Introduction to Literary Chinese

HANDBOUND AT THE

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS

INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY CHINESE

BY J.

BRANDT

n FREDERICK UNGAR PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK

WHVERSITY OF TDRORI9

bet

Asiatic

1076432

PREFACE. Hardly does there exist another language in which the spoken style differs so much from the written style as in the Chinese language. And it would not be an exaggeration to say the spoken and that in reality there are two Chinese languages, the written. It is quite natural that every foreigner coming to China who wishes to study Chinese begins with the spoken language. Many fundamental manuals existing on this subject make the student's

But as soon as he has mastered work very easy and interesting. to some extent the spoken Chinese and tries to read the texts of the written style he at once encounters difficulties very hard to His knowledge of the spoken language is of little use overcome. to him because he meets new expressions and unfamiliar forms It is true that explanations given by his of sentence structure. Chinese teacher assist him in getting the meaning of an expression

Seldom however is his teacher able or particle in a given case. to explain to him how a particle is used or a sentence formed. for this analysis of the written style there is no work which may solve his perplexities and answer The result is that many people who numerous questions.

Furthermore systematic his

earnestly wish to study the written Chinese very soon lose their

enthusiasm and stop mid-way.

The aim of the present book is to help the students of the Chinese written style in their difficult task by guiding their first The book is composed of 40 lessons. The steps in its mastery. texts which comprise various styles of literary writing are, in the beginning, very simple. For every new character used, exare so a that given planations person who does not know Chinese at all can start studying this book. For those who know the it may be of no little value in the analysis of the written constructions to have the spoken versions which accompany the written tex.ts in the first ten lessons. The particles of

spoken Chinese

the

written style are

their

grammatical

use.

grouped

in

separate classes according to

very far from the thought that this book wi satisfy completely the acute need of a systemati manual on the Chinese written style. On the contrary, bein quite aware of the hard task which he has assumed, he forese(

The author

be

is

able to

serious defects and oversights in his work and only consoles hin self with the thought that he is on the right path, that the studj

ing of the written Chinese according to his method will not be waste of time and that in the future some other sinologues wi

develop and complete his work in those points in which he not had sufficient ability or time.

The works which have been consulted and made use preparation of this manual and to which the author indebted are enumerated in the Bibliography. It is

recommended before beginning the study

that necessary corrections be the errata.

made

in

is

h;

of in tr great)

of this boc

accordance with the

list

<

The material of these lessons has been used for lectures give bv the author in the North China Union Language School durir a period of 18 months to three successive groups of students, gave him a good opportunity to verify by experiment the pra< ticability of his method, to regroup the material and make nece sary alterations. The author is especially grateful to the Norl China Union Language School for this privilege granted to him The author also takes this opportunity to express his hearl thanks to Dr. C. K. Searles for his valuable help and-many usef suggestions in the composition of this work. J.

BRANDT.

LESSON

I.

In the first ten lessons all literary (Wen-li

7|V*35|) *^^,

re

-

articles

-

accompanied by translations into the spoken language. 1.

V BB 21 pfl

A

to S

n

D(|

ifc ^Vrf

dfcr

P3

M

A

0,

A'

Vocabulary. The explanation of words is given only for the Wen With each new character there will be indicated tl number of the phonetic character (according to Soothill's list phonetics), if the phonetic more or less coincides with tl texts.

<

reading of the character. In case there are several different meanings for a characte the particular meaning used in the text In combinations of

on which the tone

a

indicated

is

is

unfortunate; un-

lucky; cruel. s to have; to exist; to yu be.

ya I

* t

l

ch'ih 4

chi*

to flock together; collect; to compile.

to

audience court-yard; a

A

l

tree.

To

set

up;

out;

to

to erect.

draw

tu

to

stretch;

prolong;

/w

I

to

ticle;

an

tx)

ch'ang*

How?

constant;

-

A

Thi

an interrogate

freijuent. to hear.

'-'

to cry.

be. Right.

