Introducción Al Derecho Tributario

 

 

ADYUGI^KKAÛD C@ INUNKJG YUAE^YCUAG

N` inrnkjg traeutcrag ns, nd tármadgs fndnrc`ns, udc rcmc in` inrnkjg pøe`akg qun qu n ns nstu tuia iac c `cs `cs rn rn`c `cka kagd gdns ns hurí huríia iakc kcss qu qun n su surf rfnd nd ndtr ndtrn n n` Ns Nstc tcig ig y n` kgdtraeuyndtn prgiuktg in su rn`ckaûd traeutcrac. N` gehntg in kgdgknr nstgs ‚n`nmndtgs eãsakgs‑, ns cbacdzcr `gs kgdgkamandtgs qun sn arãd ciquarandig prgfrnsavcmndtn nd nstc ãrnc nd nstuiag. N` Inrnkjg Yraeutcrag inen tndnr ud grafnd, ud pudtg in pcrtaic. Suazã punic inravcrsn in c`fudc gtrc rcmc in` inrnkjg.

INUNKJG YUAE^YCUAG _ginmgs inbadar, ndtgdkns, c` inrnkjg traeutcrag kgmg udc pcrtn in` inrnkjg badcdkanrg qun sn ndkcrfc, pradkapc`mndtn, in `c rnkcuickaûd in adfrnsgs pcrc n` sgstndam sgstndamandtg andtg in` Nstc Nstcig, ig, y in` nstuiag in `cs rn`ckagdns rn`ckagdns huríiakcs (Nstc (Nstcigigkgdt kg dtrae raeuy uynd ndtn tn), ), qun qun sn pr prgi giuk uknd nd kgmg kgmg kg kgds dsnk nkun undk dkac ac in ia iakj kjc c rn`c rn`cka kaûd ûd csndtcic nd `c ge`afckaûd traeutcrac. N` inrnkjg traeutcrag, ns udc rcmc in` inrnkjg inrnk jg badcdkanrg badcdkanrg pgr kucdtg kucdtg nstn nstuiac nstuiac nmadndtnmn nmadndtnmndtn dtn `c rnkc rnkcuick uickaûd, aûd, y `cs rn`ckagdns huríiakcs qun sn prgiuzkcd ndtrn Nstcig y kgdtraeuyndtn. C iabnrndkac n` inrnkjg badcdkanrg, sn ndkcrfc in` nstuiag in `c rnkcuickaûd y n` fcstg< y, cinmãs, snfød c`fudgs nspnkac`astcs, in `c bgrmc in fnstagdcr cmegs bcktgrns. (A) 35 Nd nstc eøsqunic in nstce`nknr inbadakagdns y pcrãmntrgs, mukjgs cutgrns jcd qunraig nstce`nknr, cinmãs, `c pnrtndndkac in` inrnkjg traeutcrag c` inrnkjg cimadastrctavg, g nd gtrcs pc`cercs snóc`cr qun n` inrnkjg traeutcrag ns udc rcmc g pcrtn in` masmg. N` Inrnkjg Yraeutcrag, pcrc nstgs trctciastcs, ns udc rcmc in` inrnkjg pnrtndnkandtn c` inrnkjg pøe`akg nd bgrmc fndn fn dnrc rc`,`, pn pnrg rg nd bg bgrm rmc c pc pcrt rtak aku` u`cr cr,, dg ns sa sadg dg ud udc c nxtn nxtnds dsaû aûd d in` in` in inrn rnkj kjg g cimadastrctavg fndnrc`, puns nstã rnfu`cig nd udc eundc pcrtn pgr sus dgrmcs y pradkapags. Csí `g nstce`nkn n` safuandtn kgdknptg8 ‐N` Inrnkjg Yraeutcrag ns udc rc rcm mc qun pnr nrtn tnd dnk nkn n c` in inrn rnkj kjg g pøe`a øe`akg kg y nd pc pcrt rtak aku u`c `cr, r, ns udc insmnmerckaûd in` inrnkjg cimadastrctavg fndnrc`, puns sn ndkcrfc in rnfu`cr  `cs rn`ckagdns ndtrn Nstcig y pcrtaku`crns gkcsagdcics pgr `c cp`akckaûd in `gs traeutg trae utgs.” s.” (sc (sc.). .). Nd gtr gtrcs cs inbada inbadakag kagdns dns88 ‐N` Inr Inrnkj nkjg g Yra Yraeut eutcra crag g ns udc udc rcm rcmc c

 

iaiã ia iãkt ktak akcm cmnd ndtn tn cutû cutûdg dgmc mc in in`` in inrn rnkj kjg, g, ad adtn tnfr frci cic c pg pgrr n` kgdh kgdhud udtg tg in prgpgsakagdns huríiakg dgrmctavcs rn`ckagdcics c `c adstatukaûd, rnkcuickaûd y kgdtr kg dtrg` g` in traeutg traeutgs”. s”. (sc (sc.). .). G in gtr gtrc c mcdnrc mcdnrc88 ‐N` Inrnkj Inrnkjg g Yra Yraeut eutcra crag g ns n` kgdhudtg in dgrmcs y pradkapags qun rnfu`cd `c rn`ckaûd huríiakg - traeutcrac qun dckn dc kn ndtr ndtrn n `c cima cimada dast strc rcka kaûd ûd y n` kgdt kgdtrae raeuy uynd ndtn tn,, c` prgi prgiuk ukar arsn sn n` jn jnkj kjg g fndnrcigr in` traeutg.” (sc.). In udc bgrmc mãs kgdkasc Ra``nfcs (5??5), inbadn c` masmg kgmg, ‐n` kgdhudtg in dgrmcs huríiakcs qun rnfu`cd `gs traeutgs nd sus iast iastad adtg tgss cs cspn pnkt ktgs gs”. ”. Có Cóci cian andi dig g ud kgdk kgdknp nptg tg mã mãs, s, sn snóc óc`c `crn rnmg mgss qu qun8 n8 ‐N` Inrn In rnkj kjg g Yrae Yraeut utcr crag ag sn jc kgdk kgdknp nptu tuc` c`az azci cig, g, kg kgmg mg ud udc c pc pcrtn rtn in in`` Inrn Inrnkj kjg g Badcdkanrg, qun trctc in udc nspnkan in rnkursgs pøe`akgs g traeutgs< ns n` inrnkjg in `gs traeutgs g frcvãmndns” (Mgrc`ns, 5??>, p. 36). Dg kcen iuic in qun n` tármadg ‚traeutcrag‑ ns mãs nxcktg qun n` tármadg ‐baskc`”, pgrqun nstn ø`tamg punin adtnrprntcrsn nd n` sndtaig in ‚baskg‑ 3; kgmg ndtaici pctramgdac` in` Nstcig. @c cktuckaûd in` baskg dg sn rnbanrn sû`g c `c cktuckaûd nstctc` kgd rnspnktg c `gs rnkursgs traeutcrags, sadg tcmeaád kgd rn`ckaûd c `gs rnstcdtns rnkursgs in` Nstcig”. (sc.). Rgkceu`crag Eãsakg Nrcrag (f) m. Ynsgrg pøe`akg in udc dcka kaûd ûd,, prg rgvvad adkkac g pu pun ne` e`g. g. @ufc @ufcrr igd gdin in sn fucric cric.. Bas askg kg m.  Cimadastrckaûd ndkcrfcic in rnkcuicr `gs ampunstgs in` Nstcig8 ns ud budkagdcrag in` baskg.

IARA[AÛD IN@ INUNKJG YUAE^YCUAG Eãsakcmndtn sn iavain nd8 Inrnkjg Kgdstatukagdc` Yraeutcrag.

3. Inrnkjg Inrnkjg [us [ustcdtav tcdtavg g Yraeutcrag Yraeutcrag g Mctnrac` Mctnrac` (ge` (ge`afcka afckaûd ûd sustc sustcdtavc dtavc). ). 5. Inrnk Inrnkjg jg Yrae Yraeutc utcrag rag Cimadas Cimadastrc trctav tavg g ;. Inrnk Inrnkjg jg _r _rgkn gknsc` sc` Y Yrae raeutc utcrag rag 9. Inrnk Inrnkjg jg _ndc` _ndc` Yraeut Yraeutcra crag. g. >. Inrnk Inrnkjg jg Adtn Adtnrdc rdckag kagdc` dc` Yra Yraeut eutcra crag g 3

N` Inrnkjg Yraeutcrag Mctnrac` ..-- ns

n` kgdhudtg in inrnkjgs y ge`afckagdns

in `gs `gs su suhn hntg tgss kgdt kgdtnd ndai aigs gs nd `c rn rn`c `ckkaûd aûd hu hurí ríia iakc kc trae traeut utcr crac ac (N (Nst stci cig g ‛ kgdt kg dtra raeu euyn yndt dtn) n).. C` C`f fudg dgss snóc`c óc`cd d qun qun nstn stn8 ‐k ‐kg gdtan dtand dn `cs `cs dgrm rmccs

sustcdkac`ns rn`ctavcs nd fndnrc` c `c ge`afckaûd traeutcrac . Nstuiac kûmg

 

dckn `c ge`afckaûd in pcfcr traeutgs (mniacdtn `c kgdbafurckaûd in` jnkjg ampgdae`n) y kûmg sn nxtadfun nsc ge`afckaûd< nxcmadc tcmeaád kuã`ns sgd sus iabnrndtns iabnr ndtns n`nmndt n`nmndtgs.” gs.” (sc.). [ad nmecrfg, nd gtrc inbadakaûd8 ‐N` inrnkjg

tr trae aeut utcr crag ag mctn mctnra racc` sn kgd gdba baf fur urcc kgmg kgmg ud in inrrnkjg nkjg tra rae eutcra tcrag g in ge`afckagdns kuycs dgrmcs sgd in kcrãktnr badc`.”  (sc.). _crc gtrgs cutgrns, ns `c dgrmc eãsakc p`csmcic nd ud grindcmandtg huríiakg, in ge`afctgrag kump`amandtg, y qun trctc budicmndtc`mndtn in inrnkjgs y ge`afckagdns. Nd gtrcs pc`cercs ns `c dgrmctavaici eãsakc y nd vafndkac instadcic c cp`akcrsn nd mctnrac traeutcrac. Ygigs, kgmg pginmgs vnr, sgd inbadakagdns knrkcdcs nd pgsakagdns y vã`aics nd crfumndtgs. N` Inr Inrnkj nkjg g _rg _rgkn knsc` sc` Yraeu Yraeutcr tcrag ag.-  .-  

n` inrn inrnkj kjg g prgk prgkns nsc` c` trae traeut utcr crag ag,, rnfu rnfu`c `c

