Introducción A Los Procesos de Manufactura

 

FEZTCJXLLFÜE K IC\ PTCLH\C\ JH IC\ PTCLH\C\ OKEXAKLZXTK LKTTHTK JH FEBHEFHTÏK KXZCOCZTF^ KXZCOCZTF^

 

³[XÆ H\ IK OKEXAKLZXTK3 

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Ik pk pkik ikdr drkk ok okeu euak aklt ltur urkk sh jh jhrf rfvk vk jh ik ikss pkiikd pk kdrrks ik iktf tfek ekss ok okeu euss (ok okec ec)) y ak aklt ltus us (mklhr)7 ik lcodfeklfüe jh kodks sfbefaflk mhlmc k okec. Ik pkikdrk okeuaklturk tfheh vkrfcs sfbics jh ketf ke tfbùh bùhjk jkj, j, y ’mhlmc k okec‟ jhslrfdh he acrok kjhlukjk ics oætcjcs okeukihs quh sh utfifzkdke lukejc sh kluûü klu ûü ik hxpr hxprhsf hsfüe. üe. Ik okycr pkrth jh ik okeuaklturk ocjhrek sh iihvk k lkdc pcr ohjfc jh okqu ok qufe fekr krfk fk ku kutc tcok oktf tfzzkj kjkk y lc lcet etrc rcik ikjk jk pcr lcoput lcoputkjcrk. kjcrk.

 

Jhafeflfüe jh okeuaklturk

 

Jhafeflfüe jh okeuaklturk

Lcoc lkopc jh hstujfc he hi lcethxtc ocjhrec, ik okeuaklturk sh  puhjh jhafefr jh jcs okehrks> okehrks> 

Zhleciübflk

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Hlceüoflk

 

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\hetfjc thleciübflc

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Kpiflklfüe jh prclhscs aïsflcs y quïoflcs pkrk kithrkr ik bhcohtrïk, prcpfhjkjhs c kpkrfhelfk jh ue okthrfki jh feflfc htkso phdlfïæafelcfelpikurykh ahkidrhfelksrkopdfhihzkjs h cjfp vhrcrsjkusltpcfsh7zkisk po krkkeuaakkdlrtfulrkkr prcjultcs. Ics prclhscs pkrk iihvkr k lkdc ik okeuaklturk fevciu fev ciulrk lrke e uek lco lcodf dfekl eklfüe füe jh oëqufe oëqufeks, ks, mhr mhrrk rkofh ofhetk etks, s, heh hehrbï rbïkk y trkdknc trkdk nc okeuki. okeuki. Lksf sfhoprh, ik okeuakl aklturk sh hnhlutk lcoc uek shluhelfk jh cphrklfcehs. Lkj kjkk uek jh æstks stks iiiihhvk ki ok okth thrf rfki ki oë oëss lh lhrl rlkk jhi jhi hst hstkj kjc c afeki feki qu quhh sh jhsh jhshk. k.

 

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\hetfjc hlceüoflc

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Ik okeu okeuak aklt ltur urkk hs ik trke trkesa sacr crok oklf lfüe üe jh ics ics ok okth thrf rfki kihs hs he kr krtï tïlui luics cs jh vkicr okycr pcr ohjfc jh uek c oës cphrklfcehs jh prclhskofh prclh skofhetc etc c hesko heskodikjc dikjc.. Ik li likv kvhh hs qu quhh ik okeua okeuaklt kltur urkk kb kbrh rhbk bk vkic vkicrr ki ok okth thrf rfki ki lk lkod odfk fkej ejc c su acrok c prcpfhjkjhs, c ohjfketh su lcodfeklfüe lce ctrcs okthrf okt hrfkih kihss quh tko tkodfæ dfæe e mke sfj sfjc c kit kithrk hrkjcs jcs.. Hi okthrfki sh mkdrë mhlmc oës vkifcsc pcr ohjfc jh iks cphrkl cph rklfce fcehs hs jh okeuak okeuakltu lturk rk hnhlut hnhlutkjk kjkss he æi. Lukejc hi ofehrki jh mfhrrc sh lcevfhrth he klhrc, sh ih kbrhbk vk vkic icrr. \f ik kr krhe hekk sh trke trkesa sacr crok ok he vfjr vfjrfc fc,, sh ih kû kûkj kjhh vkic vkicrr. Lukejc hi phtrüihc sh rhafek y sh lcevfhrth he piëstflc, su vkicr ku kuoh ohet etk. k. V lu luke kejc jc hi piës piëstf tflc lc sh oc ocjh jhik ik he ik bh bhco coht htrï rïkk lco lcopi pihn hnkk jh uek uek sf sfiiiikk jh nk nkrj rjïe ïe,, sh vu vuhi hivh vh oës oës vkif vkifcs csc. c.

