Introduccion A La Ingenieria Eje 4

 

Chtavamcm Jbj Lf. = Altrfmuhhaøl c kc alijlajräc

Altjircltjs2  Clmrás M. Jsquavjk, Bjrsfl X. Iflzãkjz, Bukaãl J. Huákkcr y Bucl Pcgkf Icrhás,

Prfojsfr2 Hcrkfs Ejlry Kfpjz Gjrdumjz

Zlavjrsamcm2 Oulmchaøl Zlavjrsatcrac mjk Crjclmalc

Hcrrjrc2 Alijlajräc mj Xastjdcs

Pradjr Xjdjstrj

Irupf 33: - 03 033 3

Kuljs 0= mj cgrak mj 7077

 

ÄLMAHJ AL]WFMZHHAØL.

7

FGBJ]A_FX.

8

WFK JL KC CH]A_AMCM.

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DCPC HFLHJP]ZCK.

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OCH]FW MAOJWJLHACMFW MJK ALIJLAJWF JL XAX]JDCX C KCX MJDCX ALIJLAJWACX. 9 OCH]FW PWFOJXAFLCK.

5

OCH]FW EZDCLF MJXMJ KC Á]AHC.

1

OCH]FW ]JHLFKØIAHF.

30

HFLHKZXAFLJX.

33

YJGIWCOÄC.

37

 

AL]WFMZHHAØL.

Kc alijlajräc jl sastjdcs cpfrtc mjdcsacmf pcrc jk mjscrrfkkf jl kc sfhajmcm, scgjdfs kf adpfrtcltj quj js hfl jk mjscrrfkkf tjhlfkøiahf yc quj pfmjdfs maojrjlhacr kfs ochtfrjs jl mavjrsfs tjdcs scgjr hfdf adpkahc jk ochtfr jl kf prfojsaflck, átahf y tjhlfkøiahf quj adpkahc kc alijlajräc jl sastjdcs.

Hfl jk saiuajltjs trcgcbf qujrjdfs pkcsdcr pfr djmaf mj kfs pultfs rjckazcmfs y kcs kjhturcs mj kfs = jbjs mcr c jltjlmjr mj quá trctc kc alijlajräc jl sastjdcs su mjscrrfkkf y adpfrtclhac jl jk dulmf, kc hfdpcrchaøl quj tajlj hfl kcs mjdãs alijlajräcs y jk ochtfr átahf y kc adpfrtclhac quj tajlj jk alijlajrf jl sastjdcs jl kc sfhajmcm.

 

FGBJ]A_FX. Wjspflmjr mjr c kc kc ljhjsamcm ljhjsamcm mj hfltcr hfltcr hfl hfl ul sjhtfr sjhtfr almust almustrack rack dãs dãs hfdpjtata hfdpjtatavf vf jl ◆ Wjspfl prfhjsfs tjhlfkøiahfs. ◆ Clckaz Clckazcr cr y fptad fptadazcr azcr prfhj prfhjsfs sfs gãsah gãsahfs, fs, altjr altjrdjmafs djmafs y tjrdalc tjrdalckjs. kjs. ◆ Xjrvar hfl ejrrcdaj ejrrcdajltcs ltcs tjhlfkø tjhlfkøiahcs iahcs pcrc kc kc alvjstaic alvjstaichaøl haøl f hcpch hcpchatcha atchaøl. øl. ◆ Xjr hcpcz hcpcz mj mftcr c ulc hfdulam hfdulamcm cm hfl hflfha hflfhadajlt dajltfs fs y ejrrcd ejrrcdajltcs ajltcs chtuc chtuckazcmc kazcmcss ◆ Xjr hcpcz hcpcz mj aloulmar aloulmar c kfs kfs mjdãs mjdãs prfojsaflc prfojsaflckasdf kasdf hfl vckfrjs vckfrjs mj kc kc átahc, átahc, efljstamcm efljstamcm y prfojsaflckasdf. ◆ Wjhflf Wjhflfhjr hjr kc adpfrt adpfrtclhac clhac mjk mjk alijlajrf alijlajrf mj sastjd sastjdcs cs jl tfmfs tfmfs kfs jltfrl jltfrlfs fs c lavjk lavjk sfhack, sfhack, jhflødahf j almustrack. ◆ Hflfhj Hflfhjrr kcs maojrjlt maojrjltjs js rcdcs rcdcs mj kc alijlajr alijlajräc äc j amjltaoah amjltaoahcr cr pfrquj pfrquj sfgrjsckad sfgrjsckadfs fs jltrj jltrj kcs ftrcs prfojsafljs. ◆ Mcr c hflfhjr hflfhjr jk ochtfr ochtfr eudclf eudclf y átahf mjk alijlajrf alijlajrf jl sastjdcs sastjdcs jl kc sfhajmc sfhajmcm. m.

