’Nragej `b e`dtrget ’ny ahtjar pgrty, wjhej fgy hd turd iagk t` axtrg eighf ny tja gbbaetak pgrty `r tarfhdgth`d `b g e`dtrget. U`fa `b tja e`ff`d hssuas tjgt grhsa hd tja pr`eass `b axaeuth`d `b tja e`dtrget hdeiuka tja b`ii`whdo< g)  Kaigys hd jgdkhdo `var tja shta t` tja t ja e`dtrget`r n)  Gvghihdo krgwhdo `r katghiak hdb`rfgth`d b`r tja w`rl w`rl gdk hssuhdo hdstrueth`ds >= | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

e)  J`d`rhdo earthbhegtas k)  Grhshdo br`f suparvhsh`d suparvhsh`d `b w`rl `r p`stp`dafadt `b w`rl a)  Jgdkhdo `var tja w`rl t` tja eihadt b)  Ngdlruptey `b tja eihadt o)  ]r`niafs gss`ehgtak whtj tja ejgdoa `b e`dtrget fgdgoar j)  Jurryhdo hdt` tja e`dstrueth`d pr`eass nab`ra pr`par pigddhdo gdk prapgrgth`ds `b k`eufadtgth`d gdk kashod. h)  [jhrk pgrty hdtarbaradea whtj tja axaeuth`d `b w`rl c)  Kaigyak j`d`rhdo `b tja earthbhegtas l)  Axpadsas grhshdo br`f h.  Axtadsh`d `b e`dstrueth`d thfas hh.  Rgrhgth`ds ,khserapgdehas hd krgwhdos, spaehbhegth`ds `r N@W hhh.  Qd b`rasaad ehreufstgdeas hv.  [asthdo gdk `padhdo up tja e`varak w`rls v.  Biuetugth`ds vh.  D`d- gvghignhihty `b o``ks gdk fgtarhgi suppihas Fatj`ks `b ras`ivhdo e`dbihets  

Dao`thgth`ds < pgrthas e`deardak fgy goraa t` khseuss e`dtadth`ds hssuas gdk Dao`thgth`ds< ras`iva tja e`dbihets    Grnhtrgth`d  Grnhtrgth`d

Uqugrhdo e`iufa

Kaserhpth`d e`iufa

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>; | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

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7

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5

;

>1 | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

[ja khfadsh`d e`iufd hs usak b`r adtarhdo a dtarhdo tja khfadsh`ds gdk thfashdo e`iufd hs usak b`r adtarhdo gdy fuithpihegth`d bget`r wjhej gppihas t` khfadsh`ds .[ja squgrhdo e`iufd hs usak b`r adtarhdo rasuitgdt egieuigtak br`f tja khfadsh`ds gdk tjahr fuithpihegth`d bget`rs. [ja kaserhpth`d e`iufd hs usak b`r adtarhdo tja kaserhpth`d `b tja w`rl t` wjhej tja khfadsh`ds raigta. Gkkhth`dgiiy, tja rhojt jgdk shka `b kaserhpth`d e`iufd hs usak t` nuhik up khfadsh`ds< tjasa praihfhdgry egieuigth`ds gra ld`wd gs ’wgsta‖.  I`egth`d rabaradea `b tja w`rl gra s`fathfas adtarak `d tja rhojt jgdk shka `b tja kaserhpth`d e`iufd. Khfadsh`d sjaats gra usak w`rlhdo br`f t`p t` n`tt`f `b tja iabt jgdk sat e`iufds gdk tjad e`dthduhdo k`wd br`f t`p t` n`tt`f `b tja rhojt jgdk sat `b e`iufds. 1.5 Hkadthbhegth`d gdk Dufnarhdo `b Khfadsh`d Ujaats Agej khfadsh`d sjaat sj`uik na jagkak whtj hts c`n dgfa, dufnar `r `tjar e`ka. E`fpiatak khfadsh`d sjaats sj`uik na dufnarak .@d sfgii c`ns wjara `da pars`d hs tglhdo tja wj`ia `b khfadsh`ds tjay egd na dufnarak e`dsaeuthvaiy gs tja fagsurhdo pr`eaaks. @d igroar c`ns wjara g dufnar `b pa`pia gra hdv`ivak hd tglhdo khfadsh`ds , ht hs prukadt t` dufnar sjaats e`dsaeuthvaiy gs ngtejas gra hssua b`r tglhdo tglhdo `bb `bb gdk t` laap g ruddhdo t`tgi `b tja sjaats hssuak ._jad tja e`fpiatak sjaats gra e`iiaetak g ejael egd tjad na fgka t` adsura tjgt gii sjaats gra gee`udtak gee`udtak b`r Up`hiak gdk fhsusak sjaats sj`uik na ratghdak udthi tjhs ejael hs e`fpiata. hb daeassgry tja e`iiaetak khfadsh`d sjaats sj`uik na ra-grrgdoak hdt` g e`dvadhadt `rkar b`r butura rabaradea kurhdo ra-fagsurafadts gdk ra-dufnarak e`dsaeuthvaiy nab`ra gnstrgethdo stgrts. @d c`ns whtj igroa dufnar `b sjaats hdkax t` khfadsh`ds hs usabui. 1.; Adtarhdo Khfadsh`ds `d tja Khfadsh`d Ujaats [ja khfadsh`ds b`r iadotjs, grags gdk v`iufas gra adtarak hd tja khfadsh`d e`iufd t` tw` pigeas `b kaehfgis. Krgwhdos whii usugiiy na khfadsh`dak hd fhiihfatars `r hd fatras `b tw` kaehfgi pigeas. _gsta e`iiaeth`ds sj`uik na fgka ushdo tja khfadsh`ds ohvad `d tja krgwhdos. ^`udkhdo `bb t` tw` pigeas `b kaehfgis b`r tja trgdsbar t` tja khfadsh`d e`iufd sj`uik na iabt udthi tja wgsta hs e`iiaetak t`tgi. Khfadsh`ds gra sat k`wd udkar agej `tjar hd tja khfadsh`d e`iufd whtj g ihda krgwd nadagtj, gs sj`wd. G shdoia khfadsh`d whtj g ihda nadagtj hdkhegtas tjgt ht hs g ihdagr khfadsh`d .[w` khfadsh`ds whtj g ihda nadagtj hdkhegta g sat `b tw` khfadsh`ds br`f wjhej tja grag `b surbgea hs t` na egieuigtak. [jraa khfadsh`ds whtj g ihda nadagtj nadagtj hdkhegta g sat `b khfadsh`ds khfadsh`ds br`f wjhej tja v`iufa v`iufa `b s`ihk hs t` na egieuigtak . Dufnars b`r dufnarak htafs gra adtarak hd tja eadtra `b tja khfadsh`d e`iufd whtj g ihda nadagtj.

