International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2)P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

VOLUME – 3, ISSUE – 2 (JULY - DECEMBER) 2015

Editorial

I am happy to convey that second issue of third volume of "International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research (IJSIR)", a bi-annual journal has been published by Sky Institute, Lucknow in an effort to promote multidisciplinary scientific and innovative research of societal benefit. This journal covers all branches of science, technology, engineering, health, agriculture and management. Research articles in the field of education are also encouraged in order to promote educational technology aiming at improvement in present educational system. As research and development (R & D) has been playing a significant role in overall development of society, continuous multidisciplinary innovative research in science and technology is needed to address the challenges in context to changing environmental conditions in the present era of gradual increase in industrial and technological advancement at global level. Efforts should be made to develop eco-friendly technologies in order to provide solutions for developing socially, economically and culturally sustainable society. The present issue of International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research (IJSIR) contains 17 research papers I articles covering different areas of science and technology. All these papers are well written and informative in content. I express my sincere thanks and gratefulness to Mr.Mohit Bajpai, Chairman, Sky Institute, Lucknow (U.P.), India for his support in publishing it. I express my thanks to members of Committee for Editorial Assistance Dr. B.C.Tripathi, Dr. Pankaj Verma, Shri Sanjay Pandey, Shri Sanjay Dixit and Mr. Shamshul Hasan Khan for their hard work and devotion in giving the final shape to the journal. I am thankful to all faculty members, scientists and research scholars of different universities, research organizations and technical institutions for contributing their research articles for publication in the present issue of the journal. The help provided by faculty members and supporting staff of Sky Institute in publishing the present volume of the journal is also acknowledged. I hope scientists, academicians and young researchers will be greatly benefited by this publication for their research work. I request humbly to the readers and contributors of our journal to continue encouraging us for regular publication of the journal. Any suggestion and comment for the improvement in the quality of the journal are always welcome.

Dr. B. R. Pandey Editor-in-Chief

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Dr. B.R. Pandey Director (Research) Sky Institute, Kursi Road, Lucknow, U.P, India

Dean, Faculty of Science & Technology, Sai Nath University, Jharkhand, India Former Joint Director, Council of Science & Technology, UP, Lucknow (Department of Science and Technology, UP Government), India Former Professor, International Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Lucknow, U.P., India E-mail Id: [email protected], Mobile-: 9794849800

COMMITTEE FOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Dr. B.C.Tripathi Assistant Prof., Deptt. of Education, Rama P.G. College, Chinhat, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Pankaj Verma Senior Research Fellow, Deptt. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Shri Sanjay Pandey Assistant Prof., National Institute of Fashion Technology, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh

Shri Ashish Tiwari Research Scholar, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, Jharkhand

Shri Sanjay Dixit Scientist, Sky Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Shamshul Hasan Khan Scientist, Sky Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

ADVISORY BOARD Prof.(Dr.)S. P. Ojha

Prof. (Dr.) R. L. Singh

Former Vice Chancellor, CCS Meerut University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh

Prof & Head, Department of Biochemistry & Coordinator Biotechnology Program , Dr. R. M. L. University Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.)V.K. Srivastava Former Prof & Head, Deptt. of Community Medicine King George Medical

Dr. Sarita Verma

University, Lucknow. Former Director, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Integral University, Lucknow Former Vice -Chancellor, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana, South America

Head, Deptt. of Home Sci., Mahila P.G. College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) M.I. Khan Prof & Head, Deptt. of Mechanical Engg., Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.) S.K. Avasthi Former Director, H.B.T.I., Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) Amrika Singh Prof & Head (Chemistry), Deptt. of Applied Sciences, Institute of Engg. & Technology, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.) U.N. Dwivedi Prof & Ex- Head, Deptt of Biochemistry, Former Pro- Vice Chancellor, Former Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P.

Prof. (Dr.) U.K. Misra Head, Deptt. of Neurology, Ex Dean, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P.

Dr. A.K. Gupta Former Deputy Director General, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi

Prof.(Dr.) V.K.Tondon Former Prof & Head, Deptt. of Chemistry, Ex- Dean Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.) Amod Kumar Tiwari, Prof.- Director, Bhabha Institute of Engg.& Technology, Kanpur, U.P.

Prof.(Dr.) Chandra Dhar Dwivedi Former Prof. & Chairman, Deptt. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Borokings, South Dakota, USA

Prof. (Dr.) Vimal Kishore Prof. & Chairman, Deptt. of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xevier College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana, 7325, Palmetto Street New Orlens, Louisiana USA

Prof. (Dr.) S.P. Singh Former Prof & Head, Deptt. of Pharmacology, G. S. V. M. Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

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Prof. (Dr.) S.K.Agarwal Pro. & Ex-Head, Deptt. of Biochemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, U.P.

Dr. Bharat Sah Director, National Institute of Fashion Technology, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.)N.S. Verma Prof., Deptt. of Physiology, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.)A.K. Tripathi Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Clinical Hematology & Medical Oncology, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.)C.M. Pandey Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Rupesh Chaturvedi Associate Prof., School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Former Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA

Dr. S.Sinha Asstt. Prof. Deptt. of Internal Medicine, CD University, C. David Giffen School of Medi., University of California, Los Angeles, USA

Dr. K.Raman Principal Scientist, Martek Biosciences Corporation, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA Dr. P.K.Agarwal Editor –in – Chief, Natural Product Communication, Natural Product Inc 7963, Anderson Park Lane West Terville, OH, USA

Dr. R.K.Singh, Chief Scientist, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Mohd. Tarique Prof., Deptt of Physical Edu., Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

EDITORIAL BOARD Prof.(Dr.) Y.B. Tripathi

Dr. Vinod Singh

Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Medicinal Chemistry,Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Assoc. Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Microbiology, Baruktulla University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) R.K. Singh

Dr. K.K.Verma

Prof. & Head , Deptt. of Biochemistry, Shri Guru Ram RaiInstitute of Medical & Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand & Former Prof. & Head, Department of Biochemistry, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, U.P.