pradkapc`mndtn n` kgdhudtg in dgrmcs cp`akcics c `gs prgknsgs pcrc rnsg`vnr  kgdtrgvnrsacs ndtrn nstcig y kgdtraeuyndtns. [afuandig nd `c `ídnc, pcrc gtrgs cutg cu tgrn rns8 s8 ‐`cs ‐`cs dg dgrm rmcs cs in inrn inrnkj kjg g tr trae aeut utcr crag ag bgrm bgrmc` c` tand tandnd nd ud kc kcrã rãkt ktnr  nr  ad adst stru rum mndtc ndtc`,`, cihn cihntatavg vg,, saf afd dababak akcd cd sû`g sû`g ud pcsg nd n` kcm cmad adg g qun `c cimadastrckaûd jc in snfuar pcrc `aquaicr n` traeutg” (sc.). N` Inrnkjg _ndc` Yraeutcrag .-

sn iniakc pradkapc`mndtn c` nstuiag in `cs

adbrckkagdns y scdkagdns rn`ctavcs c nstc mctnrac. N` Inrnkjg Adtnrdckagdc` Yraeutcrag.- nstã rnbnraig pradkapc`mndtn c `gs iastadtgs kgdvndags g trctcigs c `gs qun sn crraecd nd mctnracs kgmg `c ige`n ampgsakaûd. Nd ud kgdknptg c`fg mãs nsk`crnknigr, ‐nstuiac `cs dgrmcs qun kgrrnspgdin cp`akcr nd `gs kcsgs nd qun iavnrscs sgenrcdícs 3> ndtrcd nd kgdtcktg, pcrc nvatcr prge`nmcs in ige`n ampgsakaûd y kggriadcr mátgigs qun nvatnd `c nvcsaûd adtnrdckagdc` jgy nd egfc mniacdtn `gs prnkags in trcdsbnrndkac, n` usg ceusavg in `gs trctcigs, `c ut uta`a`az azck ckaû aûd d in `g `gss pcrc pcrcís ísgs gs bask baskc` c`ns ns y gt gtrc rcss mg mgic ic`ai `aici cins ns kcic kcic vn vnzz mã mãss sgbastakcics in nvcsaûd nd n` grind adtnrdckagdc`.” (sc.). C` rnspnktg Ra``nfcs (5??3) dgs iakn ‐nstuiac `cs dgrmcs qun kgrrnspgdin cp`akcr nd `gs kcsgs nd qun iavnrscs sgenrcdícs ndtrcd nd kgdtcktg, yc snc pcrc nvatcr prge`nmcs in ige` ig e`n n ampg ampgsa saka kaûd ûd,, kg kggr gria iadc dcrr mátg mátgig igss qu qun n nv nvatn atnd d `c nvcs nvcsaû aûd d y grfc grfcda dazc zcr, r, mniacdtn `c traeutckaûd, bgrmcs in kg`cegrckaûd in `gs pcísns inscrrg``cigs c cqun``gs qun nstãd nd prgknsg in inscrrg``g (p.32;).

 

  N` Inrnkjg Kgdstatukagdc` Yraeutcrag.-  sn   sn ndkcrfc in` nstuiag in` inrnkjg traeutcrag insin sus grífndns `nfc`ns, advg`ukrcdig c tnmcs kgmg `gs pradkapags traeutcrags y ecsns in kcrãktnr fndnrc` qun `n icd dckamandtg c` masmg. Inrnkjg Yraeutcrag Cimadastrctavg.-

badc`mndtn n` inrnkjg traeutcrag cimadastrctavg, sn rnbanrn c` kgdhudtg in dgrmcs, pradkapags fndnrc`ns c `gs qun punin rnkurrar y nd `gs qun punin sustndtcrsn n` inrnkjg traeutcrag, nd kcsg in vckíg, cmeafðnici, g bc`tc in rnfu`ckaûd in `c dgrmc traeutcrac. _unin vnr8 `c Dgrmc AZ in` Yítu`g _rn`amadcr in` Kûiafg Yraeutcrag. _crc n` instckcig hurastc crfndtadg Mcdun` Cdirngzza, ns `c rcmc in` inrnkjg pøe`akg qun nstuiac `gs pradkapags bahc `cs dgrmcs qun rafnd `c krnckaûd y prnskrapkaûd in `gs traeutgs ‛ kgd `g kuc` snóc`c prgkniamandtgs- intnrmadc `c dcturc`nzc y `gs kcrcktnrns in `c rn`ckaûd in` Nstcig kgd n` cimadastrcig qun nstã ge`afcig c pcfcr`gs. Kgdknptg qun c ma pcrnknr, dg cyuic c nsk`crnknr  nstc rcmc in` inrnkjg traeutcrag.

_G[AKAGDN[ [GEUN @C C^YGDGMÍC IN@ INUNKJG YUAE^YCUAG  Kucdig jce`cmgs in` inrnkjg traeutcrag y su cutgdgmíc, ndtrcmgs nd udg in `g `gss tn tnmc mcss mã mãss in inec ectatae` e`n, n, pcrc pcrc iavn iavnrs rsgs gs hu huras rastc tcss y ns nspn pnka kac` c`as astc tcss in ns nstc tc ampgrtcdtn mctnrac. [ad nmecrfg, yc c `c `uz in mukjgs kgdknptgs n aincs, ``nfcmgs c ndtrnvnr su vnricinrc ampgrtcdkac, qun ns bcka`atcr su ueakckaûd y kgmprndsaûd indtrg in `c nstrukturc dgrmctavc. K`crg qun n``g dg inhc in tndnr  gtrcs amp`akcdkacs. Kgmg jceícmgs snóc`cig prnvacmndtn, nxastn udc adtndkaûd in pcrtn in iavnrsgs hurastcs in nstce`nknr `c cutgdgmíc in` inrnkjg traeutcrag g pgr n` kgdtrcrag su pnrtndndkac c`fudc rcmc in` inrnkjg. Ndtrn n``gs tndnmgs c` instckcig hurastc crfndtadg Fau`acda Bgudrgufn, c Iadg Hcrckj, c` brcdkás Fndy, c` crfndtadg Ra``nfcs ntk., tgigs kgd `c masmc pgsakaûd, pnrg budicmndtcic, in bgrmc pcrtaku`cr. [ad nmecrfg, cdtns `nnrnmgs `c nxpgsakaûd in` Yraeudc` Baskc` in `c Bninrckaûd in Máxakg c` rnspnktg. Nd n` prge`nmc in `c cutgdgmíc in` inrnkjg baskc`, kcen snóc`cr qun insin jckn tanmpg n` Yraeudc` Baskc` in `c Bninrckaûd in Máxakg jc sgstndaig qun nxastn iakjc cutgdgmíc, n` inrnkjg baskc` Kgmg rcmc in` inrnkjg cimadastrctavg y c su vnz in` inrnkjg pøe`akg jc

 

vndaig nvg`ukagdcdig in tc` bgrmc qun cktuc`mndtn punin kgdsainrcrsn kgmg udc vnricinrc rcmc cutûdgmc in` inrnkjg kgd kcrcktnrístakcs nspnkac`ns qun sa `c iastadfund nd n` kcmpg in` inrnkjg cimadastrctavg y nd n` inrnkjg pøe`akg kgd mcygr rczûd `c iastadfund nd n` kcmpg in` inrnkjg kava` jn cjí `c nxastndkac cktuc` in` inrnkjg baskc` kgmg udc iaskap`adc huríiakc g rcmc in` inrnkjg cutûdgmc, kuyg gehntg in nstuiag sgd prnkascmndtn `gs adfrnsgs y rn`ckagdns cdtns mndkagdcigs y kuyc badc`aici ns `c in kgdbgrmcr ud sastnmc in 36 dgrmcs huríiakcs in ckunrig kgd intnrmadcigs pradkapags qun `n sgd kgmudns y qun [gd iastadtgs in `gs qun rafnd c `cs in gtrgs sastnmcs dgrmctavgs (_gdkn In @n @nûd ûd Fcrk Fcrkíc íc,, 5? 5?35 35). ). C` rn rnsp spnk nktg tg Ra Ra``n ``nfc fcss (5?? (5??3) 3),, kg kgds dsai ainr nrc8 c8 ‐Ygi ‐Ygic c rnbnrndkac c` tnmc "cutgdgmíc" rnquanrn udc kgdsainrckaûd prnvac sgern `c udaici in` inrnkjg. Nsc udaici instruyn tgic pgsaea`aici in adinpndindkacs cesg`utcs g in brgdtnrcs knrrcics ndtrn sus rcmcs. @gs iastadtgs snktgrns nd qun sn iavain n` inrnkjg dg inhcd in kgdbgrmcr, nd su nsndkac, n` kcrãktnr in pcrtns in udc ødakc udaici kandtíbakc. _gr nsg, dudkc `c cutgdgmíc in ud snktgr   huríiakg punin safdabakcr tgtc` `aenrtci pcrc rnfu`crsn ídtnfrcmndtn pgr sí sg`g. @c cutgdgmíc nd kuc`quanr sndtaig qun sn tgmn dg punin kgdknearsn in mcdnrc cesg`utc, sadg qun kcic rcmc in` inrnkjg bgrmc pcrtn in ud kgdhudtg in` kuc` ns pgrkaûd sg`aicrac. Csí, pgr nhnmp`g, `c "rn`ckaûd huríiakc traeutcrac" (n` mãs budicmndtc` kgdknptg in inrnkjg traeutcrag) ns sû`g udc nspnkan in "rn` "rn`ck ckaû aûd d hu hurí ríia iakc kc"" nxas nxastn tndt dtn n nd tg tgig igss `g `gss ãm ãmea eatg tgss in in`` in inrn rnkj kjg g y c ku kuyg ygss pradkapags fndnrc`ns inen rnkurrar.” (p. 35; -359). _gr `g tcdtg, y cquí vandn ud cspnktg trcsknindtn nd n` tnmc nd nstuiag. @c cutgdgmíc, c `c qun punin crraecr c`fudc rcmc in` inrnkjg, snc kuc` bunrc nstc, dg `n cutgrazc c ud cutgfgeanrdg, adinpndiandtn, in` rnstg in `c dgrmctavaici huríiakc c `c qun sn inen, y c `c kuc` pnrtndnkn. Cutgdgmíc, dg safdabakc ‚bunrc‑ in `cs brgdtnrcs, g nd ‚gtrcs‑ brgdtnrcs, sadg qun bgrmc pcrtn adiueatce`n in ud tgig, y pgr `g tcdtg `n cbnktcd `cs dgrmcs y pradkapags fndnrc`ns. Ndtgdkns jce`cr in `c cutgdgmíc in` inrnkjg traeutcrag dgs ge`afc rnkgdgknr igs kgrrandtns `c cdta-cutgdûmakc y `c cutgdûmakc. [nóc`cdig `c pramnrc qun n` inrnkjg ns udg sû`g, pgr `g tcdtg dg ic `ufcr c iavasagdns 3: bgrzcics in` inrnkjg. @c snfudic pgr n` kgdtrcrag rnkgdgkn y inbandin `c cutgdgmíc ecscic nd kanrtcs kcrcktnrístakcs prgpacs in `cs qun fgzc n` inrnkjg traeutcrag, kgmg8 Cutgdgmíc nstrukturc` u grfãdakc,  Cutgdgmíc kgdknptuc` g igfmãtakc, Cutgdgmíc Yn`ng`ûfakc, Cutgdgmíc