Whj

to injure; harm.

hai*

And;

yet; but; Like. You; your. tin- cry of a bird or To animal; a sound. IIL,';

shih*

conjunctive

particle.

si

to speak.

y'ueh*

What?

paradversative

gi

e:

pletive. a father.

particle.

throat; an isthmus. ifii

4

that. ho- ((199)

lead, to quote. the neck: the ching' (4.7) t'.rh--a

possessive case. To to An proceed ;

.

room; a house. rf

1

a particle havir various uses; very ofte it is used as a pronou the third perse of in the objective cas also as a sign of tl

chih

the

t'ing* (70) hall.

to hoot at.

PK

a crow; a raven.

(165)

in italics.

a child; a son; mal

erh?

fortunate; prosperous; auspicious. 1

given

emphasized.

chi"1

hsiung

is

two and more characters the charact

Krad wen* known; to si jen*- -a n.an.

usua

To smel to

mak

be adequate to; to be

-words; language. To speak; to express. the ch'iao' (ch'io 4 ) pie; the jay.

the

chin 1 now; time.

worthy

mag-

of.

in;

y'i?

present

note

on;

at;

Than

among; by.

for;

(vid.

g ).

/

a bird.

niao*

a particle ot many uses imparting various

che*

shades

of

meaning, participial

adjectival, etc. to

d).

I

a final particle (vid.

yeh*

note

4>u l

words to which

joined (vid. not

it is

4

'to wish. shang esteem. To add.

b

to be able; to be competent; ability.

v

yu

a

ku (702)

consequential Cause; reason;

particle.

wisdom

shift

to

(93)

to be

acquainted with. Sfe

chifc-shih

more;

knowledge Tfff,Plp

yuan

(370)

far off;

dis-

IIIJ

tant; remote.

sheng

4

excel.

to

;

foreknow;

J\*

still

how much more.

erh-k'uang

4

stiU more;

how much more. an interrogative and exclamatory particle. An expletive.

hu l

conquer;

Read

to

^^U to foresee. moreover; ^n k'uang* ^**

B* and experience. 3

pleased

;

tan yu-chih 1

know;

-

To be ready;

beforehand.

knowledge. 2

-

(114)

to know; to perchih 1 ceive; to be aware of.

ticle.

(475)

4

satisfied.

therefore; a causal parchih 1

not.

neng*

"fc

e ).

4

To Still.

sheng

1

to

to

Notes. - -

"Flocked together (upon

a) tree (in a) court-

yard".

The use of the prepositions "upon" and "in" can be easily deduced from the connection; while in the spoken version of the story the prepositions are clearly indicated

:

% ft

& -h

b.

This simple example demonstrates to what extent the written style differs from the spoken language. The latter created for hearing and having comparatively poor phonetic reserve, must inevitably have recourse to more complicated combinations. The written style, which takes into account the eyesight of the reader, can express any conception in a much shorter and laconical way leaving, the reader to deduce the meaning from the connection or by the aid of various particles which play a very important part in the written language. Kcti rfitlll - - - - The characters 3 | tf{fj with the aid of

(whose literary meaning here

complement to the verb

fljlL,

is

"and") form a

answering to the question:

"how?" "in what way?" In what way did the crows caw? "Stretching Similar

examples.

to act contrary to right.

pY ("]!=?

P e i*

behind; contrary;

H3

rfjg

right; 4*}

to act; to do) to get without thinking (of

ssu 1

to think;

(]j9

A

-

-

yen* -

c.

d.

-

their

"with stretched necks".

necks," or

-

-

-

-

4B

hsin-

it).

to get; to receive).

to?

to govern without severity.

severe;

here

A

-^

in this case

j4

chih 4 is

to govern).

a pronoun; "them". gives a participial force to the

preceding verb: "singing",

or, "thos";

who

sing".

Similar examples. "

"^-^^T^^TI'll) not speak; those

-

-$r~jg (the virtue) are not equal to those \j

wh

know

who speak do not know. those who know -

;^j

tnoso

who

love

it

it.

(

1

as;

like;

jit*

/tr-t

hao*

yft'fnt pu-ju

not

who have virtue are who can speak are not

te 1

certain to be able to speak; certain to have virtue.

.rV

virtue;

pi*

certainly; must.)

