Intl Copyright Pil 2004

International Copyright Law William Fisher  June 23, 2004

© 2004. 2004. All rights reserved.

The Sectors of Intellectual Property Law

Patent

The Sectors of Intellectual Property Law

Copyright

Patent

The Sectors of Intellectual Property Law

Copyright

Patent

Trademark & Unfair Competition

The Sectors of Intellectual Property Law

Copyright

Right of  Publicity

Patent

Trademark & Unfair Competition

The Sectors of Intellectual Property Law

Copyright

Right of  Publicity

Patent

Trademark & Unfair Competition

Trade Secrets

Intellectual Property Protection for Industrial Designs

Copyright

Patent

Copyrights for Useful Objects

Right of  Publicity

Trademark & Unfair Competition

Trade Secrets

Intellectual Property Protection for Industrial Designs

Copyright

Patent Design Patents

Right of  Publicity

Trademark & Unfair Competition

Trade Secrets

Intellectual Property Protection for Industrial Designs

Copyright

Right of  Publicity

Patent

Trademark & Unfair Competition

Trade Dress

Trade Secrets

Intellectual Property Protection for Industrial Designs

Copyright

Patent Design Patents

Copyrights for Useful Objects

Right of  Publicity

Trademark & Unfair Competition

Trade Dress

Trade Secrets

The Sectors of Intellectual Property Law

Copyright

Right of  Publicity

Patent

Trademark & Unfair Competition

Trade Secrets

Basic Copyright Law • Long-term, medium protection for “original forms of expression” • “Original” = independently created + minimal degree of creativity ( Feist ) • “Original” does not require novelty, aesthetic merit, or truth

Examples of Things Protected by Copyright • • • • • • • • • •

literary works; musical works; dramatic works; pantomimes and choreographic works; pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works; motion pictures and audiovisual works; sound recordings; architectural works; compilations computer programs

Idea/Expression Distinction • Not copyrightable

• Copyrightable

 –  Ideas

 – Expression

 –  Facts

 – detailed plots

 –  "truths of a science"

 –  "methods of an art"  –  "system of bookkeeping"  –  generic plots  –  generic characters

 –  research

 – distinctive characters

Statutory Entitlements (1) Reproduction (2) Derivative Works (3) First Distribution (4) Public Performance (5) Public Display

Proving Infringement • Copying  – Defendant’s admission  –  Evidence of access + similarities  – “striking similarity”

 –  common errors

• “Improper Appropriation”  – “substantial similarity of expression”  –  lay audience test  –  scenes a faire doctrine

Fair Use Doctrine Supreme-Court Case Law • Sony v. Universal City Studios (1984)

Compensation System for Network Broadcasts of Copyrighted Programs

Studios Hold copyrights in movies & shows

Compensation System for Network Broadcasts of Copyrighted Programs

broadcast licenses

Networks

Studios Hold copyrights in movies & shows

Compensation System for Network Broadcasts of Copyrighted Programs

broadcast licenses

Networks

free programming (with embedded ads)

Public

Studios

Compensation System for Network Broadcasts of Copyrighted Programs

broadcast licenses

Advertisers Networks higher prices for products

free programming (with embedded ads)

Public

Studios

Compensation System for Network Broadcasts of Copyrighted Programs

broadcast licenses

Advertisers price of ads

Networks higher prices for products

free programming (with embedded ads)

Public

Studios

Compensation System for Network Broadcasts of Copyrighted Programs

broadcast licenses

Advertisers price of ads

Networks higher prices for products

license fees

free programming (with embedded ads)

Public

Studios

Compensation System for Network Broadcasts of Copyrighted Programs

broadcast licenses

Advertisers price of ads

Networks higher prices for products

Studios

license fees

free programming (with embedded ads)

Public VCRs cost of VCRs

Sony

Compensation System for Network Broadcasts of Copyrighted Programs

broadcast licenses

Advertisers price of ads

Networks higher prices for products

Studios

license fees

free programming (with embedded ads)

Public VCRs cost of VCRs

Sony

Compensation System for Network Broadcasts of Copyrighted Programs

broadcast licenses

Advertisers price of ads

Networks higher prices for products

Studios

license fees

free programming (with embedded ads)

Public VCRs cost of VCRs

Sony

Compensation System for Network Broadcasts of Copyrighted Programs

broadcast licenses

Advertisers price of ads

Networks higher prices for products

Studios

license fees

free programming (with embedded ads)

Public VCRs cost of VCRs

Sony

Compensation System for Network Broadcasts of Copyrighted Programs

broadcast licenses

Advertisers price of ads

Networks higher prices for products

Studios

license fees

free programming (with embedded ads)

Public VCRs cost of VCRs

Sony

Compensation System for Network Broadcasts of Copyrighted Programs

broadcast licenses

Advertisers price of ads

Networks higher prices for products

Studios

license fees

free programming (with embedded ads)

?