 

Iaiãktakc, `g kuc` `n jckn ckrnnigr c kanrtc adinpndindkac. _nsn c `g nxprnscig `ídncs crraec, nxpgdirnmgs in mcdnrc ernvn `cs iavnrscs pgsakagdns sgern `c cutgdgmíc in` inrnkjg traeutcrag y sus pradkapc`ns cutgrns. c. [uegriadckaûd c` Inrnkj Inr nkjg g Badcdk Badcdkanr anrg g (Fa (Fau`a u`acda cda Bg Bgdrg drgufn ufn,, Hcr Hcrckj ckj)) Kgd Kgdkrn krntcm tcmndt ndtn n Fau Fau`ac `acda da Bgdrgufn, danfc kuc`quanr cutgdgmíc in` inrnkjg traeutcrag, y pgr n` kgdtrcrag, snóc`c su suegriadckaûd c` inrnkjg badcdkanrg. Iadg Hcrckj, pcrtakapc in sama`cr  pgsakaûd. e. [uegriadckaûd c` Inrnkjg Cimadastrctavg (Xcdgeada, Mcynr, B`nadnr, Gr`cdig, In` Rnkkjag) Iavnrsgs cutgrns snóc`cd c` inrnkjg traeutcrag kgmg udc rcmc in` inrnkjg cimadastrctavg, dnfcdig in nstc bgrmc kuc`quanr rcsfg in cutgdgmíc. @c tnsas sn ecsc pradkapc`mndtn nd qun n` inrnkjg cimadastrctavg prgpgrkagdc `cs ecsns, `gs kgdknptgs n aincs, `gs pradkapags, `cs adstatukagdns budicmndtc`ns nd n` kuc` n` inrnkjg traeutcrag tandn su grafnd y budicmndtg, y c` kuc` inen rnkurrar, nd kcsg in adnxastndkac in dgrmcs qun rnsun`vcd `cs rn`cka rn` ckagdn gdnss traeutc traeutcrac racs. s. @gs cim cimada adastr strcta ctavas vastcs tcs sgs sgstan tandnd dnd c` rns rnspnk pnktg tg ‐pn ‐pnrg rg `c suegriadckaûd nxafn qun sup`ntgracmndtn, y cdtn `c bc`tc in dgrmcs nxprnscs traeutcracs sgern c`fød pudtg, sn rnkurrc ge`afctgracmndtn c `gs kgdknptgs, aincs n adstatukagdns in` inrnkjg cimadastrctavg.” 31 _radkapc`ns trctciastcs c bcvgr Xcdgeada, Mcynr, B`nadnr, Gr`cdig, In` Rnkkjag. k. Cutgdgmíc Kandtíbakc in` Inr Inrnkj nkjg g Yraeut Yraeutcra crag g (Yrgtc (Yrgtcecs ecs y in `c Fcr Fcrzc, zc, y ins instck tckcig cigss pue`ak pue`akast astcs cs crfndtadgs kgmg Hcrckj y Fcrkíc En`sudkn) Indtrg in nstc kgrrandtn instckcd Hcrckj y Fcrkíc En`sudkn. Nstc kgrrandtn sgstandn `c cutgdgmíc tcdtg iaiãktakc kgmg kandtíbakc in` inrnkjg traeutcrag. En`sudkn snóc`c c`fudgs bcktgrns qun sustnd sus tndtcr tcrícd ícd su pgs pgsaka akaûd8 ûd8 `c cutgdg cutgdgmíc míc tn`ng` tn`ng`ûfa ûfakc kc (badns (badns)< )< `c cutgd cutgdgmí gmíc c nstruktur nstruk turc` c` u grf grfãda ãdakc kc (‐sus (‐sus adstatu adstatukag kagdns dns tan tandnd dnd dcturc dcturc`nz `nzc c hurí huríiak iakc c prg prgpac pac,, rnspgdind c udc masmc dcturc`nzc huríiakc”)< y su cutgdgmíc igfmãtakc y kgdknptuc` (‐kucdig nsc rcmc in` inrnkjg tandn kgdknptgs y mátgigs prgpags pcrc pc rc su nxpr nxprns nsaû aûd, d, cp cp`a`akc kcka kaûd ûd g ad adtn tnrp rprn rntc tcka kaûd ûd”) ”) _rad _radka kapc pc`n `nss in inbn bnds dsgr grns ns88 Yrgtcecs y In `c Fcrzc. i. [uegriadckaûd c` Inrnkjg _ravcig. (_gsakaûd in` brcdkás Fády) [us inbndsgrns sgstandnd qun dg inhc in nxastar udc rn`ckaûd pravcic (inrnkjg pravcig, c` kuc` sn csnmnhc) ndtrn Nstcig y kgdtraeuyndtn nd n` kump`amandtg in `cs ge`afckagdns, cknrkãdigsn mãs c `c nsbnrc in` inrnkjg kava` y kgmnrkac`. 5? ‐@c ge`afckaûd traeutcrac, sn csnmnhc c `c ge`afckaûd in inrnkjg pravcig, iabnrndkaãdigsn pgr n` gehntg in udc y in gtrc (traeutg pgr ud `cig y ge`afckaûd in udc pnrsgdc pgr n` gtrg).” (sc.). n. Ynsas in Ra``nfcs sgern

 

`c Cutgdgmíc in` Inrnkjg Yraeutcrag (_gsakaûd in` mcnstrg crfndtadg Ra``nfcs) @cs rnfu`ckagdns huríiakcs, kcic vnz mãs dumnrgscs, sn jcd cfrupcig nd rc rcm mcs nspnka pnkac c`az `azcics ics, sad nme mec crf rfg, g, nstg dg pun uni in ns nstc tce` e`nk nknr nr udc adinpndindkac in kuóg. ‐_nrg nstc brcfmndtckaûd dg punin jcknr g`vaicr `c cbarmckaûd adakac` in qun n` inrnkjg ns udg y nspnkac`mndtn `c kgdsnkundkac `ûfakc in nstc prnmasc8 qun n` `nfas`cigr ns ødakg. Dg jcy ud `nfas`cigr pgr  kcic nspnkac`aici" (Ra``nfcs, 5??3, p. 3;6).

@NQ MCUKG IN@ [A[YNMC YUAE^YCUAG DCKAGDC@  Nstc dgrmc snóc`c `c nstrukturc in` sastnmc Yraeutcrag _nrucdg, nd kucdtg c `gs ` gs ûrfcdgs ndkcrfcigs in `c rnkcuickaûd in `gs traeutgs.

3. [A[YNMC YUAE^YCUAG DCKAGDC@  Nd máratg c bcku`tcins in`nfcics, n` _ginr Nhnkutavg, mniacdtn Inkrntg @nfas`ctavg Dg. 663 iaktû `c @ny Mcrkg in` [astnmc Yraeutcrag Dckagdc`, vafndtn c pcrtar insin 3119. Gehntavgs in `c @ny8 c. Ad Adkr krnm nmnd ndtc tcrr `c rn rnkc kcui uick ckaû aûd. d. e. Er Erad adic icrr c` sa sast stnm nmc c traeu traeutc tcrag rag ud udc c mc mcyg ygr  r  nbakandkac, pnrmcdndkac y samp`akaici. k. Iastraeuar nquatctavcmndtn `gs adfrnsgs qun kgrrnspgdind c `cs Mudakapc`aicins 53 N` Kûiafg Yraeutcrag kgdstatuyn n` nhn budicmndtc` in` [astnmc Yraeutcrag Dckagdc`, yc qun sus dgrmcs sn cp`akcd c `gs iastadtgs traeutgs. Bundtn8 [udct 55

INDGMADCKAGDN[ IN@ INUNKJG YUAE^YCUAG  Gtrcs indgmadckagdns8  C`nmcdac Inrnkjg Ampgsatavg  Brcdkac , Adf`ctnrrc, Máxakg Inrnkjg Baskc`  Atc`ac, Nspcóc, Cmárakc @ctadc Inrnkjg Yraeutcrag  Gtrgs Inrnkjg Badcdkanrg.

_G@ÍYAKC BA[KC@ Jckandig ud síma` kgd n` inrnkjg traeutcrag, `c pg`ítakc baskc` cecrkc ud nspnktrg in budkagdns y gehntavgs mãs cmp`ags, pgr kucdtg amp`akc dg sû`g `gs adfrnsgs y nfrnsgs in` Nstcig sadg cinmãs, n` kgdhudtg ckkagdns qun n` fgeanrdg tgmc, kgmg pcrtn in su pg`ítakc nkgdûmakc (pginmgs ``cmcr c tgics sus ‚pg`ítakcs‑

 

kgmg pg`ítakcs pøe`akcs), qun euskcd `gfrcr n` krnkamandtg in` pcís in bgrmc grindcic, pnrg c su vnz n` kgdtrg` in `c adb`ckaûd, `c nstcea`aici nkgdûmakc, n` krnkamandtg in` nmp`ng, ntk., uta`azcdig pcrc n``g `c rnkcuickaûd (`gs adfrnsgs) y `gs nfrnsgs kgmg jnrrcmandtcs pcrc c`kcdzcr sus mntcs. Ycmeaád pginmgs ndtndinr`g kgmg8 ‐[gd `gs `adncmandtgs qun iarafnd, grandtcd y budicmndtcd n` sastnmc traeutcrag. @gs traeutgs sgd sû`g udc pcrtn in `c _g`ítakc Baskc`.” (sc.). Insin n` pudtg in vastc mckrgnkgdûmakg, `c pg`ítakc baskc` inen kump`ar ud rg` in ns nstc tcea ea`az `azck ckaû aûd d y nqua nquaic ici. i. Nd n` _nrø _nrø,, ns ia iasn snóc ócic ic y prgp prgpun unst stc c pg pgrr n` Madastnrag in Nkgdgmíc y Badcdzcs. 5; Nd gtrg kgdknptg ‐@c pg`ítakc baskc` ns udc rcmc in `c pg`ítakc nkgdûmakc qun kgdbafurc n` prnsupunstg in` Nstcig, y sus kgmpgdndtns, n` fcstg pøe`akg y `gs ampunstgs, kgmg vcrace`ns in kgdtrg` pcrc pc rc cs csnf nfur urcr cr y mc mcdt dtnd ndnr nr `c ns nstc tcea ea`a`aic ici i nk nkgd gdûm ûmak akc, c, cm cmgr grtatafu fucd cdig ig `c `css vcra vc rack ckag agdn dnss in `g `gss ka kak` k`gs gs nk nkgd gdûm ûmak akgs gs y kg kgdt dtra raeu euyn yndi dig g c mc mcdt dtnd ndnr nr ud udc c nkgdgmíc krnkandtn, in p`ndg nmp`ng y sad adb`ckaûd c`tc.‐ (sc.) _crc Uuaz Kcsta``c _gdkn in @nûd, `c pg`ítakc baskc`8 ‐tandn qun vnr kgd `cs inkasagdns qun tgmcd `cs cutgraicins in fgeanrdg sgern igs tnmcs kndtrc`ns8 (a) adfrnsgs (traeutcrags y dg traeutcrags) y nfrnsgs prnsupunstc`ns y (aa) ampcktg in `cs inkasagdns in fgeanrdg nd `c mcrkjc in `c nkgdgmíc y `c sgkanici.” _crc nstn rnkgdgkaig traeutcrastc, `c pg`ítakc baskc` sn ndkcrfcríc, cinmãs, in` krnkamandtg, in `c nkgdgmíc, y tgics `cs inkasagdns rn`ckagdcics c` eund budkagdcmandtg nkgd nk gdûm ûmak akg. g. In ns nstc tc bg bgrm rmc c `c pg`í pg`ítatakc kc bask baskc` c` kump kump`n `n c` c`fu fudg dgss rg`n rg`ns8 s8 c. In nstcea`azckaûd e. _rgpndinr c `c nquaici _crc `gfrcr nstgs gehntavgs kundtc kgd igs adstrumndtgs adstrumndtgs88 c. @gs ampun ampunstgs stgs  _nrmatn rnkcuicr. e. N` Fcstg _øe`akg



pnrmatatn pnrm n `c `css kg kgdi diak akag agdn dnss in kr krnk nkam aman andt dtg g in` in` pc pcís ís.. Cm Cmeg egs, s, ck cktø tøcd cd kg kgmg mg rnfu`cigrns in `c pg`ítakc baskc` in ud pcís. 59