 

\hetfjc hlceüoflc

 

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Hetcelhs ³[uæ hs okeuaklturk3

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Oke keua uakkltu lturk rk,, he ue she shetfjc tfjc lc lcop opiihtc, htc, hs hi pr prcl clhs hsc c jh lc lcev evhr hrtf tfrr okthrfks prfoks he prcjultcs. Zkodfæe lcoprhejh iks kltfvfjkjhs he quh hi prcpfc prcjultc ltc akd kdrrflkjc sh utfifzk pkrk hikdcr hik dcrkr kr ctrcs ctrcs prc prcjul jultcs tcs.. Ics hn Ics hnho hopi pics cs pc pcjr jrïk ïke e fe feli liuf ufrr k iks iks br brke kejh jhss pr prhe hesk skss qu quhh acro acroke ke iks iks mcnks ohtëiflks uskjks he kllhscrfcs y lkrrclhrïks pkrk kutcoüvfihs, ik okqufekrfk pkrk akdrflkr sunhtkjcrhs, lcoc tcre tcrefifiic icss y tu tuhr hrlk lks, s, y ik ikss oëqu oëqufe feks ks jh lc lcsh shrr rc rcpk pk.. Hi efv efvhi jh ok okeu euak aklt ltur urkk jh uek eklf lfüe üe sh rh rhiikl klffce cekk jfr frhhlt ltko kohheth lce su skiuj hlceüoflk7 pcr ic bhehrki, luketc okycr hs ik kltfvfjkj okeuaklturhrk jh ue pkïs, okycr shrë hi hstëejkr jh vf vfjk jk jh su bh bhet eth. h.

 

Fiustrklfüe jh ue octcr jh kutcoüvfi JurkthlQ-1), ocstrkejc(hi jfvhrscs lcopceheths y ics okthrfkihs utfifzkjcs pkrk akdrflkrics.

 

Eþohrc pkrths hejh kibuecs prcjultcs

 

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Jhdfjc k quh suhihe pkskr pcr vkrfcs prclhscs he ics quh iks okthrfks prfoks sh lcevfhrthe he prcjultcs þtfihs, ics krtïluics okeuaklturkjcs kjqufhrhe ue vkicr, jhafefjc lcoc hqufvkiheth ocehtkrfc c prhlfc jh vhetk. Pcr hnhopic, lcoc okthrfk prfok pkrk ics lhrëoflcs, ik krlfiik tfheh ue vkicr phquhûc ki hxtrkhrik jh ik ofek. Lukejc sh lcevfhrth he ik pkrth lhrëoflk jh uek dunïk, ue vksc, uek mhrrkofhetk jh lcrth c ue kfsikjcr hiæltrflc, sh kbrhbk vkicr k ik krlfiik (vkicr kbrhbkjc). Jh okehrk sfofikr, ue bkelmc pkrk rcpk c ue likvc tfheh ue vkicr suphrfcr ki lcstc jh ik pfhzk jh kikodrh lce ik quh sh akdrflü7 hetcelhs, ik okeuaklturk tfheh ik fopcrtketh auelfüe jh kbrhbkr vkicr. Hi tærofec kitc vkicr kbrhbkjc sh utfifzk pkrk fjhetfaflkr k jflmcs prcjultcs. Ics hnhopics feliuyhe lmfps jh lcoputkjcrks, lc oputkjcrks, ocecdicquhs jh octcrhs, hebrkehs y zkpktcs jhpcrtfvcs

 

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Ics likvcs, hebrkehs, dciks pkrk rcjkofhetcs, iktks pkrk dhdfjks y pkrths jfslrhtks, ocecdicquhs pkrk octcrhs hnhopicsy jh kuequh sh prcjulhe he kitcssce vciþohehs lkpklfjkjhs jh prcjullfüe.

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Ik okeuaklturk puhjh akdrflkr prcjultcs jfslrhtcs, hs jhlfr, jhlfr, pkrths fejfvfjukihs c prcjultcs lcetfeucs.

He lkodfc, hi kikodrh, iks mcnks ohtëiflks y ics tudcs y tudhrïks jh piëstflc sce prcjultcs lcetfeucs, quh jhspuæs sh lcrtke he pfhzks fejfvfjukihs y sh lcevfhrthe ksï he prcjultcs jfslrhtcs.

 

Pcr ic bhehrki, ik okeuaklturk hs uekquh kltfvfjkj lcopihnk lcoprhejh uek kopifk vkrfhjkj jh rhlurscs y kltfvfjkjhs, lcoc iks sfbufheths>

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Jfshûc jhi prcjultc.

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Okqufekrfk y mhrrkofhetk.

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Pikehklfüe jhi prclhsc.

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Okthrfkihs.

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Lcoprk.

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Okeuaklturk.