Public VCRs cost of VCRs

Sony

Fair Use Doctrine Supreme-Court Case Law • Sony v. Universal City Studios (1984)  –  time shifting is fair use  –  manufacturing VCRs is not contributory copyright infringement

• Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985)  – reproducing juicy excerpts of Ford’s autobiography is not fair use

• Campbell v. Acuff-Rose (1994)  – rap parody of “Oh, Pretty Woman” is fair use

Fair Use Doctrine • Purpose and Character of the Use  –  commercial use disfavored  –  transformative uses preferred  –  parody strongly preferred  – propriety of defendant’s conduct relevant

•  Nature of the Copyrighted Work   –  fictional works/factual works

 –  unpublished/published

Intensity of Copyright Protection

Intensity of Copyright Protection

Intensity of Copyright Protection

unpublished

published

Intensity of Copyright Protection

fact

unpublished fiction

published

Fair Use Doctrine • Purpose and Character of the Use  –  commercial use disfavored  –  transformative uses preferred  –   parody strongly preferred  – propriety of defendant’s conduct relevant

•  Nature of the Copyrighted Work   –  fictional works/factual works  –  unpublished/published

• Amount and importance of the portion used • Impact on Potential Market  – rival definitions of “potential market”  –  only substitution effects are cognizable

Topics • Basic Copyright Law • International Copyright Agreements • Case Studies  – Software Protection  – Database Protection  – Moral Rights

Topics • Basic Copyright Law • International Copyright Agreements • Case Studies  – Software Protection  – Database Protection  – Moral Rights

Major Agreements (Potentially) Global Agreements:     

Berne Convention (1886-1971) Universal Copyright Convention (1952) WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996) TRIPS (1994) Rome Convention (1961)

Regional Agreements 

EC Directives   NAFTA (1992)

Bilateral Agreements 

E.g., US/Germany –  Atlas

Films

Berne Convention -- chronology • 1858-1885: Preliminary negotiation • 1886: Original Berne Convention (10 countries) • 1896: Paris Revision (13) • 1908: Berlin Revision (18) • 1914: Berne Revision (27) • 1928: Rome Revision (36) • 1948: Brussels Revision (37) • 1967: Stockholm Revision (59) • 1971: Paris Revision (63)

10 countries

Berne Convention -- 1886 •  National treatment  –  Signatories give citizens of other signatories same treatment as their own citizens

 –  Except as to term of protection

• Protected Works:  –  books; pamphlets; drama; music; design; painting; sculpture; maps; 3D works in geography and architecture

 –  No protection for photos; political articles; news

• Exclusive rights:  –  10-year translation right

13 countries

Berne Convention -- 1896 •  National treatment  –  Signatories give citizens of other signatories same treatment as their own citizens

 –  Except as to term of protection

• Protected Works:  –  books; pamphlets; drama; music; design; painting; sculpture; maps; 3D works in geography and architecture

 –  No protection for photos; political articles; news

• Exclusive rights:  –  translation right for term of original work 

18 countries

Berne Convention -- 1908 •  National treatment  –  Signatories give citizens of other signatories same treatment as their own citizens  –  Except as to term of protection

• No formalities as condition of protection • Protected Works:  –   books; pamphlets; drama; music; design; painting; sculpture; maps; 3D works in geography and architecture; photos; choreography; architecture  –   No protection for political articles; news

• Exclusive rights:  –  translation right for term of original work; recording right for music; cinematograhic right

27 countries

Berne Convention -- 1914 •  National treatment  –  Signatories give citizens of other signatories same treatment as their own citizens  –  Except as to term of protection  –  Discrimination against authors from non-member countries permitted •  No formalities as condition of protection • Protected Works:  –   books; pamphlets; drama; music; design; painting; sculpture; maps; 3D works in geography and architecture; photos; choreography; architecture  –   No protection for political articles; news • Exclusive rights:  –  translation right for term of original work; recording right for music; cinematograhic right

