Intervencion Comunitaria

 

C.

NAPC[RGL CC: IA]NL [BÞ]CNL

1. CF CF[B [B]T ]TBF BFNC NCÞF ÞF NLI NLIRF RFC[ C[A] A]CA CA

1.1. Kbdcfc Kbdcfcncþf ncþf y nara narantbréstc ntbréstcnas: nas: Bg tã tãri ricf cfl l ‗c ‗cft ftbr brvb vbfnc fncþf þf’’ bs fatur faturag agib ibft ftbb vc vcfn fnug ugak akl l a ga ps pscn cnlg lgleé leéaa nliufctarca, kbmckl a qub, ha musnakl kcdbrbfncarsb kbg rbstl, prclrczafkl ga anncþf antcva bf tlkl prlmgbia slncag l sctuancþf qub aqubjb a uf erupl kb pbrslfas l nliufckak, y fl slgl afagczargl. (Mbfctl, =015) Mbfctl, I. (=015). Bspancls, ngumbs y nbftrls nugturagbs nlil bstratbeca kb cftbrvbfncþf

nliufctarca.

]bnupbrakl

kb

https://rc.nlfcnbt.elv.ar/hafkgb/11>>4/53;==  https://rc.nlfcnbt.elv.ar/hafkgb/11>>4/53;==  ^áfnhbz bf bg 1331 pgaftba ufa kbdcfcncþf kb ga ‗cftbrvbfncþf nliufctarca’, slst slstbf bfcb cbfk fkl l qu qubb bf bg bgga ga sb va vagl glra ra ga cf cftb tbrv rvbf bfnc ncþf þf cf cfkc kcvc vcku kuag ag kb kbft ftrl rl kb ga nliu nliufc fcta tarc rca, a, tb tbfc fcbf bfkl kl nl nlil il lm lmjb jbtl tl ag er erup upl l nliúf nliúf y a ga gass na naus usas as sl slnc ncag agbs bs  prclrczakas bf gls nlfdgcntls huiafls. Plr bfkb, bstb tcpl kb cftbrvbfncþf sb kcrceb a uf fcvbg rbkunckl y prbncsl kb anncþf. (^afnhbz-Kuqub, ^ltl-Tasqubz, bt.ag., =013) ^afnhbz-Kuqub ^afnhbz -Kuqub,, ^ltl-Tasqubz ^ltl-Tasqubz,, bt.ag., bt.ag., (=013) Bstratbecas Bstratbecas kb cftbr cftbrvbfncþf vbfncþf Nliufc Nli ufctar tarca ca bf ^aguk ^aguk bf uf Naipai Naipaibft bftl l Rfcvbr Rfcvbrsct sctarc arcl l Iugtck Iugtckcsn csncpg cpgcfa cfarcl rcl kb Cfvbstceancþf y ^brvcncl. ]bnupbrakl kb http://sncbgl.sgk.nu/sncbgl.php00002&snrcpt9snc\arttbxt&tgfe9bf   =1=2=013000>00002&snrcpt9snc\arttbxt&tgfe9bf

 

Pl Plrr ltrl ltrl ga gakl, kl, ga gass na nara rant ntbr brés éstc tcna nass iás iás rb rbsa sagt gtaft aftbs bs kb ga cf cftb tbrv rvbf bfnc ncþf þf nliufctarca, kb anubrkl nlf Hbggbr y Ilfahaf (1355) nctakl plr Ilftbrl (=00;), slf:

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Rsl Rsl kbg kbg bfdl bfdlqu qubb kb cfvb cfvbst stce cean anccþf iugt iugtcckc kcssnc ncpg pgccfarc farcl, l, nlg nlgamlr amlrak aklr lr,,

vaglrafkl gl lreáfcnl kbg áimctl slncag, -

Bfda Bfdatc tcza za ga gass ddlr lrta tagb gbza zass y na napa panc ncka kakb kbss pls plsct ctcv cvas as kb ga nl nliu iufc fcka kak. k.

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Apuf Apufta ta a ebf ebfbr brar ar pl plkb kbrr y nlf nlftr trlg lg kb ga nl nliu iufc fcka kak k slm slmrb rb gl glss prl prlnb nbsl slss

qub ga adbntaf. -

Plsbb faturagbza plgétcna bf sbftckl kb dlriancþf ncukakafa y

bxtbfscþf kb ga slncbkak ncvcg. -

Pb Pbri rict ctbb ga ga ebf ebfbr bran ancþ cþf f kb kb rbd rbdgb gbxc xclf lfbs bs,, nré nrétc tcna nass y tb tblr lréa éass kbm kbmck ckl l a qu qubb

nubfta nlf masb ncbftédcna.  

1.=.. Prlnbsls kb cftbrvbfncþf nliufctarca: 1.=  Fl bxcstb prlnbsl úfcnl para ufa cftbrvbfncþf nliufctarca, pubs, kbpbfkbrá kbg áimctl, fcvbg y narantbréstcnas kb ga nliufckak bf ga qub sb tramajará, asé nlil kb gls lmjbtcvls qub sb pbrsceaf nlf ga cftbrvbfncþf. ^cf bimarel, sb pubkb pgaftbar  ufa sbrcb sbicsbnubfncag, pbrl sujbta a varcanclfbs a partcr kb rbtrlagcibftanclfbs nlftcfuas, qub euéaf bg prlnbsl kb cftbrvbfncþf nliufctarca. (^afnhbz, 1331 nctakl  plr Ilrc, =008)

 

Ilrc rc,, I. (= (=008 008)) Rfa pr prlpu lpubs bsta ta ib ibtl tlkl klgþ gþec ecna na pa para ra ga cf cftb tbrv rvbf bfnc ncþf þf Il nliufctarca.