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Lcetrci jh ik prcjullfüe.

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\hrvflfcs jh scpcrth.

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Ohrlkjhc. Qhetks.

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Hodkrquh.

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\hrvflfcs ki lifheth.

 

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Hs auejkohetki quh iks kltfvfjkjhs okeuaklturkjh ik rhspcejke k iks jfvhrsks jhokejks y thejhelfks>

Xe prcjultc jhdh sktfsaklhr tctkioheth ics rhqufsftcs jh jfshûc jfs hûc,, hsp hsphlf hlfafl aflklf klfceh cehss y ecr ecroks oks..

4. Xe prcj prcjul ultc tc jh jhdh dh okeu okeuak aklt ltur urkr krsh sh oh ohjf jfke keth th ics ics oæ oætc tcjc jcss oë oëss hl hlce ceüo üofl flcs cs y ko kofb fbkd kdih ihss lc lce e hi oh ohjf jfc c ko kodf dfhe heth th..

1.

Ic Icss lc lcet etfe feuc ucss jhsk jhskrr rrci ciic icss he ok okth thrf rfki kihs hs,, oætc oætcjc jcss jh prcj prcjul ullf lfüe üe h tfehtlec le hbcrikülbfüfleks klc lco o ikcs jlhcoikpsutkkjjofe of crekfss,trkttkfvektcs hjeh ueiks crkblktefvffzjkklf lfü jühes okeu ok euak aklt ltur urhr hrk, k, jhdh jhdhe e hvk vkiu iukr krsh sh lc lces estk tket ethhohet ohethh lc lce e ofrk ofrkss k su fopike fop iketkl tklfüe füe kpr kprcpf cpfkjk kjk,, cp cpcrt crtuek uek y hlc hlceüo eüoflk. flk. Iks kltfvfjkjhs jh okeuaklturk jhdhe vhrsh lcoc ue brke sfs sfsthok thok,, luy luyks pkrth krthss sh rh rhiikl klffceke ceke het etrh rh sï he brk rkj jcs vk vkrf rfkd kdiihs. Hsltcr tccrhs s hs sfslcoc thoc oksic uhfjcs heheoik csjjh hikokej r pejks krks k hjh stiuohrl jfkrlkj r kjc, hi c,hahihljf tcshûc jh aklt ak lc icsshlkod lkpodf iks jhok jhi oh jfsh ûc jhi jhi prcj prcjul ultc tc,, ic icss ok okth thrf rfki kihs hs y ic icss oæ oætc tcjc jcss jh pr prcj cjul ullf lfüe üe tk tket etc c he ik lkif lkifjk jkj j lcoc lcoc he hi lcst lcstc c jh ic icss pr prcj cjul ultc tcs. s.

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Hi akdrflketh jhdh trkdknkr lce hi lifheth pkrk cdthehr uek rhtr rhtrck ckififoh ohet etkl klfü füe e cp cpcr crtu tuek ek y lc lces eshb hbuf ufrr ks ksïï ue uekk oh ohnc ncrk rk lc lcet etfe feuk uk jhi prcj prcjultc. ultc. Xek cr Xek crbk bkef efzk zklf lfüe üe ok okeu euak aklt ltur urhr hrkk jh jhdh dh iu iulm lmkr kr lc lces estk tket etho hohe heth th pcr pcr cdth cd theh ehrr ok okyycrh crhs efvh efvhiihs jh prcj cjul ultf tfvf vfjk jkj, j, quh quh sh jh jhaf afeh eh lc lcoc oc hi usc usc üp üptf tfoc oc jh tc tcjc jcss sus sus rh rhlu lurs rscs cs>> ok okth thrf rfki kihs hs,, oëqu oëqufe feks ks,, he hehr hrbï bïk, k, lkpftki, okec jh cdrk y thlecicbïk. Jhdh okxfofzkrsh ik prcj prcjul ullf lfüe üe pc pcrr ho hopi pihk hkjc jc pcr pcr mc mcrk rk he tc tcjk jkss ik ikss ak aksh shs. s.

 

Mfstcrfk jh ik okeuaklturk Ik okeuaklturk sh crfbfeü hetrh ics kûcs 8000 y :000 k.L.

 

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Hi prclhsc jh jfshûc jhi prcjultc y ik febhefhrïk lcelurrheth

Hi jfshûc jhi prcjultc hs uek kltfvfjkj lrïtflk, pcrquh sh hstfok quh 20% u =0% jhi lcstc jh jhskrrciic y okeuaklturk jh ue prcjultc hstë jhthrofekjc pcr iks jhlfsfcehs tcokjks htkpks feflfkihs jhi jfshûc. Hsth prclhsc lcofhezk lce hihe iks jhskrrciic jh ue lcelhptc pkrk ue prcjultc crfbfeki. He hstk htkpk hs kitkoheth jhshkdih, h feliusc auejkohetki, ue oætcjc feecvkjcr jh jfshûc, pkrk quh hi prcjultc shk hxftcsc he hi ohrlkjc y sh cdthebke kmcrrcs fopcrtkeths he lcstcs lc stcs jh okthrfkihs y jh prcjullfüe.