..(those

who

sing) are the crows".

case the final particle

Jjj

(;&}

worse;

equal,

to love; to like).

those those

*

-

sentence as

-

marks

end

the

In this

the

of

usually does.

it

Similar examples.

* -

J'h '*

2

-

w0

^

-

ne -

-

I;

Sometimes

'

I

-

-

* t;

do not know that he

>f~"*

*

J en

-

4

-f^" hsin lin

is

benevolent

benevolent).

do not believe

me

ifi

I

(it).

to believe).

makes a pause

in

a sentence,

and so

gives emphasis to the preceding words, like: as tolearnin s-

may

be found therein. hsueh?

in;

ne>? ) salary

(

rfj churig

to learn; 1

lu*

a^L

middle;

within;

salary;

~fc

ji

a

i*

tsai 4

at;

final

par-

is

to be

ticle).

found therein. 1 keng to plough;

-- -here

nei*

-*r

^C< possessive case: "man's

hunger). is

used

to

express

the

knowledge and experience".

"much

higher than

(those

of)

birds." Similar examples. -

mo*

(~f*f

t'icn

1

there

not;-there

is

is

greater than God.

nothing

not; -t-*

ta*

big;

great;

heaven; God). the

-

^

"?&}'--

water

is

higher than the bank.

'

shui*

-water;

fl*~s!iore

\^

high;

-

bank).

more valuable than

3

silver.

be '

-dear;

kiit'i

\-{*i*

honorable;

X>n

vin--- -silver).

TRANSLATION. Lucky and Bad There were

Omens

crows (who) flocked together (in a) and cawed (lit. san^) stretching (their)] court-yard (upon a) necks. hooted at them ( -^ ). (Mis) father asked (lit. (A) boy (some) tree

said),

"What

(is)

the

harm

(in) this

'JjL)?"

aid. "(I

(The) boy

have often heard people say (that when a) magpie chatters, (\\\\ brings) good luck, (an.l when a) crow ci\vs, (it brings) bad luck Today the crows have been cawing, therefore (Jb^f) 1 ha\

HA

hooted

at

experience birds,

The father said, much higher (yJfH^i)

them.'' (are)

"Man's knowledge than

(-f&)

yet (

-"*

2

.look back.

he entered (the house), (and) told

Hurriedly (%.} JJit>

3

(his)

"It (is) the shadow of your (His) sister said, a lamp, (or) going under before are standing you

elder sister.

body-

(When)

the sun, there always (J^i) torgct.

it

(

~*/\'

is

The boy then

a shadow. Cjtt)

How

understood.

is

it

that

you

10

tl.

ml Jtifc wM ~-T* m> A^v

HA I

_

3i'7o 3*7^

i-

^o^

^

?c

T

IHA

A

HK

r=i

SB

Vocabulary. fo 1

many; much; mostly;

mo

4

ink: black; obscure.

often. a

t

-'

5

1

not; out.

//

2

nothing;

with-

^ ;o

to increase; to benefit;

(Let) passers-by

(lit. is).

who was an

was passing under that

a wall (near by) they wrote

illiterate

below) a

(lit.

be careful".

man (^?T3&^-^) "l^SBX J XEJ

By mistake

a nd) hurt his leg.

he trod on the pit(He) shouted loudly

he was dragged out, somebody

(

II

)

point-

ed to the inscription on the wall (and) told him (~/O (about

The villager then (7&) said with a sigh, "If read

(lit.

if

(to

I

knew

me)!"

characters),

how could

I

it).

had been able to

this

have happened

iS

?K

? :

& %

IS]

IB]

M 7k as

7k

*

wi

tlf-

m

T-

ttm^

-V

Z.

7R

*

T ira

Vocabulary. z

-4

lao

JH

^'o 8 (239)

~H^

shen*

Q -^ -A> ,,,-.

HE

r

aged; old. thirst.

ytn

extreme; very; a superlative particle (vid. lesson V). chien 4 to see; to appre-

s

to drink; to swallow.