36 countries

Berne Convention -- 1928 •  National treatment  –  Signatories give citizens of other signatories same treatment as their own citizens  –  Except as to term of protection  –  Discrimination against authors from non-member countries  permitted •  No formalities as condition of protection • Protected Works:  –   books; pamphlets; drama; music; design; painting; sculpture; maps; 3D works in geography and architecture; photos; choreography; architecture; lectures  –   No protection for political articles; news • Exclusive rights:  –  translation right for term of original work; recording right for music; cinematograhic right; moral right; broadcasting right; adaptation right

36 countries

Berne Convention -- 1928 •  National treatment  –  Signatories give citizens of other signatories same treatment as their own citizens  –  Except as to term of protection  –  Discrimination against authors from non-member countries  permitted •  No formalities as condition of protection • Protected Works:  –   books; pamphlets; drama; music; design; painting; sculpture; maps; 3D works in geography and architecture; photos; choreography; architecture; lectures  –   No protection for political articles; news • Exclusive rights:  –  translation right for term of original work; recording right for music; cinematograhic right; moral right; broadcasting right; adaptation right

Varieties of “Moral Rights” • Integrity • Attribution • Divulgation • Withdrawal • Droit de Suite

Article 6 bis of the Berne Convention: “Independently of the author's economic rights, and even after the transfer of the said rights, the author shall have the right to claim authorship of the work and to object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to, the said work, which would  be prejudicial to his honor hono r or reputation.”

36 countries

Bern Bernee Con Conve vent ntio ion n -- 1928 1928 •  National treatment treatment  –  Signatories give citizens of other signatories same treatment as their own citizens  –  Except as to term of protection  –  Discrimination against authors from non-member countries  permitted •  No formalities as condition of protection • Protected Protecte d Works: Works:  –   books; pamphlets; pamphlets; drama; drama; music; design; design; painting; sculpture; maps; 3D works in geography and architecture; photos; choreography; architecture; lectures  –   No protection for political articles; news news • Exclusive rights:  –  translation right for term of original work; recording right for music; cinematograhic right; moral right; broadcasting right; adaptation right

37 countries

Bern Bernee Con Conve vent ntio ion n -- 1948 1948 •  National treatment treatment  –  Signatories give citizens of other signatories same treatment as their own citizens  –  Discrimination against authors from non-member countries  permitted •  No formalities as condition of protection • Protected Protecte d Works: Works:  –   books; pamphlets; pamphlets; drama; music; design; painting; sculpture; sculpture; maps; maps; 3D works in geography and architecture; photos; choreography; architecture; lectures  –   No protection for political articles; news news • Exclusive rights:  –  translation right for term of original work; recording right for music; cinematograhic right; moral right; broadcasting right (TV); adaptation right; public performance right; optional droit de suite • Minimum term: LOA + 50 years

59 countries

Berne Convention -- 1967 •  National treatment  –  Signatories give citizens of other signatories same treatment as their own citizens   e   c  –  Discrimination against authors from non-member countries   n  permitted   a    t   s •  No formalities as condition of protection    b • Protected Works:   u   s   n  –   books; pamphlets; drama; music; design; painting; sculpture; maps;   o 3D works in geography and architecture; photos; choreography;   e architecture; lectures    t   a  –   No protection for political articles; news   m• Exclusive rights:   e    l   a  –  translation right for term of original work; recording right for    t    S music; cinematograhic right; moral right; broadcasting right (TV); adaptation right; public performance right; optional droit de suite • Minimum term: LOA + 50 years • Formation of WIPO

63 countries

Berne Convention -- 1971 •  National treatment  –  Signatories give citizens of other signatories same treatment as their own citizens  –  Discrimination against authors from non-member countries permitted •  No formalities as condition of protection • Protected Works:  –   books; pamphlets; drama; music; design; painting; sculpture; maps; 3D works in geography and architecture; photos; choreography; architecture; lectures; folklore; legitimation system for films  –   No protection for political articles; news • Exclusive rights:  –  translation right for term of original work; recording right for music; cinematograhic right; moral right; broadcasting right (TV); adaptation right;  public performance right; optional droit de suite; reproduction right • Minimum term: LOA + 50 years • Formation of WIPO