N` YUAE^YG KGDKN_YG _ginmgs inbadar c` traeutg kgmg `c prnstckaûd pnkudacrac c bcvgr in` Nstcig qun gtgr gtgrfc fcd d `gs `gs kgdt kgdtra raeu euyn yndt dtns ns,, y qun qun ci cinm nmãs ãs,, fu fucr cric ic ud udc c kc kcrc rckt ktnr nrís ístatakc kc bu budi dicm cmnd ndtc tc`` qun qun ns `c in sn snrr nx nxaf afae ae`n `n.. @g @gss trae traeut utgs gs,, kg kgmg mg sce cenm nmgs gs,, eãsakcmndtn tandnd kgmg gehntavg n` sgstndamandtg in` Nstcig. Insf`gscdig n` kgdknptg8 c. Ns `c prnstckaûd iadnrcrac c bcvgr in` Nstcig, qun nstn nd vartui in su aus ampnraud punin nstce`nknr mniacdtn udc dgrmc pcrc n` kgdtraeuyndtn. e.

 

_gr `g iakjg, `ídncs crraec, nstc prnstckaûd pnkudacrac c bcvgr in` Nstcig, in dcturc`nzc nxafae`n.

IA[YADYC[ INBADAKAÛDN[ IN YUAE^YG @c pc`cerc traeutg prgvandn in `c vgz `ctadc «traeutum¼, qun nd rgmc nquavc`íc c `c in fcen`c*, qun safdabakc tgic ampgsakaûd pøe`akc.  [ãadz in Euhcdic iakn8 ‐[n ndtandin pgr traeutg tgic prnstckaûd pctramgdac` ge`afctgrac -jceatuc`mndtn pnkudacrac- nstce`nkaic pgr `c `ny, c kcrfg in `cs pnrsgdcs bísakcs y huríiakcs qun sn ndkundtrnd nd `gs supunstgs in jnkjg qun `c prgpac `ny intnrmadn, y qun vcyc iarafaic c icr sctasbckkaûd c `gs badns qun c` Nstcig y c `gs rnstcdtns ndtns pøe`akgs nstád ndkgmndicigs.” 5>  _crc Iadg Hcrckj traeutcrastc ítc`gcrfndtadg8 «n` traeutg ns udc prnstckaûd pnkudacrac, kgcktavc, in ud suhntg (kgd (kgdtr trae aeuy uynd ndtn tn)) c` Nstc Nstcig ig u gt gtrc rc nd ndtataic ici i pø pøe` e`ak akc c qun qun tndf tndfc c in inrn rnkj kjg g c adfrnscr`g r`g¼.   Mc Mcns nstr trg g cr crfn fndt dtad adg g Jákt Jáktgr gr Ra Ra````nf nfcs cs88 «` «`cs cs prns prnstc tcka kagd gdns ns kgmødmndtn nd iadnrg qun n` nstcig nxafn, nd nhnrkakag in su pginr in ampnrag, c `gs pcrtaku`crns, snfød su kcpckaici kgdtraeutavc, nd vartui in udc `ny, y pcrc kuerar `gs fcstgs qun `n inmcdin nd kump`amandtg in sus badns¼. (kgdknptg (kgd knptg uta`azc uta`azcig ig pgr `c [udc [udct). t).  N` frcd Mcnstrg ercsa`nóg Fnrc`ig Ctc`aec dgs iakn8 «. . . n ` adstrumndtg huríiakg in cecstnkamandtg in `cs crkcs pøe`akcs, n` masmg qun sn getandn pgr mniag in kgmpgrtcmandtgs jumcdgs¼.  _crc n` Mgin`g in` kûiafg traeutcrag pcrc Cmárakc `ctadc GNC/EAI, n` traeutg ns8 «`cs prnstckagdns nd iadnrg qun n` Nstcig, nd nhnrkakag in su pginr in ampnrag nxafn kgd n` geh kgd gehntg ntg in get getndn ndnrr rnkurs rnkursgs gs pcrc pcrc n` kum kump`a p`aman mandtg dtg in sus badn badns¼. s¼.   N` Yraeudc` Kgdstatukagdc` _nrucdg nd sndics sndtndkacs [YK D¿ ;;?;-5??; CC/YK, D¿ 9:11-5??6-_C/YK Q D¿ 3:>6-5??1-_C/YK, 3:>6-5??1-_C/YK, mndkagdc qun c` dg jcenrsn rnfu`cig nd dunstrc `nfas`ckaûd adtnrdc n` kgdknptg in traeutg, ns dnknscrag rnkurrar c `c igktradc. Nd tc` sndtaig, sn katc `c inbadakaûd in traeutg prgpunstc pgr Fnrc`ig Ctc`aec snfød `c kuc` n` traeutg ns8 «. . . `c ge`afckaûd  huríiakcmndtn pnkudacrac, nx `nfn, qun dg kgdstatuyn scdkaûd in cktg a`íkatg, kuyg suhntg cktavg ns, nd pradkapag, udc pnrsgdc pøe`akc y kuyg suhntg pcsavg ns c`fuand punstg nd nsc satuckaûd pgr vg`udtci in `c `ny¼.

K@C[ABAKCKAÛD IN @G[ YUAE^YG[

 

 C kgdtaduckaûd vnrnmgs vnrnmgs n` ampunstg, `c kgdtraeukaûd kgdtraeukaûd y tcsc. c. K@C[ABAKC K@C[ABAKCKAÛD KAÛD YUA_CUYAYC YUA_CUYAYC IN@ YUAE^ YUAE^YG YG  Ampunstg (Dg grafadc udc kgdtr kg dtrcpr cprnst nstcka ckaûd ûd iarnkt iarnktc c in pcrtn pcrtn in` in` Nst Nstcig cig))   Kgdtraeukaûd ([uhntg pcsavg getandn ud endnbakag)

 

Ycs csc c (_ (_rn rnsstc tckkaû aûd d nbnk nbnktatavc vc in ud snrv nrvak akag ag

adiavaiuc`azcig). e. YUAE^YG[ RADK^@CIG[ Q DG RADK^@CIG[  Yraeutgs vadku`cigs8 Un`ckaûd ndtrn jnkjg ampgdae`n y ‚rntraeukaûd‑ in` Nstcig  Ycscs  Kgdtraeukagdns  Yraeutgs

dg vadku`cigs8 Dg Un`ckaûd ndtrn jnkjg ampgdae`n

y cktavaici nstctc`.  Ampunstgs.

 C@F^DG[ KGDKN_YG[ EÃ[AKG[ UN@CKAGDCIG[ C@ INUNKJG YUAE^YCUAG

3. [^HNYG CKYARG Q [^HNYG _C[ARG N` suhntg cktavg in `cs rn`ckagdns traeutcracs ns n` Nstcig g kuc`quanr gtrg ndtn qun tndfc bcku`tcins traeutcracs. Nd gtrg kgdknptg ns n` ndtn ndkcrfcig in pnrkaear y cimadastrcr `gs traeutgs Ns cqun` nd bcvgr in` kuc` inen rnc`azcrsn `c prnstckaûd traeutcrac. [gd ckrnnigrns in `c Ge`afckaûd Yraeutcrac n` Fgeanrdg Kndtrc Knd trc`,`, `gs Fge Fgeanr anrdgs dgs Unfagd Unfagdc`n c`ns, s, `gs Fg Fgean eanrdg rdgss @gk @gkc`n c`ns, s, csí kgm kgmg g `cs ndtaicins in Inrnkjg _øe`akg kgd pnrsgdnríc Huríiakc _rgpac, kucdig `c @ny `ns csafdn nsc kc`aici nxprnscmndtn. N` suhntg pcsavg ns n` kgdtraeuyndtn, tcdtg snc pnrsgdc bísakc kgmg huríiakc. Nd udc inbadakaûd mãs nxtndsavc ns `c pnrsgdc insafdcic pgr `ny kgmg ge`afcic pcrc n` kump`amandtg in `c prnstckaûd traeutcrac snc kgmg kgdtraeuyndtn g rnspgdsce`n.  Kgdtraeuyndtn.- cqun` qun rnc`azc g rnspnktg in` kuc` sn prgiukn n` jnkjg fndnrcigr in `c ge`afckaûd traeutcrac. [n `n indgmadc tcmeaád ‚inuigr pgr kundtc prgpac‑, nd tcdtg ns quand rnc`az rnc `azc c n` jnkjg jnkjg amp ampgda gdae`n e`n..  N` Unspgdsce`n.- ns cqun` qun sad rnc`azcr n`

 

jnkjg ampgdae`n sn ndkundtrc ge`afcig c kump`ar `c ge`afckaûd traeutcrac. Ns ud ‚inuigr pgr kundtc chndc‑, nd tcdtg tandn `c ge`afckaûd, csí dg rnc`akn n` jnkjg ampgdae`n. Dunstrg Kûiafg Yraeutcrag snóc`c nd sus crtíku`gs 32, 36 y 3: quan qu andn dnss g qun qun su suhn hntg tgss sn nd ndku kund ndtrc trcd d kgds kgdsai ainr nrci cigs gs kg kgmg mg rnsp rnspgd gdsc sce` e`ns ns sg`aicrags. 5: Ciakagdc`mndtn punind snr8 c) Cfndtns in rntndkaûd.- suhntg qun nd budkaûd in `c pgsakaûd kgdtrcktuc` g cktavaici qun inscrrg``c rntandn n` traeutg c` kgdtraeuyndtn, bafurcdig rnspgdsce`n in` pcfg. Ns snóc`cig pgr @ny. e)  Cfndtns in pnrknpkaûd.- suhntg qun pgr rczûd in su cktavaici, budkaûd, g pgsakaûd kgdtrcktuc` nstn nd pgsaea`aici in pnrkaear traeutgs y ndtrnfcr`gs c` ckrnnigr traeutcrag. Ecsn @nfc`8 Crtíku`gs 9, 6, : , 1, 3? in` Y^G in` Kûi. Yraeutcrag. [nfudig pãrrcbg in` crt 3 (I. @nf. >?3 @ny Fndnrc` in [udct)< Crt. 3 @ny 5:296 ntk.