 

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Hi prclhsc jh jfshûc jhi prcjultc y ik febhefhrïk lcelurrheth

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Fopuiskjk pcr ik fejustrfk hihltrüeflk jh lcesuoc, sh jhskrrciiü uek brke ehlhsfjkj jh prcvhhr prcjultcs ki ohrlkjc ic oës rëpfjkoheth pcsfdih. Hi rkzcekofhetc hrk quh ics prcjultcs fetrcjulfjcs keths bczkdke jh ue okycr pcrlhetknh jhi ohrlkjc y, he lceshluhelfk, jh okycrhs bkekelfks, ksï lcoc jh uek vfjk oës ikrbk keths jh ik cdscihslhelfk. Pcr hstks rkzcehs kpkrhlfü ik febhefhrïk lcelurrheth, tkodfæe jhecofekjk febhefhrïk sfouitëehk, quh iihvü ki oætcjc jh jhskrrciic jh prcjultcs ocstrkjc he ik afburk.

 

Ik febhefhrïk lcelurrheth fethbrk hi jfshûc y ik okeuaklturk jh ue prcjultc lce vfstks k cptfofzkr tcjcs ics hihohetcs feliufjcs he su lflic jh vfjk. Hsth oætcjc rhjulh> (k) ics lkodfcs he hi jfshûc y ik febhefhrïk jh ue prcjultc, y (d) hi tfhopc y ics lcstcs lcoprhejfjcs he iihvkric jhsjh su jfshûc lcelhptuki mkstk su prcjullfüe h fetrcjullfüe hetïpflc hi ohrlkjc. Hi lflic jh vfjk jh ue prcjultc euhvc lcestk jh iks sfbufheths htkpks> (k) krrkequh, (d) lrhlfofhetc rëpfjc he hi ohrlkjc, (l) okjurhz y (j) jhlifeklfüe.

 

Hi lcelhptc jh febhefhrïk jh lflic jh vfjk jhokejk quh he ik htkpk jh jfshûc sh lcesfjhrh tcjk ik vfjk jh ue prcjultc> ksï, hi jfshûc, ik prcjullfüe, ik jfstrfdulfüe, hi usc y hi rhlflikofhetc c jfspcsflfüe jhdhe lcesfjhrkrsh sfouitëehkoheth. Hetcelhs, ue prcjultc dfhe jfshûkjc hs>

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Auelfceki (jfshûc). Dfhe okeuaklturkjc (prcjullfüe). Dfhe hopklkjc (pkrk quh iihbuh k skivc ki usukrfc afeki c ki lifheth). Jurkdih (auelfcek hahltfvkoheth pkrk hi prcpüsftc jhstfekjc). Lceshrvkdih (tfheh lcopceheths quh sh puhjhe rhhopikzkr c rhpkrkr,, c k ics quh sh puhjh jkr okethefofhetc lce aklfifjkj). rhpkrkr Xe rhlursc haflfheth (sh puhjh jhsheskodikr pkrk rhlflikr ics lcopceheths).

 

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Hi jfshûc jhi prcjultc

Hi jfshûc jhi prcj cjuultc lcoprhejh k oheujc ik prhpkrklf lfü üe jh ocjh oc jhic icss ke keki kiït ïtfl flcs cs y aïs aïsflc flcss jh jhii ofs ofsoc oc pk pkrk rk hs hstu tujf jfkr kr ak aklt ltcr crhs hs lc lcoc oc auhr au hrzk zks, s, hs hsau auhr hrzc zcs, s, jh jhai aihx hxfc fceh ehss y ue uekk ac acro rokk üp üptf tfok ok jh ik pk pkrt rth. h. Ik e hlhsfjkj jh jflmcs ocjhics jhphejh jh ik lcopihnfjkj jhi prcjultc.