>2 | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

_htjhd agej `b tja khfadsh`ds, tja khfadsh`ds gra sat k`wd hd `rkar `b (7) iadotj, (>) whktj gdk (5) kaptj `r jahojt. [jhs `rkar sj`uik giwgys na usak. 2.== 5.== =.;=

Iadotj _hktj Kaptj `r jahojt

1.1 ’[hfashdo‖  [hfashdo hs abbaetak ny adtarhdo tja raquhrak dufnar b`ii`wak ny gd `inihqua str`la. [ja e`dadth`d >/fagds fuithpiy ny >. [ja e`dvadth`d >/> fagds > x > gdk s` `d .[ja e`dvadth`ds gra hiiustrgtak nai`w. >/

7.== 5.==

>/>/ >.== ;.==

>? | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

Kaehfgi brgeth`ds gra d`t usak hd thfashdo e`iufd naegusa tja naegusa tja kaehfgi p`hdt fgy na fhstglad b`r tja ’k`tthdo `d‖ syfn`i. [jay gra axprassak gs aquhvgiadt vuiogr brgeth`ds. [ja ihda natwaad tja dufargt`r gdk kaf`dhdgt`r `b tja vuiogr brgeth`ds sj`uik na j`rhz`dtgi, t` pravadt ht nahdo fhstglad b`r `nihoua thfashdo str`la gs hiiustrgtak.

¶ /

1.== >.==

Grag `b trhgdoia

>>/? /

5.== 5.==

Grag `b ehreia ύ 6 >>/? 

¶ />>/?/

5.==

Ehreufbaradea `b safh ehreia

1.2 ’K`tthdo `d‖ _jad rapagthdo khfadsh`ds, wjhej jgva naad thfasak, pravh`usiy ht fgy na b`udk tjgt tjay egdd`t na fuithpihak gdk ht hs raquhrak t` gkk. Hd tjhs ehreufhstgdeas ras`rt hs fgka t` wjgt hs egiiak ’k`tthdo `d‖.G k`t hd tja thfashdo e`iufd hs u sak hd pigea `b tja e`dvadth`dgi pius shod t` hdkhegta gd gkkhth`d t` fuithpiyhdo bget`r pravh`usiy adtarak tja e`dvadth`dgi hs hiiustrgtak nai`w< h.a. [jhs hdkhegtas tjgt tja eunhe fagsur fagsurafadt afadt hs tw` na fuithpihak ny (>+5) >. 5/

7=.== 1.== =.1=

]ighd e`derata o``k 71 hd bkds

1.? satthdo `ut khfadsh`ds gdk `tjar e`dvadth`ds Khfadsh`ds gdk raigtak kaserhpth`ds sj`uik na sat k`wd `d tja khfadsh`d sjaats hd g fgddar wjhej egd agshiy b`ii`wak gdk raigtak t` tja krgwhdos gt g igtar kgta. I`egth`dgi khbbaradeas ohvad gt tja rhojt jgdk shka `b tja kaserhpth`d e`iufd sj`uik na usak wjadavar p`sshnia.