(4^7) pro deep; found; very; extremely.

ch'ien 3

s/w. (332) superficial; vulgar. to chickexhaust; *

water. pot; a vase; a cup.

to wish; to desire.

sficn 1

hend. shui*

4

ut-

most. -f-t

li*

strength; force; power.

shift1

exhaust chieh-H 4 to one's full strength. shen 1 (824) - to stretch; to

At* -ft

*W/v Afa

to

hui 4

jg

ISM?

a beak; a mouth.

chung

a servant; a soldier. finish; to die. Final-

-JJH"

-tit

fg

'^ j^n

rfs*

1&

the middle; within. chung*to hit

the center; to succeed.

to get; to acquire; to

let

to look up; (308) face upwards; to raise. chief; shou*the head; first; leader.

yang

4 -;'o

fan

as; as if;

to

1

tz 'u

chi"1

fei

hsieri* (5)

mouth.

Jo

and

remainder;

sur-

second;

(83)

next

in

A

time; a turn. to accumulate;

then; thereupon; a particle consequential

sui*

fly

cam'

Rank;

to go

to de-

to go away;

-chuto

3

to pile up. 1 to ascend; to rise. sheng

part. l

4 -

order.

tofly.

ch'u

return; on

plus; balance

con-

to

-to

ten.

(31)

y'u

think;

(215)

shih*

-t

Aw 1 careless; indifferent. Suddenly; instantly.

.

past;

come back.

Like.

if.

3

wang-fan

sider.

/

go;

the contrary.

3

ssu i

l

to

(71)

gone; formerly.

attain /jYrt

1

wang*

ly.

4J3

into;

hand over.

Read

To

throw at or

fo

t'oii*

extend

n& H 9C

stone; rock; miner-

al.

away. t

(vid. lesson

Mg

XVII).

to loosen; to undo. To explain To get rid of; to get free from.

chieh*

official

title.

Notes. here

a superlative particle which

is

indicates the highest degree of a quality, st^te, or action. Similar examples.

very

much

like,

quite right. "

very unsuitable

-

20 (4;tt

m^Jtf

hsiang

1

^

there

mean;

(nig chicn*

-

^vWri* -y TV\ B/V <

p3

*?

mutual; together;

-

is

vile;

-

here

-

here

nothing

-V *-

is

like," "as if" (vid. lesson

proper).

not; there

is

not).

a pronoun: "it" (water).

is

.-feb

-fit;

viler.

mo*

j||

ft

an assimilative particle,

XI).

Similar examples. just like the sea. n

with; to give; 3fc?

(fjff >'"

H^

Jtai 3

sea).

i^f -

ing

4

hsa'

-

-

empty; unreal;

thereupon"

as

empty

i^' iere

'

s

is

not mortal.

wei 4 - -not;

-d

-disease; -

the disease

fl&

if

tt

there

wti*-

ssu 3

to die).

was nothing.

-matter; thing).

aconse(l ucn tial particle, -"then",

(vid. lesson

XVII).

Similar examples. -

-

-

and

I

MoW r*7

S

To&

^

ft $f

S ^

fN ImoW fe ft

Jg

IN

& #J iSL

^

^ A

A

6*J

*M

- B A |T

g? ^

^

;

I

ts

&k

-fft

A^I

IJi

Jo

:

r

n>u. ny ^f>

nn

J

i'i

A n

Vocabulary. 3

pit

to

divine;

to

?

to pass penetrate;

fore-

tell.

a fortunea diviner.

piP-che teller;

tsn*to

sit

doicn;

to

fare. i'u-

ur

/>otw/

fare.

:/ -

(^)i)

roads meet; a thorough-

rest;

t" remain. '

To

through; to thoroughapprehend.

HIl

v/<

3

-ti>

guage.

talk:

words;

Ian-

23 hsiu 1

to

to

rest;

s

cease.

Prosperity. chin* fault; crime.

ts'ang -huang- -flurried; excited.

Cala-

shih 1

mity.

pen

1

to lose; to miss; to

fail.

to

rush;

to

run;

to arrange; to place;

ts'o'

urgent. the cJiia

to raise; to publish.

family; home; house. People. A class; a school. 1

i

head; to lose sence of mind.

A particle so 3 -a place. of many uses (vid. lesson

to mix; to harmonize; to stir up; to

excite; to tease.

to

chieh*

rob;

to chiin

plunder.

plements', utensils. exhausted; finished.