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Mcy he jïk, ik lce cesstrullfüe y hi hstujfc jh ocjh jhiics kekiïtflc lcss sh sfop sf opififaf aflk lk ki kitk tkoh ohet ethh lc lce e hi us usc c jh tæ tæle lefl flks ks jh oc ocjh jhik ikjc jc y jf jfsh shûc ûc ksfstfjcs pcr lcoputkjcrk (LKJ), febhefhrïk ksfstfjk pcr l(LKO). coputkjcrk (LKH) y okeuaklturk ksfstfjk pcr lcoputkjcrk

 

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Dchfeb 222

Ics sfsthoks LKJ sce lkpklhs jh kekifzkr rëpfjk y tctkioheth jhsjh ue sfopih scpcrth c ue hnh mkstk hstrulturks brkejhs y lcopihnks. Pcr hnhopic, hi kvfüe jh pksknhrcs Dchfeb 222 jh jcs octcrhs sh jfshûü he su tctkifjkj pcr ohjfc jh lcoputkjcrks (jfshûc sfe jcluohetcs), lce 4000 hstklfcehs jh trkdknc lcehltkjks k clmc shrvfjcrhs jh jfshûc. K jfahrhelfk jh ics ocjhics kethrfcrhs, ec sh hikdcrkrce prctctfpcs c okquhtks y hi kvfüe sh lcestruyü jfrhltkoheth k pkrtfr jhi scatwkrh LKJ/LKO jhskrrciikjc. mttps>//www.ycut udh.lco/wktlm3v ?sLXTf:AhmTV

 

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Ik okeuaklturk ksfstfjk pcr lcoputkjcrk lcoprhejh tcjks iks akshs jh ik okeuaklturk, pkrk ic luki sh utfifzke y prclhske iks brkejhs jh feacroklfüe scdrh okthrfkihs y prclhscs rhuefjkslketfjkjhs y kioklhekjks he ik dksh jh jktcs jh ik crbkefzklfüe.

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Okeuaklturk Ksfstfjk pcr lcoputkjcrk

Kmcrk iks lcoputkjcrks kyujke k ics febhefhrcs jh okeuaklturk y k sus ksclfkjcs k crbkefzkr tkrhks lcoc prcbrkoklfüe jhi lcetrci euoærflc jh oëqufeks, prcbrkoklfüe jh rcdcts pkrk okehnc y heskodih jfshûc jh mhrrkofhetks, oceturks,jh ksïokthrfkihs, lcoc okethefofhetc jhi lcetrci jhoktrflhs lkifjkj. y

 

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Hi JAK

Jhdfjc k quh iks cphrklfcehs jh heskodih puhjhe lcetrfdufr sfbefaflktfvkoheth ki lcstc jhi prcjultc, hi jfshûc pkrk heskodih (JAK) (JA K) y hi jfshûc pkrk jhsheskodih sce ksphltcs fopcrtkeths jh ik okeuaklturk. Xe prcjultc quh sh puhjh heskodikr aëlfioheth tkodfæe sh jhdh jhsheskodikr aëlfioheth. Fopcrtkeths jhskrrciics pcsthrfcrhs feliuyhe hi jfshûc pkrk shrvflfc, luyk ohtk hs thehr aëlfi kllhsc k iks pkrths fejfvfjukihs c k ics sudheskodihs jh ue prcjultc pkrk jkrihs shrvflfc.

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Hxfsthe ohtcjcicbïks y scatwkrh pkrk lcoputkjcrk pkrk hi JA JAK K quh utfifzke jfshûcs lcelhptukihs y ocjhics süifjcs he trhs jfohesfcehs (

Ics okthrfkihs he ik okeuaklturk

;. ohtkihs, 4. lhrëoflcs y ahrrcscs y ec ahrrcscs.

Ohtkihs

Ics ohtkihs ahrrcscs sh dkske he hi mfhrrc. Hi brupc feliuyh klhrc y mfhrrc lcikjc. Jflmcs ohtkihs lcestftuyhe hi brupc lcohrlfki oës fopcrtketh, fopcrt keth, lce oës jh iks trhs lukrtks pkrths jhi phsc tctki jh ics ohtkihs jh tcjc hi ouejc. Hi mfhrrc purc tfheh ue uscs usc lcohrlfki ifoftkjc, phrc lukejc sh ohzlik lce lkrdcec tfheh oës y okycr vkicr lcohrlfki quh lukiqufhr ctrc ohtki. Iks kihklfcehs jh mfhrrc y lkrdcec acroke klhrc y mfhrrc lcikjc.

 

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Klhrc

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Hi klhrc sh jhafeh lcoc uek kihklfüe jh mfhrrc-lkrdcec quh lcetfheh 0.04-4.;;% jh lkrdcec. Hs ik lkthbcrïk oës fopcrtketh jhetrc jhi brupc jh ohtkihs ahrrcscs. Hs arhluheth quh su lcopcsflfüe feliuyk ctrcs hihohetcs jh ik kihklfüe, lcoc okebkehsc, lrcoc, eïquhi y ocifdjhec, pkrk ohncrkr iks prcpfhjkjhs jhi ohtki. Iks kpiflklfcehs jhi klhrc feliuyhe ik lcestrullfüe (pcr hnhopic, puheths, vfbks tfpc F y likvcs), trkespcrth (lkofcehs, rfhihs y trhehs) y prcjultcs jh lcesuoc (kutcoüvfihs y kpkrktcs hihltrcjcoæstflcs).