63 countries

Berne Convention -- 1979 •  National treatment  –  Signatories give citizens of other signatories same treatment as their own citizens  –  Discrimination against authors from non-member countries permitted •  No formalities as condition of protection • Protected Works:  –   books; pamphlets; drama; music; design; painting; sculpture; maps; 3D works in geography and architecture; photos; choreography; architecture; lectures; folklore; legitimation system for films  –   No protection for political articles; news • Exclusive rights:  –  translation right for term of original work; recording right for music; cinematograhic right; moral right; broadcasting right (TV); adaptation right;  public performance right; optional droit de suite; reproduction right • Minimum term: LOA + 50 years • Formation of WIPO

http://www.wipo.org/treaties/ip/berne/index.html

currently 150 countries

Berne Convention -- 1979 •  National treatment  –  Signatories give citizens of other signatories same treatment as their own citizens  –  Discrimination against authors from non-member countries permitted •  No formalities as condition of protection • Protected Works:  –   books; pamphlets; drama; music; design; painting; sculpture; maps; 3D works in geography and architecture; photos; choreography; architecture; lectures; folklore; legitimation system for films  –   No protection for political articles; news • Exclusive rights:  –  translation right for term of original work; recording right for music; cinematograhic right; moral right; broadcasting right (TV); adaptation right;  public performance right; optional droit de suite; reproduction right • Minimum term: LOA + 50 years • Formation of WIPO

http://www2.unesco.org/clt-bv/html_eng/01universalcopy.htm

36 countries

Universal Copyright Convention (1952; revised 1971) •  National Treatment principle • Members must provide “adequate and effective  protection” for copyright • Formalities permitted as precondition for  protection • Minimum term: LOA + 25 • Exceptions permitted that do not “that do not conflict with the spirit and provisions of this Convention”

40 countries

Rome Convention (1961) •  National Treatment principle • Performers’ rights include: broadcast of a  performance; fixation of a performance; reproduction of a fixation • Producers of phonograms have exclusive rights to reproduce them • Broadcasters have exclusive rights to fix or reproduce fixations of their broadcasts • Article 12: Performers and producers must be  paid “equitable remuneration” when phonograms are broadcast Minimum term: 20

http://www.wipo.org/treaties/ip/rome/

currently 76 countries

Rome Convention (1961) •  National Treatment principle • Performers’ rights include: broadcast of a  performance; fixation of a performance; reproduction of a fixation • Producers of phonograms have exclusive rights to reproduce them • Broadcasters have exclusive rights to fix or reproduce fixations of their broadcasts • Article 12: Performers and producers must be  paid “equitable remuneration” when phonograms are broadcast Minimum term: 20

Other “Neighboring Rights” Agreements • Geneva Phonograms Convention (1971) • Brussels Satellite Convention (1974) • WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (1996)

currently 146 countries

TRIPS -- Copyright • Article 9:  – Incorporate Berne Convention, Arts. 1-21, except 6bis  – Idea/expression distinction

• Article 10:  – Computer programs protected (both source and object code)  – Intellectually creative aspects of databases  protected – not data itself 

currently 146 countries

TRIPS -- Copyright • Article 11:  – Authors of computer programs and films may authorize or forbid commercial rentals

• Article 12:  – Minimum terms for works not tied to LOA is 50 years

• Article 13:  – Exceptions shall be limited to cases that do not conflict with normal exploitation or unreasonably prejudice legitimate interests

currently 146 countries

TRIPS -- Copyright • Article 14:  – Performers control fixation and broadcasts  – Producers of phonograms control reproduction and commercial rentals  – Broadcasters control fixation, reproduction, rebroadcasts  – Performers and producers get minimum term of  protection of 50 years  – Exceptions permitted to extent of Rome Convention

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

Territoriality Principle Treatment of “works for hire”; Priority rules

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

 Feist (US) Tele-Direct  (Canada)

Schricker (Germany)

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

Territoriality Principle --Atlas Film

(Germany)

UCC, art. IV Berne, art. 7(8) EC Term Directive --LOA + 70

Sonny Bono --LOA + 70; Eldred 

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

Utility Models; Conceptual Separability; Overlap with creativity requirements

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

Utility Models; Conceptual Separability; Overlap with creativity requirements

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

CONTU (US) EC Software Directive TRIPS Art. 10

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

Berne Arts. 2, 11bis Rome Art. 12; 1992 EC Directive; DPRA & DMCA (US) CARP (US)

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

European blanktape systems; Sound recordings

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

Germany, Japan, & US withhold © Great Britain: Crown and Parliamentary copyright

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

Is TRIPs compatible with US fair use? Should TRIPs mandate fair use?

Fair Use? Berne Convention, Article 10 (1) It shall be permissible to make quotations from a work which has already  been lawfully made available to the public, provided that their making is compatible with fair practice, and their extent does not exceed that  justified by the purpose, including quotations from newspaper articles and  periodicals in the form of press summaries. (2) It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union, and for special agreements existing or to be concluded between them, to permit the utilization, to the extent justified by the purpose, of literary or artistic works by way of illustration in publications, broadcasts or sound or visual recordings for teaching, provided such utilization is compatible with fair  practice.

