Intervention

y

Intervention simply means interference.

y

Acco Ac cord rdin ing g to Op Oppe penh nhei eim, m, ³ In Inte terv rven enti tion on is

dictatorial

interference by a State in the affairs of another State for  the purpose of  maintaining or altering the actual conditions of things.´ y

y

Dictatorial interference here means without the consent of  the State concerned. (when you interfere in the affairs of  another State without its consent). (American bombardment in Pakistan.) Mai aint ntai aini ning ng or al alte teri ring ng th thee act ctua uall co cond ndit itio ions ns of th thin ings gs means to make the conditions according to the wishes of  inte terrve ven nin ing g Sta tatte. The St Stat atee is com ompe pell lleed to do what it doesn¶t want to do or not to do what it wants to do.

y

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Against the concept of Sovereignty. (Basic element of an independent Nation). invitation or on request (may be to Red Cross for help or for  the purpose of any aid etc.) is not intervention. Joint exercises of Army like recent exercise of Indian and American troops is something which can not be called as intervention. ( a show of strength to China). Important example of intervention is China¶s interference in the domestic matters of Tibet. American forces and allied forces still in Afghanistan and Iraq. Appointment of Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai and the execution of Sadam Hussain under the influence of  the allied forces at the instance of USA.

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Article 2 (4) of the U.N. Charter: All the members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of for orcce ag agai ain nst th thee ter erri rittor oria iall in intteg egri rity ty or political independence of any State. State. Article 2 (7) of the U.N. Charter: Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorise the U.N. to intervene in the matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any Statebut this principle shall not prejudice the enforcement measur mea sures es und under er Chap Chapte terr VII VII..

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Militar Milit ary y: Bl Bloc ocka kade de,, na nava vall dem demon onst stra rati tion ons, s, ar arre rest st an and d detention of foreigners or expulsion of foreign diplomats. Subversive: propaganda or other activities by one State with the intention of starting in other State revolt or civil Strife. Econom Econ omic ic:: in inte terf rfer eren ence ce wi with th tr trad adee an and d sh ship ippi ping ng an and d denial of access to land and water. Diplomatic: includes communication of the possible use of military or other coercive measures. According to Professor Quincy Wright intervention may  be diplomatic as well as military.

y

To pr prote otect ct it itss cit citiz izens ens ab abro road ad:: Ex Exam ample ple:: Sh Shah ahru rukh kh Kh Khan an at an American air port was thoroughly questioned regarding his name. It is only after the intervention of diplomats that he was released. Thi hiss is an exam ampl plee as to ho how w Mus usli lim ms are bei ein ng trea eatted in Amer eriica instead of Oba bam ma¶ a¶ss dec ecllar arat atiion of ne new w poli licy cy of  friendship with the Islamic World. Indian students in Australia are under the racial attacks and the matter is being taken very seriously by Indian Ministries. The matter of ban on wearing of turban and keeping beard in France, Italy, USA etc has been taken by the Indian embassies over there very seriously and the recent allowing by the USA to allow the Sikhs to wear turban, keep beards and wear Kirpan in securit sec urity y services services is sou sought ght as a vic victor tory y to Indian Indian sikh commu community nity over there after the ban on turban imposed by the California¶s Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger Schwarzenegger.

Sel elff Def efen encce:

Mr. Web ebsster er,, the Secr cret etar ary y of  U.S.A U.S .A pr prop opou ound nded ed an im impo porta rtant nt pri princi ncipl plee re rega gardi rding ng sel elff de deffence, ³ Inst staant nt,, ove verrwhelm lmiing leaving no choice of means and no moments for deliberations.´

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y

This principle was affirmed by the Nuremberg Tri ribu bun nal al,, 194 946. 6. (E (Est stab abli lish shed ed to pr pros osec ecut utee th thee war  criminals of Germany.) Exam amp ple: use of nucl clea earr weap apo ons by Amer eriica on Japan in Self Defence. America attack on Iraq: weapons of mass distruction and its readiness to attack  Iran.

y

Article 51 of the U.N. Charter speaks of individual and col olllect ctiive right of self defence to mem embe berr States subject to following rules: (1) there should be an armed attack, (2) the right exists until the Security Council has taken taken any acti action, on, (3) the measu measurres taken taken sho should uld be repo port rted ed to th thee se secu curi rity ty cou oun nci cil, l, (4) in ca case se of  collective right of self defence, the matter should be subject to the review by the Security Council, (5) the right shall not affect the responsibility of the Security  Council for the maintenance of peace and security, (6) this right is not available against a non member of the U.N.

y

y

Can a State interfere in a State where violation of Human Rights takes place on Humanitarian Grounds?

Inte In terv rven enti tion on on Hu Huma mani nita tari rian an Gr Grou ound ndss: bas asiica callly Stat atee treatment of its subjects is only the concern of that State. Now, if  there is any violation of Human Rights it is within the preview of that   particular State. Unless and until Security Council first determines that the violation of human rights poses a threat to international peace and security, action under Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter can not be taken. Thus, on the ground of violation of human rights the U.N. can not intervene in the affairs of a member State. (The simple answer to the above mentioned question is µNO¶ µNO¶). ).