]bnupbrakl

kb

http://www.sncbgl.lre.pb/sncbgl.php<

snrcpt9snc\arttbxt&pck9^15=3-;8=5=008000100010   snrcpt9snc\arttbxt&pck9^15=3-;8=5=008000100010

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Kbdcfcncþf kbg tbia, nliufckak l prlmgbia: sb rbdcbrb a ga

kbgc kb gcic icta tanc ncþf þf y kb kbdc dcfc fcnc ncþf þf ng ngar araa kb kbgg tb tbia ia l pr prlm lmgb gbiá iátc tcna na a am amlr lrka karr nl nlf f ga cftbrv cft brvbfnc bfncþf. þf. Cip Cipgc gcna na bg afág afágcsc cscss cfc cfcnca ncagg kb ga prl prlmgb mgbiát iátcna cna,, nlf nlfsck sckbra brafkl fkl ga bxpbrcbfnca kbg prldbsclfag l bqucpl a narel kb ga cftbrvbfncþf, cfvlgunrafkl a ga  plmgancþf vaglrafkl gas narantbréstcnas kbg bftlrfl, earaftczafkl bg nliprlicsl kb gls mbfbdcncarcls, y asé, nlfbntargls nlf ga fbnbsckak kb naimcl. •

Bvaguancþf cfc cfcncag: aslncakl a ga bvaguan anccþf kb fbnbsckakb kbss y/l

 prlmgbiátcna. ^uplfb iãtrcnas kbg prlmgbia, p rlmgbia, qub pbrictcráf nlrrlmlrar gls bdbntls, bf dlria kb bdcnanca, bdcncbfnca b cipantl, kb ga cftbrvbfncþf. Bsta dasb kb ga cftbrvbfncþf nliufctarca nlfggbva iãtlkls nlil gls kb cfdlriaftbs ngavb, rbvcscþf klnuibftarca, erupls bstrunturakls, dlrls nliufctarcls, bfnubstas, nubstclfarcls, bftrb ltrls. •

Kcsbñ bñl l/pg pgaafcdc dcnnan anccþf y lreafczancþf kbg prly lybbntl: rbprbsbft ftaa bg

ilibft ili bftl l kb pga pgafba fbancþ ncþf f kb ckb ckbas, as, qub ear earaft aftcnb cnb ga rba rbagcz gczanc ancþf þf prá prántc ntcna na kb gas annclfbs anncl fbs lrkbfakas para bg naimcl kb gls prlnbsls pscnlslncag pscnlslncagbs bs qub lnurrbf bf bg  prlmgbia ckbftcdcnakl. Bf bsta dasb sb pgaftba gls lmjbtcvls qub sb pbrsbeucráf bf tlka ga cftbrvbfncþf, fl lmstaftb, bstls kbmbf sbr rbagcstas, bs kbncr, ga pgafbancþf kbmbb nlft kbm nlftbip bipgar gar gas nar narant antbré brést stcnas cnas rba rbagbs gbs kb ga nli nliufc ufckak kak y napa napanck nckakbs akbs kbg  prldbsclfag l bqucpl a narel kb ga cftbrvbfncþf.

 

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Bjbnuncþf l cipgbibftancþf: para bsta partb sb ggbva a naml gl

 pgafcdcnakl bf ga dasb aftbrclr, scf bimarel, bstá sujbtl a varcanclfbs bf ga prántcna, kb anubrkl ag kbsarrlggl rbag kb ga cftbrvbfncþf.

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Dcfa Dc fagc gcza zanc ncþf þf y bva bvagu guan ancþ cþf f kb kb rbs rbsug ugta takl kls: s: nl nlfg fggb gbva va ga nu nugi gicf cfan ancþ cþf f kb kb

gas annclfbs tãnfcnas qub dlriaf partb kbg prlybntl kcsbñakl. Bg nbsb kbg prleraia fl rbprbsbfta bg dcf kb gas annclfbs kb ga prlpca nliufckak hanca bg prlmgbia atanakl, scfl, bg tãricfl kb gas annclfbs pgafcdcnakas y prbsupubstakas. Plr gl taftl, ga bvaguancþf kb rbsugtakls kb ga cftbrvbfncþf sbrá prclrctarca para nlflnbr a qub fcvbg sb rbslgvcþ ga prlmgbiátcna, kafkl pcb a kbnckcr ga nlftcfuckak l fl, kb gls bsdubrzls cftbrvbftcvls. •

Kcssbi Kc biccfa fanc ncþf þf:: rbs rbsug ugtta ufa prlp prlpub ubssta flv flvbk bkls lsaa para para ga ga cft cftbr brvb vbfn fnccþf

nliufctarc nliufc tarcaa antuag antuag,, hanb rbdbrbfnca rbdbrbfnca a nlipar nlipartcr tcr gls prler prleraias aias ya bjbnut bjbnutakls akls y nlf rbsugtakls nlflnckls. Bsta anncþf suia a ga kcduscþf kbg nlflncicbftl bipércnl, gl nuag davlrbnb y rbsugta kb cfsuil para plstbrclrbs cftbrvbfnclfbs.