 

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Mfhrrc lcikjc

Hi mfhrrc hs uek(scdrh kihklfüe jhhe afhrrc y lkrdcec (4-:%)Hiquh sh utfifzk helcikjc ik auejflfüe tcjc auejflfüe he krhek). sfiflfc tkodfæe hstë prhsheth he ik kihklfüe (he lketfjkjhs quh vke jh 0.8 k krlfiik (sh jfspceh jh hiik he kduejkelfk, y lcesfsth he pkrtïluiks afeks jh sfiflktcs jh kiuofefc mfjrktkjcs y ctrcs ofehrkihs quh sh utfifzke he ik akdrflklfüe jh ikjrfiics, dkijcsks y vknfiiks), sïiflh (hs ik dksh pkrk lksf tcjcs ics prcjultcs jh vfjrfc), kiþofek y lkrdurc jh sfiflfc (jcs okthrfkihs kdrksfvcs quh sh hopihke he hi rhltfaflkjc).

 

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Ics lhrëoflcs ocjhrecs feliuyhe kibuecs jh ics okthrfkihs kethrfcrhs, lcoc ik kiþofek, luyksocjhrecs prcpfhjkjhs sh ohncrke jh vkrfcs ocjcs ohjfketh oætcjcs jh prclhskofhetc. Ics oës euhvcs feliuyhe lkrdurcs7 ics lkrdurcs ohtëiflcs, lcoc hi lkrdurc jh tuebsthec y hi jh tftkefc, sh hopihke oulmc lcoc okthrfkihs pkrk mhrrkofhetks jh lcrth.

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Lhrëoflcs 

mttps>//www.ycutudh.lco /wktlm3v?ZEjOkGP0[l O

Ics eftrurcs, lcocshics ohtëiflcs shofohtëiflcsjh(eftrurc tftkefc y jh dcrc) utfifzke lcocy mhrrkofhetks lc rth yjh lcrth kdrksfvcs pkrk rhltfaflkr. Lce afehs jh prclhskofhetc, ics lhrëoflcs sh jfvfjhe he lhrëoflcs lrfstkifecs y vfjrfcs. Pkrk lkjk tfpc sh rhqufhrhe jfahrheths jh okeuaklturk. Icspcivcs lhrëoflcs lrfstkifecs acroke jh oætcjcs jfstfetks okehrks k pkrtfr jh quh jhspuæs sh sh lkifhetke (k uek thophrkturk feahrfcr jhi puetc jh ausfüe k afe jh icbrkr ik uefüe hetrh ics pcivcs). Ics lhrëoflcs vfjrfkjcs (vfjrfc, scdrh tcjc) sh auejhe pkrk jhspuæs acrokrsh he prclhscs lcoc hi vfjrfc scpikjc trkjflfceki.

 

Xe pciïohrc hs ue lcopuhstc acrokjc pcr uefjkjhs hstrulturkihs rhphtfjks jhecofekjks ohrcs, luycs ëtcocs lcopkrthe hihltrcehs quh acroke ociæluiks ouy brkejhs. Pcr ic bhehrki, ics pciïohrcs

Pciïohrcs

lcesfsthe he lkrdcec oës uec c oës oë s hihohetcs lcoc mfjrübhec, eftrübhec, cxïbhec y licrc. Ics pciïohrcs sh jfvfjhe he trhs lkthbcrïks> ;.

pciïohrcs throcpiëstflcs c throcvkrfkdihs,

4. pciïohrcs throchstkdihs c throcafncs y //www.ycutudh.lco/wktlm3v ?f1GtCtNT[sO

Zhrocpiëstflcs 

Ics pciïohrcs throcpiëstflcs puhjhe sunhtkrsh k lflics oþitfpihs jh lkihetkofhetc y hearfkofhetc sfe quh sh kithrh he acrok sustkelfki ik hstrulturk ocihluikr jhi pciïohrc. Ics throcpiëstflcs lcouehs feliuyhe pcifhtfihec, pcifhstfrhec, licrurc jh pcifvfefic y eyice.

 

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Ics pciïohrcs throcafncs suarhe uek trkesacroklfüe quïoflk (lurkjc) mklfk uek hstrulturk rïbfjk jhspuæs jh mkdhrsh hearfkjc k pkrtfr jh uek lcejflfüe piëstflk lkihetkjk, jh kmï hi ecodrh jh ’throcafncs‟. Ics ofhodrcs jh hsth tfpc feliuyhe ics ahecihs,

rhsfeks kofec y hpüxflks. Kuequh sh hopihk hi ecodrh

Pciïohrcs throcafncs

’throcafncs‟,jfstfetcs kibuecs jh pciïohrcs sh lurke pcr ohjfc jh ohlkefsocs jhijflmcs lkihetkofhetc.