Assoc. Prof., Deptt. of Physics & Electronics.Dr. R. M. L. Awadh University , Faizabad,Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.) R.S.Diwedi Former Director, National Research Centre for Groundnut (NRCG) , ICAR, Junagarh, Gujarat & Former Principal Scientist – Head, Deptt. of Plant Physiology, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Atul Gupta Senior Scientist, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Saudan Singh,

Prof. (Dr.) Nuzhat Husain

Senior Principal Scientist, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. & Head , Deptt of Pathology & Acting Director, R. M. L. Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh

Dr. S.K.Tiwari

Prof. (Dr.) Amita Jain

Senior Principal Scientist ,CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. Deptt. of Microbiology, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, U.P.

Dr. Shivani Pandey,

Dr. Sudhir Mahrotra

Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Biochemistry,K.G.Medical University, Lucknow, U.P.

Associate Prof., Deptt. of Biochemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, U.P.

Dr. B.C. Yadav,

Prof. (Dr.) Vibha Singh

Lucknow Associate Prof. & Coordinator, Deptt. of Applied Physics, School for Physical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, U.P.

Prof., Deptt. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Anchal Srivastava,

Prof. (Dr.) U.S. Pal

Prof., Deptt of Physics, Lucknow University,Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Shalini Bariar

Prof. (Dr. ) K.K. Pant

Associate Professor, Thakur Institute of Management Studies and Research,, Mumbai, India Dr.A.K.Pandey

Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Principal Scientist, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources,Lucknow, U.P.

Dr. C.M.K.Tripathi

Dr.S.K.Pandey

Former Deputy Director & Head, Division of Fermentation Technology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Suneet Kumar Awasthi,

G.M. LML Factory, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh

Dr. R.D. Tripathi

Asst. Prof, Deptt.of Physics J.P. University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh

Chief Scientist & ProfessorPlant Ecology & Environmental Science Division, Uttar Pradesh CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P.

Dr.G. N. Pandey

Prof.(Dr.) Ashwani K. Srivastav Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Biosciences, Integral University,Lucknow, Former Senior Scientist, Birbal Sbahani Institute Paleobotany, Lucknow, U.P.

Prof.(Dr.) L. Pandey Prof. & Head , Postgraduate Deptt . of Physics,Former Dean, Faculty of Science, Rani Durgawati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

Prof .(Dr.) Bali Ram Prof., Deptt. of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Asst. Prof, Deptt. of Physics Amity University, Noida ,Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Mukesh Verma Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Physical Education, Dr. R.M.L. Avadh University, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Abhay Singh, Head, Physical Education, Delhi Public School, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Santosh Gaur Asst. Prof. Deptt. of Physical Education, Jawahar Lal Nehru P.G. College, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) J.P.N.Rai

Dr.Sanjeev Kumar Jha

Prof.& Head, Deptt. of Environmental Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agr. & Technology, Pant Nagar, Uttarakhand

Senior Scientist, DEOACC Patna

Prof.(Dr. )R. S. Dubey

Dr. Shivlok Singh Scientist, DEOACC, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P.

Dr. Anurag Tripathi,

Prof. (Dr.) Omkar

Asstt . Prof. , Deptt. of Electrical Engg., Institute of Engg. & Technology, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Deptt. of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) Sudhir Kumar

Prof. V.P.Sharma

Prof., Deptt. of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Senior Principal Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) Naveen Khare Prof., Deptt. of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Krishna Gopal

Prof.(Dr.) S. M. Natu

Former Deputy Director & Head , Aquatic Toxicology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof., Deptt. of Pathalogy,K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Kusum Lata Mishra,

Dr. S.P. Shukla

In-charge, Coagulation Laboratory, Deptt. of Pathology, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. , Deptt. of Civil Engg., Institute of Engg. & Technology, Sitapur Road , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.)V.K. Sharma, Prof., Deptt. of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Ajay Mishra Associate Prof. , Deptt. of Geology, Lucknow University, Lucknow , U. P.

Prof.(Dr.) R.K. Shukla

Dr. Ashutosh Singh

Prof., Deptt. of Physics, Lucknow University, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh

Prof., Deptt. of Chemistry,Saket P.G. College, Ayodhya, Faizabad, U. P.

Prof.(Dr.)Anil Gaur

Dr. S.K. Singh

Prof., Deptt. of Biotechnology & Genetic Engg., G.B. Pant University of Agr. & Technology, Pant Nagar, Uttarakhand

Shri Sudesh Bhat

Principal, Gita College of Education , Nimbari, Panipat, Haryana

Dr. Mahesh Pal

Advisor (Education), Sky Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Principal Scientist ,Phytochemistry Division, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Krishna Gopal Asst. Prof., Deptt. of English,Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