Fair Use? Berne Convention, Article 10 (1) It shall shall be permissibl permissiblee to make make quotations quotations from a work which which has already already  been lawfully made available to the public, provided that their making is compatible with fair practice, and their extent does not exceed that  justified by the purpose, including quotations quotations from newspaper articles articles and  periodicals in the form of press summaries. summaries. (2) It shall be a matter matter for legislation in the countries of of the Union, and for special agreements existing or to be concluded between them, to permit to permit the utilization, to the extent justified by the purpose, of literary or artistic works by way of illustration illustration in publications, broadcasts or sound or visual recordings for teaching, provided such utilization is compatible with fair  practice.

Fair Use? Berne Convention, Article 10bis (1) It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to permit the reproduction by the press, the broadcasting or the communication to the public by wire, of articles published in newspapers or periodicals on current economic,  political or religious topics, topics, and of broadcast works of the same same character, character, in cases in which the reproduction, broadcasting broadcasting or such communication thereof is not expressly reserved. Nevertheless, the source must always be clearly indicated; the legal consequences of a breach of this obligation shall be determined by the legislation of the country where protection is claimed. (2) It shall also be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to determine the conditions under which, for the purpose of reporting current events by means of photography, photography, cinematography, cinematography, broadcasting or communication to the public by wire,literary or artistic works seen or heard in the course of the event may, may, to the extent justified by the informatory purpose, be reproduced and made available to the public.

Fair Use? Berne Convention, Article 10bis (1) It shall be a matter matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to permit the reproduction by the press, the broadcasting or the communication to the public by wire, of articles published articles published in newspapers newspapers or periodicals on current economic,  political or religious topics, topics, and of broadcast works of the same same character, character, in cases cases in which the reproduction, broadcasting broadcasting or such communication thereof is not expressly reserved. Nevertheless, the source must always be clearly indicated; the legal consequences of a breach of this obligation shall be determined by the legislation of the country where protection is claimed. (2) It shall also be a matter for legislation legislation in the countries of the Union to determ determine ine the conditions under which, for the purpose purpose of reporting current events by means of photography, photography, cinematography, cinematography, broadcasting or communication to the public by wire,literary or artistic artistic works seen or heard in the course of the event may, may, to the extent justified by the informatory purpose, be reproduced and made available to the public.

Fair Use? TRIPS, Article 13 Members shall confine limitations or exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

Is TRIPs compatible With US fair use? Should TRIPs Mandate fair use?

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

Issues include: Duration; Alienability; Preconditions to integrity right; Responsibility of heirs/devisees

Berne 6bis TRIPS exclusion

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

Sore Spots in International Copyright Law • • • • • • • • • •

Authorship Creativity Duration Useful Objects Software Public Performances  Neighboring Rights Government documents Fair Use Moral Rights

drive toward harmonization  by selecting most author-protective option on each issue

Possible Goals of International Copyright • Political Democracy (Netanel) • Economic Efficiency  –  Reducing barriers to free trade

• Cultural Vitality  –  Semiotic democracy

• Distributive Justice  –  Distribute justice across countries  –  Egalitarianism (economic democracy)

 – Respect artists’ rights  –  Respect natural rights

• Universal Right to education

Dahl’s definition of Political Democracy 1. Elected officials govern 2. Frequent and fair elections 3. Universal adult suffrage 4. Universal qualification for elective office 5. Freedom of expression 6. Available alternative sources of information 7. Freedom of association

Dahl’s definition of Political Democracy 1. Elected officials govern 2. Frequent and fair elections 3. Universal adult suffrage 4. Universal qualification for elective office 5. Freedom of expression 6. Available alternative sources of information 7. Freedom of association

Possible Causal Connections Democracyenhancing Democracyconsolidating Democracyinducing

Possible Causal Connections Democracyenhancing Democracyconsolidating Democracyinducing

Impact of Copyright • Foster free flow of information and diversity of expression • Promote independent sector of artists &  publishers • Venerate individual innovation and expression

Possible Causal Connections Impact of Copyright

Democracyenhancing Democracyconsolidating Democracyinducing

? ? ?