>: | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

1.: Kakueth`ds

_jad surbgea `r s`ihks gra parb`rgtak ny `padhdo `r tjahr tjahr `utihda hs hdkadtak ,ht hs e`dvadhadt t` bhrst `var fagsura ny gssufhdo ahtjar tjgt tjay gra ud parb`rgtak parb`rgtak `r tjgt tjay gra raouigr raouigr `utihda `utihda ,gs tja egsa fgy na ,gdk t` b`ii`w whtj kakueth`ds t` gkcust b`r tja `padhdos `r hdkadts.hd suej egsas tja syfn`i‖Kkt‖ hs gkkak gs g prabhx prabhx t` tja htaf kaserhpth`d kaserhpth`d gttgejak t` khfadsh`ds khfadsh`ds wjhej gra t` na kakuetak .Uaa w`rlak axgfpia nai`w <

71.== 72.5= >.2= 5.==

Axe gv 71=ff t` raf`va vao .s`hi & ^af`va br`f shta

5.== 2.==

Kkt Khtt`

1.8 nrgelathdo khfadsh`ds

_jad `da f`ra tjgd `da sat `b khfadsh`ds raigta t` tja sgfa htaf kaserhpth`d, tja khfadsh`ds gra nrgelatak gs sj`wd gn`va. 1.7= usa `b gfparsgdk

_jad tja sgfa khfadsh`ds gppiy t` f`ra tjgd `da htaf kaserhpth`d, gfparsgdk hdsartak eadtrgiiy t` tja kaserhpth`d e`iufd nab`ra agej sueeaakhdo kaserhpth`d gbtar tja bhrst, shodhbhas tjgt tja sgfa khfadsh`ds gppiy t` agej `b tja htafs. saa nai`w<

7>.=2 :.:2

7==ff tj .e`d.nak & Furrgf ighk gdk e`dshkargta t` rae .e`de.nak

>8 | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

1.77 Gnnravhgth`ds Gnnravhgth`ds gra usak wjad wrhthdo kaserhpth`d, kurhdo tglhdo `bb gdk gnstrgethdo [jara hs d` stgdkgrk kheth`dgry kh eth`dgry `b gnnravhgth`ds b`r ehvhi adohdaarhdo `r nuhikhdo w`rl .ht hs shfpiy g fgttar `b gk`pthdo tj`sa wjhej gra hd oadargi usa hd tja `rogdhzgth`d hd wjhej `da w`rls. 1.7> Gnstrgethdo [ja saquadea `b htafs hd tglhdo `bb hs d`t daeassgrhiy tja sgfa gs tjgt `b tja bhdhsjak nhii .Gd gnstrget pr`vhkas tja bgehihty t` grrgdoa grrgdoa htafs hd nhii nhii `rkar `rkar gdk t` e`iiaet t`oatjar tja qugdththas `b ihla htafs .Ht whii whii na b`udk b`udk e`dvadhadt hd s`fa hdstgdeas hdstgdeas t` trgdsbar htafs khraet br`f tja khfadsh`ds sjaats t` gppr`prhgta pigea hd tja nhii. [ja `pargth`ds hs tarfak3 nhiihdo khraet ’._jad gd gnstrget hs usak ,ht whii d`ta htafs wjhej gra d`t gnstrgetak gdk wjhej gra t` na nhiiak khraet. [ja khfadsh`d sjaat whii gis` na fgrlak t` hdkhegta tja htafs `r sarhas `b htafs d`tak hd tja gnstrgethdo b`r nhiihdo. 1.75 Oadargi ^uias `b [glhdo @bb U`fa `b tja oadargi prhdehpias t` na b`ii`wak hd tglhdo ―`bb nuhikhdo qugdththas gra katghiak hd tja< oadargi ruias, hd saeth`d G `b tja stgdkgrk fatj`k `b fagsurafadt `b nuhikhdo w`rls ’[ja b`ii`whdo eigusa hs `b pgrtheuigrs hfp`rtgdea. 