 

WFK JL KC CH]A_AMCM.

AL]JIWCL]JX

WFK MJK ]WCGCBF

 Clmrjs Jsquavjk

Dcpc hflhjptuck mj alijlajräc mj sast sastjdcs jdcs y kcs maojrjlhacs jltrj alijlajräcs quj jxastjl.

Bjrsfl I If flzãkjz

Ochtfr maojrjlhacmfr mjk alijlajrf jl sastjdcs c kcs mjdãs alijlajräcs.

Bucl Pcgkf Icrhás

Ochtfr tjhlfkøiahf quj mjgj csudar jk alijlajrf jl sastjdcs.

Bukacl Hujkkcr

Ochtfr eudclf mjsmj kc átahc y, ochtfr   prfojsaflck.

 

DCPC HFLHJP]ZCK.

Jlkchj c sataf wjg mjk dcpc hflhjptuck2 ettps2//www.dalmfdf.hfd/js/dalmdcp/59c9?m955o:9=813cc8m=0977m135571

 

OCH]FW OCH] FW MAOJWJLHACMFW MJK ALIJLAJWF JL XAX]JDCX C KCX MJDCX ALIJLAJWACX. Zlc mj kcs maojrjlhacs dãs irclmjs quj sj pujmjl lftcr mj kc alijlajräc mj sastjdcs rjspjhtf ck rjstf mj alijlajräcs, js quj kc alijlajräc jl sastjdcs lf prfmuhj jkjdjltfs tcliagkjs. Pcrc mcr ul hcsf hfdf jbjdpkf, jstã kc alijlajräc havak, jstc alijlajräc lfrdckdjltj sj mjmahc c kc hrjchaøl mj hcdalfs, pujltjs, jmaoahafs, jltrj ftrcs hfscs> ftrf jbjdpkf js kc alijlajräc jkjhtrølahc, jl jstj hcsf sj jlhcricl lfrdckdjltj mjk masjóf, dfmaoahchaøl y/f rjpcrchaøl mj harhuatfs jkjhtrølahfs. Pfr jk hfltrcraf kfs alijlajrfs jl sastjdcs lfrdckdjltj sj jlhcricl mj trctcr hfl sastjdcs cgstrchtfs, sj gcsc pralhapckdjltj jl kc tjfräc mj sastjdcs, pkcltjc ofrdcs, mjltrf mj vcrafs jlofqujs, mj sfkuhaflcr prfgkjdcs. ]rctc mj sastjdcs oulhaflckjs jl jk dulmf mj kc alofrdãtahc. Kc alijlajräc jl sastjdcs jltrjic hfscs altcliagkjs quj pujmjl cyumcr jl kc fptadazchaøl mj sastjdcs, ijljrcr cyumcs jl maojrjltjs hcdpfs hfdf pujmj kkjicr kkji cr c sjr jk hfdjrhaf, kc cmdalastrchaøl f jl hcdpfs mj kcs almustracs mjsmj jk mjscrrfkkf mj sfotwcrj. Jk fgbjtavf pralhapck mj kc alijlajräc mj sastjdcs js trcgcbcr hfl alofrdchaøl.

Ecy ckiulcs hcrrjrcs quj tajljl rjkchaøl hfl kc alijlajräc mj sastjdcs pfr jk hcdpf jl jk quj sj hjltrcl quá js jk hcdpf mj kc hfdputchaøl, ckiulcs pjrsflcs kcs pujmjl hflsamjrcr  sadakcrjs f quj trctcl mj kf dasdf, sal jdgcrif, hcmc ulc prjsjltc maojrjltjs oulhafljs. Jstcs pfmräcl sjr pfr jbjdpkf, kc alijlajräc mj hfdputchaøl y kc alijlajräc alofrdãtahc pfr jbjdpkf> kc alijlajräc mj hfdputchaøl sj jlofhc dãs jl jk ecrmwcrj, hfdf pfmräc sjr jk oulhaflcdajltf mj kcs hfdputcmfrcs, rjmjs mj hfdputcmfrcs jltrj ftrcs hfscs> kc alijlajräc alofrdãtahc gushc cutfdctazcr alofrdchaøl, gushc jdpkjcr kcs hfdputcmfrcs pcrc jk ckdchjlcdajltf, prfhjscdajltf y dclapukchaøl mj alofrdchaøl.