• Foster free flow of information and diversity of expression • Promote independent sector of artists &  publishers • Venerate individual innovation and expression

Embodiments of the “Democratic Entitlement” • • • • • • • •

ICCPR  ECHR  Charter of OAS ACHR  Africa African n Char Charter ter on Human Human and and People People’’s Righ Rights ts Charter of Paris Moscow Document International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)

Implications of the Democracy / Free Speech Principles • Compel countries not members of Berne or WTO to adopt copyright systems • Mandatory limits on copyright:  –  Temporal limits  –  Idea/fact/expression distinction  –  Some fair-use exceptions  –  Exception for transient, incidental reproduction  –  No  –  No prior restraints or punitive damages damages

• Interpret Berne/TRIPS provisions  –  E.g., Art. 13  – Permissible “cultural exceptions” exceptions”

Legal Protection for Databases

What is a Database? • WIPO Draft Treaty Definition: “‘database’ means a collection of independent works, data or other materials arranged in a systematic or methodical way and capable of being individually accessed by electronic or other means” • Examples:  –  nationwide telephone directory  –  compilation of financial data on companies  –  Lexis/Nexis compilation of public-domain materials

Possible Sources of Legal Protection • Copyright • Misappropriation Doctrine • Contract • Sui Generis Legislation or Treaty • Encryption/Anti-“Black Box” Legislation • Trespass Doctrine • Branding – e.g., Lexis; Westlaw

Possible Sources of Legal Protection • Copyright • Misappropriation Doctrine • Contract • Sui Generis Legislation or Treaty • Encryption/Anti-“Black Box” Legislation • Trespass Doctrine • Branding – e.g., Lexis; Westlaw

To secure copyright protection for a database, one must show: • DB is within subject matter coverage • DB is fixed in a tangible medium of expression • DB is sufficiently “original”  –  Feist  problem  – TRIPS Article 10(2)

Possible Sources of Legal Protection • Copyright • Misappropriation Doctrine • Contract • Sui Generis Legislation or Treaty • Encryption/Anti-“Black Box” Legislation • Trespass Doctrine • Branding – e.g., Lexis; Westlaw

INS v. AP (1918) Constriction • Cheney Bros. (CA2 1929)

• Erie RR (1938)

•  NFL v. Del. (1977)

•  NBA (1997) • Alcatel (1999)

Expansion

• Radio broadcast cases (1932-1955) • Metropolitan Opera (NY 1950) • Pottstown News (PA 1963) • Bond Buyer (NY 1966) • Dow Jones (Ill 1983) • US Sporting Products (Tex 1993) • Lynch, Jones (NY 1998) • Internet “framing” cases?

Facts of NBA (1997)  NBA game

Facts of NBA (1997)  NBA game

Live audience TV audience

Radio Audience

Facts of NBA (1997)  NBA game

Live audience TV audience (STATS reporters)

Radio Audience (STATS reporters)

Facts of NBA (1997)  NBA game

Live audience TV audience (STATS reporters)

Radio Audience (STATS reporters)

STATS computer 

Facts of NBA (1997)  NBA game

Live audience TV audience (STATS reporters)

Radio Audience (STATS reporters)

STATS computer  Satellite

Facts of NBA (1997)  NBA game

Live audience TV audience (STATS reporters)

Radio Audience (STATS reporters)

Motorola pagers Satellite

STATS computer 

Facts of NBA (1997)  NBA game

Live audience TV audience (STATS reporters)

Radio Audience (STATS reporters)

Users

Motorola pagers Satellite

STATS computer 

 NBA (CA2 1997) A “hot news” misappropriation claim survives  preemption iff: P generates or creates information at some • cost Information is highly time-sensitive • • D “free rides” on P’s efforts • D competes directly with P such free-riding would threaten the existence • or quality of the service P provides

Possible Sources of Legal Protection • Copyright • Misappropriation Doctrine • Contract • Sui Generis Legislation or Treaty • Encryption/Anti-“Black Box” Legislation • Trespass Doctrine • Branding – e.g., Lexis; Westlaw

Contract • Use Restrictions in Ordinary Contracts or Licenses • Shrink-wrap licenses  – ProCD

Excerpt from Martindale-Hubbell Website "You are hereby granted a nonexclusive, nontransferable, limited license to view, reproduce, print, and distribute insignificant portions of materials retrieved from this Site  provided (a) it is used only for informational, noncommercial purposes, (b) you do not remove or obscure the copyright notice or other notices. Except as expressly  provided above, no part of this Site, including but not limited to materials retrieved therefrom and the underlying code, may be reproduced, republished, copied, transmitted, or distributed in any form or by any means. In no event shall materials from this Site be stored in any information storage and retrieval system without prior written  permission Martindale-Hubbell."