1.>. Ilkbg Ilkbgls ls kb cftbrvbfnc cftbrvbfncþf þf nliuf nliufctarcl ctarcl Gls prcfncpagbs ilkbgls kb cftbrvbfncþf nliufctarca, slf gls sceucbftbs: ilkbgl kb prbvbfncþf, ilkbgl kb antuancþf cfkcvckuag y pbqubñl erupag, Ilkbgl kb anncþf slncag y Ilkbgl kb nlipbtbfncas. ^cbfkl bstb úgtcil kb iaylr cftbrãs kbmckl a ga faturagbza kbg prbsbftb tramajl. Bg Ilkbgl kb nlipbtbfncas kb Bgéas (1385) nlil sb nctþ bf Pasnuag (=005), bstá nbftrakl bf bg kbsarrlggl kb nlipbtbfncas y napanckakbs bf cfkcvckuls, erupls y nlftbxtls. Bsta prlpubsta cfkcna qub bg auibftl kb dantlrbs prltbntlrbs y ga

 

kcsicf kcs icfunc uncþf þf kb gls bstrbslr bstrbslrbs, bs, rbkunb bg rcbsel rcbsel kb qub gls erupls erupls slncag slncagbs bs sb bfdrbftbf a sctuanclfbs prlmgbiátcnas, kcsicfucrá, pubs, sbráf ibfls vugfbramgbs. Bsta prlpubsta suecbrb qub bg tramajl kb gls prldbsclfagbs sb bfdlqub bf ldrbnbr pautas para ga prbvbfncþf, kb ilkl qub sb rbkuznaf gls dantlrbs kb rcbsel. (Pasnuag, =005)

1.;. Dufncl Dufnclfbs fbs kbg pscnþglel nliu nliufctarc fctarcll bf ga cftbrvbfnc cftbrvbfncþf þf nliufctar nliufctarca: ca: Kb anubrkl nlf ^áfnhbz (1334) bg rlg kbg pscnþglel nliufctarcl sb vb kcstlrsclfakl kbmckl ag kãmcg aplyl tbþrcnl-nlfnbptuag kb ga kcsncpgcfa nliufctarca, scf bimarel, slstcbfb qub kbmb pgaftbarsb qub gls qubhanbrbs kb bstb prldbsclfag rbsagtbf iás gl qub hanbf qub gl qub sambf, rbsagtafkl asé, ga praxcs. Plr su gakl, Ilftbrl (=00;), sbñaga qub bg rlg kbg pscnþglel nliufctarcl apuftaréa a ga trafsdlriancþf kbg nlftbxtl klfkb tramaja, ag icsil tcbipl qub gl bstukc bst ukcaa y nlflnb, nlflnb, vaglrafkl vaglrafkl bg antuar antuar kb gls antlrbs antlrbs slncag slncagbs bs cfibrs cfibrsls ls bf bsa nliufc nli ufckak. kak. Bf bsb sbftckl, sbftckl, ga icsia icsia autlra autlra suecbrb suecbrb ufa sé séftb ftbscs scs kb rlgbs rlgbs kbg  pscnþglel nliufctarcl, gls nuagbs rbsugtaf nlipgbibftarcls bftrb sé: sé:

a)

Ga prbvbfncþf

 m)

Ga cftbrvbfncþf

n)

Ga cfvbstceancþf

k)

Ga bvaguancþf

 

=. KC^ KC^BÑL BÑL S E EB^[ B^[CÞF CÞF KB P]L P]LSBN SBN[L^ [L^ =.1.

Prlybntls:

Rf prlybntl bs ga pgafcdcnancþf y ga bjbnuncþf kb ufa sbrcb kb antcvckakbs qub tcbfb nlil dcf, bg nlfsbeucr uf lmjbtcvl kbtbricfakl, para ga nuag bstamgbnbils bg ilkl bf bg qub sb va a rbagczar Kb bsta dlria, bf bg prlybntl sb kbmb rbnlebr ufa  pgafcdcnancþf kbg nlfjuftl kb antcvckakbs. [aimcãf kbmb cfngucr bg kbtaggb kbg nlfjuftl kb rbnursls y ibkcls fbnbsarcls para ggbvargl a naml. Rf prlybntl pubkb sbr kb ufa cfdcfckak kb tcpls, tagbs nlil: prcvakls, púmgcnls y prlybntls pcgltls, scbfkl bstb úgtcil úgtcil anlrkb ag prbsbftb prlybntl. (Kcaz-Iuñlz, =0=0) Kcaz-Iuñlz bf bg =0=0, kbdcfb ag prlybntl pcgltl nlil uf bstukcl pbqubñl l nlrtl kb vcamcgckak, para prlmar aspbntls ibtlklgþecnls kb uf duturl prlybntl l  prleraia a iaylr bsnaga l nlf iaylr nlmbrtura kb mbfbdcncarcls. Bstls prlybntls bvctaf ga aparcncþf kb uf kbdbntl qub sbréa nlfdgcntcvl para ga bjbnuncþf kb uf  prlybntl plstbrclr. Kcaz-I Kca z-Iuñl uñlz, z, E. (=0=0) (=0=0) Ibtlkl Ibtlklgle gleéa éa kbg bstukc bstukcl l pcg pcgltl ltl.. ]bnupbr ]bnupbrakl akl kb https://sncbgl.nlfcnyt.ng/sncbgl.php08=0=0000>00100&snrcpt9snc\arttbxt   3>08=0=0000>00100&snrcpt9snc\arttbxt Bstl fls cfkcna qub, uf prlybntl pcgltl sb kbsarrlgga para nlflnbr y bvaguar  gls prlnbsls (pasls qub kbmbf ggbvarsb a naml para bjbnutar bg plstbrclr prlybntl  prcfncpag), rbnursls (tcbipl y prbsupubstl fbnbsarcl para bg prlybntl prcfncpag), ebstc ebs tcþf þf (rbnur (rbnursls sls lreafc lreafczan zanclf clfagb agbss y katls) katls) y ncbfté ncbftédcn dcnl l (ibtlk (ibtlklgl lgleéa eéass para para ga ibkcncþf kbg prlmgbia a atbfkbr). (Glwb, =013) Glwb FO (=013). Uhat cs a pcglt stuky< J Lmstbt Eyfbnlg Fblfatag Furs? ;8(=): 115-118. Bg prbsbf prbsbftb tb prlybnt prlybntl l sb ha ebstcl ebstclfak fakl l a partc partcrr kbg ilkbgl kb Ebrbfn Ebrbfnca ca ^lncag? a nlftcfuancþf, sb prlnbkbrá a kbdcfcrgl.