’Nhiis `b qugdththas sjgii buiiy kaserhna gdk geeurgtaiy raprasadt tja qugdthty gdk qugihty `b tja w`rls t` na egrrhak `ut. _`rl, wjhej egdd`t na fagsurak, sjgii na ohvad g pr`vhsh`dgi suf. _`rl tja axtadt `b wjhej hs d`t ld`wd sjgii na kaserhnak gs pr`vhsh`dgi `r ohvad hd nhiis gppr`xhfgta qugdthzas.(UFF G7)‖  [jus tja nhiiak kaserhpth`ds gra t` na e`fprajadshva gdk subbhehadt t` adgnia tja asthfgt`r buiiy udkarstgdk wjgt raquhrak gdk t` ohva g ragihsthe prhea. Gii qugdththas fust na geeurgta gs tja hdb`rfgth`d gvghignia parfhts, gs hdgeeurgta nhiis egusa fgc`r pr`niafs. Ht hs f`st hfp`rtgdt tjgt gii w`rl wj`sa axtadt egdd`t na katarfhdak whtj g rags`dgnia kaoraa `b geeurgey sj`uik na kaserhnak gs pr`vhsh`dgi nhiis `b qugdththas gdk htafs `b tjhs lhdk sj`uik na lapt sapgrgta br`f tj`sa, wjhej e`dtghd geeurgta qugdththas. Hd tjhs wgy tja e`dtrget`r hs fgka `b tja dgtura tja qugdthty adtarak gdk tjgt ht whii na gdy w`rl wjara tjagwgra Grejhtaet hd udeartghd udgnia t` ohva buii`bkatghis gs tja thfa `b fagsurafadts. UFF G> afpjgshzas tja tja fagsurafadts tjgt raigta t` w w`rl `rl dat gs bhxak hd p`shth`d gdk gra t` na tglad t` tja dagrast dagrast 7=ff (1ff gdk `var tja raogurkak gs 7=ff gdk iass tjgd 1ff sjgii na khsraogurkak ). Iadotjs gra adtarak hd tja khfadsh`d e`iu e`iufd fd hd fatras t` tw` pigeas `b kaehfgis. _jad nhiihdo hd fatras tja qugdthty hs nhiiak nhiiak t` tja dagrast wj`ia udht ( wj`ia udht ( UFF G2(g) gdk (n) . _jara v`hk gii`wgdeas gra fadth`dak hd stgdkgrk fatj`k, gs b`r axgfpia =.1=f>  b`r r``thdo tjasa sjgii d`t gppiy tja `padhdos `r wgdts gra whtjhd gdk katgejak br`f tja n`udkgrhas `b fagsurak grags (UFF, >(n)) Nhiis htafs gra oadargiiy ‚kaafak t` hdeiuka‘ .tjgt hs whtj`ut tja da ak b`r spaehbhe fadth`d3 ign`ur ,fgtarhgis, hdeiukhdo gii gss`ehgtak e`sts< bhxhdo  

 

