Introduction to Psychology

What is PSYCHOLOGY?

Philosophy as the mother of all sciences • Socrates

• Plato • Aristotle • Hippocrates

The Origin of Psychology • What is consciousness?

• Are people inherently rational or irrational? • Do we really have free will? • Nature or Nurture? (Descartes vs Locke)

Psychology • The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.

Psychology • The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.

Psychology • The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.

Psychology • The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.

The Goals of Psychology • Description

• Explanation • Prediction • Influence

Subfields of Psychology • Behavioral Genetics

• Experimental Psychology

• Physiological Psychology

• Forensic Psychology

• Cognitive Psychology

• Health Psychology

• Personality Psychology

• Industrial-Organizational Psychology

• Developmental Psychology

• Clinical Psychology • Educational Psychology • Environmental Psychology

• Evolutionary Psychology

• Social Psychology • Counseling Psychology • Cross-Cultural Psychology • Filipino Psychology

The Beginning of Scientific Psychology The Different Schools of Thought

Structuralism • The first school of psychology • Developed by Wilhelm Wundt (Germany, the father of Psychology), who established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879 & Edward Tichner (U.S) • Focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components, Introspection

Functionalism • Developed by William James (1870s). • Focused on how the mind works to enable an organism to adapt to and function in its environment by observing its behaviors. • Other notable functionalists: – John Dewey – Harvey Carr

Psychoanalysis • Developed by Sigmund Freud during the 1890s.

• A psychological school of thought focused mainly on the unconscious. • Psychoanalysts argue that human mental life is like an iceberg where only the conscious aspect is seen while the unconscious aspect is submerged. • Other psychoanalysts include Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney.

Psychoanalysis • Carl Jung was a supporter of Freud until 1910 when he came up with his own ideas of psychoanalysis • Created the concepts of introversion and extraversion, archetypes, and unity in experience.

Psychoanalysis • Alfred Adler, unlike Freud, believed that the social and community realm is equally as important to psychology as the internal realm of the individual. • Adler developed the first holistic theory of personality and birth order

Behaviorism • By 1920, new schools of thought emerged: Behaviorism and Gestalt Psychology, while Psychoanalysis continued on.

• Behaviorism was developed by John B. Watson (U.S.), Ivan Pavlov (Russia), and later on by Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner (U.S.) during the 1950s. • Focused on the idea that all behavior is a result of conditioning and the environment shapes behavior by reinforcing specific habits. • Became the most influential school of thought in the U.S until the 1960s.

Gestalt Psychology • Gestalt is a German term meaning ‘form’ or ‘configuration’. • Developed by Max Wertheimer during the early 1900s. • Focused on perception. Gestalt psychology believes that perceptual experiences depend on the patterns formed by stimuli and on the organization of experience. • The whole is greater from the sum of its parts.

Gestalt Laws • Law of Closure • Law of Similarity • Law of Proximity • Law of Symmetry

• Law of Continuity • Figure Ground

Gestalt Laws • Law of Closure • Law of Similarity • Law of Proximity • Law of Symmetry

• Law of Continuity • Figure Ground

Humanistic Psychology • A psychological approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior. • Focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health. • Developed by Carl Rogers (clientcentered therapy) in 1951 and by Abraham Maslow (concept of selfactualization) in 1954.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Cognitive Psychology • Founded by Ulric Neisser, the ‘father of cognitive psychology’

• Sees humans as active participants in their environment by using mental processes to transform information in the course of their own cognitive development. • Includes topics such as memory, problem solving, reasoning, decision making, perception, language, as well as other forms of cognition.

Filipino Psychology • Developed by Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez (the father of Fil. Psy.) during the early 1970s and was later on supported by Zeus Salazar and Dr. Alfredo Lagmay. • Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology) refers to the psychology born out of the experience, thought and orientation of the Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino culture and language . • Anchored on Filipino thought and experience as understood from a Filipino perspective. Defined KAPWA as the Filipino core value.

Filipino Psychology • Enriquez defined psychology in a Filipino perspective as the study of – emotions and experienced knowledge (kalooban and kamalayan) – awareness of one’s surroundings (ulirat) – information and understanding (isip) – habits and behavior (another meaning of diwa) – and the soul (kaluluwa) which is the way to learning about people’s conscience.

Filipino Values • Bahala Na • Utang na Loob • Hiya • Pakikisama vs. Pakikipagkapwa