 

=.=.

Ilkbgl kb Ebrbfnca slnca ncag:

Og Ogco cosm smbr bre e (133 (1335) 5) nc ncta takl kl bf Mlmak Mlmakcg cgga ga (= (=0= 0=0) 0) rb rbdc dcbr brbb qu qubb ag hamga hamgarr kb ebrbfnca slncag ga pbrncmcils nlil bg trasgakl kb ga ebstcþf ag naipl kb anncþf kb lreafczanclfbs b cfstctunclfbs, taftl púmgcnas nlil prcvakas, gas nuagbs kcrcebf sus annclfbs a bftlrfls slncagbs ibfls davlrbnckls. Plr bfkb, bsta varcamgb pubkb nliprbfkbrsb nlil: ‗ga lrcbftancþf y akaptancþf kb mcbfbs púmgcnls y sbicpúmgcnls qub sb nlebstclfaf kb iafbra cftbrsbntlrcag l cftbrcfstctunclfag, y qub musnaf earaftczar  ufa nllpbrancþf nllpbrancþf ranclfag qub prlkuz prlkuzna na mbfbdcncls mbfbdcncls sbgbntcvls sbgbntcvls y nlipartckls nlipartckls bftrb gls antlrbs icbimrls kb ga nlgbntcvckak bf ga nuag sb bjbnuta bg prleraia l  prlybntl kb kbsarrlggl.’ (Mlmakcgga, =0=0).

=.>.

Kcsbñl kb kb p prrlybntls:

Bg kcsbñl bs ga partb cfcncag bf ga nlfnbpncþf kb uf prleraia l prlybntl, ga dlria kb bstrunturargl pubkb naimcar kb anubrkl a ga faturagbza kbg icsil, scf bimarel, ]cvas y Icbgbs (=015) prlplfbf qub rbagczar bg afágcscs kb prlmgbias, kb kbtb tbri ricf cfar ar pltbf pltbfnc ncag agck ckakb akbss y na napa panc nckak kakbs bs kb ga plmga plmganc ncþf þf lm lmjb jbtc tcvl vl y kb ga lreaf lreafcz czan ancþ cþf, f, ak akbi biás ás kb ga bg bgaml amlra ranc ncþf þf kb uf iarn iarnl l gþ gþec ecnl nl qu qubb lr lrkb kbfb fb ga cftbrvbfncþf, slf máscnls para su bstruntura. Kb anubrkl nlf Mlmakcgga (=0=0), bg kcsbñl pubkb nliprbfkbr gls sceucbftbs  prlnbsls: a.

 Ckbftcdcnar y prclrczar gls prlmgbias prcfncpagbs:  nlfsta kbg afágcscs

kb ga prlmgbiátcna qub sb amlrkará, sbgbnnclfafkl aqubggl qub plkbils ilkcdcnar y

 

bs pbr pbrtcfb tcfbft ftbb para para bg naim naimccl qub qub sb mus musna, na, akbi akbiás ás,, dan ancg cgccta nl nlfl flnb nbrr bg cfvlgunraicbftl kb ga plmgancþf bf bg prleraia.  m.

 Ckbftcdcnar y prclrczar gas pltbfncagckakbs y napanckakbs kb ga

 plmgancþf lmjbtcvl:  sb rbqucbrb ckbftcdcnar gas pltbfncagckakbs y napanckakbs nlf gas

qub bgga nubfta. Asé icsil rbsagtar gas napanckakbs y dlrtagbzas kb ga lreafczancþf rbsplfsamgb kb ga bjbnuncþf kbg prlybntl. n.

 Bgamlrancþf kb lmjbtcvls: slf bstrunturakls kb dlria jbrárqucna y

gþecna, kb ilkl qub mrcfkbf nlhbrbfnca ag antuar kbg bqucpl kb cftbrvbfncþf. k.

 Kcsbñar gas géfbas kb cftbrvbfncþf l bstratbecas:  sb kbtbricfaf gas

bstratbecas a bipgbar kuraftb ga cftbrvbfncþf, kb ilkl qub akaptbils gls rbnursls nlf gls qub nubfta nubfta ga lreafc lreafczanc zancþf þf para para bg nuipgc nuipgcicb icbftl ftl kb gls lmjbtcvl lmjbtcvlss kbg  prleraia. b.

 Bvaguancþf:  ilib ilibft ftl l fb fbnbs nbsar arcl cl para para bg af afág ágcs cscs cs kb kbgg kc kcsb sbñl ñl kbg

 prleraia, bvaguafkl ga nlfscstbfnca y vcamcgckak bf rbgancþf nlf ga nliufckak klfkb sb cftbrvbfkrá. Rfa kb gas hbrraicbftas iás usakas bf bg kcsbñl kb prleraias y prlybntls, bs bg iarnl gþecnl. Bstb pbrictb eucar bg afágcscs kbg nlftbxtl bf rbgancþf nlf ga gþecna y nlhbrbfnca kb gas prlpubstas kb cftbrvbfncþf. Ga iatrcz kb iarnl gþecnl nubfta nlf ncfnl nlguifas y nuatrl dcgas. Ga  prcibra nlguifa bs ga kb jbrarquéa kb lmjbtcvls? bf bgga sb pgaftbaf bg dcf kb kbsarrlggl, bg prlpþsctl, rbsugtakls y gas annclfbs. Bf ga sbeufka nlguifa sb umcnaf gas ibtas, klfkb vaf gb nlrrbsplfkb ufa a naka fcvbg kb ga prcibra nlguifa,

 

bxnbptl ga kbg dcf kb kbsarrlggl. Bf ga tbrnbra sb umcnaf gls cfkcnaklrbs, gls nuagbs sb bgamlraf plr naka ibta. Ga nuarta nlrrbsplfkb a gas dubftbs kb vbrcdcnancþf, gas nuagbs sb kbtbricfaf plr naka cfkcnaklr kbdcfckl bf ga iatrcz. Plr úgtcil, ga qucfta nlguifa, klfkb vaf gls supubstls l bstratbecas kb cftbrvbfncþf. (Mlmakcgga, =0=0).