ABOUT EDITOR-IN- CHIEF : DR. B. R. PANDEY Dr. B. R. Pandey is a well-known academician and scientist with brilliant academic career and research accomplishments. He has done M.Sc. (organic chemistry) from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India in the year 1972. He has done PhD in Medicinal Chemistry under the guidance of world renowned Biochemist & Medicinal Chemist, Professor S.S. Parmar, Professor of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, K. G. Medical College, Lucknow ( Presently K. G. Medical University), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India in the year 1976. Dr. Pandey has all throughout first class educational qualifications and his research interest covers medicinal chemistry, biochemical pharmacology, neurochemistry, neuro-toxicology, environmental chemistry, herbal medicine & natural products. He is having extensive research experience of more than 40 years and published several research papers in peer reviewed journals of international repute. His research particularly on the studies of central nervous system acting drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs and their biochemical mode of action using animal models and enzymes such as monoamine oxidase, acetylcholine esterase, purine catabolizing enzymes , proteolytic enzymes, membrane stabilizing enzymes, respiratory enzymes, microsomal enzymes etc. has been well recognized as evidenced by his research publications. Further, his research on developing herbal medicines has been found very useful in prevention and treatment of chronic diseases and other refractory diseases for which modern system of medicine have no permanent cure. He has worked on the position of Joint Director, Council of Science & Technology, U.P., Lucknow, Department of Science & Technology, Uttar Pradesh Government, India from the year 1979 to 2011, where he successfully executed several R & D projects in various disciplines of Science & Technology including chemical & pharmaceutical sciences, medical sciences, biological sciences, environmental sciences etc. During his tenure as Joint Director, he has been instrumental in launching and implementing important schemes: Young Scientists Scheme, Young Scientist Visiting Fellowship Scheme, Establishment of Centre of ExcellenceEncephalitis Research Centre of Excellence in Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences ( SGPGIMS), Lucknow , U. P. India ; Centre of Excellence in Materials Science ( nano materials) in Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P. India, Establishment of Patent Information Centre in the premises of Council of Science & Technology , U.P. He has also worked on the post of Secretary ( as additional charge ) , Council of Science & Technology, U.P. several times and functioned as Administrative Head of the Organization. Prior to taking over the position of Joint Director, Council of Science & Technology, U.P. in the year 1979, he has worked as Junior Research Fellow/ Senior Research Fellow ( Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi ), Assistant Research Officer ( Jawaharlal Nehru Laboratory of Molecular Biology) at Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, K.G. Medical College (presently K. G. Medical University), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India from the year 1972 to 1979 and involved in multidisciplinary biomedical research leading to drug development . He has worked as Visiting Scientist / Faculty in the Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA and also visited scientific institutions in Sweden, U.K. and U.S.A. under Training Program on Capacity Building in Environmental Research Management (World Bank Funding Project). After his superannuation in the year 2011, he has been associated with International Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Lucknow, India as Professor and is presently associated with Sky Institute, Lucknow, India as Director (Research) and Dean, Faculty of Science & Technology, Sai Nath University, Jharkhand, India and involved in programs related to higher cation and research of scientific & technological fields. He has organized several national and international conferences. He has actively participated in national and international conferences, symposia and workshops and presented research papers and chaired scientific / technical sessions. He is life member and fellow of many scientific societies such as National Academy of Sciences India, Society of Toxicology of India, Indian Academy of Neurosciences, Bioved Research Society India, International Society for Herbal Medicine (ISHM), Society of Biological Sciences and Rural Development, India. He has been member of several scientific expert committees/ advisory committees to evaluate scientific research proposals. Dr. Pandey has been actively associated with various universities and institutions in India as examiner for conducting graduate, post graduate and doctoral level examinations in disciplines like chemical sciences, pharmaceutical sciences, biochemical sciences, biotechnology and allied areas and member of Board of Studies for the academic development in the department. He has been approved research supervisor for guiding research in chemistry, biotechnology and related areas from various universities of India leading to PhD Degree. In view of his vast research and administrative experience and broad R & D vision, Dr. Pandey has been associated with International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research (IJSIR) as Editor-in-Chief. www.ijsir.co.in

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

FROM THE DESK OF CHAIRMAN, SKY INSTITUTE

It is my privilege to state that I have great desire to contribute to the development of our country and to bring about social transformation through education, higher learning and research. This inner feeling prompted me to establish Sky Institute in Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), the city known for its rich cultural heritage and vibrant academic institutions of higher learning. Sky Institute, since its inception in the year 2006, has been functioning to impart various educational and training courses with a vision to improving lives through education, research and innovation. The institute provides a professional learning environment that acts as a catalyst, for the exponential growth of student as well as extracurricular abilities. It conducts regular courses at the level of graduate and post graduate followed by research courses leading to M Phil and PhD in all subjects in association with universities . I feel great pleasure to highlight that Sky Institute has started to publish a bi-annual journal “International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research ( IJSIR ) which encourages to publish research articles in all branches of science, technology, engineering, health, agriculture and management. Research articles in the field of education are also considered in order to improve educational standard in educational institutions with innovative technologies. First volume of the journal has been successfully published. The present issue of second volume of the journal contains useful and informative research articles which may be interesting to readers and educational and research organizations. The association of eminent faculty and scientists of reputed organizations with our journal is highly appreciable. I call upon all the students who are willing to join various programs/courses being run at Sky Institute in association with selected universities, to strive hard to gain knowledge, transform it into skills with right attitude and inculcate the habit of learning, which will drive them to self directed learning. My best wishes to all the aspiring students.