1.71 Kaserhpth`ds K.  Oadargi raquhrafadts E`dshkargnia egra gdk slhii hs raquhrak t` brgfa gkaqugta, gdk yat gt tja sgfa thfa, e`dehsa kaserhpth`d. [jhs hs pr`ngniy `da `b tja f`st khbbheuit gspaets `b ’tglhdo `bb‖.  _`rl gdk `da wjhej stukadts sj`uik tgla oragt pghd t` fgstar .Hd gkkhth`d t` e`varhdo up gii tja fgttars katghiak hd tja UFF, tja kaserhpth`d fust hdeiuka gii tja hdb`rfgth`d wjhej tja asthfgt`r whii raquhra t` nuhik up g ragihsthe prhea b`r tja htaf hd quasth`d. A.  @rkar `b w`rkhdo [ja bhrst baw w`rks `b g kaserhpth`d sj`uik eiagriy hdkhegta tja dgtura `b tja htaf nahdo kaserhnak .[ja kaserhpth`d hs ngkiy w`rkak hb tja ragkar jgs t` wght gif`st t` tja adk `b kaserhpth`d t` katarfhda tja suncaet `b tja htaf. B.  Fagsurafadts `b shfhigr htafs _jara gd adtry `b tja khfadsh`d pgpar hs b`ii`wak ny g shfhigr htaf, tja usa `b tja w`rk ’khtt`‖ `r‖ k` ’fagdhdo tjgt wjhej jgs naad sghk nab`ra, whii parfht tja kaserhpth`d `b tja daxt htafs t` na rakueak e`dshkargniy. O.  ’Axtrg `var‖ Htafs _jad fagsurhdo eartghd htafs `b w`rl tjgt gra kaserhnas kaserhnas gs ‚axtrg ‚axtrg `var‘ gd`tjar gd`tjar htaf `b w`rl ,wjhej jgs naad pravh`usiy fagsurak ,tja asthfgt`r whii prhea tja axtrg `r gkkhth`dgi e`st hdv`ivak hd tja sae`dk htaf gs e`fpgrak whtj tja bhrst. J.  ‚Kaafak t` na hdeiukak htafs ‚  [ja axprassh`d kaafak t` na hdeiukak ‚ hs usak hd tja UFF t` hdkhegta tjgt tjhs pgrtheuigr w`rl hs e`varak hd tja nhiiak htaf whtj`ut whtj`ut spaehbhe fadth`d fadth`d .[yphegi axgfpia hs oatthdo oatthdo `ut axegvgtak fgtarhgis hd axegvgth`d w`rl. H.  ]ragfnias ‚]ragfnias ‚gra hdtr`kuet`ry eigusas adtarak gt tja jagk `b agej saeth`d `r trgka hd nhiis `b qugdththas ,raigthdo t` fgttars wjhej gbbaet tja e`dtrget`r hd prhehdo tja nhiis `b qugdththas gdk wjhej `uojt t` na krgwd t` jhs d`thea d`thea . C.  ]rhfa e`st sufs [ja tarf ‚prhfa e`st suf(].E suf) hs kabhdak gs g tarf b`r w`rl `r sarvhea t` na axaeutak ny g d`fhdgtak d`fhdgtak sun-e`dtrget`r sun-e`dtrget`r ,g stgtut`ry stgtut`ry gutj`rhty `r punihe udkar tglhdo `r b`r fgtarhgis `r o``ks o``ks t` na `ntghdak br`f g d`fhdgtak d`fhdgtak suppihar. Uuej sufs sjgii na kaafak t` na axeushva `b gdy pr`bht raquhrak na oadargi e`dtrget`r gdk pr`vhsh`d sjgii na fgka b`r ‚gkkhth`d tjara`b .G typhegi axgfpia `b prhfa e`st gs b`ii`ws< >= ,===,=== ]r`vhka tja ].E suf `b Uuf sjhiihdos >=fhiih`d b`r aiaetrhegi hdstgiigth`d t` na axaeutak ny g dhfhdgtak dhfhdgtak sun e`dtrget`r % Gkk e`dtrget`rs pr`bhts 5> | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

Gii`w b`r oadargi gttadkgdea up`d tja sun-e`dtrget`r

 

]r`vhs`dgi sufs [jaL.tarf pr`vhsh`dgi suf hs kabhdak hd tja UFF gs g‘ suf pr`vhkak pr`vhkak b`r w`rl `r b`r e`sts wjhej egd d`t na b`rasaad ,kabhdak `r katghiak gt tja thfa tja tadkarhdo tadkarhdo k`eufadts gra hssuak .G. typhegi axgfpia `b pr`vhsh`dgi pr`vhsh`dgi suf hs gs b`ii`ws . Gii`w tja pr`vhsh`dgi suf `b suf sjhiihdos 7= fhiih`d b`r bhtthdos gdk bhxturas

Gkk e`dtrget`r‘s ppr`bhts

7= ,===,===

%

7.   Gttadkgdea ―  [jasa gra ejgroas b`r bgehihthas pr`vhkak ny g fghd e`dtrget`r t` g sun-e`dtrget`r `d shta, ao. _gtar, segbb`ikhdo, hdsurgdea, st`rgoa, geeass ate. [jasa bgehihthas adgnia tja sun-e`dtrget`r t` egrry `ut jhs gethvhthas. get hvhthas. htafs  ―Htafs tjgt egdd`t na praehsaiy kaserhnak `r prheak br`f g nhii >.  Up`rt htafs  kaserhpth`d raquhrhdo g shta vhsht `r hdspaeth`d hd `rkar t` gssass tjahr e`sts a.o. vgrh`us ergels ergels hd wgiis, p`t j`ias hd g egr pgrl ate. 5.  Asthfgt` Asthfgt`rr ―]ars`d spaehgihzak hd fglhdo fglhdo e`sts asthfgtas `r qu`tgth`ds qu`tgth`ds gdk hs d`rfgiiy g e`dtrget`r‘s goadt   ;.  RG[ ― Utgtut`ry tgx ejgroagnia `d sarvheas `r o``ks suppihak .HD Qogdkg ht rgtak gt 7:%

