Introduction to Penology

Penology Introduction To Penology Dr. Ayman Elzeiny A. Definition : The "penology" word is derived from "punishment or penalty" word .  human rights contributed The energetic movement of  human to the adoption of the reforms penology as a science. Now, as the struggle against criminality uses not only  penalties but also security security measures and pure social methods, the denomination of penology became anachronistic. penology as a science could be divided into prevention science and treatment science. The prevention science operates before the commission of the crime, while the treatment science takes place after the occurrence of the crime to emend the criminal and avoid his recidivism. And also suggests the ideal methods of  prevention and treatment, therefore therefore it traces the ideal criminal policy. In concluion we mean by penology nowadays "a substitute which we call "science of struggle against criminality"that means the ideal methods of prevention and treatment as regards criminality ". shall explain at first first the prevention and after o we shall that the treatment whether its method is legislative,  judicial or executive. !

 . #rime Prevention .!$ #oncept of #rime Prevention Terms such as"prevention," "control," and "deterrence" are frequently encountered in the literature of crime. owever, their meaning often varies from one text to another. !n this respect, penology is like most social sciences that is, there are few rigorous and universally accepted definitions. ather, certain terms and concepts take on a general meaning, with more agreement on usage than on definition. "#rime prevention" is a term that is often used very  broadly.!t has served to justify many diverse programs. Thu% proposals to censor children#s television, raise the minimum wage, or require school prayer all have  proponents who argue that these measures will contribute to a reduction in crime and delinquency. &hile most of the basic constraints on criminal  behavior are established by such institutions as the family, schools, media, and other forces that inculcate general cultural values, there are other institutions involved, more directly connected to the prevention of crime. The most apparent of these is the criminal  justice system, with its concepts of deterrence and its mechanisms for apprehension of offenders, adjudication of their guilt or innocence, and the  punishment and hopefully the rehabilitation of those found guilty of violating the law. $%&  '''''''''''''''''''  $%&Andenaes, (ohannes , "The general preventive effects of punishment." )niversity of *ennsylvania +aw eview ,)..A ,%-, pp/ -0-1-23. 1 4ailey, 5illiam 6. , "7eterrence and the death penalty for murders in )tah/ A time series analysis." (ournal of 6ontemporary +aw , %-82 , pp/ %19:.

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.'$#rime Prevention and crime #ontrol 6rime prevention and control are usually differentiated in that prevention is thought of as the effort to forestall or deter the commission of a crime while control refers to measures of dealing with the crime and the criminal after the act has been committed. Thu police patrol, job1training, and youth counseling can all be seen as preventive measures. In contrat, arrest, trial, and incarceration are aspects of control. (ome would argue, however, that police patrol is also an aspect of crime control, since an effective patrol instills a fear of arrest and punishment in the potential offender and thus discourages crime. !n a similar vein, treatment programs aimed at convicted offenders can  be considered control measures because they occur after a crime has taken place. (o crime #ontrol refers to those activities $detection, apprehension, prosecution, adjudication, and post1 adjudicatory efforts& in which society primarily engages in response to criminal acts once they have occurred. on the other hand *revention of the crime" denotes a range of societal activities which are designed to inhibit the occurrence of criminal behavior by interrupting the social, psychological, and situational  processes believed to encourage it, and by supporting those processes which are believed to encourage law1 abiding behavior.

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In practice most people do not make such theoretical distinctions, and in common parlance any measures taken to deter the commission of an offense are usually considered crime prevention. The prevention;control,  before; after dichotomy is useful, however, in focusing attention on philosophical approaches to the crime  problem. An emphasis on prevention aims at significantly reducing, even eradicating, crime. 6ontrol, on the other hand, concedes that a certain amount of crime will always occur and emphasine problem arises from the differential impact of sanctions on individuals. To some people the mere fact of an arrest, even without prosecution or further punishment, would constitute such a severe disgrace in their own minds or  public reputations that they would never chance its happening. To others a jail term may mean little unless it is of considerable duration. 7ifferences of opinion are rife in criminological and political circles over the effect of punishment on inhibition of criminal  behavior, reaching the point of sharpest debate over the death penalty. $%&  '''''''''''''''''''''  $%& ?ibbs, (ack *. ,"6rime, punishment and deterrence." outhwest ocial cience @uarterly , %-2 , pp/ %13:. 1 ?reen, 7onald =., "*ast behavior as a measure of actual future behavior/ An unre1 solved issue in perceptual deterrence research." (ournal of 6riminal +aw and 6riminology, %-2- , pp/ 82%12:0. 1 ?reen, ?ary . , "?eneral deterrence and television cable crime/ A field experiment in social control." 6riminology , %-2 , pp / 9-10. 1 +ewis, 7onald =. , The general deterrent effect of longer sentences." 4ritish (ournal of 6riminology , %-2 , pp/ 081 9.

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A view that has received considerable attention is a modified version of the punitive model. Adherents argue that apprehended criminals must be incarcerated in order to "incapacitate" them1a technical term that covers all methods of making a person incapable of committing another criminal act, methods that may include execution, exile, detention, physical mutilation, and incarceration. . ).' T,E #/22E#TI/NA0 */DE0 : E3planation of crime causation other than the classical one suggest alternative rationales for  prevention and control. The tenet of  positivism have given rise to what might  be termed the socio1psychological or correctional concept of crime prevention. This holds that criminal offenders are motivated by either individual  personality defects or societal imperfections or by  both. The mean ued for the prevention of crime will largely depend on which aspect of causation is embraced. Bor example, the notion that criminal  behavior is primarily a result of individual maladjustment suggests that attempts be made to identify potential offenders through their personality  patterns, and that they be offered treatment before engaging in crime or after conviction to discourage further illegal activity. #ouneling% behavior modification, transactional analysis, drug treatment, psychotherapy, and other methods have been tried for effecting change in  prospective or actual offenders. !n this approach, 4

correctional concepts can serve as both preventive and control measures because they can be administered  before or after the commission of a crime. If the etiology of crime  is believed to be rooted in the social organi