Mohit Bajpai Chairman

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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

CONTENTS PHYTOTHERAPEUTICS OF CASSIA FISTULA (AMALTAS): AN OVERVIEW B. R. Pandey, Nidhi Sharma, Pankaj Verma

1

HETEROSIS AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L.) MOENCH) Neetu, Anand Kumar Singh, Rakesh Kumar and Mahesh Pal

15

PREDICTION OF EPITOPE-BASED PEPTIDES FOR MHC CLASS-II FROM PROTEOME OF NIPAH VIRUS USING IMMUNOINFORMATIC APPROACH B. R. Pandey, Sugandha Singh, Shipra Srivastava

25

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SPICE EXTRACTS AGAINST VIBRIO SPECIES FROM DIFFERENT AREA OF UTTAR PRADESH Ashish Tiwari, Uma Shankar, Divya Sahni

37

A REVIEW- BASICS OF LASER AND ITS ROLE IN PERIODONTICS: PART I Pratima Srivastava

43

DESIGN PHYSIOLOGICAL MODEL USING FUZZY LOGIC AND MATHEMATICAL CONCEPT Amod Kumar Tiwari, Ashok Kushwaha, Anurag Singh, Shivesh Pandey

52

USE OF APPLET IN AN ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY COURSE Rajendra Kumar Dwivedi, Saurabh Dwivedi, Ashish Kumar Mishra

57

DESIGN COMPLEX SURFACE USING DIFFERENTIAL LAPLACIAN AND COMPLEX MATHEMATICS Sharad Chandra Shukla, Agraj Tripathi

63

MODELLING LABORATORY ONLINE: CASE OF AN IMPLEMENTATION OF PRACTICAL WORK REMOTELY ON A DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING KIT Amod Kumar Tiwari, Ashraf Ali, Afza Meraj, Priyanka Srivastava

67

AFFORDANCES AND FORM: APPLYING LESSONS FROM INFORMAL LEARNING TO FORMAL LEARNING ON THE WEB Amod Kumar Tiwari, Anup Kumar Patel, Afza Meraj, Priyanka Srivastava

74

A STUDY ON ORGANIZATIONS EMBRACING GREEN MARKETING FOR A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT WITH REFERENCE TO INDIAN MARKETS Shalini Bariar, Anil Vikramaditya Verma

80

SOME PREDICTIVE ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES OF FAST BOWLING IN CRICKET Abhay Singh, Amit Kumar Singh, Hari S hanker Singh

90

COMPARISON OF SELF-CONCEPT AMONG MALE CRICKET PLAYERS OF VARIOUS LEVELS Suyash Shukla, Joseph Singh

96

EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF GENERAL WOMEN EDUCATION IN INDIA Virendra Singh Yadav, Neelam Shukla

100

IMPORTANCE OF CROP INSURANCE IN MEETING OUT THE PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES FACED BY INDIAN AGRICULTURE IN CURRENT SCENARIO Dr. S.C. Pandey

105

ATTITUDE OF HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOLS' TEACHERS Rashmi Sharma and Naresh Chandra Srivastava

116

JOB SATISFACTION OF HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOLS' TEACHERS Rashmi Sharma and Naresh Chandra Srivastava

120

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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2): 1-14, P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

PHYTOTHERAPEUTICS OF CASSIA FISTULA (AMALTAS): AN OVERVIEW *B. R. Pandey1, 2, Nidhi Sharma3, Pankaj Verma4 1

Faculty of Science & Technology, Sai Nath University,Ranchi,Jharkhand,India,2Sky Institute, Lucknow, 3 4 U.P.,India, Research Scholar, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. , India

*Address for Correspondence : Dr. B. R. Pandey , Dean , Faculty of Science & Technology, Sai Nath University , Ranchi, Jharkhand, India & Director ( Research ) , Sky Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Email ID : [email protected]

ABSTRACT In the present scenario of increasing environmental pollution globally, health of people living in developed as well as developing countries is always at risk giving rise to chronic and infectious diseases alarmingly. Even, the number of multi-drug resistant microbial strains and the appearance of strains with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics are continuously increasing which is a big threat to health of living community throughout the world. The drugs presently available in modern system of medicine have not been able to provide affordable and lasting remedies to treat diseases especially refractory diseases due to their adverse reactions in patients. This has necessitated continued research efforts to address the health issues adequately. Medicinal plants as a source of therapeutically important compounds have continued to play a prominent role in the maintenance of human health since ancient times. Traditional use of natural products in folk medicine for treating ailments is the basis of many modern day medicines all over the world. Medicinal herbs can provide eco-friendly sustainable strategy for health care of ailing humanity as these herbs have been found to modulate immune system of the body thereby making the body more capable to fight against complex diseases. Among medicinal plants, Cassia fistula Linn. (Cassia) has been extensively used in Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of various ailments. It is widely used in traditional medicinal system of India. Almost all parts of this medicinal plant have been found to exhibit different pharmacological properties such as anti-diabetic, anti-fertility, anti-tumor, hepato- protective, cholesterol lowering, astringent, febrifugal, purgative, anti- inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antibacterial, anti-viral, analgesic, anti-dysenteric, antibacterial, antifungal , anti-leishmaniatic , larvicidal and ovicidal ,wound healing, laxative, clastogenic ,antipyretic, leukotriene inhibition, antitussive , CNS etc. Cassia fistula is well known for its traditional uses. Among its traditional uses, few are: it reduces fever, cold, swelling of throat, asthma symptoms; it has ability to subside gas, flatulence and acidity; it reduces the colic pain; it eases the discomfort of piles, stops bleeding from different parts of the body and benefit in heart diseases; it cleanses the blood and eradicates skins problems like itching, inflammation and suppuration. The present review is an attempt to highlight significant pharmacological properties of Cassia fistula and its phytoconstituents which may have immense potential in developing effective medicinal herbal products based on Cassia fistula in addressing the present health challenges of ailing humanity. Extensive multidisciplinary research efforts on the efficacy of medicinal plants/ herbs to treat diseases followed by animal studies and clinical trials on human subjects are urgently needed to finding remedies for the so called Refractory Diseases for which modern medicine has not been able to offer, so far, a satisfactory or lasting remedy and as supplementary measures to well-established chemotherapy. Keywords: Cassia fistula Linn. (Cassia); Phytoconstituents; Traditional Uses; Ayurvedic Preparations; Pharmacological Activities

1

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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2): 1-14, P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