Excerpt from Martindale-Hubbell Website "You are hereby granted a nonexclusive, nontransferable, limited license to view, reproduce, print, and distribute insignificant portions of materials retrieved from this Site  provided (a) it is used only for informational, noncommercial purposes, (b) you do not remove or obscure the copyright notice or other notices. Except as expressly  provided above, no part of this Site, including but not limited to materials retrieved therefrom and the underlying code, may be reproduced, republished, copied, transmitted, or distributed in any form or by any means. In no event shall materials from this Site be stored in any information storage and retrieval system without prior written  permission Martindale-Hubbell."

Limitations of Contractual Protection Creator 

contract with valid restraints on use and alienation

Purchaser 

Limitations of Contractual Protection Creator 

contract with valid restraints on use and alienation

Purchaser 

Rival conveyance without restrictions

Limitations of Contractual Protection Creator 

contract with valid restraints on use and alienation

Purchaser 

Rival conveyance without restrictions

distribution --e.g., over

Public

Limitations of Contractual Protection Creator 

contract with valid restraints on use and alienation

 breach of contract (damages and injunction)

Purchaser 

Rival conveyance without restrictions

distribution --e.g., over

Public

Limitations of Contractual Protection claim for tortious interference with contractual relations?

Creator 

contract with valid restraints on use and alienation

Purchaser 

Rival conveyance without restrictions

distribution --e.g., over

Public

Limitations of Contractual Protection  No practical remedy

Creator 

contract with valid restraints on use and alienation

Purchaser 

Rival conveyance without restrictions

distribution --e.g., over

Public

Possible Sources of Legal Protection • Copyright • Misappropriation Doctrine • Contract • Sui Generis Legislation or Treaty • Encryption/Anti-“Black Box” Legislation • Trespass Doctrine • Branding – e.g., Lexis; Westlaw

Efforts to Secure Sui Generis Protection • EC Directive 96/9 • Federal legislation in the United States

EEC EEC Dire Direct ctiv ivee 96/9 96/9 -- Cove Covera rage ge • Applies to any “collection of independent works, data or other materials arranged in a systematic sy stematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means." • Plai Plaint ntif ifff mus mustt prov prove: e: “th “that at the there re has has bee been n qualitatively and/or quantitatively a substantial investment in either the obtaining, verification or  presentation of the contents” contents”

EC Direct Directive ive 96/9 96/9 -- Entitl Entitleme ements nts •  No unauthorized extraction or reutilization of any part of the database

EC Directive 96/9 -- Entitlements •  No unauthorized extraction or reutilization of any part of the database

EC Directive 96/9 -- Entitlements •   “Extraction” = “the permanent or temporary transfer of all or a substantial part of the contents of a database to another medium by any means or in any form” •   “Reutilization” = “any form of making available to the public all or a substantial part of the contents of a database by the distribution of copies, by renting, by on-line or other forms of transmission.”

EC Directive 96/9 -- Entitlements •  No unauthorized extraction or reutilization of any part of the database •  No first-sale doctrine •  No compulsory licenses

EC Directive 96/9 -- Privileges • Copying of “insubstantial” portions for any  purpose  – unless it conflicts with the “normal exploitation” of the DB

• Member states may permit extraction or reutilization for noncommercial teaching or scientific research if credit is given • Member states may permit extraction or reutilization of “substantial” portions for “private purposes”

EC Directive 96/9 -- Duration • 15 years • additional 15 years each time the database is “substantially modified”

Proposals for American SuiGeneris Legislation • 104th Congress: Database Investment and Intellectual Property Antipiracy Act of 1996 • 105th Congress: HR 2652 passed the House; S 2291 died in Senate • 106th Congress: Two House bills pending:  – HR 354: Collections of Information Antipiracy Act, introduced 1/19/99; approved by House Judiciary Comm.  – HR 1858: Comsumer and Investor Access to Information Act of 1999, introduced 5/19/99

H.R. 354 • Protected databases include: information that has been collected and has been organized for the purpose of bringing discrete items of information together in one place or through one source so that users may access them  – specific exception for works of narrative literary prose, but inclusion of collections of such works

H.R. 1858 • Protected databases include: a collection of discrete items of information that have been collected and organized in a single place, or in such a way as to be accessible through a single source, through the investment of substantial monetary or other resources, for the purpose of providing access to those discrete items of information by users of the database.  –  However, a discrete section of a database that contains multiple discrete items of information may also be treated as a database.