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U.S.A attack on Iraq: (1) weapons of mass destruction (2) to liberate its citizens from a dictator. Kuwai aitt an and d Iraq war ar.. Af Aftter an ann nex exat atiion, Iraq es esttab abllished its sov over erei eig gnt nty y ov over er Ku Kuwa wait it an and d it wa wass de decl clar ared ed it itss 19th  province. Securit Secu rit Cou Counci ncill int interv ervened ened and con conse se uen uentl tl Kuw Kuwait ait was fr freed. eed.

y

Intervention in civil wars: Article 2 (7) of the U.N. Charter prohibits to interfere in domestic matters of States  by U.N. If civil war assumes such magnitude that it poses thre th reat at to in inte terrna nati tion onal al pe peac acee and se secu currity th theen U. U.N. N. ca can n inte in terv rven ene. e. ( Ir Iraq aq an and d Ku Kuwa wait it wa war) r)..

y

To en enfo forc rcee Tre reat aty y Ri Righ ghts ts:

y

Intervention to prevent illegal intervention: like

a State is justified in interfering in the affairs of another State if the provisions of  any treaty oblige the former to preserve the independence of  latter. (say a protectorate State). Security Council intervened when Iraq declared Kuwait its 19th  province.

y

Collective Intervention : Under Chapter VII of the U.N. Ch U.N. Char arte terr th thee Se Secu curi rity ty Co Coun unci cill can can ta take ke coll collec ecti tive ve acti ac tion on ag agai ains nstt an any y St Stat atee in ord rder er to mai aint ntai ain n or res esto tore re international peace and security.

y

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Article 41 of the U.N. Charter: Complete or partial inte in terr rrup upti tion on of ec econ onom omic ic re rela lati tion onss an and d of ra rail il,, se sea, a, ai airr, postal, telegraphic, radio and other means of  communication and the severance of diplomatic relations. Article 42 of the U.N. Charter: demonstrations, blockade and oth ther er operat atio ion ns by air ir,, sea or lan and d forces of th thee member of U.N.

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Article 39: The Security Council shall determine the existence of  any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international  peace and security. Article 43: All Members of the United Nations, in order to contribute

undertake to make available to the Security Council, on its call to the maintenance of international peace and security,

and in ac and acco cord rdan ance ce wi with th a sp spec ecia iall ag agre reem emen entt or ag agre reem emen ents ts,, ar arm med forces, assistance, and facilities, including rights of passage, necessary for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security. y

Article 47: There shall be established a Military Staff Committee to advise and assist the Security Council on all questions relating to the Secu Se curi rity ty Co Coun unci cil' l'ss mil ilit itar ary y re requ quir irem emen ents ts fo forr th thee mai aint nten enan ance ce of  inter in terna nati tion onal al pe peace ace an and d se secu curit rity y, th thee em empl ploym oymen entt an and d co comm mman and d of  forc fo rces es lac laced ed at its its dis dis os osal al,, the the re re ula ulatio tion n of of arm armame aments nts,, and and os ossib sible le

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Propounded Propound ed by Preside President nt of U.S. U.S.,, Monroe. President T. Roosevelt called it as cardinal feature of America Foreign Policy Policy.. Monroe Declaration 1823: basically this declaration is in form of  two tw o pr prin inccip iple less (1 (1)) no nonn-ccol olo oni nissat atio ion n pri rinc ncip iplle an and d (2 (2)) no nonnintervention principle. (1) the States of America Continent would not be made subject of  colonisation colonisat ion in future. (non-colonisation (non-colonisation principle). (2) America will not interfere in the mutual wars of European States nor will it tolerate any interference in the domestic affairs. (Non-intervention principle). (3) if Eur uro ope peaan Stat ates es int nteerf rfeere in the affair irss of Amer eric icaan Continent, America would consider it as an unfriendly act and necessary necessa ry action would be taken. (Non-intervention (Non-intervention principle). principle).

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In Dec. 1902, Mr. Luis M. Drago, the Foreign Minister of Ar Arg gent entina ina fu furth rther er str streng engthe thene ned d non non-in -inte terve rventi ntion on prin pr inci cipl plee an and d th this is pri princ ncip iple le is su supp pple leme ment ntary ary to/ o/in in additi add ition on to the the Monr Monroe oe doct doctrin rine. e. According to this principle European States could not int nter ervven enee in th thee af affa fair irss of the St Stat ates es of Ame meri rica can n Conti Co ntinen nentt on the the gr groun ound d of claimi claiming ng public public deb debts ts.. According to this principle, The public debts can not occa casi sion on arm rmed ed int nter ervven enti tion on nor ev eveen th thee act ctu ual occupation occu pation of the territory territory of American Na Nation. tion.