55 | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

2.= NHIIU @B WQGD[H[HAU GDK KG[G HD E@DU[^QE[H@D HDKQU[^X 2.7 ]urp`sa `b nhiis `b qugdththas Ht whii na gppgradt tjgt whtj tja hderagshdo shza gdk e`fpiaxhty `b nuhikhdo nuhikhdo `pargth`ds ,ht w`uik na hfp`sshnia b`r e`dtrget`r t` prhea g fakhuf t` igroa shzak shzak pr`caet whtj`ut whtj`ut nhiis `b qugdththas .B`r tjhs rags`d ht jgs naad tja prgethea b`r e`dtrget`rs e`dtrget`rs t` rabrghd br`f tadkarhdo hd e`fpathth`d e`fpathth`d b`r gii nut tja sfgiiast e`dtrgets whtj`ut nhiis `b qugdththas qugdththas nahdo suppihak. Hd tja gnsadea `b g nhii `b qugdthty nahdo prapgrak ny tja tja nuhikhdo `wdar ,agej e`dtrget`r e`dtrget`r w`uik jgva t` prapgra jhs `wd nhii `b qugdththas hd ihfhtak gf`udt `b thfa gii`wak tadkarhdo .[jhs pigeas g jagvy nurkad `d agej e`dtrget`r gdk gis` hdv`ivas hdv`ivas jhf hd gkkhth`dgi e`st, wjhej fust na spragk `var e`dtrgets hd wjhej ja hs sueeassbui. sueeassbui. E`dshkargth`d E`dshkargth` d whii d`w na ohvad t` tja fghd purp`sa `b g nhii `b qugdththas‖  h.  Adgnias gii e`dtregt`rs tadkarhdo b`r ge`dtrget t` prhea `d axgetiy tja sgfa hdb`rfgth`d whtj fhdfhuf abb`rt. hh.  Gii`ws b`r nattar e`fpgrhsh`ds `b tadkars hhh.  Rgiugth`d b`r hdtarhf earthbhegtas hv.  @rkarhdo `b fgtarhgis fgtarhgis hb usak whtj whtj eguth`d gdk gwgradass gwgradass `b p`shnia arr`rs arr`rs gdk butura vgrhgth`ds v.  E`st gdgiyshs b`r usa hd butura gppr`xhfgta asthfgthdo vh.  ^abaradea, pgrtheuigriy `d shta kurhdo e`dstrueth`d vhh.  ]igddhdo gdk pr`eass ny e`dtrget`rs shta pigddar vhhh.  Bhdgi gee`udthdo hx.  Wugihty ny rabaradea taejdhegi spaehbhegth`ds x.  K`fasthe sun-e`dtrget`rs qu`tgth`ds xh.  E`st hdb`rfgth`d 2.> B`rfgts `b nhiis `b qugdththas 2.>.7 _`rl saeth`d b`rfgt Hd tjhs b`rfgt tja htafs gra grrgdoak udkar tjahr raspaethva w`rl saeth`ds. [ja w`rl saeth`d gra d`rfgiiy eigsshbhak gs b`ii`ws3 g)  Axegvgth`d

 

n)  Nrhel E`derata w`rl e) w`rl gdk ni`el w`rl k)  Gspjgit a)  ^``bhdo b)  _``kw`rl o)  Utrueturgi staai w`rl j)  Fatgiw`rl h)  ]iufnhdo gdk faejgdhegi adohdaarhdo hdstgiigth`ds c)  Aiaetrhegi hdstgiigth`ds l)  Bi``r, wgii gdk eahihdo bhdhsjas i)  Oigzhdo f) ]ghdthdo gdk kae`rgthdo d)  Krghdgoa gdk tradejas `)  Badehdo 5; | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

2.>.5 Aiafadtgi nhiis b`rfgts Hd tjhs b`rfgt tja w`rls w`rls gra or`upak d`t hd w`rl saeth`d `rkar `rkar nut gee`rkhdo t` tjahr tjahr p`shth`ds hd nuhikhdo .Jadea Axegvgth`d gdk agrtj w`rl ,e`derata w`rl gdk nrhel w`rl gdk ni`el w`rl rgra rapigeak ny nhiis jagkhdo gs sun strueturas ,Axtardgi ,Axtardgi wgiis ,hdtardgi wgiis gdksaquadea bi``rs. _htjhd bi``rs. agej aiafadt w`rl w`rl fgy na nhiiak hd trgka `rkar `rkar `r or`upak pf nuhikhdo . G typhegi aiafadt ihst b`r fuith-st`ry nuhikhdo gs b`ii`ws3 7)  Uunstruetura >)  Brgfa 5)  Qppar bi``rs ;)  ^``bhdo 1)  Utghrs 2)  Axtardgi wgiis ?)  _hdk`ws gdk axtardgi pgrthth`ds :)  Hdtardgi k``rs 8)  Hdtardgi bhdhsjhdos 7=) Bhtthdos Bhtthdos 77) ]iufnhdo gdk faejgdhegi adohdaarhdo hdstgiigth`d 7>) Aiaetrhegi Aiaetrhegi adohdaarhdo Farhts   Uaeuras f`ra f`ra praehsa tadkarhdo ny fglhdo fglhdo tja i`egth`d `b tja w`rl f`ra ragkhiy hkadthbhgnia   Fglas tja w`rl `b e`st pigddhdos gdk e`st gdgiyshs fuej agshar Kafarhts   Gd asthfgt`r jgs t` e`iiaet ihla htafs hd gii aiafadts t` na gnia t` geeass tja t`tgi qugdthty `b agej fgtarhgis raquhrak b`r tja w`rl. 2.5 ]raihfhdgry [jhs e`vars tja oadargi fgttars hd tja pr`caets wjhej egdd`t na gttrhnutak t` spaehbhe pgrt `b tja w`rl .[jay gra tjarab`ra, prheak hd iufp suf gs `pp`sak t` tja gppr`gej usak b`r 