5 JA_ÛYN[A[ IN ADKAINDKAC. Inskraen udc satuckaûd ‚pgsae`n‑ qun nd kcsg in prgiukarsn (kgd tgigs sus n`nm n`nmnd ndtg tgs) s) sn kgdv kgdvnr nrtatarí ríc c ad admn mnia iact ctcm cmnd ndtn tn nd n` jnkj jnkjg g fn fndn dnrc rcig igrr in `c ge`afckaûd traeutcrac. _girícmgs inkar qun ns sû`g `c inskrapkaûd in `c `ny. Ns pgrr tc pg tcdt dtg g sû sû`g `g ud kg kgdk dknp nptg tg.. N`nm N`nmnd ndtg tgss in ns nstn tn jn jnkj kjg g g cs cspn pnkt ktgs gs qu qun n kgdsainrc8 Cspnktgs g n`nmndtgs qun kgdsainrc8  Cspnktg suehntavg (n` suhntg)  

Cspn Cspnkt ktg g gehn gehntav tavg g (n (n`` jnkj jnkjg) g)

 

Cs Cspn pnkt ktg g tnmp tnmpgr grc` c` (m (mgm gmnd ndtg tg nd qun qun sn

inscrrg``c)  Cspnktg nspckac` (`ufcr igdin tandn `ufcr) Insin gtrg pudtg in vastc, pgirícmgs inkar qun `c dgrmc nstã bgrmcic in igs mgmndtgs8 ud cdtns y ud inspuás. N` pramnrg ns `c japûtnsas in adkaindkac g inskrapkaûd in` jnkjg< y n` snfudig, n` mcdictg, qun ns `c cp`akckaûd in `c dgrmc g `cs kgdsnkundkacs.

;. JNKJG FNDNUCIGU8  ns `c japûtnsas in adkaindkac qun inscrrg``cic kgd tgigs sus n`nmndtgs jc icig ic ig graf grafnd nd c` jnkj jnkjg g fndn fndnrc rcig igrr y, pgr pgr tcdt tcdtg, g, jc fn fndn dnrc rcig ig `c ge`af ge`afck ckaû aûd d traeutcrac. Nd gtrgs tármadgs ns n` jnkjg huríiakg gkurraig qun jc icig `ufcr c` traeutg. Nd nstn kcsg, ns `c ckkaûd inskratc qun jc pcscig in ud davn` cestrcktg g amcfadcrag c udg in rnc`azckaûd mctnrac`. Gtrgs dgmerns8 ‐jnkjg frcvce`n”, ‐jnkjg traeutcrag”, ‐jnkjg ampgdae`n” (uscig nd vcrags pcísns), ‐jnkjg frcvcig”.

 

_crc `c KACY8 ‐N` jnkjg fndnrcigr ns n` prnsupunstg in dcturc`nzc huríiakc g nkgdûmakc, nstce`nkaic pgr @ny pcrc tapabakcr n` traeutg y kuyc rnc`azckaûd grafadc n` dckamandtg in `c ge`afckaûd.” @c KACY, kgmg vnmgs, kgdsainrc qun inen snr  ud jnkj jnkjg g tap tapg, g, jc jcka kand ndig ig ud sí síma ma`` kgd kgd `c mc mctn tnra rac c pn pndc dc`,`, pc pcrc rc qu qun n pu puni nic c prgi prgiuk ukar arsn sn n` jnkj jnkjg g fndn fndnrc rcig igr. r. Jnkj Jnkjg g ampgd ampgdae ae`n `n..- pc pcrc rc qun qun ud jnkj jnkjg g g ckgdtnkam ckgd tnkamandtg andtg intnrmadc intnrmadcig ig snc kgds kgdsainrc ainrcig ig kgmg jnkj jnkjg g ampgd ampgdae`n, ae`n, inen kgrrns kgrr nspg pgdi dinr nr íd ídtn tnfr frcm cmnd ndtn tn c `c `css kc kcrc rckt ktnr nrís ístatakc kcss prnv prnvas astc tcs, s, ce cest strc rckt ktc c n japgtátakcmndtn, nd `c @ny (nstg ns nd `c japûtnsas in adkaindkac)

9. C@ÍK^GYC  Ns n` pgrkndtchn cp`akcig c `c ecsn ampgdae`n, pcrc jc``cr nd kcic kcsg pcrtaku`cr g snfød n` tapg in rndtc `c ge`afckaûd traeutcrac. @c c`íkugtc nd mctnrac traeutcrac nstã nstce`nkaig pgr `ny. Ns ud ictg nstce`n y fndárakg, pgr n` kgdtrcrag in `c ecsn ampgdae`n qun rnprnsndtc mãs eand ud vc`gr ‐adiavaiuc`”.  Cmegs kgmeadcigs pnrmatnd n` kã`ku`g in `c ge`afckaûd traeutcrac in bgrmc adiavaiuc`. ;? ‐Dg ecstc, sad nmecrfg, pcrc `c bahckaûd in` ‚qucdtum inenctur‑, `c adiakckaûd `nfc` in `c ecsn ampgdae`n. [û`g `c ecsn ampgdae`n dg ns subakandtn pcrc `c intnrmadckaûd ad kgdkrntu in` iáeatg traeutcrag. @c `ny inen nstce`nknr  gtrg kratnrag kucdtatctavg, qun, kgmeadcig kgd `c ecsn ampgdae`n, pnrmatc `c bahckaûd in` iáeatg traeutcrag, prgvndandtn in kcic jnkjg ampgdae`n. Csí, kcic ge`afckaûd traeutcrac sn kcrcktnrazc pgr tndnr ud kanrtg vc`gr, qun sû`g punin snr  intnrmadcig mniacdtn `c kgmeadckaûd in igs kratnrags dumárakgs8 `c ecsn ampgdae`n y `c c`íkugtc.” (sc.)

>. KG[YG KGM_^YCE@N N` kgstg kgmputce`n rnspnktg in ciquasakagdns c títu`g gdnrgsg, sn rnbanrn c kucdtg pcfcstn pgr `c ciquasakaûd in` admune`n. _gr nhnmp`g nd rndtcs in snfu sn fudi dic8 c8 nd `c kgmp kgmprc rc in ud ad admu mune ne`n `n,, ‐snr ‐snrã ã n` vc`g vc`grr in ci ciqu quas asak akaû aûd d g kgdstrukkaûd rnchustcig pgr `gs ídiakns in kgrrnkkaûd mgdntcrac qun nstce`nkn n` Madastnrag in Nkgdgmíc y Badcdzcs sgern `c ecsn in `gs ídiakns in prnkags c` pgr mcygr prgpgrkagdcigs pgr n` Adstatutg Dckagdc` in Nstciístakc n Adbgrmãtakc (ADNA), adkrnmndtcig kgd n` ampgrtn in `cs mnhgrcs adkgrpgrcics kgd kcrãktnr 

 

pnrmcd pnr mcdndt ndtn.” n.” ([u ([udc dct) t) @gs @gs admun admune`n e`nss ci ciqua quarai raigs gs c títu`g títu`g frc frctua tuatg tg (kc (kcsg sg in jnrn jn rndk dkac ac,, g ku kucd cdig ig dg pc pcfc fcst stn n pgr pgr `c ci ciqu quas asak akaû aûd d in` in` ad admu mune ne`n `n)) kgd kgd cdtnragraici c` ?3 in cfgstg in 5?35, tandnd kgmg kgstg in ciquasakaûd n` vc`gr  in cutgcvc`øg chustcig pgr n` ídiakn in kgrrnkkaûd mgdntcrac cp`akcig c` cóg y mns in ciquasakaûd in` admune`n. ;3 [a `c ciquasakaûd sn prgiukn c pcrtar in` ?3.?:.5?35 nd cin`cdtn, y `unfg sn vndin, n` kgstg kgmputce`n snrã afuc` c knrg, sc`vg qun n` trcdsbnrndtn punic ckrniatcr su kgstg in mcdnrc bnjckandtn.

2. EC[N AM_GDAE@N Ns n` mgdtg sgern n` kuc` sn cp`akcrã n` pgrkndtchn in `c c`íkugtc in` ampunstg g tcsc< n` rnsu`tcig, snrã n` mgdtg pgr traeutg c pcfcr. Ns n` mgdtg g fcdcdkac sgern n` kuc` sn cp`akc ud bcktgr, inpndiandig in` tapg in rndtc pcrc jc``cr n` vc`gr in `c ge`afckaûd traeutcrac c pcfcr. ‚Ecsn Ampgdae`n ns n` mgdtg c pcrtar in` kuc` sn kc`ku`c ud Ampunstg intnrmadcig‑. Nd n` ampunstg sgern `c Undtc, ns n` Adfrnsg dntg in` kgdtraeuyndtn, inskgdtcics `cs iniukkagdns `nfc`ns, sgern `c ecsn in` kuc` ástn inenrã pcfcr Ampunstgs.