The utmost;

gnostic. ku' -here

wholly; superlative par fide (vid lesson V). 1 to mourn. Read sang sang* to lose; to de-

3

particle, less;

huang

million.

but

yet; neverthe(vid.

lesson

VIII}. hsingi

-'to

examine;

to

Read shcns? a province. To spare.

perceive.

Read

to to be opposite; to with; correspond make a pair. To reply.

tui*

'

lurried; hasty. (74)- --to be afraid;

/s'tfHtf 1

A

an adversative

all;

a

stroy. 1 * granary. ts'ang

prince; a

man;

chao*

chin*

entirely;

-sovereign;

gentleman. Sir, you. an omen; a pro-

All

range.

1

ruler; a perfect

prepare; to arevery. Im-

to

c///V

pre-

t'iao-

XXIX).

4

to lose one's

shih-ts'o*

nervous.

Notes. here

./ti,

jndicates the possessive

"the cross-way of foui roads".

case: I

-^

.

/fS

,_

..

means here "for".

Similar examples ,

r

to die for one's country.

F3S;?ywPv $y 35C wp a

(gg/5Mo life).

-state;

country;

$

chih*

to give;

wing*

24

AAQ

on behalf

to act

of others.

Jsaff -

/v-^H-f'

a plan for the present juncture.

-

r

(/&*.

-now; the present; 54. chi*

chin 1

scheme).

nl

"1

joined wilh

c

or

iorms a passive construction: "our house robbed bysomeboby".

has

been!

Similar examples

known by

others.

destroyed by

huo 3

-fire;

hui 3

JHjyi

to burn;

fire.

to.

destroy),

robbed by brigands. (;M*

pd

ch'iang d

jtff

4

3

by; a sign of passive;

$fe tao 4

brigand; i|-

to rob),

-------

Ii *&"!

"the household effects are

all

gone".

Similar examples.

worn out with ts'ui*

to be

worn out /JU his

^te

e.

XH

i&

ch'an 3

patrimony;

'^^

^rtt Compare

here

.... here lesson

r\/i

|^

is

all

squandered.

saw 4 - -scatter; disperse),

-^ gives a participial is

77r|

note

I, 3.

W&M^Z^ ceding object

ttf*

to hold office).

shih*

patrimony

jiit

(K|

service.

force

an adversative

c.

" cre

to^

particle.

25 Similar examples

^T

IS

I/*

of (

^ff J^l 'I''!*

^

ordinary paper

'

~5?

made

is

bamboo.

B3 yung*

-to

use;

/IJ

boo; the

first

-^

chili*

l

^3\

[J

a sign of the participle; the second

is

indicates the preceding object

ifC).

about

-

modern

ancient; 4r*

*fSS)

passers-by. Suddenly his son ran up in haste and cried (lit. said), soin^bo:lv, (a-ul) the household effects are all (^fe) gone!"

'Our house has b^en ribbed by .71 1C

The

was quite taken aback (by the news). There was (someone) who wished to tease him (lit. teasing him -V) and said, "Kverv dav vou tell fortunes tor others ( and yet house.

fortune-teller

(Kfi)

How The

you could not perceive an

ill

'

is

that (/fj|f -ffj

)

fortune-teller could not reply.

omen

in (your

own)

26

LESSON

III.

1.

m

-h

m s

ft

fn

"4 (ej

A

-ta. ffll

Vocabulary. 3

I

ti'~

'*

,(./*

moral excellence;

vir-

!n s

tile.

fields;

arable land.

abundance;

in-

fc

tlm iKime a niini>ttT to dul.

of

t'icH- iiii*

of tin-

I.u .state.

-vulgar; simple.

name of a at

(391)

to

to speak; (617) To be called. say.

five.

1

to grieve; to

Here:

duke

The

feudal state.

the of the

mourn.

name of a Lu state.

-public; just; equit-

able.

man.

/)7/Av. Sir;

Mr.