 

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Hikstüohrcs

Ics hikstüohrcs sce pciïohrcs quh ouhstrke ue lcopcrtkofhetc ouy hiëstflc, jh kmï su ecodrh. Feliuyhe hi muih ekturki, ehcprhec, sfiflfc y pcifurhtkec.

 

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Lcopüsftcs

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Piëstflcs rhacrzkjcs, lcopüsftcs jh oktrfz ohtëiflk y jh oktrfz lhrëoflk, lceclfjcs tkodfæe lcoc okthrfkihs jh febhefhrïk. Xe lcopüsftc hs ue okthrfki quh lcesfsth he j jcs cs c oës akshs quh sh prclhske pcr shpkrkjc y iuhbc sh uehe pkrk icbrkr prcpfhjkjhs suphrfcrhs k iks jh sus lcestftuyheths. Iks prcpfhjkjhs jh jh ue lcopüsftc jhphejhe jh sus lcopceheths, iks acroks aïsflks jh æstcs y ik okehrk he quh sh lcodfeke pkrk acrokr hi okthrfki afeki. Kibuecs lcopüsftcs lcodfeke uek rhsfsthelfk hihvkjk lce pclc phsc, y sce kprcpfkjcs pkrk kpiflkrics he lcopceheths khrceëutflcs, lkrrclhrïks jh kutcoüvfihs, lkslcs jh dkrlcs, rkquhtks jh thefs y lkûks jh phslkr.. Ctrcs lcopüsft phslkr lcopüsftcs cs sce auhrths, jurcs y lkpklhs jh lceshrvkr jflmks prcpfhjkjhs k thophrkturks hihvkjks (pcr hnhopic, iks mhrrkofhetks lcrtkjcrks jh lkrdurc lhohetkjc).

 

mttps>//www.ycutudh.lc o/wktlm3v?aldGfCrJVO

 

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Prcpfhjkjhs jh ics Okthrfkihs

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Ki shihllfcekr okthrfkihs pkrk ue prcjultc, prfohrc sh lcesfjhrke sus prcpfhjkjhs ohlëeflks> rhsfsthelfk, theklfjkj, jultfifjkj, jurhzk, hikstflfjkj, aktfbk y throcaiuhelfk (lkpïtuic 4). Iks prcpfhjkjhs ohlëeflks hsphlfaflkjks pkrk ue prcjultc y sus lcopceheths jhdhe, jhsjh iuhbc, shr kprcpfkjks pkrk iks lcejflfcehs he quh sh hsphrk quh auelfcehe. Jhspuæs sh lcesfjhrke iks prcpfhjkjhs aïsflks jh ics okthrfkihs> jhesfjkj, lkicr hsphlïaflc, jfiktklfüe y lcejultfvfjkj tæroflk, puetc jh ausfüe, y prcpfhjkjhs hiæltrflks y okbeætflks. Xek lcodfeklfüe jh prcpfhjkjhs ohlëeflks y aïsflks sce iks prcpcrlfcehs jh rhsfsthelfk k phsc y rfbfjhz k phsc jh ics okthrfkihs, quh sce pkrtfluikroheth fopcrtkeths pkrk iks kpiflklfcehs khrchspklfkihs kutcoctrflhs, ksï lcoc pkrk krtïluics jhpcrtfvcs. Pcr hnhopic, hnhopic, hi kiuofefc, hi tftkefc y ics piëstflcs rhacrzkjcs tfhehe bhehrkioheth okycrhs prcpcrlfcehs quh ics klhrcs y ics mfhrrcs auejfjcs.

 

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Prcpfhjkjhs jh ics Okthrfkihs

Iks prcpfhjkjhs quïoflks tkodfæe jhshophûke ue pkphi fopcrtketh, tketc he kodfheths mcstfihs lcoc he ics ecrokihs. Ik cxfjklfüe, lcrrcsfüe, jhbrkjklfüe bhehrki jh iks prcpfhjkjhs, tcxflfjkj h feaikokdfifjkj jh ics okthrfkihs sce akltcrhs fopcrtkeths quh sh jhdhe lcesfjhrkr. Pcr Pcr hnhopic, he kibuecs k ibuecs kllfjheths jh khrciïehks lcohrlfkihs, icsokthrfkihs muocs tüxflcs mke prcvclkjc oulmks ouhrths ki quhokrsh ec ohtëiflcs he ik lkdfek jh ik khrcekvh.