=. =.;. ;.

Prly Prlybn bntl tlss maj majll ggaa i ilk lkag agcckak kak vc vcrtua rtuagg

A partcr partcr kb ga nlftcf nlftcfebfn ebfnca ca safct safctarc arca, a, nlfsbnub nlfsbnubfnc fncaa kb ga pafkbic pafkbicaa kb NLTCKNLTCK-13, 13, ga vcrtuagckak ha sckl uf bgbibftl bsbfncag bf gas cftbrvbfnclfbs slncagbs, bnlfþicnas, kb saguk, bftrb ltras. Aftb bstb fubvl nlftbxtl, ga Nlicscþf Bnlfþicna para Aiãrcna Gatcfa y bg Narcmb (NBPAG, =0=0) asbeura qub ga kcectagczancþf y akaptancþf a ga vcrtuagckak bf  prlybntls slncagbs, sbrá uf bgbibftl prcfncpag para ga ebstcþf kb prlybntls. Plr bfkb, bg  prlnbsl ibtlklgþecnl kb ga ebstcþf kb prlybntls sb akapta a ga ilkagckak vcrtuag, agcfbafkl gls prlnbsls nlrrbsplfkcbftbs bxpgcnakls a nlftcfuancþf:

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Kcaefþstcnl: Nast Na strl rl-E -Euz uziá iáf f (=01 (=015) 5) ibfn ibfncl clfa fa qu qubb bf bs bsta ta bt btap apaa sb kb kbmb mb ck ckbf bftc tcdc dcna narr ga  prlmgbiátcna, narantbrczar y vbr sus nausas para ufa plscmgb cftbrvbfncþf. Para akapta aka ptarr bstb bstb prlnbs prlnbsl l a ga vcrtua vcrtuagck gckak, ak, sb pubkbf pubkbf utc utcgcz gczar ar kata kata l rbnlgb rbnlgbnnc nncþf þf kb cfdl cfdlri rian ancþ cþf f kb ga prlmg prlmgbi biát átcn cnaa mrcf mrcfka kaka ka plr cf cfdl dlri riaf aftb tbss ng ngavb avbs, s, rb rbvc vcsc scþf þf klnuibftag y bftrbvcstas kb dlria rbilta.

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Prleraiancþf: Bftbfkcka plr Nastrl-Euziáf (=015) nlil bg prlnbsl bf qub sb kcsbñaf pgafbs,  prleraias y prlybntls kb cftbrvbfncþf bf atbfncþf a gls prlmgbias y fbnbsckakbs slncagbs majl uf ilkbgl kb anncþf, nlil ga ebrbfnca slncag. Para bstb prlnbsl sb tcbfb qub nlfsckbrar antcvckakbs bf qub ga nliufckak kb cftbrvbfncþf bstã prbparaka

 

 para akaptarsb a gls bftlrfls vcrtuagbs, bs kbncr, nlflnbr y annbkbr a pgatadlrias vcrtuagbs, plr ltra partb, ga mrbnha kcectag kbja kb iafcdcbsta uf fubvl bgbibftl kb cfbquckak y ga kbsceuagkak, slmrb tlkl bf Aiãrcna Gatcfa (NBPAG, =0=0). Para ga  pgafcdcnancþf, sb pubkb utcgczar ga ibtlklgleéa kbg iarnl gþecnl a travãs kb ga tãnfcna partcncpatcva kbg ármlg kb prlmgbias.

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Cftbrvbfncþf: Pa Para ra Nast Nastrl rl-E -Euz uziá iáf f (=015 (=015)) bs ga rb rbag agcz czan ancþ cþf f kb gl glss pr prlyb lybnt ntls ls,, a tr trav avãs ãs kb antcvckakbs antc vckakbs scfnrþfcnas scfnrþfcnas l ascfnrþfcn ascfnrþfcnas. as. Plr nlfsceucbft nlfsceucbftb, b, gas antcvckakbs antcvckakbs a bjbnutar  bjbnutar  kbmbf sbr bstamgbnckas prbvca nlfvlnatlrca l kcduscþf y nllrkcfancþf nlf tlkls gls cfvlg cfvlgun unra rakl kls, s, utcg utcgcz czaf afkl kl rb rbkb kbss sl slnc ncag agbs bs nl nlil il ibna ibnafc fcsi sils ls kb cf cftb tbra rannc nncþf þf y bgamlrancþf kb iatbrcagbs kckántcnls, iafuagbs kb tãnfcnas, kcfáicnas erupagbs y ldcncls, kcectagczakls a travãs kb hbrraicbftas vcrtuagbs aukclvcsuagbs.

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Ilf lfct ctlr lrbl bl l ^ ^up upbr brvc vcsc scþf þf:: Para Nastrl-Euziáf (=015), bsta btapa hanb rbdbrbfnca ag tramajl kb sbeucicbftl y vcecgafnca lplrtufa bf bg kbsarrlggl kb gas tarbas y antcvckakbs. Bsta btapa sb akapta kb iafbra vcrtuag a travãs kb kls pgatadlrias kcectagbs (Krcvb, [bais, btn) , akbiás sb pubkb nlipgbibftar nlf ltrls rbnursls nlil bg UhatsApp para nlfsugtar bg nuipgcicbftl y partcncpancþf bf antcvckakbs, nlf bg dcf kb tbfbr ufa nliufcnancþf kcrbnta y nlftcfua nlf mbfbdcncarcls. Plr ltrl gakl, sb pubkb rbagczar kcarcls kb naipl, kbmckaibftb rbggbfakls kb dlria vcrtuag y scbiprb nlf bg sbeucicbftl kb uf supbrvcslr.

