Intro to Computers lols

Prepared by: Engr. Marie Luvett Interino-Goh, MIT

Topics Outline: Prelim Define Computer  Data vs. Information  Types of Computer  Elements of Computer System  Number System 

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 p. 6

How is a computer defined? Computer is an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory.

It accepts data and process it into information. It can store and retrieve data for future use. It can perform arithmetic and logical operations

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Data vs. Information

DATA

Raw facts, figures, and symbols

INFORMATION

Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful p. 6

Types of Computer According to its Purpose  According to its Type of Data Handled  According to its Size 

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According to Purpose General Special / Specific

Personal Computer

ATM (Automated Teller Machine)

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According to Type of Data Handled 

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Analog  e.g. Speedometer Digital  e.g. Desktop Computer Hybrid  e.g. Pulse Monitor

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According to Size Supercomputer Mainframe Workstation Desktop Laptop Notebook, Netbook Tablet PC PDA / Hand-held PC (Personal Digital Assistant)

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According to Size Supercomputer

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are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems involving: quantum physics weather forecasting climate research molecular modeling (computing the structures simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion).

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According to Size Mainframe

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are powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as: census industry and consumer statistics enterprise resource planning financial transaction processing.

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According to Size Workstation is a high-end microcomputer designed for technical or scientific applications.

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Desktop is a personal computer (PC) in a form intended for regular use at a single location.

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According to Size Laptop  Portable, small enough to fit on your lap.

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Notebook / Netbook  Smaller than laptop.

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According to Size Tablet PC 

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Resembles a letter-sized slate Allows you to write on the screen using a digital pen Especially useful for taking notes

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According to Size PDA / Hand-held PC (Personal Digital Assistant) Provides personal organizer functions:  Calendar  Appointment book  Address book  Calculator  Notepad

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According to Size Smart Phones  Is an Internet-enabled telephone that usually provides PDA capabilities

Elements of Computer System Hardware  Software  Peopleware  Dataware  Firmware  Netware 

Hardware is the physical or tangible parts of the computer system

Types:    

Input Devices Output Devices Processing Unit Storage

Hardware 

What is an input device?

 Hardware used to enter data and instructions  Examples:  Keyboard  Mouse  Microphone  Webcam  Digital camera  Scanners and Readers  Flatbed Scanner  Biometrics Scanner  Barcode Reader  OCR / OMR / MICR  RFID Reader  Magnetic Stripe Reader

Biometric Input  

What is biometrics? Authenticates person’s identity by verifying personal characteristic 

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Fingerprint scanner captures curves and indentations of fingerprint Hand geometry system measures shape and size of person’s hand

p. 262 Fig. 5-42 and 5-43

Biometric Input  

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What are examples of biometric technology? Voice verification system compares live speech with stored voice pattern Signature verification system recognizes shape of signature Iris recognition system reads patterns in blood vessels in back of eye

Hardware  

What is an output device? Hardware that conveys / displays information to one or more people

p. 7 Fig. 1-3

Hardware 

Examples of output devices? 

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Monitors  CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)  LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)  Plasma  LED (Light Emitting Diode) DLP (Digital Light Processing) – Multimedia Projector Printers  Types:  Impact (i.e. Dot Matrix, Line Printer)  Non-impact (i.e. Inkjet, Laser, Plotter, Thermal Printers, etc)

Hardware 

Processing Unit

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What is the system unit?

Case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data

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p. 7 Fig. 1-3

Sometimes called the chassis.

The System Unit  

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What are common components inside the system unit? Motherboard Processor Memory Expansion Bus Adapter cards Chipsets IDE Controllers/ Devices Ports Drive bays Power supply

power supply

drive bays

processor

ports

memory

video card

sound card

Motherboard 

Main circuit board

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in system unit Considered to be the physical

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foundation of the computer system Also called

system board / MOBO

Motherboard 

Form Factors Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called computer form factor, some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. Examples:  XT (Extended Technology)  AT (Advanced Technology)  ATX (Advanced Technology Extended)  LPX (Low Profile Extended)  BTX (Balanced Technology Extended)

Processor  

What is the central processing unit (CPU)?

Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer  Control unit directs and coordinates operations in computer Input  Arithmetic logic unit Devices (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations

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Also called the processor

Processor Control Control Unit Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Instructions Data Information

Data

Memory

Information

Instructions Data Information

Storage Devices

Output Devices

Processor 

What is a machine cycle?