INTRODUCTION Living in a world of inadequately controlled environmental pollution and expanding therapy with potent drugs, the important organs of complex human system are continually exposed to a variety of xenobiotics and therapeutic agents. Thus, the disorders associated with important organs of the human body are numerous and varied. In such a scenario , an unexpected increase in water born diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis, jaundice , cholera ; air borne diseases like bronchial asthma, lung cancer, dyspnea ; food borne diseases like liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, immunosuppression, endocrine and reproductive disorders; radiation induced disorders like sun burn , cataracts, skin cancer; heat induced syndromes like heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke have been observed in developed as well as developing countries . Although significant efforts have been made in our modern system of medicine for the treatment of various diseases, but the drugs available in this system have not able to provide permanent cure in complex chronic diseases. Further, the continuous use of potent drugs is associated with gradual decay of the body's resistance mechanism and this, as well as, the harmful side effects of these medicines have led to proscription of many standard remedies in recent years. This has been realized both in affluent west as well as in the poor east and there is now a growing tendency towards the use of herbal remedies. Medicinal plants as a source of therapeutically important compounds have continued to play a prominent role in the maintenance of human health since ancient times. Traditional use of natural products in folk medicine for treating ailments is the basis of many modern day medicines all over the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) , plant extracts or their active constituents are used as folk medicine in traditional therapies of 80% of the world's population. Medicinal herbs can provide eco-friendly sustainable strategy for health care of ailing humanity as these herbs have been found to modulate immune system of the body thereby making the body more capable to fight against complex diseases. India's century old heritage of traditional medical systems using natural products have been utilized for addressing preventive as well as curative aspects of health care in the country. Cassia fistula Linn. (Cassia) - family Caesalpiniaceae commonly known as Amulthus and in English popularly called Indian Laburnum has been www.ijsir.co.in

extensively used in Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of various ailments . It is widely used in traditional medicinal system of India. It is deciduous and mixed monsoon forests throughout greater parts of India, ascending to 1300 m in outer Himalaya. In Maharashtra, it occurs as a scattered tree throughout the Deccan and Konkan [3]. The plant is cultivated as an [4] ornamental throughout India . Several studies have been made on the morphology of the plant[3-8]. The plant Cassia fistula Linn. has been reported to possess diverse pharmacological properties such as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitussive , antifungal, antibacterial and wounds healing[1,2,3]. Scientific studies have demonstrated that the plant has anti-diabetics, anti-fertility, anti-tumor,hepatoprotective, cholesterol lowering, astringent, febrifugal, purgative, anti inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antibacterial, anti-viral, analgesic, , anti-dysenteric properties. The plant reduces fever, cold, swelling of throat, asthma symptoms. The plant subsides gas, flatulence and acidity. It reduces the colic pain, eases the discomfort of piles, stops bleeding from different parts of the body and benefit in heart diseases. It cleanses the blood and eradicates skins problems like itching, inflammation and suppuration. It is helpful in treating piles. The diverse pharmacological properties possessed by this medicinal plant prompted us to review its therapeutic properties which may be useful in developing effective herbal drugs based on Cassia fistula Linn. for treatment of various diseases . TRADITIONAL USES All parts of the plant Cassia fistula Linn. have medical uses and are used in different disease conditions. The root of Cassia fistula Linn. is prescribed as a tonic, astringent, febrifuge and strong purgative [3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12] . The extract of leaves of the plant has been found to reduce mutagenicity in E. coli [6]. The extract of the root bark of the plant with alcohol can be used for back wart fever. Its leaves are laxative and are used externally as emollient, a poultice is used for chilblains, in insect bites, swelling, rheumatism and [3,6,9,11] facial paralysis . Leaves of the plant possess anti- periodic and laxative properties. The leaves are used in jaundice, piles, rheumatism ulcers and also externally skin eruptions, ring worms, eczema. The leaves and bark mixed with oil are applied to pustules, insect bites [7, 11] . The roots of the plant are used in chest pain, joint pain, migraine and blood dysentery. 2

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2): 1-14, P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

The extract of the root of the plant has been found to lower the blood sugar level up to 30 % [13]. Leaves and [3, 7] flowers of the plant are both purgative like the pulp . Ashes from burnt pods mixed with little salt are used with honey taking 3- 4 times to relieve cough [3]. Root of the plant is useful in fever, heart diseases, retained excretions and biliousness [9]. Fruits are used as cathartics and in snake bite. Juice of leaves of the plant is used in skin diseases [10, 12]. Flowers and pods of the plant are used as purgative, febrifugal, biliousness and astringent. The ethanolic (50%) extract of pods has been found to show antifertility activity in female albino rats. The heated pods are applied to swellings on the neck due to cold. The fruits of the plant are reported to be used for asthma [7, 11]. Pulp of the plant is given in disorders of liver. The plant is used as analgesic and antipyretic, it is a remedy for malaria and fever. It is also applied in blood poisoning, anthrax and leprosy. It also works as antidysentric and antidiabetic, it is used for the removal of abdominal obstruction [11]. The extract of the flower inhibits the ovarian function and stimulate the uterine function in albino rats. Fruits [6] are used in the treatment of diabetes . The fruits of the plant are antipyretic, abortifacient, demulcent, lessen inflammation and heat of the body; useful in chest complaints, throat troubles, liver complaints, diseases of eye and gripping [7]. Juice of leaves is useful as dressing for ringworm, relieving irritation and relief of dropsical swelling. The pulp of the fruit around the seeds is a mild purgative [3, 7, 9, 11, 14]. It is also used in biliousness and in diabetes. Externally, it is useful for evacuation in flatulent colic, as dressing for gouty or [3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12] rheumatic joints . The pith is particularly useful if there is swelling in stomach, liver or intestine. The seeds are emetic, used in constipation and have [3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12] cathartic properties . The seeds are slightly sweet, laxative, carminative, cooling and they improve the appetite [7, 11] and possess antipyretic activity. They are useful in jaundice, biliousness, skin disease and in swollen throat. A seed dried produce marked [11] hypoglycaemic activity . Seed powder is used in [4, 11] amoebiasis . The fruit pulp is used for constipation, colic, chlorosis and urinary disorders [4]. The bark of the plant possesses tonic and antidysentric properties, it is also used for skin complaints, the powder or decoction of the bark is administered in leprosy, jaundice, syphilis and heart diseases. The aqueous extract of the root bark exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. The root is used in cardiac disorders, biliousness, rheumatic condition, hemorrhages', wounds, ulcers and boils and [11, 14] various skin diseases . The stem bark of the plant 3