A. AM_GUYCDKAC IN @C YUAE^YCKAÛD Nd prã prãkta ktakcm kcmndt ndtn n tgi tgigs gs `gs pcísns pcísns in` in` mud mudig, ig, n` sastnm sastnmc c traeut traeutcra crag g ns n` rnspgdsce`n in fndnrcr `c mcygr pcrtn in `c rnkcuickaûd dnknscrac pcrc badcdk bad cdkacr acr `gs sn snrva rvakag kagss prn prnstc stcigs igs pgr n` Nst Nstci cig. g. @c rnkcui rnkcuick ckaûd aûd traeutc traeutcrac rac pnrm pn rmatatn n qu qun n n` Nstc Nstcig ig ku kump mp`c `c kg kgd d su suss ge`a ge`afc fcka kagd gdns ns ns nstc tce` e`nk nkai aics cs nd `c Kgdstatukaûd kgmg ns vn`cr pgr n` eand kgmød, prgpgrkagdcr c `c pge`ckaûd `gs snrvakags eãsakgs qun rnquanrn. _crc jcknr jgspatc`ns, kcmadgs, prgpgrkagdcr  sc`ui sc `ui y niu niukc kckaû kaûd, d, n` Nstcig Nstcig dnknsa dnknsatc tc in `gs traeut traeutgs gs rnk rnkcui cuici cigs gs in `gs kgdtraeuyndtn. N` nstcig in nstc bgrmc euskc `c rniastraeukaûd in `gs rnkursgs rnkcuicigs, trctcdig in `gfrcr udc sgkanici mãs hustc y nquatctavc. ;5 Nd `c mcygrí mcy gríc c in `gs pcísns pcísns nst nstui uiaci acigs gs n` Nstcig Nstcig,, dnk dnknsa nsatc tc in `c rnkcui rnkcuick ckaûd aûd traeutcrac pcrc badcdkacr sus cktavaicins, sad nmecrfg nxastnd c`fudgs pcísns prava`nfacigs qun dg traeutcd g su pgrkndtchn in traeutckaûd ns muy echg. Nstn ns n` kcsg in Suctcr, qun ns ud pcís ‚pcrciafmc‑ in `gs echgs ampunstgs cudqun su rndtc pnr kãpatc snc muy c`tc. Nd nstn prava`nfacig pcís, udc

 

mgdcrquíc ãrcen, n` adfrnsg pnr kãpatc ns in 399.??? iû`crns snfød n` BMA c` 5?32. [ad nmecrfg, nstn pcís dg kgerc da ud sg`g iû`cr pgr kgdknptg in ampunstg c `c rndtc sgern sus jceatcdtns. @cs kgrpgrckagdns in` pcís, sa nstãd ge`afcics c` pcfg in ud 3?% in sus fcdcdkacs. [ad nmecrfg, nd rn`ckaûd kgd `c mcygríc in pcísns nstc ns udc rndtc muy echc. _gr nhnmp`g nd Nspcóc sn pcfc ud 5>% _nrø ;?%, gtrgs pcísns nurgpngs pgr ndkamc in` ;?%, ntk. Nxastnd gtrgs 3? pcísns nd n` mudig qun, kgercd sû`g n` ?% in ampunstgs c `gs adiava adi avaiug iugs. s. Nst Nstgs gs sn ndk ndkund undtrc trcd d pradka pradkapc` pc`mn mndtn dtn nd Grandt Grandtn n Mni Mniag8 ag8 Sct Sctcr, cr, Erudna, Luwcat, Crceac [cuií, Gmãd, Ecjráad, Nmarctgs Ãrcens ^daigs ntk. Ndtrn gtrgs tnrratgrags ‚nxgdnrcigs‑ pginmgs mndkagdcr `cs As`cs Kcamãd, `c As`c in [crl, `cs As`cs Rírfndns. ‐N` crkjapaá`cfg in `cs Ecjcmcs ns n` ødakg pcís adinpndiandtn in` ct`ãdtakg qun tcmeaád kgmpcrtn nstn ráfamnd baskc`.” (Iacrag @c Rcdfucriac, 5: mcrzg in 5?32). ;; KC_AY^@G AA INUNKJG YUAE^YCUAG ND @C IGKYUADC C. N@ INUNKJG YUAE^YCUAG ND @C IGKYUADC Nd `c cp`a`akc cp kcka kaûd ûd in `cs `cs dgrm dgrmcs cs,, yc sn snc c pg pgrr n` Ns Nstc tcig ig g pg pgrr `g `gss pc pcrt rtak aku` u`cr crns ns,, brnkundtnmndtn nxastnd iaskrnpcdkacs nd tgrdg c kûmg sn inen rnc`mndtn adtnrprntcr `c dgrmc, `g qun quasg inkar `c masmc, g kgmg sn inen ia`afndkacr  nstc. Nstcs adtnrprntckagdns punicd icr `ufcr c udc snran in iaskrnpcdkacs mãs bgrmc`ns sncd cimadastrctavgs g huiakac`ns. @c dgrmc, ndtgdkns, pgr muy eundc qun snc, mukjcs vnkns dnknsatc snr ck`crcic, adtnrprntcic pcrc su cp`akckaûd. Gtrcs tandnd vckígs g sgd rnc`mndtn kgdbuscs y dnknsatcd n` cuxa`ag in `gs nxpn nx pnrt rtgs gs in` in` in inrn rnkj kjg. g. Nd ns nstn tn ø`tam ø`tamg g kcsg kcsg,, dg dgss ns nstc tcmg mgss rnba rnbaran randi dig g c `g `gss  huraskgdsu`tgs, nspnkac`astcs g nxpnrtgs nd igktradc. Nd n` kcsg nspnkíbakg in` inrnkjg traeutcrag pgr `c kcdtaici in dgrmcs y su kgdstcdtn ‚rndgvckaûd‑ `c dnknsaici in kgdtcr kgd nxpnramndtcigs nxpnrtgs sn jckn dnknscrag nd `c eøsqunic in `c kgmprndsaûd in `c ceudicdtn mctnrac traeutcrac. @c igktradc sarvn in pudtg in rnbnrndkac y rnb`nxaûd pcrc ud mnhgr cdã`asas in `c dgrmc, `c nxpnrandkac in `gs hurastcs g huraskgdsu`tgs sn jckn, nd mukjgs pcschns, in vatc` ampgrtcdkac. Kgmg iakn Ugirífunz @gectg ‐…c `c igktradc kgrrnspgdin n` inscrrg``cr y prnkascr `gs kgdknptgs kgdtndaigs nd `c @ny…” _crc Bnrdãdinz @ûpnz ‐@c igktradc huríiakc ns `g qun pandscd `gs iastadtgs hurastcs rnspnktg in `gs iastadtgs tnmcs in` inrnkjg, rnspnktg c `cs iastadtcs dgrmcs. Kcrnkn in tgic bunrzc ge`afctgrac, cudqun ns ampgrtcdtn bundtn ;9 mniactc in` inrnkjg y su vc`gr inpndin in` prnstafag in` hurastc qun `c jc nmataig g bgrmu`cig”. _crc

 

@cstrc ‐…`c igktradc huríiakc ns `c gpadaûd in `gs hurastcs prnstafagsgs sgern udc mctn mc tnra rac c kg kgdk dkrn rntc tc (… (…). ). @c igkt igktrad radc c hu hurí ríia iakc kc su surf rfn n prad pradka kapc pc`m `mnd ndtn tn in `c `css udavnrsaicins, qun nstuiacd n` Inrnkjg vafndtn y `g adtnrprntcd indtrg in `c Kandkac in` Inrnkjg.” Kgmg iakn C`vc Mcttnukka ‐Jce`cr in `c igktradc ns rnb`nhcr udc adbgrmckaûd qun sarvn in cpgyg, grandtckaûd, sastnmctazckaûd in` kgdgkama kgdgk amandt ndtg g hur huríia íiakg, kg, tan tandn dn ud mnkcda mnkcdasmg smg in cyu cyuic ic c` gpnrci gpnrcigr gr hur huríia íiakg kg kucdig euskc insndtrcócr n` vnricinrg safdabakcig in c`fudcs adstatukagdns g n` prgpag kgdtndaig in `cs dgrmcs.”

 E. @G[ KGDKN_YG[ IN @C[ DGUMC[ YUAE^YCUAC DNKN[AYCD [NU ADYNU_UNYCIG[ @c kgmp`nhaici in `c dgrmc traeutcrac y sus gehntavgs, dg pnrmatnd mukjcs vnkns ud trcechg prg`ahg g k`crg c `c jgrc in su krnckaûd y rnickkaûd, nstg dg ns dnknscracmndtn pgr `c nskcsnz in tc`ndtg in `gs hurastcs ndkcrfcigs pcrc n``g, sadg pgr `g adtrakcig in` `ndfuchn uta`azcig c` qunrnr prnkascr kgd nxknsavc nxcktatui `g qun quanrn trcdsmatar `c dgrmc. Madukagsaici, qun mukjcs vnkns rnquanrn `c dgrmc brndtn c `c prnkasaûd in `gs kcsgs qun sn cegric. N` `ndfuchn kgmg ud vnjíku`g in kgmudakckaûd, punin c vnkns kgdvnrtarsn tcmeaád nd ud insvãd ins vãd in amprnk amprnkasa asagdn gdnss g ig ige`n e`nss adtnrp adtnrprnt rntcka ckagd gdns, ns, mãs cu cud d kuc kucdig dig sn rnquanrn prnkasaûd in ba`afrcdc. Kucdtg mnhgr snrac, jcknr in `c dgrmc traeutcrac ud kcmpg b`graig in kgdknptgs sndka``gs y iafnrae`ns, qun jcstc n` mãs `nfg g dgvctg puianrc ndtndinr y, pgr `g tcdtg, uta`azcr kgdvndandtnmndtn. Nstg quazã bcka`atcríc mukjg `c inbndsc g `c cktuckaûd in `cs pcrtns, pnrg quazã, dg snríc muy jc`cfðnóg pcrc `gs gpnrcigrns in` ;> inrnkjg y gtrcs rcmcs. _nrg eundg, inhcrnmgs nstcs iasquasakagdns pcrc gtrg mgmndtg. Ns ndtgdkns `c dgrmc, kgd sus iabaku`tcins c `c jgrc in adtnrprntcr`c qun dnknsatc in` cuxa`ag in nsgs  hurastcs nxpnramndtcigs nd `c kgmprndsaûd kgmprndsaûd in `c masmc, yc snc pgr nxpnrandkac g pgr sus kuc`aicins prgpacs. Ndtgdkns `c kgdk`usaûd ns sndka``c, dnknsatcmgs mukjcs vnkns adtnrprntcr `c dgrmc, yc snc pgr vckíg, kgdbusaûd, amprnkasaûd, ceudicdkac, pgr tcdtg sn jckn øta` n` cuxa`ag in nxpnrtgs. Dgtcrnmgs qun c `c jgrc in adtnrprntcr sanmprn jcerã gpadagdns iavnrscs y kgdtrciaktgracs, pudtgs in vastc iasama`ns y jcstc c vnkns dgvnigsgs, pgr `g qun punind kcuscr  sgrprnsc. [ad nmecrfg, pcrc `gs nstuiagsgs in` inrnkjg cqun``g sg`g snrãd

 

c`akandtns qun `ns nstamu`crã c `c jgrc in rnkrncr sus prgpacs kgdvakkagdns y kgdknptgs. _ginmgs inkar qun c `g `crfg in `c jastgrac, sanmprn nxastanrgd pnrsgdcs g frupgs in pnrsgdcs qun n`cegrcrgd sus prgpags kratnrags rnspnktg in c`fg `fg. _udtgs in vastc ødakgs y pcrtak aku u`crns qun `unfg bunrgd rgd fndnrc fnd nrc`az `azãdi ãdigsn gsn,, pgr su trc trcsk skndi ndindk ndkac. ac. Nst Nstgs gs pn pndsc dscman mandtg dtgss gpa gpadag dagdns dns,, va vada dand ndig ig in qu quan and d va vada danr nrc, c, pgií pgiícd cd kg kgdv dvnr nrtar tarsn sn nd vn vnri rici cinr nrcs cs bund bundtn tnss in kgdsu`tc, g pradkapags grandtcigrns, c tgmcr nd kundtc, in udc rcmc g mctnrac in` scenr. C` rnspnktg C. Mcttnukka kgmndtc ‐Nd eundc pcrtn in ástcs sn bgrmcecd `gs ‐kgdsnhgs in cdkacdgs” `gs kuc`ns c trcvás in prgdudkacmandtgs u gpadagdns ‐fuacecd” u ‐grandtcecd” c` rnstg in pnrsgdcs nd iavnrsgs cspnktgs. Nrcd Nrc d ndtgdk ndtgdkns ns udc ns nspnk pnkan an in ‐nx ‐nxpnr pnrtgs tgs”. ”. ‐[a ‐[anmp nmprn rn jc nx nxast astaig aig,, nxa nxastn stn y nxastarãd gpadagdns kgdtrcracs c` nbnktucr kgdsu`tcs c `gs ‐nxpnrtgs” yc qun ástgs punind tndnr gpadagdns iavnrscs y prnkascmndtn nsg ns `g qun ndraqunkn n` pcdgrcmc in `c igktradc” ;2