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Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle Step 1. Fetch Obtain program instruction or data item from memory

Step 2. Decode

Memory

Step 4. Store

Translate instruction into commands

Write result to memory Processor

ALU

Step 3. Execute Carry out command

Control Unit

Processor 

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What are heat sinks, cooling fans, heat pipes, and liquid cooling? Heat sink—component with fins that absorbs heat generated by the processor Cooling fan - move air across a heatsink to cool a particular component. Heat pipes —smaller device for notebook computers Liquid cooling—uses a continuous flow of fluids to transfer heat away

Processor 

Types of Processor Slots

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PGA (Pin Grid Array)

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SECC ( Single Edge Contact Cartridge\

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LGA ( Land Grid Array)

Processor 

Two leading manufacturers of processors for desktop computers

 INTEL

(Integrated Electronics)

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AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)

Memory 

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Memory is the electronic holding place for instructions and data that your computer's microprocessor can reach quickly. RAM (Random Access Memory) is a volatile-type of memory that act as the primary storage of computer. Types of RAM 

EDO ( Enhanced Data Output)

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SRAM (Static RAM)

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DRAM (Dynamic RAM) 

SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)

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SDR (Single Data Rate)

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DDR (Double Data Rate)

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RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM)

Memory 

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ROM (Read Only Memory) is a class of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to distribute firmware. Types of ROM 

PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

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EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

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EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) 

Flash Card 

Flash Drive

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Memory Cards

Expansion Bus 

An expansion bus It is a collection of wires and protocols that allows for the expansion of a computer 

Types : 

ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)

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EISA (Extended ISA)

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VESA (Video Electronics Standard Association)

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PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

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AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

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PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express)

Expansion Bus 

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An opening, or socket, on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card With Plug and Play, the computer automatically configures cards and other devices as you install them

Expansion Bus

AGP

Expansion/Adapter Cards 

is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard to add functionality to a computer system. 

Types : 

Sound Card

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Video Card

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TV Tuner

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FM Tuner

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NIC (Network Interface Card)

Chipsets

refers to a group of integrated circuits, or chips, that are designed to work together. They are usually marketed as a single product.

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Types : 

Northbridge 

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handles communications among the CPU, RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the southbridge.

Southbridge 

handles the communication between northbridge and Input/Output ports.

IDE Controllers 

IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) is a hardware interface widely used to connect hard disks, optical discs and tape drives to a PC. 

Types : 

PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment)

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SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

Ports and Connectors   

What are ports and connectors? Port connects external devices to system unit Connector joins cable to peripheral  Available in one of two genders: male and female

Ports and Connectors 

What are different types of connectors?

Storage  

What is storage? Holds data, instructions, and information for future use. Types:  Primary Storage – volatile type of storage/memory Examples:  Registers  Cache  RAMs  ROMs

Storage 

Secondary Storage – nonvolatile type of storage/memory Types:  Magnetic Disks (i.e. Hard disk, Floppy disk, Zip disk, etc)  Optical Discs (i.e. Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), Blue ray disc, etc)  Tape  Microfilm and Microfiche

Storage  

What is capacity?

Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold Kilobyte (KB)

1 thousand

Megabyte (MB)

1 million

Gigabyte (GB)

1 billion

Terabyte (TB)

1 trillion

Petabyte (PB)

1 quadrillion

Exabyte (EB)

1 quintillion

Zettabyte (ZB)

1 sextillion

Yottabyte (YB)

1 septillion

Storage/Memory Hierarchy

Storage 

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How do life expectancies of various media compare? Microfilm and microfiche have longest life of any storage media

Software 

is a collection of programs.  A computer program (also a software program, or just a program) is a sequence instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer. Types of Software:  System Software  Application Software

System Software 

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System software serves as interface between the user, application software, and computer’s hardware.

the the the

It consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices.

System Software 

Types of System software  Operating System is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers, manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for execution of various application software. Examples: Windows, Linux, Mac OS  Utility Programs is a kind of system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer. Examples: Disk Defragmenter, Anti-virus, Screen Saver, etc

Application Software 

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a software that is designed and created to perform specific personal, business or scientific processing tasks. Application Software is available in a variety of forms: packaged, custom, open source, shareware, freeware and public domain.

Various forms of Application Software 

Packaged Software - is mass-produced, copyrighted retail software.

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Custom Software - performs functions specific to a business or industry.

 Shareware

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is copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost for a trial period.

 Freeware

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is copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost by an individual or a company that retains all rights to the software.

 Open

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Source Software

is software provided for modification, and redistribution.

use,

- This software has no restrictions from the copyright holder regarding modification of the software’s internal instructions and redistribution of the software.

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Public-domain software - it has been donated for public use and has no copy restrictions. - Anyone can copy or distribute publicdomain software to others at no cost.

Peopleware Peopleware can refer to anything that has to do with the role of people in the development or use of computer software and hardware systems.  Refers to the users of computers. 

Dataware is information in a form suitable for use with a computer.  is a collection of data. Types: 

 Softcopy

is an electronic copy.  Hardcopy

refers to printed results.

Firmware is a combination of software and hardware which is also known as chipset.  Computer chips (ROMs) that have data or programs recorded on them are firmware. 

Netware The term Netware used in this discussion refers to the Network Peripherals.  Examples: 

 Modem

 Cables (UTP, Coaxial, Fiber Optics)  Hub  Router

 RJ 45