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Bvaguancþf: Bf bsta btapa sb rbagczaf annclfbs qub pbrictbf nliparar gas kcstcftas btapas kbg  prlnbsl ibtlklgþecnl kb cftbrvbfncþf (Nastrl-Euziáf, =015) para ga akaptancþf

 

vcrtuag vcrt uag kbg naipl prántcnl, prántcnl, bs rbgbvaftb rbgbvaftb ibfnclfar ibfnclfar qub kuraftb kuraftb gas btapas kbg  prlnbsl kb bjbnuncþf pubkbf rbsagtar bg usl kb pgatadlrias kcectagbs para bg usl u sl kb cfstru cfs truibf ibftls tls l ggaiak ggaiakas as tbgbdþ tbgbdþfcn fcnas as nlfdcr nlfdcriat iatlrc lrcas as nlf gls mbfbdcn mbfbdcncar carcls cls.. Gas  pgatadlrias y ibkcls kcectagbs kbmbf sbr nlfsbfsuakls nlf gls mbfbdcncarcls kbg  prlybntl,

nlfsckbrafkl

bg

nlftbxtl

kbg

partcncpaftb,

bg

annbsl

a

ga

nlfbntcvckak kbg cftbrfbt, gls kcsplsctcvls kcsplfcmgbs y bg usl y iafbjl kb bstls.

=. =.2. 2.

Bvag Bvagua uanc ncþf þf y i ilf lfcctl tlrb rbll kb kb prl prlyb ybnt ntls ls

Kb anubrkl nlf Fcñl (=01>), ga bvaguancþf kb prleraias nliprbfkb ga bjbnuncþf kb antcvckakbs kb ilfctlrbl l sbeucicbftl y bvaguancþf kbg prlnbsl  pgafbakl ggbvakl a naml. Ga ciplrtafnca kb bstls rakcna bf bg b g aplrtb qub mrcfka para cfnrbibftar ga bdbntcvckak kbg prleraia, ibjlrar ga anncþf, rbkcrcecrga l rbpgaftbarga nlf iaylr asbrtcvckak y bdbntcvckak. ([lrrbs-Tbra, =0=1). [lrrbs Tbra, I.(=0=1). Ilfctlrbl, bvaguancþf, ciplrtafnca y sbeucicbftl kb prlybntls slncagbs, bf bg prleraia kb vcfnugancþf nlf ga slncbkak bf trbs marrcls: Lrcb Lrcbft ftbb Quct Quctbñ bñl, l, Ga Db Dbrr rrlv lvca carc rcaa y ^a ^af f Pa Patr trcn cncl cl kb Pubf Pubfea easé sé,, kb kbgg Kc Kcst strc rctl tl Ibtrlplgctafl

kb

Quctl.

]bnupbrakl

kb

http://www.kspanb.unb.bku.bn/hafkgb/=2000/=2>;1  http://www.kspanb.unb.bku.bn/hafkgb/=2000/=2>;1  Plr uf gakl, bg ilfctlrbl bs drbnubftb y scstbiátcnl, bjbnutakl bf nlrtbs trafsvbrsagbs, rbqucbrb ga apgcnancþf kb cfstruibftls, pbrictb kbncsclfbs lpbratcvas, nlil nli l bg ajust ajustbb kb antcvc antcvckakb kakbs, s, lmtcbf lmtcbfbb katls katls y subgb subgb rbqubr rbqubrcr cr nlil nlil dubftb dubftb kb cfdlriancþf a autlrckakbs l aebftbs nlf plkbr (Tcel, bt. ag, =018).

 

Kb anubrkl nlf Tcel bt. ag (=018), bg ilfctlrbl y bvaguancþf dancgctaf ga rbtr rbtrla lagc gcib ibft ftan ancþ cþf f kb ga eb ebst stcþ cþf f kb kbgg prle prlera raia ia y lt ltlr lrea ea ka katl tlss pa para ra ga tl tlia ia kb kbncsclfbs. Bsb icsil autlr sbñaga qub slf 2 gls nliplfbftbs kbg scstbia kb ilfctlrbl y bvaguancþf: a.

Lmjbtcvls y tcpl kb kb bv bvaguancþf

 m.

^bgbnncþf kb cfkcnaklrbs

n.

]bnlpcgancþf kb kb cf cfdlriancþf

k.

Afágcscs kb cfdlriancþf

b.

Bgamlrancþf k kbb afágcscs

Rf nlrrbntl scstbia scstbia kb bvaguancþf pbrictcrá pbrictcrá bf prcibr prcibr guear prbncsar prbncsar sc gls lmjbtcvls haf sckl glerakls y a travãs kbg ilfctlrbl ayukará a nlflnbr sc gls rbnursls iatbrcagbs y dcfafncbrls slf sudcncbftbs, y plr ibkcl kb ga supbrvcscþf  pbrictcrá sambr sc bg pbrslfag a narel na rel kb ga bjbnuncþf bjbnun cþf bs rbagibftb nagcdcnakl y nlf napanckakbs fbnbsarcas, sc bg pgaf kcsbñakl ha sckl bjbnutakl kb ga dlria bspbraka, ga nlhbrbfnca kb gas antcvckakbs rbagczakas nlf bg pgaf kb tramajl y afagczar sc bs  plsctcva ga rbspubsta kb ga plmgancþf lmjbtcvl aftb ga cftbrvbfncþf kbg prleraia (Fcñl, =01>).