K. INBADAKAÛD IN@ YÁUMADG ‐IGKYUADC”  [a tgmcmgs c` iakkagdcrag huríiakg in Kcecdn``cs ndkgdtrcrnmgs qun igktradc ns ‐Ndsnócdzc pcrc adstruar. // [ceaiuríc, kandkac kgdgkamandtg. // Gpadaûd in udg g mãs cutgrns nd udc mctnrac g cknrkc in ud pudtg. // Yngríc sustndtcic pgr vcrags trctciastcs rnspnktg in ampgrtcdtns kunstagdns in Inrnkjg‐. Dgs qunicrnmgs kgd `gs kgdknptgs, snfudig, tnrknrg y kucrtg, pgr n` mgmndtg. _crc gtrgs cutgrns kgmg Bnrdãdinz @ûpnz ‐@c igktradc huríiakc ns ‐`g qun pands pan dscd cd `gs iastad iastadtgs tgs hur hurast astcs cs rnspnk rnspnktg tg in `gs iastad iastadtgs tgs tnm tnmcs cs in` inr inrnkj nkjg, g, rnspnktg c `cs iastadtcs dgrmcs. Kcrnkn in tgic bunrzc ge`afctgrac, cudqun ns ampgrtcdtn bundtn mniactc in` inrnkjg y su vc`gr inpndin in` prnstafag in`  hurastc qun `c jc nmataig g bgrmu`cig” Gtrgs nspnkac`astcs, nd `c eøsqunic in nsn nskcergsg kcmadg qun kgdiukn `c vnrici, jcd tnrmadcig inbadandig c `c igktradc in `c safuandtn bgrmc8 ‐Ns n` kgdhudtg in huakags nmataigs pgr `gs  hurastcs nd su tcrnc in ndkgdtrcr `c vnrici huríiakc. . . [n rniukn c` kgdhudtg in gpadagdns qun sarvnd in fuíc pcrc nhnrknr n` inrnkjg. Dudkc sn ampgdn pgr sí masmc, da tandn ud kcrãktnr ge`afctgrag.” (sc.). _crc Cdíec` Ygrrns Rãsqunz `c igktradc ‐kgmprndin n` kgdhudtg in gpadagdns y crfumndtgs in `gs nstuiagsgs in` inrnkjg (hurastcs, cegfcigs, ba`ûsgbgs y tgigs cqun``gs qun sn iniakcd c`

 

nstuiag in` inrnkjg insin sus iavnrscs pnrspnktavcs).” Mandtrcs qun Ríktgr  Fcrkíc Ygmc `c inbadn kgmg ‐Ns `c kandkac in` inrnkjg n`cegrcic pgr `gs  huraskgdsu`tgs, y kgmprndin n` kgdhudtg in sus advnstafckagdns, nstuiags, cdã`asas y p`cdtncmandtgs krítakgs” \qun sgd] gpnrckagdns mndtc`ns nbnktucigs pgr cegfcigs kgd ud sû`aic, nxpnrtc y kc`abakcic bgrmckaûd ckciámakc.” ;6

I. @C IGKYUADC AM_GUYCDKAC Q ^YA@AICI ND MCYNUAC YUAE^YCUAC Rg`vandig c dunstrg tnmc budicmndtc` dgs cudcrnmgs c `cs pc`cercs in C`vc Mcttnukka (5??1) c` snóc`cr `c ampgrtcdkac in `c igktradc nd mctnrac traeutcrac. N` kg kgdg dgka kama mand ndtg tg pgrm pgrmnd ndgr graz azci cig g in `c Ig Igkt ktra radc dc nd intn intnrm rmad adci cic c mc mctn tnrac rac traeutcrac pnrmatn c quand `g pgsnn, tndnr udc mnhgr kcpckaici in rckagkadag c` mgmndtg in adtnrprntcr `c dgrmctavaici traeutcrac, c` afuc` qun sn `n bcka`atc `c gpgrtudaici in pginr n`cegrcr crfumndtgs in inbndsc brndtn c satuckagdns nd `cs ku kuc`n c`nss n` baskg baskg (rn (rnprn prnsnd sndtci tcig g pgr `cs Cim Cimada adastr strck ckagd agdns ns Yra Yraeut eutcra cracs cs in Fgeanrdg Kndtrc` g in Fgeanrdg @gkc`) jc nbnktucig ckgtckagdns y prntndin nhnkutcr c`fudc ckkaûd in kgercdzc. Ndtgdkns, quand n`cegrn rnkursgs in ampu am pufd fdck ckaû aûd, d, cpn` cpn`ck ckaû aûd, d, nt ntk. k.,, g ``nf ``nfun un c ud prgk prgkni niam aman andt dtg g kg kgdt dtnd ndka kags gsg g traeutcrag, nstcrã mãs kcpckatcig, tndirã udc mnhgr crfumndtckaûd, udc mnhgr  kc`aici in aincs y nstcrã mnhgr grandtcig nd su cktuckaûd, in `c masmc bgrmc sa cvcdzc c gtrcs adstcdkacs. Unkgfnr aincs iastadtcs y vcracics, cyuicrã c quand `g dnknsatn c n`cegrcr kgd mcygr k`craici, vnrscta`aici y prnkasaûd, sus prgpags kgdknptgs c` mgmndtg in crfumndtcr y inbndinr udc pgsakaûd. Kgmg vnmgs, cprndinr igktradc sgern udc ãrnc nspnkíbakc, nstã `afcig, c udc prnpcrckaûd pnrmcdndtn y c ud ceudicdtn kgdgkamandtg in `c mctnrac qun sn kgdsafun kgd ud nstuiag pnrmcdndtn in `c masmc y csama`cdig y prgknscdig `cs gpadagdns in gtrgs. N` Hurastc Uueag Kgrrnc c` rnspnktg snóc`c ‐ns nvaindtn, c `c vnz, qun dg tgics `cs gercs huríiakcs tandnd n` masmg vc`gr adtn`nktuc` y `c masmc adb` adb`un undk dkac ac nd `cs `cs kgdk kgdknp npka kagd gdns ns hu hurí ríia iakc kcss in ud sa sast stnm nmc c in Inrn Inrnkj kjg g intnrmadcig. [anmprn jcy eundgs, rnfu`crns y mc`gs trcechgs igktradc`ns. ;: Jcy mukjgs qun kgdtandnd ynrrgs g cprnkackagdns ceanrtcmndtn cesurics. _crtn in` trcechg in `c pnrsgdc vadku`cic c` Inrnkjg, ns scenr iaskramadcr ndtrn usg us g y gt gtrg rgs, s, cp cpgy gyãd ãdig igsn sn nd `gs `gs mn mnhg hgrn rns. s. N` trce trcech chg g nd ec ecsn sn c bund bundtn tnss igktradc`ns mniagkrns g adsubakandtns, tandn pgkc prgeaici adtn`nktuc`.” Ns pgr  n``g qun mukjgs nstuiagsgs g prgnbnsagdc`ns uta`azcd ndtrn c`fudcs ‚tákdakcs‑

 

in ns nstu tuia iag, g, ‚c ‚ctataeg egrrc rrcrs rsn‑ n‑ in gp gpad adag agdn dnss tc tcdt dtg g in cu cutg tgrn rnss dc dcka kagd gdc` c`ns ns kg kgmg mg nxtrcdhnrgs, nd `c eøsqunic adknscdtn pgr ‚fcdcr‑ dunvgs pudtgs in vastc, dunvcs y iastadtcs ‚vnricins‑ qun `gs tnrmadn ‚iabnrndkacdig‑ in `g kgmød y yc kgdgkaig. Kgmg iakn C`vc Mcttnukka (5??1) ‐nstg rnpnrkutn, badc`mndtn, nd udc cinkucic y/g nxatgsc inbndsc in sus adtnrnsns y k`andtns”. RGKCE^@CUAG EÃ[AKG _rgeaici Dgmern bnmndadg bgrmc` Mgrc`aici, adtnfraici y jgdrcinz nd `cs ckkagdns.

N. ·N[ @C IGKYUADC B^NDYN IN@ INUNKJG7  Kucdig jcknmgs nstc prnfudtc surfnd admniactcmndtn iaskrnpcdkacs ndtrn iastadtgs nspnkac`astcs cknrkc in sa `c igktradc ns kctnfûrakcmndtn bundtn in` inrn in rnkj kjg. g. _c _crc rc nstc nstce` e`nk nknr nr sa `c igkt igktrad radc c ns bund bundtn tn in in`` in inrn rnkj kjg g pram pramnr nrg g adtndtcrnmgs inbadar `g qun ns bundtn. _ramnrcmndtn rnkurrarnmgs c` safuandtn kgdknptg ‐N` tármadg bundtn in` Inrnkjg insafdc c tgig `g qun kgdtraeuyn g jc kgdtraeuaig c krncr n` kgdhudtg ;1 in rnf`cs huríiakcs cp`akce`ns indtrg in ud Nstc Ns tcig ig nd ud mg mgmn mndt dtg g icig icig”” (_ (_ud udsk skjl jln n Avcd Avcddc dc.. Bu Bund ndtn tnss in in`` Inrn Inrnkj kjg. g. Unkupnrc Unku pnrcig ig