[6]

is used against amenorrhea, chest pain and swellings . Ayurvedic Preparations The plant Cassia fistula Linn.is used in Ayurvedic preparations also. It is one of the ingredients of the preparation known as Constivac (Lupine Herbal), a bowel regulator, which relieves constipation. It is also one of the ingredients of the preparations known as Pilex, Purian (Himalaya Drug Company) for piles and detoxifier respectively [12]. PHYTOCONSTITUENTS A large number of phytochemical compounds have been found to be present in the plant Cassia fistula Linn. Pulp of the pod has been found to contain anthraquinone glycosides, sennosides A & B, rhein and its glucoside, barbaloin, aloin, formic acid, butyric acid and their ethyl esters and oxalic acid. Presence of [4, 12] pectin and tannin is also reported . Seeds of the plant have been found to give galactomannan free sugars and free amino acids; flowers have been reported to give ceryl alcohol, kaempferol, rhein and a bianthraquinone glycoside, fistulin; leaves have been found to give free rhein, its glycosides- sennosides A & B [4]. The pulp contains sugar, tannic matter, albuminous starch, oxalate of calcium and other important constituents. Leaves and flowers contain anthraquinone, tannin, oxyanthraquinone, rhein and [3, 10] volatile oils . Pulp of the plant consists of sugar, gum, astringent matter, gluten, coloring matter and [9, 12] water . Root bark besides tannins contains phlobaphenes and oxyanthraquinone compounds [10, 12]. The plant contains rhein glucoside, rhein, fistulic acid, [5, 13] sennoside A & B . Aurantiamide acetate (0.011), β sitosterol (0.006) and its β D glucoside (0.02%) have [15] been isolated from flowers of the plant . The roots of the plant contain 7-methylphyscion, betulinic acid and βsitosterol [13, 15, 16] . The stem bark of the plant has been found to contain two flavonol glycosides, 5,7,3',4'tetrahydroxy-6, 8-dimethoxyflavone-3-O-α0 arabinopyranoside (C22H22O13, m.p.285 c ), 5,7,4'trihydroxy-6,8,3'- trimethoxyflavone-3-O- α-Lrhamnosyl (1 2)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (C30H36O18, m.p. 2100 c ) and a xanthone glycoside, 1,8-dihydroxy3, 7-dimethoxyxanthone-4-O- α-L-rhamnosyl(1 2)0 O-β-D-glucopyranoside (C27H32O16, m.p. 217 c). The cuticular wax of leaves of the plant has been reported to contain hentriacontanoic, triacontanoic, nonacosanoic and heptacosanoic acids. The seed oil contains cyclopropenoid fatty acids viz. vernolic, malvalic and stetculic acids [13,15] . www.ijsir.co.in

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2): 1-14, P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

Analysis of the pulp seed and shell (dry basis) gave: moisture, 60.4, 70.1, 34.2; protein, 5.8, 15.9,3.8; total N, 0.93, 2.5, 0.6; ash, 5.6, 4.5, 1.8% respectively; and energy (fruit) 4.25kcal/g. the pulp contains sucrose, 31.3; fructose, 26.2; and glucose, 42.5% and high concentration of potassium (1809mg/100g dry basis). The pods contain 5-nonatetracontanone, 2hentriacontanone [17] . Fruit pulp has been found to contain proteins (19.94 %) and carbohydrates (26.30%); arginine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, aspartic and glutamic acids have been isolated from fruit pulp; a new dimeric proanthocyanidin CFI was isolated along with (-) epiafzelechin, (+)catechin, kaempferol, dihydrokaempferol and 1,8-dihydroxy-3methylanthraquinone and its structure was determined [18] . The studies conducted by Mahesh et al. on the plant revealed the presence of chrysophanol, rhein, physicion, and kaempferol. The identities of the compounds were confirmed by spectrometry (NMR, MS, IR) and direct comparison (Co-TLC, MMP) with [19] authentic samples . The presence of proanthocyanidins containing flavon-3-ol (epiafzelechin and epicatechin) units with 2Sconfiguration, viz, catechin, epiafzelechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B-2 and its enantiomer, epiafzelechin-(4β 8)-epicatechin and its enantiomers, epicatechin-(4β 8)-ent- epiafzelechin and its enantiomer. An anthraquinone derivative; 3-formyl-1hydroxy-8-methoxy anthraquinone, 3β-hydroxy-17norpimar -8(9)-en-15- one and 26methylheptacosanoic acid have been reported in the [5, 13] plant . It has been observed from the studies conducted by Barthakur et al. that the fruit of the plant is a good source of Fe and Mn, and their concentrations are considerably higher than those in apple, apricot, peach, pear and orange. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine constituted 15.3, 13.0 and 7.8%, respectively, of the total amino acids in the pulp. In the seeds the same amino acids constituted, respectively, 16.6, 19.5 and 6.6% [20] . The results of the study conducted by Vaishnav et al. confirmed that Rhamnetin 3-O-gentiobioside is isolated from the [17, 21] roots of the plant . Misra et al. reported that the hexane fraction of fruits (collected from India) exhibited activity against Klebsiella sp. The compounds 5-Nonatetracontanone, 2hentriacontanone, triacontane, 16-hentriacontanone and beta -sitosterol have been isolated from the hexane [22] fraction . In addition to these compounds, Misra et www.ijsir.co.in