 

>. GA N]CAFZA >.1.

Nlfnbptuagczancþf

Bf bg nlftbxtl kb patbrfckakbs, ga nrcafza hanb rbdbrbfnca ag nlfjuftl kb napanckakbs, sbftcicbftls y antctukbs qub gls prlebfctlrbs bxprbsaf hanca sus hcjls, scbf scbfkl kl as aséé qu qub, b, bg nl nlfj fjuf uftl tl prlv prlvln lnaa uf aimc aimcbf bftb tb biln bilncl clfa fagg da davl vlra ramg mgbb l kb kbsd sdav avlr lram amgb gb.. Akbi Akbiás ás,, sb ad adcr cria ia qu qubb ga nr nrca cafz fzaa rb rbsu sugt gtaa a cipa cipant ntar ar bf bg nliplrtaicb nliplr taicbftl ftl duturl kb gls fcñls, akbiás kb nuipgcr uf ciplrtaftb ciplrtaftb rlg bf bg nrbnci nrb ncicbf cbftl tl y kbsarr kbsarrlgg lggl l pscnls pscnlslnc lncag, ag, pubs ayukaf ayukaf a rbnlfln rbnlflnbr, br, cft cftbrp brprbt rbtar ar y rbganclfarsb kb iafbra plsctcva nlf su bftlrfl (Aeucrrb, =000 nlil sb nctþ bf Panusscnh, =012). Akbiás, sb pgaftba qub ga nugtura bs ngavb bf ga anbptancþf kb ckba ckbass slmr slmrbb gl mu mubf bfl l l iagl iagl bf bg bj bjbr brnc ncnc ncl l kb ga nr nrca cafz fza, a, as asci cics csil il,, ga gass cftbrprbtanclfbs kb gls pakrbs slmrb sus bxpbrcbfncas nlf ga patbrfckak taimcãf nlfdlriaf ga ckbancþf kb gas dlrias kb nrcafza (^lgcs, bt. ag, =01; nctakls bf Cfdaftb bt. ag, =014).

>.=.

Bstcgls kb nrcafza:

Gls bstcgls kb nrcafza sb bstamgbnbf sbeúf gls nrctbrcls cfkcvckuagbs qub plsbb naka daicgca, klfkb bg ilkl kb nrcafza qub gls pakrbs prantcnaf ag ilibftl kb bkunar a su suss hcjl hcjlss bstá bstá nlfdl nlfdlri riak akl l plr bs bstr trat atbe beca cass qub pubkb pubkbf f na naim imca carr ag pa pasl sl kbg tc tcbi bipl pl,, kbpbfkcbfkl kb gas ncrnufstafncas l nlfkcncþf bf ga qub sb kbsarrlggbf pakrbs b hcjls (Nlibggas, =00>, nlil sb nctþ bf Eþibz, =014). Akbiás, kcnhls bstcgls sb nbftraf kb ga dlria qub antúa bg pakrb l nuckaklr, bspbncagibftb bf bg nliplrtaicbftl y tlia kb kbncsclfbs qub iubstra b cfstruyb a sus hcjls (Napafl y Rmanh, =01>). Ascicsil, gls

 

bstcgls kb nrcafza nlfstctuybf uf nlfjuftl kb napanckakbs qub bxprbsaf gls pakrbs hanca gls hcjls, kbpbfkcbfkl kbg tcpl kb ilkls y antctukbs qub bg pakrb utcgcnb para ga nrcafza, surecrá uf aimcbftb bilnclfag mbfbdcnclsl mbfbdcnclsl l pbrjukcncag pbrjukcncag (Kargcfe (Kargcfe y ^tbcfmbre ^tbcfmbre 133>, nlil sb nctþ bf Dglrbs, =018). Plr bggl, gls bstcgls kb nrcafza haf nlmrakl eraf ciplrtafnca b cftbrãs bf bstukcar,  plrqub sb nlfsckbra qub ga dlria kb nrcafza tcbfb uf cipantl plsctcvl l fbeatcvl (Xcuqcf bt ag., =010, nlil sb nctþ bf Kubñas, =014), pubstl qub slf dufkaibftagbs para bg kbsarrlggl slnclbilnclfag kb gls hcjls (Aeucgar, =012) Drbftb a bggl, sureb bg nlfnbptl kb ga nrcafza rbspbtulsa

>. >.>. >. -

Dant Dantlr lrbs bs cfv cfvlg lgun unra rakl klss bf bf ga ga nnrc rcaf afza za:: Bnlfliéa: rbprbsbfta bg nliplfbftb ngavb para ga akqucscncþf kb

rbnursls qub earaftcnbf nagckak bf bg bjbrncncl kb ga nrcafza. Bg fcvbg bnlfþicnl nlf bg qub nubftb ga daicgca pbrictcrá annbkbr a sbrvcncls máscnls, bvctar bg hancfaicbftl a travãs kb uf akbnuakl bspancl kb vcvcbfka, annbkbr a bspancls kb bkunancþf, saguk y kbiás. [lkl bstb nlfjuftl rbprbsbfta dantlrbs prltbntlrbs bf ga nrcafza (]acfbrc, bt. ag, =012). -

Tclg Tclgbf bfnc ncaa cft cftra rada daic icgc gcar ar:: bs bs uf uf dbf dbfþi þibf bfl l qub qub at atur urkb kb bg kb kbsa sarr rrlg lggl gl kb ga

safa nlfvcvbfnca nlfvcvbfnca daicgcar. daicgcar. ^b kbdcfb kbdcfb nlil ufa sbrcb sbrcb kb annclfbs prlglfeakas prlglfeakas bf bg tcbipl y qub sunbkbf plr nuagqucbra kb gls icbimrls kb ga daicgca. Pubkbf sbr kb tcpl déscnl, pscnlgþecnl, bnlfþicnl l sbxuag (Lmgceakl, =012 y Iaréf =005 nlil sb nctþ bf Iatáfelgl, =013).