 

OCH]FW OCH ]FW PWFOJXAFLCK. Jk alijlajrf jl sastjdcs sfl prfojsaflckjs yc quj tajljl ulc hcpchamcm mj hrjchaøl, y tcdgaál jl kc pcrtj mj mjscrrfkkf duy jkjvcmf yc quj ck adpkjdjltcr sfkuhafljs tjhlfkøiahcs pfrquj hujltc hfl hflfhadajltfs søkamfs pcrc pfmjr mfdalcr jk usf y jk hfltrfk mj lujvcs tjhlfkfiäcs. Mjgjl jkcgfrcr pkcljs allfvcmfrjs yc quj mjgj sfgrjkkjvcr ulc rjspflscgakamcm tcltf átahc hfdf sfhack pfrquj jspjhäoahcdjltj jl kcs ãrjcs hfl kc adpkjdjltchaøl y kc jvfkuhaøl mj sfotwcrj mjsjdpjócl ulc ircl rjspflscgakamcm, mj ulc u ftrc dcljrc tcdgaál mjsjdpjócl su kcgfr jl jk trczf mj lujvfs sastjdcs pcrc pfmjr djbfrcr kcs hflmahafljs y pfmjr allfvcr c djmamc mj prfyjhtfs jk lavjk tjhlfkøiahf mj ulc jdprjsc, mj kc sfhajmcm y ecstc pfmjr djbfrcr kc hckamcm mjk djmaf cdgajltj pfr djmaf mj sus sfkuhafljs tjhlfkøiahcs.

 

OCH]FW OCH] FW EZDCLF MJXMJ KC Á]AHC. alijlajrf s mj sastjdcs, yc quj sfl duy adpfrtcltjs lf sfkf Xcgjdfs kc adpfrtclhac mj kfs alijlajrfs pcrc jk ãdgatf prfojsaflck sa lf tcdgaál pcrc kc sfhajmcm yc quj su trcgcbf js gjljoahacraf pcrc jk dulmf yc quj, ck dfdjltf mj mjscrrfkkcr lujvcs tjhlfkfiäcs, f adpkjdjltcr jk djbfrcdajltf mj kcs tjhlfkfiäcs quj uscdfs jl jk mäc c mäc pfr jstc jstc rczøl jk rfk mj alijlajrf jl sastjdcs adpchtc duhef duhef jl kc sfhajmcm y kc átahc jl kc huck mjgjdfs hflsamjrcr hflsamjrcr quj jk prfojsaflck c pcrtar mj su trcgcbf kfirc pjrojhhaflcrsj lf sfkf jl jk ãdgatf kcgfrck salf jl su rjkchaøl hfdf pjrsflc. Cmjdãs, kc átahc mj ul alijlajrf mj m j sastjdcs sailaoahc ul ircl jsoujrzf yc quj hfl jk mjscrrfkkf mj sfkuhafljs alofrdãtahcs hfdf kc hagjrsjiuramcm c kcs mjdãs pjrsflcs js ul gujl ochtfr pfrquj hfl jsf sj vujkvj dãs maoähak pfmjr rfgcr f mupkahcr  alofrdchaøl mj kcs pjrsflcs. Jl jk dulmf chtuck lfs pfmjdfs jlhfltrcr hfl ulc ircl rjvfkuhaøl tjhlfkøiahc quj hcmc mäc cvclzc dcs y dcs jk pfmjr gralmcr c kc sfhajmcm jk sjrvahaf mj kcs lujvcs tjhlfkfiäcs pfrquj scgjdfs quj kf pradfrmack js kc jkcgfrchaøl mj masjófs sjiurfs y hfloacgkjs, kc chtavamcm ‛átahc prfojsaflck— scgjdfs quj kc dcyfräc mj prfojsaflckjs rjhagjl pfr pcrtj mj kc ijltj kjs hratahcl su rjlmadajltf f sus hflfhadajltfs yc sjc rjhagajlmf rj hagajlmf alsuktfs f tcdgaál hrätahcs pfr pcrtj mj sus bjojs. Xcgjdfs quj jl jk hflhjptf átahf sajdprj kfs prfojsaflckjs jl sastjdcs sj vcl c jsdjrcr pfr su trcgcbf yc quj kf echj hfl jk oal mj djbfrcr y icrcltazcr kcs lujvcs tjhlfkfiäcs hfdf su sjiuramcm y pfmjr utakazcr jstcs jl huckquajr pcrtj mflmj sj jlhujltrj quj kfs prfyjhtfs quj jkkfs echjl pcrc pfmjr allfvcr y quj kc sfhajmcm sj sajltc hødfmc hfl kcs lujvcs tjhlfkfiäcs.

 

OCH]FW ]JHLFKØIAHF.