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Iks prcpfhjkjhs jh okeuaklturk jh ics okthrfkihs jhthrofeke sf sh puhjhe auejfr, acrokr, okqufekr, okqufekr, uefr y trktkr tæroflkoheth lce aklfifjkj (tkdik Hi oætcjc c oætcjcs utfifzkjcs pkrkrhiktfvk prclhskr okthrfkihs heF. k)

\hihllfüe jh Prclhscs jh Okeuaklturk

Auejflfüe> Jh ocijh jhshlmkdih y jh ocijh phrokeheth.

d) Acrokjc y ocijhkjc> Ikofekjc, acrnkjc, hstfrkjc c trhafikjc, acrokjc jh iëofek, ohtkiurbfk jhhxtrusfüe, pcivcs y ocijhc. l)

Zcrehkjc, ehkjc, okejrfekjc, tkikjrkjc, arhskjc, Okqufekjc> Zcr lhpfiikjc, hslkrfkjc y rhltfaflkjc, okqufekjc uitrksüeflc, okqufekjc quïoflc, hiæltrflc y hihltrcquïoflc y okqufekjc pcr rkyc jh kitk hehrbïk7 hstk lkthbcrïk tkodfæe feliuyh hi oflrcokqufekjc, pkrk prcjulfr pkrths jh uitrkprhlfsfüe.

j) Xefüe> \cijkjc, scijkjurk dikejk, scijkjurk auhrth, uefüe pcr

jfausfüe, uefüe pcr kjmhsfvcs y uefüe ohlëeflk

 

h)

Klkdkjc> Kshetkjc, ikpfjkjc, puifjc, sktfekjc, rhdkdhkjc,

trktkofhetc suphraflfki, rhludrfofhetc y lmkphkjc.

\hihllfüe jh Prclhscs jh Okeuaklturk

a)

Ekecakdrflklfüe> ik thlecicbïkheoës kvkezkjk, lkpkz jh prcjulfr pkrths lceHsjfohesfcehs hi efvhi ekec (uek

ofiofiiceæsfok)7 tïpflkoheth lcoprhejh prclhscs lcoc tæleflks jh ktkquh, mklhs jh hihltrcehs y rkycs iëshr. Iks kpiflklfcehs kltukihs sce ik akdrflklfüe jh sfsthoks oflrchihltrcohlëeflcs (OHO\) y sfsthoks ekechihltrcohlëeflcs (EHO\), quh auelfceke he ik ofsok hslkik quh iks ociæluiks dfciübflks.

 

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\hihllfüe jh Prclhscs jh Okeuaklturk

Ik shihllfüe jh ue prclhsc pkrtfluikr jh okeuaklturk, c jh uek shluhelfk jh prclhscs, jhphejh ec süic jh ik acrok k prcjulfr, sfec tkodfæe jh akltcrhs rhiktfvcs k iks prcpfhjkjhs jh ics okthrfkihs. Pcr hnhopic, ics okthrfkihs arëbfihs y jurcs ec sh puhjhe ocijhkr y tkopclc sh ihs puhjh jkr acrok aëlfioheth, kuequh sh puhjhe auejfr, okqufekr c rhltfaflkr. Ics ohtkihs k ics quh sh mk jkjc acrok k thophrkturk kodfheth sh vuhivhe oës auhrths y ohecs jþltfihs quh lcoc hrke keths jh prclhskrics, y pcr ic tketc rhqufhrhe okycrhs auhrzks y sce ohecs acrokdihs jurketh hi prclhskofhetc pcsthrfcr (shluejkrfc).

 

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\hihllfüe jh Prclhscs jh Okeuaklturk

Lkjk prclhsc jh okeuaklturk tfheh sus prcpfks vhetknks y ifoftklfcehs, lkpklfjkjhs jh prcjullfüe y lcstcs lc stcs jh prcjultcs. K oheujc ics febhefhrcs sh vhe cdifbkjcs k duslkr euhvks sciulfcehs k prcdihoks jh okeuaklturk y jh rhjullfüe jh lcstcs. Pcr hnhopic, iks pkrths akdrflkjks lce mcnks ohtëiflks suhihe lcrtkrsh y akdrflkrsh ohjfketh mhrrkofhetks ohlëeflks lcouehs, trcquhihs y oktrflhs. Kuequh kþe sh utfifzke kopifkoheth, kibueks jh hstks cphrklfcehs hstëe sfhejc rhhopikzkjks pcr tæleflks jh lcrth lce iëshr, luyk trkyhltcrfk sh puhjh lcetrcikr, felrhohetkejc ksï ik lkpklfjkj pkrk prcjulfr uek kopifk vkrfhjkj jh acroks lce prhlfsfüe, rhphtftfvk y hlceüoflkoheth, y hifofekejc ik ehlhsfjkj jh trcquhihs y oktrflhs. \fe hodkrbc, lcoc hrk jh hsphrkrsh, ik suphraflfh prcjulfjk pcr hi trcquhikjc tfheh lkrklthrïstflks jfahrheths jh iks prcjulfjks pcr hi lcrth lce iëshr.