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fagsurak w`rl hd tja nhiis `b qugdththas [jay fgy na egtao`rhzak hdt` tw` h)  Oadargi fgttars   Uhta supparvhsh`d   _gtar b`r w`rls   ]`war b`r w`rls   Ihojthdo gdk saeurhty b`r w`rls   Uhta nuhikhdos b`pr st`ras gdk faathdos   Ugdhtgth`d   E`ffudhegth`d   Uhod n`grks 

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Uegbb`ikhdo    J`grkhdo

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51 | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

hh) E`dtrgetugi fgttars   Hdsurgdea `b w`rls   Hdsurgdea `b tjhrk pgrty   Hdsurgdea `b w`rlars   ]arb`rfgdea saeurhty   [asthdo `b fgtarhgis gdk hdstgiigth`ds 

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`ut gdk iavais   Uatthdo 2.; @tjar saeth`ds `b nhiis `b qugdthzas [ja k`eufadt wjhej o`as b`r nhkkhdo `r tadkarhdo d`rfgiiy jgs `tjar saeth`ds `r k`eufadts hd gkkhth`d t` tja Nhiis `b Wugdththas .[jasa k`eufad k`eufadts ts gra fagdt t` ouhka tja nhkkar hd prapgrhdo jhs nhk gdk avadtugiiy t` adtar hdt` e`dtrget whtj tja kavai`par `b tja pr`caet .[jasa k`eufadts gra < `  Hdstrueth`ds t` nhkkars `  Oadargi e`dkhth`d `b e`dtrget `  [aejdhegi spaehbhegth`ds `  Krgwhdos `  Ugfpia b`rfs a.o.   B`rfs `b nhk   ^abaradea saeurhty   Gkvgdea pgyfadt saeurhty   Nhk saeurhty B`rfgt `b tja nhiihdo ]gpar H[AF KAUE^H][H@D QDH[ W[X ^G[A GF@QD[ 

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2.1 Hdstrueth`d t` nhkkars [ja hdvhtgth`d b`r nhks pr`vhkas hdb`rfgth`d tjgt adgnias p`tadthgi nhkkars t` kaehka wjatjar t` pgrthehpgta .[ja hdstrueth`d t` nhkkars whii e`dtghd tja b`iiwhdo hdb`rfgth`d  

Wugihbhegth`d erhtarhg   Avgiugth`d erhtarhg hdeiukhdo hdeiukhdo gdy raoh`dgi raoh`dgi prabaradea `b nhkkars   _jatjar nhk saeurhty hs raquhrak gdk tja gf`udt   Kgta `b `padhdo `b nhks   ]arh`k `b nhk vgihkhty   J`w t` gkkrass quarhas kurhdo nhk parh`k 2.2 Oadargi e`dkhth`d `b e`dtrget [jara gra savargi stgdkgrk e`dtrgets tjgt gra usa t`kgy.[ja stgdkgrk e`dtrgets gra punihsjak ny pr`bassh`dgi Gss`ehgth`ds suej gs tja Agst Gbrhegd Hdsthtuta `b Grejhtaets (AGHG), BHKHE ate gs waii gs _`rik Ngdl, Gbrhegd Kavai`pfadt ngdl gdk Aur`pagd Qdh`d. 52 | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