A

gentle-

27

/w

1

a

a

man;

Read

/'

husband. initial an

to contest.

particle; a final particle.

yung*

demonstrative pronoun. t'ou* (j$i)the head; the top; the chief; the best. .4

tai*

to

(334)

courage;

(594)

brave. shitf

to

food. 1 hsiang

wear on the

head. To sustain.

to

eat;

mutual;

drink; recipro-

cal. 1

a conical cap. The kuan comb or crest of bird. wen 1 elegant. The writ1

ten language;

t

heroic.

literary;

ssu 1

civil.

ch'eng

g

l

to

prop

up;

wu

man-

to

dawn; morn-

ch'eri* (355)

bird's spur;

hsin 4 to belie-ve; confidence.

distant. 8

control;

ing,

a

(641)

to

age.

to stretch out.

ch'ti^

4

to call; to hsiang-hu convoke. duty; loyal; faithful;

military; war-like.

shih*

real;

truth;

genuine; true;

truly. *

to

(59o)

kou 4 (601)

oppose;

to

meet with;

to see.

enemy.

Notes. being

an emphasis

to

J

oined

and therefore

it,

in

to

noun

a

such cases

ex-

is

plained as a demonstrative pronoun. Similar examples. '

pfnTiLSi^^.xvH* I

J

-J

not study (that)

(/K

hsiao*

%l

shih 1

my

children,

,/ N-

Book

of Poetry? to learn;

f

small; 131 hsueh^

poetry; the

Book

(jMiPi* center).

does, he to

is

to

:

study; J^ tt

of Poetry).

that

when he

why do you

man seldom

speaks;

sure to hit the point.

be certain; surely; |-H

chung*

to

hit

the

-

man,

for that

1

(Jt for;

fei Jfglj uJpy

for

whom

-

not;

-*?

4

to

mourn;

an

is

am

I

if

then should

here

t'ung

-

I

not

mourn

to

mourn?

expletive;

wei 4 >0j

who?

^ffr shui*

rfr*

erh"1

i"J

Hie

here: "then").

b

'

tK M^SJ-^

2

-

-

-

these three cases

In

ffifr

used to

is

-=3

^H

form gerunds:

jX"

Ril J*"* IfEl :

2

-

XRf^CTCiL'H

^j ;^

i.

"Wearing the comb upon

2.

"Stretching out spurs on his

3.

"Daring

head."

his

feet.''

to fight."

Similar examples. :

mtf3j'^

ploughing and sowing are

lS^-Jt* I/'ltC'ffj

the business of farmers.

(jt

to plough;

keng*

agriculture;

t}U -4^.

j^

chung

1

to sow;

farmer;

nung^-fu

nung*

|gj

"^^

shih*

affair).

~M* ^flr^fii

4

,-rfl

this is the first difficult point

-

in the matter.

nan*

(JH

difficult;

AMt pan*

transact). to

benefit

the

state

by

(PI) satisfying the people. Jsy/4

4

to benefit;

CI

if

.'*.*

*

a country; a state;

enough; to satisfy;

tsu*

FS

miri*

7?r|

particle,

F^fi i'-2y

helre

the people). a consequential

is

"and then", "and therefore'

1

.

Similar examples.

-----

if

the

ruler

(

treats

)

_fc

the aged folk as he ought to treat them, the people then will

become

(the first

hsing

filial.

J

is

used as a verb:

"to treat as old;

4 here: to become; ^%& hsiao

1

^7T*

'

AV ~5? l

pi|:;

r4

~'"? nt

cnaracter

is

|

correct).

here -*? forms an adjective from

h

/c-xx

~f

c

^ w5

^* s

the whole empire turns to him

upright, therefore C

filial).

as

F ff[i"^~K^^!/^

j

/"

LZi

I

love

that which

(lit.

I

love are only books). '

can d0

CCTtilinl

!

'

will do.

who great ministers serve

arc called

their prince in accordance with

virtue. ch'en-

minister;

~tf -^*

-M

to serve.

shih*

tao*

y^i

righteousness; virtue; a way). -

Compare the present

IM J75rtjfe ---

Compare lesson

-

^

---

adjective clause

"There

is

need of

it".

'

nerc

Jiff

lesson,

II, i,

w

'

I,

note

note a

.

u.

tn tne ver k

JB

forms an

:

nothing needful to

me

in

it",

"I have no

.