al. isolated a new diterpene, 3-beta hydroxy-17norpimar-8(9)-en-15-one from the pods of Cassia [23] fistula . An anthraquinone derivative, characterized as 3-formyl-1-hydroxy-8-methoxy-anthraquinone has [24] been isolated by Rani et al. (1998) . It has been reported by Sayeed et al. that Cassia fistula seeds grown under different soil and climatic conditions of Bangladesh contain 3% golden colored oil which was fractionated into mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides by silicic acid column chromatography. The triglycerides varied from 89.16% to 91.01%, diglycerides from 2.51% to 3.32% and mono-glycerides from 0.91% to 0.98% depending on the areas from which the seeds were collected . Fractionation of lipids into three major lipid groups such as neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids was carried out by silicic acid column chromatography where the neutral lipids were accounted for over 89.80% of the total weight of the lipid employed. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids present in the oil have been separated and varied from 23.79% to 28.20% and 63.28% to 66.71% respectively depending on the areas. The fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and the major fatty acids found in the oil were linoleic acid (42.42%), oleic acid (29.62%), stearic acid (14.33%) and palmitic acid (11.41%). In addition to the above, caprylic acid (0.76%) and myristic acid [25] (1.44%) were also present in minor amounts . In addition to above compounds, twenty-seven compounds including eight long-chain hydrocarbons, 1-hexacosanol, 1-octacosanol, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, heptacosyl eicosanate, glyceryl-1-tetraeicosanoate; three sterols, beta sitosterol, stigmasterol, beta -sitosteryl-3-O-Dglucopyranoside; one triterpene, lupeol; eight anthraquinones, chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, citreorosein, rhein , rhein methyl ester, ziganein, 1,4,5trihydroxyanthraquinone; two coumarins, isoscopoletin, scopoletin; two chromones, 2,5dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone, 2,5-dimethyl-7methoxychromone; three aromatic compounds, isovanillic acid, vanillic acid and 2,4dihydroxybenzaldehyde were isolated and identified from the aril of Cassia fistula and their structures have been determined on the basis of spectral data according to the studies conducted by Lee et al. [26] The studies conducted by Kuo et al. have shown that four new compounds, 5-(2-hydroxyphenoxymethyl) furfural, (2′S)-7-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-(2hydroxypropyl) chromone, benzyl 2-hydroxy-3, 4

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2): 1-14, P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

6-dimethoxybenzoate and benzyl 2β-O-D-glucopyranosyl-3,6- dimethoxybenzoate, together with four known compounds, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, (2′S)-7hydroxy-2-(2′-hydroxypropyl)-5-methylchromone, and two oxyanthraquinones, chrysophanol and chrysophanein, were isolated and identified from the seeds of Cassia fistula and the structures were [27] determined on the basis of spectral data . A new 0 bioactive flavones glycoside (m.p. 252-254 C, C28H32O16, [M]+ 624 (EIMS)) has been isolated from the acetone soluble fraction of the defatted seeds of Cassia fistula by Yadav et al.. It was characterized as a new bioactive flavone glycoside 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-6methoxy-7-O- alpha -L-rhamnopyrano syl-(1 -> 2)-Obeta -D-galactopyranoside by several colour reactions, [28] spectral analysis and chemical degradations . Ali et al. isolated three lectins, i.e. CSL-1, CSL-2 and CSL-3, purified from the Cassia fistula seeds and were tested for their antibacterial activities against different pathogenic bacteria [57]. The neutral sugar contents of CSL-1, CSL-2 and CSL-3 were estimated to be 3.5, 3.1 and 2.0%, respectively. The sugar composition of the lectins was found to be galactose in CSL-1, galactose and glucose in CSL-2, and galactose and [29] mannose in CSL-3 . Sartorelli et al. examined the bio-guided fractionation which resulted in the isolation of a sterol, clerosterol, which was further analyzed in different models [30]. Tzakou et al. examined the chemical compositions of the flower and leaf essential oil of Cassia fistula by GC and GC/MS where forty-four compounds were identified representing 92.6% and 90.7% of the flower and leaf oil, respectively. The main components of the flower oil were (E)-nerolidol (38.0%), and 2-hexadecanone (17.0%), while the leaf oil consisted mainly of phytol (16.1%) [31]. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES Antitussive Activity The methanol extract of leaves of C. fistula (collected from India in 1995) was investigated for its effect on a cough model induced by sulfur dioxide gas in mice and the extract exhibited significant, dose-dependent anitussive activity compared with the control. The antitussive activity was comparable with that of codeine phosphate, a prototypes antitussive agent. C. fistula extract (400 and 600 mg/kg, p .o.) inhibited coughing by 44.44 and 51.85%, respectively, with 5