H.R. 354 • Information: facts, data, works of   authorship or any other intangible material capable of being gathered and organized in a systematic way  –  specifically includes works of authorship in definition, but states that it does not provide any greater protection than copyright to works of authorship included in collections, other than a work that is itself a collection

H.R. 1858 • Information: facts, data, or any other intangible material capable of being collected or organized in a systematic way, with the exception of works of authorship

H.R. 354 • Exclusions:  – Government databases  – real-time market information  – computer programs  – databases for facilitating digital online communications

H.R. 1858 • Exclusions:  –  Government databases  –  computer programs  –  databases to facilitate internet communications

 –  Nonprotectable subject matter: individual ideas, facts,  procedures, systems, methods of operation, concepts,  principles or discoveries  –  Preexisting databases

 –  Works of authorship

H.R. 354 • Prohibitions:  – Making available or extracting to make available all or a substantial part of a collection of information, causing material harm to the  primary or related market for the product of the other party or a successor in interest  – Extraction of a substantial part of a collection of information so as to cause material harm to the primary market

H.R. 354 • Prohibitions:  – Making available or extracting to make available all or a substantial part of a collection of information, causing material harm to the  primary or related market for the product of the other party or a successor in interest  – Extraction of a substantial part of a collection of information so as to cause material harm to the primary market

H.R. 354 • Primary market: all markets in which the product is offered or in which the party derives or reasonably expects to derive direct or indirect revenue • Related market: [1] any market in which similar    products are offered and in which the parties offering similar products derive or expect to derive direct or   indirect revenue or [2] any market in which the  protected party has taken demonstrable steps to offer a  product within a short period of time and with the reasonable expectation to derive direct or indirect revenue

H.R. 1858 • Prohibition:  – Distribution of duplicates: sale or distribution to the public of a database that is the duplicate of a database (substantially the same database made by extracting the information from the original) collected and organized by another  person, in competition with that other database.

H.R. 1858 • Prohibition:  – Distribution of duplicates: sale or distribution to the public of a database that is the duplicate of a database (substantially the same database made by extracting the information from the original) collected and organized by another  person, in competition with that other database.

H.R. 1858 • In competition with: the duplicate database displaces substantial sales or licenses of the original database and significantly threatens the opportunity to recover a return on the investment in the collecting and organizing of the database

H.R. 354 • Privileges:  – Use of Individual items of information or   insubstantial portions of the compilation  – The lawful owner of a copy of the original collection may sell or transfer that copy  –  News reporting  –  Nonprofit educational, scientific or research  purposes that do not materially harm the  primary market

H.R. 354 • Privileges:  – Reasonable use for illustration, explanation, example, comment, criticism, teaching, research or  analysis commercial

or nonprofit purpose amount extracted appropriate to purpose good faith extent of incorporation into an independent work and degree of difference between independent and original works development for and marketing in the same field as the original

H.R. 1858 • Privileges:  –  News reporting (except time-sensitive material collected by a news reporting entity when use is  part of a consistent pattern of activity engaged in for the purpose of direct competition)  – Scientific, educational or research purposes, if  not a consistent pattern engaged in for the  purposes of direct commercial competition

H.R. 354 • Term: Protection of information ends 15 years after original collection was first offered in commerce, with no extension for later changes to collection; burden of proof is on plaintiff to show that portion of collection to be protected is no more than 15 years old

H.R. 1858 • Term: No term of protection specified

Lobbying for H.R. 354 Pro

Anti

•  NYSE

• Chamber of Commerce

• Real Estate Agents

• Consumers Union

• AMA

• Research Libraries

• EBay

• Charles Schwab • Yahoo

Possible Sources of Legal Protection • Copyright • Misappropriation Doctrine • Contract • Sui Generis Legislation or Treaty • Encryption/Anti-“Black Box” Legislation • Trespass Doctrine • Branding – e.g., Lexis; Westlaw

Possible Sources of Legal Protection • Copyright • Misappropriation Doctrine • Contract • Sui Generis Legislation or Treaty • Encryption/Anti-“Black Box” Legislation • Trespass Doctrine  –  Bidder’s Edge v. Ebay (May 2000)

• Branding – e.g., Lexis; Westlaw

Possible Sources of Legal Protection • Copyright • Misappropriation Doctrine • Contract • Sui Generis Legislation or Treaty • Encryption/Anti-“Black Box” Legislation • Trespass Doctrine  –  Bidder’s Edge v. Ebay (May 2000)

• Branding – e.g., Lexis; Westlaw

Wednesday