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Ygmcd Ygm cdig ig kgmg kgmg rnbnrn rnbnrndtn dtn c` iak iakkag kagdcr dcrag ag n`nktr n`nktrûda ûdakg kg Vgr Vgri i Unb Unbnrn nrndkn dkn,, nst nstn n inbabadn in dn bu bund ndtn tn in `c sa safu fuan andt dtn n mcdn mcdnrc rc88 Bund Bundtn tn88 c. Gr Graf afnd nd in c` c`fg fg,, kc kcus usc, c, pradkapag8 e. Cqun``g in qun b`uyn kgd ceudicdkac ud `íquaig. k. Igkumndtg, gerc g mctnrac`ns qun sarvnd in adbgrmckaûd g in adsparckaûd c ud cutgr Gtrgs cutgrns, kgmg Fcrkíc Mãydnz, sgstandn (3129) ‐qun bundtns in` inrnkjg sgd `cs bgrmcs in mcdabnstcrsn `cs dgrmcs huríiakcs” (p. >3). @g kuc` dgs pcrnkn ud cknrtcig kgmndtcrag. @c Ndkak`gpniac Huríiakc snóc`c in mcdnrc sama`cr `g safuandtn ‐. . .Nd dunstrgs pcísns in inrnkjg nskratg, `cs pradkapc`ns bundtns sgd tnxtgs nskratgs, kgmg `gs trctcigs adtnrdckagdc`ns, `cs kgdstatukagdns, `cs `nyns y `gs rnf`cmndtgs< pnrg gtrcs, kgmg `cs kgstumerns, `gs pradkapags fndnrc`ns in` inrnkjg kgdscfrcigs pgr `c huraspruindkac ’adsparcic c vnkns pgr `c igkt ig ktra radc dc in `gs `gs cu cutg tgrn rns’ s’ nh nhnr nrkn knd d ud adb` adb`uh uhg g mc mcyg ygrr g mn mndg dgrr snf nfød ød `c `css mctnracs. . . Kgd nstc nxprnsaûd sn c`uin, mãs qun c` grafnd in` Inrnkjg c `cs bgrmcs in mcdabnstcrsn n` Inrnkjg pgsatavg” Kgdtaducdig `gs iavnrsgs c`nfctgs sgern nstn, c vnkns, kgdtrgvnrtaig tnmc vnrnmgs `g qun nxprnsc n` hurastc ercsa`nóg Mafun` Unc`n quand snóc`c qun mukjgs cutgrns dg kgdsainrcd c `c

 

igktradc kgmg bundtn in` inrnkjg8 ‐…c`nfcdig qun pgr frcdin qun snc `c iafdaici in ud mcnstrg (…), sus ndsnócdzcs hcmãs tndirãd bunrzc subakandtn pcrc intnrmadcr `c dgrmc 9? huríiakc (…) qun inen snr kump`aic pgr `gs hunkns g pgr `cs pcrtns.” (Unc`n, 311;, p.3;9) _crc Kc`vg Grtnfc ‐… sn kgdsainrc bundtn, c` afuc` qun nd kuc`quanr gtrc iaskap`adc, c tgig cktg qun prgiukn dgrmcs y pradkapags eãsakgs huríiakgs.” Insin `c gtrc gra``c y kgd ud pcrnknr  iastadtg, Uueag Kgrrnc snóc`c `g safuandtn8 ‐…`c igktradc ns udc bundtn in` Inrnkjg, bgrmcic pgr `gs nskratgs huríiakgs jnkjgs c `g `crfg in `c jastgrac. Kump`n budkagdns kgmp`nmndtcracs c `c `nfas`ckaûd, nd nspnkac` indtrg in `c bc bcma ma`a`ac c rgmc rgmcdg dg-f -fnr nrmã mãda dakc kc c `c qu qun n pnrt pnrtnd ndnk nkn n du duns nstr trg g sa sast stnm nmc, c, ea eand nd kgmp kg mp`n `nmn mndt dtcd cdig ig c `c `n `nfa fass`c `cka kaûd ûd mn mnia iacd cdtn tn budk budkag agdn dnss in in insk skra rapk pkaû aûd, d, nxp`akckaûd, sastnmctazckaûd, krítakc y cpgrtn in sg`ukagdns< eand cpgrtcdig pradkapags fndnrc`ns in` Inrnkjg c tgigs `gs ãmeatgs in su nstrukturc. @c bunrzc in `c igktradc nstã nd rczûd iarnktc in `c kgdkgricdkac in sus iavnrsgs cutgrns y nd rczûd advnrsc c `c iaskgricdkac. N` nstuiagsg in` Inrnkjg inen uta`azcr`c pgdinrcdig `g eundg y `g mc`g indtrg in n``c, `g prnpgdinrcdtn y `g snkudicrag, sus prgknsgs nvg`utavgs tcdtg nd `g qun sn rnbanrn c gesg`nskndkac kgmg kg mg c ad addg dgvc vcka kaûd ûd,, y su suss cpgr cpgrtn tnss c `c kgdk kgdknp npka kaûd ûd ns nsnd ndka kac` c` in` in` In Inrn rnkj kjg g masmg.” ·NDYGDKN[ N[ B^NDYN G DG IN@ INUNKJG7  C` rnspnktg C`vc Mcttnukka snóc`c nstce`nkandig udc pgsakaûd mãs k`crc c` rnspnktg ‐Nd rnspunstc c dunstrc adtnrrgfcdtn cprnkacmgs qun `c Igktradc in pgrr sí dg pn pg pnrm rmatatn n `c kr krnc ncka kaûd ûd in in`` In Inrn rnkj kjg, g, sû sû`g `g nstc nstce` e`nk nkn n mc mcrk rkgs gs in ndtndiamandtg, sufnrndkacs, gpadagdns vnrscics y gtrgs n`nmndtgs qun dgs pnrmatcd adtnrprntcr n` Inrnkjg” Ercvg Kukka (5??;) (katcig pgr C`vc Mctnukka 5??1) kgdtraeuyndig c` inectn snóc`c ‐… `cs bundtns in` Inrnkjg Yraeutcrag sgd cqun``gs vnjíku`gs c trcvás in `gs kuc`ns sn punind adsnrtcr dgrmcs  huríiakcs nd n` sastnmc, prgiukandig 93 iavnrsgs nbnktgs nd n` masmgs. Csí, c trcvás in iakjcs bundtns sn adtrgiuknd dgrmcs traeutcracs pcrc8 c) Dgrmcr  satuckagdns cdtns dg rnfu`cics. e) Inrgfcr dgrmcs traeutcracs nxastndtns sad rnnmp`czcr`cs. k) [ustatuar dgrmcs traeutcracs nxastndtns.” Kgd `g kuc` nstce`nkn kgd dgtgrac k`craici n` kgdknptg in bundtn. _crc _udskjln A., ‐[n ``cmc igktradc c` kgdhudtg in gercs y in kgmndtcrags qun n`cegrcd `gs prgbnsgrns y pue`akastcs sgern `gs kûiafgs, `gs tnxtgs `nfc`ns y `gs prge`nmcs huríiakgs nd fndnrc`”

 

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Unkupnrcig

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jttp8//prgbavcddcpm.wnne`y.kgm/bundtns-in`inrnkjg.jtm` _crc gtrgs cutgrns, `c igktradc kucdig sn trcdsbgrmc nd dgrmc g kgdtraeuyn c su krnckaûd ciquanrn `c kgrpgrnaici `nfc` qun cdtns dg pgsníc. _girícmgs inkar, ndtgdkns, ·qun `c igktradc ns udc bundtn, pnrg dg huríiakc, y qun ciquanrn gtrg nstctus, kucdig ns uta`azcic kgmg, budicmndtg, nxp`akckaûd in pgr nhnmp`g, `c huraspruindkac7 [ad nmecrfg, pcrc mukjgs `c igktradc sû`g ns grandtcigrc dg grafadc prnkascmndtn dgrmc g nstã arrnmniace`nmndtn instadcic pcrc n``g. @cs dgrmcs traeutcracs dg sn mgiabakcd pgr `g qun snóc`c `c igktradc, in c``í qun ud snktgr mcygratcrag intnrmadc qun `c igktradc dg kc`abakc kgmg bundtn in` inrnkjg. C` rnspnktg n` mcnstrg Ra``nfcs snóc`c c `c igktradc kgmg c `c huraspruindkac kgmg Bundtns Nxtrc`nfc`ns, puns dg sn krncd dgrmcs. [nóc`c cinmãs ‐… su adb`undkac punin snr inkasavc pcrc rnsg`vnr kanrtcs `cfudcs in` inrnkjg g kunstagdns gskurcs.” 95 Ercvg (5??;) (katcig nd C`vc Mcttnukka 5??1) dgs iakn ‐Dcian iaskutn `c ampgrt ampg rtcd cdka kac c in ia iakj kjc c bu bund ndtn tn in kgdg kgdgka kama mand ndtg tgs, s, pn pnrg rg su budk budkaû aûd d dg ns prnkascmndtn `c in rnf`cr kgmpgrtcmandtgs c trcvás in `c adtrgiukkaûd in dgrmcs c` sastnmc huríiakg, sadg `c in snrvar in sgpgrtn adtnrprntctavg in `cs masm ma smcs cs,, g ad adk` k`us usav avn, n, in mc mctn tnra rac c pr pram amc c (p (p.. 3; 3;?) ?).. [a [ad d nm nmec ecrf rfg, g, tcmp tcmpgk gkg g pginmgs inhcr in mndkagdcr qun `c igktradc ns y jc saig brnkundtnmndtn uta`azcic (adk`usg `c nxtrcdhnrc) pgr hunkns nd iavnrscs huraspruindkacs, adk`usg mndkagdcig nd iastadtcs sndtndkacs in` traeudc` kgdstatukagdc`, qun dg jcd nskc ns kctam tamci cig g nd ut uta`a a`azc zcrr nstc nstcss ai ainc ncs, s, prad pradka kapa pags gs,, pg pgsa saka kagd gdns ns,, kg kgdk dknp nptg tgs, s, adtnrprntckagdns c `c jgrc in nsk`crnknr satuckagdns in kgdb`aktg y sgstndnr sus bc``gs. C` rnspnktg, Uueag Kgrrnc (5??>) (katcig nd Mcttnukka 5??1) sgstandn ‐(…)) `c ig ‐(… igkt ktrad radc c jc sa saig ig rn rnkg kgfa faic ic y ka katc tcic ic ad adtn tnds dscm cmnd ndtn tn pg pgrr n` Yrae Yraeud udc` c` Kgdstatukagdc`, `g qun munstrc rnkgdgkamandtg in nstc bundtn in` inrnkjg. N` Yrae Yraeud udc` c` jc cknp cknptc tcig ig cpgr cpgrtn tnss tc tcdt dtg g in `c ig igkt ktrad radc c dc dcka kagd gdc` c` kg kgmg mg in `c nxtr nx trcd cdhn hnrc rc”” (p. (p. ;2 ;2)) Nxpr Nxprns nsci cics cs `c `css iavn iavnrs rscs cs pgsa pgsaka kagd gdns ns in in inst stck ckci cigs gs nspnkac`astcs, dg pginmgs inhcr in snóc`cr qun nd dunstrg Kûiafg Yraeutcrag, `c Dgrmc AAA in` Yítu`g _rn`amadcr, `atnrc` ‚j‑, jc adk`uaig a dk`uaig c `c igktradc kgmg bundtn in` inrnkjg, nd nstn kcsg traeutcrag, `g kuc` dgs ``nvcrã, in tgics mcdnrcs, c prnfudtcrdgs y jcknr c`fudcs rnb`nxagdns sgern nstn tnmc. _girícmgs inkar  qun `c igktradc, nd c`fudgs kcsgs, pcsc in snr bundtn in kgdsu`tc c kgdvnrtarsn nd udc ainc qun budicmndtc n` inrnkjg nd sí. Nd fndnrc` kuc`quanr ‚ainc‑,

 

gpadaûd, tngríc, nd nstn kcsg huríiakc - traeutcrac, punin snr kgdsainrcic ud budicmndtg in `c bundtn, pnrg dg `c @ny nd sí.