respect to the control group confirming its anitussive [33] potential . CNS Activities The methanol extract of seeds of C. fistula was tested for different pharmacological actions in mice and the extract significantly potentiated the sedative actions of sodium pentobarbitone, diazepam, meprobamate and chlorpromazine. It also potentiated analgesia induced by morphine and pethidine in a dose-dependent manner. The extract also influenced behaviour in mice [34] . These studies have shown that the methanol extract of seeds of C. fistula possesses significant CNS activities. Leukotriene Inhibition Activity Studies have shown that the methanol extract of fruits of C. fistula inhibited the 5- lipoxygenase catalysed formation of leukotriene B4 in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (IC50 value of 38 micro g/ml). Lipid peroxidation in bovine brain phospholipid liposomes induced with 2,2'-azo-bis-(2amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was inhibited (IC50 of 40 micro g/ml). A linear correlation was obtained between the effects of the extract in the two assays suggesting a redox-based mechanism for [35] the inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme . Clastogenic Effect Anthraquinone glycosides of Cassia fistula were investigated for their ability to induce a clastogenic effect on the bone marrow cells of Swiss albino mice. The endpoints screened were chromosomal aberrations and frequency of aberrant cells. Oral exposure to doses of these anthraquinones and their equivalent amount in leaf and pod extracts did not induce significant numbers of chromosomal aberrations or aberrant cells. The results of the study indicate that anthraquinone sennoside B and rhein are weakly genotoxic. Pure sennoside B and rhein were weakly clastogenic. Crude extracts of C. fistula (leaves and pods) each containing sennoside B and rhein were also weak clastogens. The CA/cell and % DC were lower than those induced by an equivalent amount of pure sennoside B. Therefore, these phytolaxatives do not behave as potent clastogens and pods or leaves of C. fistula can be used as an alternative source of [36] sennosides .

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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2): 1-14, P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

Antipyretic Activity The methanol extract of buds of C. fistula was investigated for its antipyretic action on normal body temperature and yeast-induced pyrexia (fever) in rats. The extract showed significant activity in both the models at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. At a dose level of 200 mg/kg, the extract caused significant lowering of normal body temperature up to 3 h. At 400 mg/kg dose, it caused significant lowering of body temperature up to 6 h after administration. In the model of yeast-provoked elevation of body temperature, the extract showed dose dependent lowering of body temperature up to 4 h at both the dosage levels. The results obtained are comparable to those for [37] paracetamol, a standard antipyretic agent . Antioxidant Activity The antioxidant properties of 90% ethanol extracts of leaves and 90% methanol extracts of stem bark, pulp and flowers from Cassia fistula were investigated. The antioxidant activity was found in the decreasing order of stem bark, leaves, flowers and pulp and was well correlated with the total polyphenolic content of the extracts. The reason for low antioxidant activity in the flower and pulp fractions could be the presence of some pro-oxidants such as chrysophanol and reducing sugars which dominate the antioxidant compounds present in the extracts. Thus, the stem bark had more antioxidant activity in terms of reducing power, inhibition of peroxidation, O2 and DPPH radical scavenging ability [38]. In another study, the total phenolic, proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activities, of fresh vegetative and reproductive organs of Cassia fistula harvested at different stages of growth were determined using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The antioxidant activities were strongly correlated with total phenols (TEAC r) 0.989; (FRAP r) 0.951 in all organs studied, and with proanthocyanidins (TEAC r) 0.980; (FRAP r) 0.899; in reproductive organs including fruits. The antioxidant activities of reproductive parts were higher than those of the vegetative organs, with the pods having highest total phenolic, proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant potentials (TEAC) 992 ( 0.4 ímol/g dry [39] weight; FRAP ) 811 ( 23 ímol/g dry weight) . The aqueous extract of Cassia fistula (Linn.) flowers (ACF) was screened for its antioxidant effect in alloxan induced diabetic rats. An appreciable decrease in peroxidation products viz thiobarbituric acid reactive www.ijsir.co.in

substances, conjugated dienes, hydroperoxides was observed in heart tissues of ACF treated diabetic rats. The decreased activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione in diabetic rats were brought back to near normal range upon ACF treatment. These results suggest that ACF has got promising antioxidant activity in alloxan [40] diabetic rats . Laxative Activity The in-vitro effect of Cassia fistula infusion on isolated guinea-pig ileum was studied where the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the infusion of C. fistula and Cassia acutifolia sp. Del. Pod-(Senokot tablet) as the reference drug were also determined. C. fistula infusion, when compared with senokot tablet, showed that the infusion of Cassia fistula pods possessed very low levels of toxicity, having the LD50 of 6600 mg/kg and also without any pathological effects on the organs examined microscopically. Thus, C. fistula pod infusion could be safely utilized as laxative drug and as [41] a substitute for the official Senna . Anti-inflammatory Activity The extract of leaves of C. fistula has been evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-, histamine- and dextran- induced paw oedema assays in rats and the activity was compared with that of phenylbutazone. It has been noted that the extract exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity against all phlogistic agents [42] . In another study, the aqueous (CFA) and methanolic extracts (CFM) of the Cassia fistula bark were assayed for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in Wistar albino rats. The extracts were found to possess significant antiinflammatory effect in both acute and chronic models. Cassia fistula bark extracts showed significant radical scavenging by inhibiting lipid peroxidation initiated by CCl 4 and FeSO 4 in rat liver and kidney homogenates. Both extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical induced in-vitro assay methods. Both extracts showed dose-dependent protective effect against lipid peroxidation and free radical generation in liver and kidney homogenates. Further, the acute toxicity study with the extracts showed no sign of toxicity up to a dose level of 2000 mg /po. The studies revealed that Cassia fistula bark extracts (CFA & CFM) possess significant anti-inflammatory and anti oxidant properties [43] . 6

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(2): 1-14, P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

Rajeswari et al. studied the anti- inflammatory activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of C. fistula bark in sub acute models of inflammation in male albino rats. The extracts were administered at dose levels of 150, 300, 450 mg/kg body weight. The extracts were found to possess significant (P