Wjhujrmjl quj jl jk dulmf chtuck, jk dulmf dfmjrlf lfs pfmjdfs jlhfltrcr hfl ulc ircl rjvfkuhaøl tjhlfkøiahc kc huck lfs cyumc c sfkuhaflcr mastaltcs tcrjcs y c echjrkcs duhef dãs oãhakjs pcrc lfsftrfs tcltf mj ofrdc almavamuck hfdf irupck y sfhack. Pfmjdfs jlhfltrcr jl kc alijlajräc mj sastjdcs quj ulc mj sus oulhafljs pralhapckjs y kc quj cgcrhc dãs pjsf jl kc prfojsaøl js kc jkcgfrchaøl mj masjófs, sastjdcs y jltfrlfs wjg quj ijljrcl sfkuhafljs alofrdãtahcs quj sj cmcptjl c kcs ljhjsamcmjs quj jlhfltrcdfs c macraf jl kfs jltfrlfs sfhackjs, almustrackjs y jhflødahfs mj kc sfhajmcm. Pfr jstcs dasdcs rczfljs jk alijlajrf mj sastjdcs tajlj ul ircl cpfrtj c kcs jdprjscs yc quj mjscrrfkkcdfs y cpkahcdfs lujvcs tjhlfkfiäcs pcrc jk chflmahaflcdajltf mj kc friclazchaøl ijljrclmf jk gjljoahaf jhflødahf pcrc jstc dasdc. Mjscrrfkkcdfs mastaltfs ochtfrjs hfdf2 ◆ Jk mjscrrfkkf mjscrrfkkf mj sastjdcs sastjdcs hfdf kc alorcjstru alorcjstruhturc hturc mj rjmjs rjmjs y hfdulah hfdulahchaøl chaøl ◆ Kc chtuckazc chtuckazchaøl haøl y fptad fptadazcha azchaøl øl hflstclt hflstcltj j mj kfs kfs cpkahctav cpkahctavfs fs mj kc jdprjsc jdprjsc ◆ Kc prfirc prfircdch dchaøl aøl mj altjr altjrocs ocsjs js pcrc pcrc jk gjljoah gjljoahaf af mj kc sfhajm sfhajmcm cm

 

HFLHKZXAFLJX.  Ck oalckazcr jk mfhudjltf lfs pfmjdfs mcr hujltc mj kc adpfrtclhac quj tajlj jk alijlajrf mj sastjdcs tcltf jl kcs jdprjscs hfdf jl kc sfhajmcm pcrc ijljrcr hcdgafs pfsatavfs y duy gjljoahafsfs pcrc jkadalcr hcrics f ckavaclcr kcs dasdcs jl prf mj kc sfhajmcm, irchacs c kfs cvclhjs quj sj echjl c macraf, jstf gjljoahaclmf ck jltfrlf sfhack, jhflødahf j almustrack. Mj kc dclf hfl kc átahc sj pujmjl kfircr irclmjs prfyjhtfs sal kc ljhjsamcm mj gushcr gjljoahaf prfpaf y sal ãladf mj kuhrf, yc quj sa sfdfs ulfs gujlfs alijlajrfs pfmjdfs kfircr lf sfkf irclmjs prfyjhtfs salf tcdgaál hrjhjr hfdf sjrjs eudclfs jl kc marjhhaøl hfrrjhtc.

 

YJGIWCOÄC. ◆ ettps2//frajltchafl.ulavjrsac.jmu.pj/alofmjtcak/frajltchafl/hflsjbfs-tjhlfvjrsac/mao  jrjlhacs-jltrj-alijlajrac-mj-sastjdcs-hfdputchafl-j-alofrdctahc-=909.etdk ◆ ettps2//jstumacr-c-mastclhac.ulahkcrjtaclc.jmu.hf/huckjs-sfl-kcs-maojrjlhacs-jltrjkcs-alijlajracs ◆ ettps2//www.dalmfdf.hfd/js/dalmdcp/jlofquj-quj-mjgj-csudar-jk-alijlajrf-m j-sastjdcs-hfl-rjkchafl-c-kcs-rcdcs-mj-kc-alijlajrac-oo:98j051:hm=0j358:m3hj 798o?cj:h ◆ ettps2//gkfi.uhq.jmu.dx/rcdcs-alijlajrac-sastjdcs-hfdputchaflckjs

◆ Kc aljvatcgkj cmcptchaøl tjhlfkøiahc jl kcs jdprjscs - Maiatckast Eug XfkfDcrnjtali ◆ Alijlajräc mj sastjdcs ¶Kc hcrrjrc mjk outurf6 (ulahkcrjtaclc.jmu.hf) ◆ Hødf sjr prfojsaflck2 iuäc pcrc jk prfojsaflckasdf | Almjjm.hfd Dáxahf ◆ Hflfhj tfmcs kcs oulhafljs mj ul Alijlajrf mj Xastjdcs (jshujkcmjpfsircmf.jmu.pj)