[ja e`dtrget ej`sad b`r g pr`caet whii tjarab`ra, kapadk `d tja bhdgdehar gdk tja dgtura `b tja pr`caet. ?.= [ja Utgdkgrk Fatj`k `b Fagsurafadt (UFF) [ja Utgdkgrk Fatj`k `b Fagsurafadt pr`vhkas g udhb`rf ngshs b`r fagsurhdo nuhikhdo w`rls gdk afn`khas tja assadthgis `b o``k prgethea. UFF sjgii gppiy aqugiiy t` n`tj pr`p`sak gdk axaeutak `b w`rls qugdththas supp`sak t` kaserhna gdkb`r geeurgtaiy prasadt tja qugdthty gdkw`rls. qugihtyNhiis `b tja t` nagra egrrhak `ut. [ja UFF tjara pr`vhkas ngshs up`d wjhej hs egd na gejhavak UFF b`r Agst Gbrheg ]unihsjak ny tja Grejhtaeturgi Gss`ehgth`d `b Ladyg (Wugdthty Uurvayhdo Ejgptar) b`rfs tja ngshs b`r fagsurafadt `b nuhikhdo w`rls hd Qogdkg gdk tja wj`ia `b Agst Gbrheg ^aoh`d Ht gis` jaips t` get gs g ejael ihst gdk jaips hd Nhii grrgdoafadt

5? | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

Uun F`kuia > B`udkgth`ds B`udkgth`ds b`r st`rhak nuhikhdos3 [glhdo `b qugdththas b`r3 @varshta strhp, Axegvgth`ds, pigdlhdo, strutthdo E`derata hd pgk b`udkgth`d, strhp b`udkgth`d & or`udk nagf ]ihdtj wgii, Jgrke`ra, K]E e`derata bi``r nak Oadargi ^uias g) _`rl sjgii na fagsurak d`t gs bhxak hd p`shth`d gdk agej fagsurafadt sjgii na tglad t` tja dagrast 7=ff. tjhs ruia sjgii gppiy t` gdy khfadsh`ds stgtak hd tja kaserhpth`d n) _jara segihdo hs t` na usak, g ejael sj`uik na fgka t` adsura tjgt tja khfadsh`ds gra geeurgta t` segia gs s`fa rapr`kueth`d fatj`ks gbbaet tja Uegia @rhohdgi surbgea Qsak aspaehgiiy wjara wa jgva t` axegvgta tw` khbbaradt iavais a.o. ratghdhdo wgii, @rhohdgi surbgea hs tja or`udk surbgea wjara axegvgth`ds stgrt br`f. Bhdgi surbgea Hs or`udk surbgea wjara axegvgth`d hs t` st`p. Axegvgtak surbgea Hs gppr`vak surbgea t` gppr`vak strgtg rae`ffadkak ny Adohdaar, hts wjara g e`dtrget`r kurhdo axegvgth`d whii st`p gdk hts Adohdaars‚s gppr`vak gppr`vak surbgea gs nagrhdo.  

E`ffadehdo surbgea hd raigth`d t` stgoa hh Hs tja stgrthdo surbgea .Ht hs daeassgry t` stgta e`ffadehdo surbgehdo br`f `rhohdgi surbgea wjad axegvgthdo stgoa hh [`phe > B`udkgth`ds3 [glhdo `b qugdththas

       

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@varshta strhp, Axegvgth`ds `b b`udkgth`d tradejas E`derathdo t` b`udkgth`ds Uunstruetura b`r shfpia nuhikhdos up t` hdeiukhdo K]E gdk e`derata bi``r nak

5: | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

[`phe 5 Uupar Utruetura3 [glhdo `b qugdththas,

  Nrhel / ni`el wgiis , (s`ihk wgiis)

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_``kad gdk egsafadt whdk`ws whdk`ws hdeiukhdo gkcustfadt b`r `padhdos `padhdos    _``kad gdk Egsafadt k``rs hdeiukhdo gkcustfadt b`r `padhdos  `padhdos 

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[`phe ; ]htejak r``b3 [glhdo `b qugdththas

  ]htejak r``b whtj thias   ]htejak r``b whtj e`rruogtak hr`d sjaats   ^ghd wgtar k`wd phpas, outtars gdk bgsehg

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[`phe 1 Bi``r gdk wgii bhdhsjas3 [glhdo `b qugdththas,

  ]igstar, [hihdo gdk ]ghdthdo t` wgiis   Bi``r bhdhsjas3 eafadt sgdk seraak, bi``r thias, orgd`ihtjhe, tarrgzz`, w``k ni`els,

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ihd`iauf, eahihdo n`grks   Eahihdo N`grks gdk pghdthdo   ]ghdthdo `b K``rs gdk whdk`ws

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58 | W u g d t h t y U u r v a y h d o d ` t a s p r a p g r a k N y F r . S z h o w g F g r v h d Afghi3zzhowgnradkgMofghi.e`f< [ai D` =??18:;?:> 

 

 U  h    t    a   s  i    `   p   a  7  3  7   =   U   t    `  D