35 Similar G>:anp!o3. '

" loush

'

'

""

is

a MSC> he

-

fife

too, n.is that s///

Wf jlX

2

which he cannot do.

though;

/? ]iff yf\^lT!

"

"

"

Jftt klicHg

sage; holy).

sure ly

tncre

"

4

-3>

is

something of which

you are not aware.

N

-/

k

L-

a " tbat

"F

hehas

-

-*

/^jri-jO] A TTfffj"

-

-

-

-

"V u

nou

live

'

at

otllii.'h.

build walls and

is

He

of the Ch'i state.

>fr

of

any use

to you."

and ("7^) he did not

builtl

43

**

>M>

Zols I

tr 88

$

T

n

ru ic

mi

J.M

iirjl:

is:

>it5

fld

A n ft!

I

ffl

(Hj

Jii^

77-.J

fe

%&

fill

MB if*

i*r

fc si ^r Towfc f ft ft! i 5fe.1fcSUi

^ W & W

$. ^o^f

A

tin

It

ffl

M

.

ffffe

ote

i@ fijol" ia

ii

fl

^ll

ffe

-fFl

ILL

ft:

ft^

SI

Jft

*A n^ Ub 'Hi

i!

/^i



f\o*M $& Si

ffi

*T

^

A

i^*

->

T-*

y^

^yj.

XV

AyXO ^^^

A

H

c

44

Vocabulary. g

Jb,

to wrangle; to con-

chcng*

;

/

the donkey-boy.

-/w

test. 8

to

j>'/7

4^.

-a

hsing-jen?

II

traveller.

To be

to.

give

with.

And; with. By an interrogaReadjyjJ 1

f3&

tive particle.

to rent; to lease,

lin*

ch'ien 2 (332) gjji

^ -t

/M 3 (207)

a donkey.

shu 3 (788) to belong to; connected with; subordinate to.

square. A place; a A recipe. Still; region. then; just.

fang

1

a'o 3

.||L

shtt 1

>T*J

^ jg^ ^ |&fr

,/Jfc.

v^

wt

to seek; to

hunt

there

not;

is

1

to

fall prostrate; to fit? lie in ambush. To suf-

A summer

CHft

pi* (158)

to

ft

chui l

so.

to follow; to pursue.

scarcely.

conceal;

to catch;

ao

l

(5 19)

-vexed;

angry;

to regiet.

P^

ao-sang

1

low-

vexed;

spirited.

only; hardly;

to

altogether;

to seize.

avoid; to flee

5 to be right; thus; ;wn However; but.

(561)

to go to

Ease.

huo* (/m 4 ) (58)

from.

shade.

to

decade.

Rg

chin 9 (106)

yield;

collectively.

to

Pi*

run away;

excess.

not;

all;

the belly.

fo "**

i

nothing.

3

JKK

to.

1 ching (228) to be frightened; to cause alarm.

%--

/w (544)

&J^ *

for.

j^Vj {

fer.

**-

me; my.

jang* (369)give way.

yin* (435) shade; shelter; to protect.

mo

I;

the heat of summer;

hot. 4

copper coin;

money.

to

kuci l to back.

To

belong

to.

return;

to

go

restore.

To

empty; vacant; gue; abstract.

va-

//s/7

1

45

Notes.

"

"

d c.

ff|

PI

HJi "/' ceft

~T

"

'

~/^

'

lesson ni>

Coni P are lesson

'

c.

Compare

ierc

i

rt

IM ^dlt^y iSJIii

s

a

si S

n

f

l>

2

2>

notc

d>

notec.

>

the possessive case.

note

Compare

lesson II,

Compare

lesson

Compare

lesson III,

Compare

lesson

I, i,

notch.

Compare

lesson

I, r,

noted.

i,

I, 3.

note

a.

a.

2.

TRANSLATION. Quarrel about a Shadow

A

traveller hired a

donkey and went on

long journey. The (The traveller and the Then (but) could not find (it).

to be (very)

day just happened donkey-boy) looked for shade, ( "77:.)

a

hot.

(they) crept un