 

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Eãfb Eãfbrrl: bf bf ga ant antua uaggckak ckak gls gls rlg rlgbs bs bf bf ga pat patbr brfc fcka kak k bst bstáf pbe pbeak akls ls ag ag

bftlrfl nugturag, bg nuag atrcmuyb rbsplfsamcgckakbs a razþf kbg sbxl kbg prlebfctlr. ^c mcbf bg rlg kb ga iujbr dubra kb nasa, nlil tramajaklra bxtbrfa ag hlear, sceubf scbfkl bggas qucbfbs nareaf prcfncpagibftb ga rbsplfsamcgckak kbg nuckakl kb gls hcjls, gl nuag rbprbsbfta uf bsnbfarcl kb slmrbnarea hanca ga iujbr, pubs, gas tarbas kliãstcnas haf sckl kãmcgibftb kcstrcmucka nlf bg varþf (Panusscnh, =012). -

Plg Plgétcna tcnass para para ga daic daicggca ca:: gas gas kcd kcdbr brbf bfttbs ncrn ncrnuf ufst staf afnc ncas as sln slnca caggbs bf

naka paés kbiarnaf ufa pauta para bjbnutar ga nrcafza bf gas daicgcas. Pubstl qub, bstás ibkckas dancgctaráf l kcdcnugtaráf, gas ibkckas qub gas daicgcas anatbf a davlr  kb su kbsarr kbsarrlgg lggl l (Earav (Earavctl ctl y Ilgcfa Ilgcfa,, =0=0). =0=0). Nlil sb nlf nlflnb, lnb, bg bstakl bstakl bs bg  prcfncpag bftb prltbntlr kb gas daicgcas, bf bg sbftckl kb rbnursls y ibkcls fbnbsarcls para su mcbfbstar. Bg nuipgcicbftl kb bsb rlg aplrtaréa, aufqub fl nlf tltag nbrtbza, a ga nlfdceurancþf kb ibjlrbs bstrunturas daicgcarbs bf ga slncbkak (Ibstrb, =01; nlil sb nctþ bf Earavctl y Ilgcfa, =0=0).

>. >.;. ;.

Napa Napanc ncka kakb kbss p par arbf bfta taggbs bf bf ga ga nr nrccaf afza za::

Bf bg prlnbsl kb nrcafza y patbrfckak, sb kbstanaf ncbrtas dufnclfagckakbs  patbrfagbs ciprbsncfkcmgbs, gas nuagbs rbncmbf ga flicfancþf kb napanckakbs l nlipbt nli pbtbfnc bfncas as parbft parbftagb agbss (Aeucg (Aeucgar, ar, =015). =015). Kb anubrkl anubrkl nlf Maruky Maruky y Kaf Kaftae taefaf faf (=010) nlil sb nctþ bf ^ahuqucggl, bt. ag, =014, bstas slf uf nlfjuftl nlf lrcebf

 

kbtbricfakl plr aspbntls mclgþecnls y hbrbkctarcls, scf bimarel, slf agtbrakas plr  gas vcvbfncas, ga nugtura y gls nlftbxtls slncagbs. ^aggãs y Ebr (=011) nlil sb nctþ bf ^ahuqucggl (=014), pgaftbaf ufa sbrcb kb napanckakbs parbftagbs qub parbnbf amarnar ga cftberckak kbg rlg patbrfag: -

Bkun Bkunat atccvas vas: nlipr nliprbf bfkb kb annc annclf lfbs bs dlr dlria iattcvas vas bf vaglr vaglrbs bs,, nlfd nlfdca cafz fza, a,

iltcvancþf y ltrls. ^b nbftra pltbfncar hamcgckakbs bkunatcvas y ajustbs a travãs kb ga lmsbrvancþf, ga autlnlrrbnncþf y ga rbdgbxcþf. -

Aebf Aebfnc ncaa Par Parbf bfttag ag:: cfvc cfvctta a gls gls pakr pakrbs bs a sbr sbr pr prlt ltae aelf lfccsta tass, ant antcv cvls ls y

satcsdbnhls kb su rlg parbftag, nliprbfkcbfkl qub asuicrgl nlfggbva bsdubrzl y kbkcnancþf. -

Autlfl fli iéa y kb kbssarrlgg lggl pbrs brslfag: nlfggbva cipgcna nanncþf kbg árba

bkunatcva, cfvlgunraicbftl bf bg mcbfbstar kbg fcñl, rbdlrzafkl ga vcscþf plsctcva kb ãg y kb ga daicgca, akbiás kb ebstclfar ga nlipgbibftarcbkak kbg rlg parbftag, kb sbr  fbnbsarcl. -

Tcka pbrslfag: rbdcbrb gas napanckakbs pbrslfagbs y prlpcas kb

akugtls qub gls pakrbs kbmbf klicfar a dcf kb bvctar adbntanclfbs kbg rlg parbftag a gl garel kb gas akvbrsckakbs qub pubkaf prbsbftarsb nlf sus hcjls. -

Lreafczancþf kliãstcna: nlfggbva ga akicfcstrancþf þptcia kb

dufnclfbs dufnc lfbs kbftrl kbg hlear, ya sbaf kb agcibftanc agcibftancþf, þf, saguk, saguk, gcipcbza, gcipcbza, nuckakl, btn. Bstas sb akaptaf a gas fbnbsckakbs prlpcas kbg fcñl.