interior
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UNIT RD 3 drafting for the interior designer
rhodec international extramural independent studies
Lesson D4
SCALE DRAWING • ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION • ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OBLIQUE PROJECTION
Scale Drawing It is obviously impossible to indicate an interior design for a room on a drawing to the full size of the room, and for this reason the items shown on architectural and interior design drawings (and most technical drawings) are drawn much smaller than the original size but are to scale: that is, the smaller dimension represents the larger.
The metric scales are fractions of full size: for instance, 1:50 means that the drawing you are preparing to this size would be 1/50th the size of the original. Thus the 1:1 scale shown in the chart means that the item drawn has been shown to actual full size.
The following is a general guide to the scales appropriate to particular types of drawings: Drawing
Metric
Imperial/Standard Equivalent
Sketch schemes
1:200
1
(general design layouts)
1:100
1
Location (site) drawings
1:200
1
(working drawings with all information thereon
1:100
1
for the builder/constructor)
1: 50
1
Plans, elevations, sections
1:100
1
1: 50
1
/16” to 1’0” /8” to 1’0”
/16” to 1’0” /8” to 1’0” /4” to 1’0” /8” to 1’0” /4” to 1’0”
Detail drawings
1: 20
(drawings showing larger design and construction details)
1: 10
1” to 1’0”
1: 5
3” to 1’0”
1: 1
Full Size
/2”” to 1’0”
1
The imperial/standard scales are representative scales: for instance, 1/4” to 1’0” means that a line drawn 1/4” long on a drawing will represent one foot; similarly with a scale of 1/8” to 1’0” the same 1/4” line would represent two feet. The imperial/standard scales are only approximately equivalent to the metric scales - for example, 1/16” to 1’0” is actually 1:192 rather than 1:200, 1 /8” to 1’0” is 1:96 rather than 1:100, etc. It is vital never to mix metric and imperial/standard scales on the same drawing.
It is very important to show on a drawing, once completed, to what scale the drawing has been prepared. A drawing can be useless if this is not shown, and it should be indicated thus: Scale: 2” to 1’0”; or Scale: 1:20; or whatever scale is being used. Plans It is clear how important plans are in the profession of interior design, and the various uses of plans should be explored. Plans of the floor (floor plans) are easy to understand in communicating to clients and in how they are used for working drawings. There are also plans that an interior designer will need to become familiar with and learn how to read in order to produce the best possible interiors. There are also plans that the interior designer will need not only to be familiar with but also be able to produce. First we will consider the types the professional needs to be able to understand, read and produce. 3.21
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UNIT RD 3 drafting for the interior designer
Drawing D12a Lighting Plans are used to express the artificial light to be installed
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UNIT RD 3 drafting for the interior designer
Drawing D12b Electrical Plans are used to locate electrical outlets, phone jacks, security system information and data port information and any other electrical information necessary
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UNIT RD 3 drafting for the interior designer
Drawing D12c Reflected Ceiling Plans are used to express every element that is to be included on the ceiling plane (e.g. installed lighting, ventilation, ceiling grids, etc.) and any details necessary
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UNIT RD 3 drafting for the interior designer
Drawing D12d Furniture Plans are used to express the location and identification of the furnishings in the environment
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Make yourself familiar with each of these types of plans shown in Drawing D12, their execution and how they are used. They are all used for construction and installation purposes but they can also be used quite effectively for presentation and planning purposes (such as planning space and colour). A rendered (this is learned in the Colour Unit) floor plan can be very useful in expressing intentions as well as organizing sample boards and presentations.
Hall
Living
Kitchen
Dining
You need to be familiar with the other plans, but for reading purposes only, as they are usually prepared by the architect on the project. The roof plan will give you an idea of the roofing material and how the roof is framed. This can be an important issue in maintaining the same feel inside as well as outside. The other piece of information that the roof plan can provide for the interior designer is the degree of roof overhang and the consequent effect on the indoor daylighting. In large Diagram to show how a plan is arrived at: by ‘cutting’ rooms horizontally and taking the top piece away
commercial or contract buildings the roof plan may show a way that the interior can have a relationship with the outside. This is important information for the interior designer to become familiar with. The site plan is also important for the interior designer. This is a plan prepared by the architect that shows how the structure sits on the land. This information also helps to indicate the daylight qualities in various parts of the structure and the views or relationships to the outdoors. Typical House Plan This is a drawing looking directly down from the top of a room.
Hall
Living
Kitchen
Dining
Position of vertical cut for section shown on Drawing D14
Drawing D13 3.26
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Bedroom
Materials Representation in 2-D Drawings You spent or are spending a great deal of time learning about materials in the Materials Unit, so representing these materials in these drawings is very important. There are specific ways to show particular materials for construction. When you are drawing plans and elevations for presentation purposes it is important to draw the materials in place as
Sections Plans, sections and elevations are all orthographic drawings. The section is the view of a building after a vertical plane has been cut through and the front section has been removed. There are 2 main types of sections:
Bedroom Dining
Living
Isometric View to show how a section is arrived at: by ‘cutting’ rooms vertically and taking the end piece away
Bedroom
Living
Drawing D14
truly representative of the specific materials as possible. For interior representation, there are some standards that are typical; for example, tile is represented as it appears (often in squares or rectangles), wood floors are represented as they appear when installed, etc. It is important to be able to visualize how the material will appear in place and to reproduce the texture as closely as possible.
Bedroom
Dining/Kitchen
Typical Cross Section
Position of horizontal cut for plan shown on Drawing D13
•
The design section emphasizes form and defines the space.
•
The construction drawing section emphasizes the construction detail of the building.
Sections should be cut through major elements in the building, such as the place where floor or ceiling elevations are made, through the largest windows or the major doors of a space. Sections should never be cut through columns, since they may be misread as walls. When drawing a section the earth where the building sits should also be drawn (does it sit on a flat area of earth or does the building sit against an elevated area of land?). It is useful to include people in the drawing of a section to help understand the scale. 3.27
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When choosing the scale the section will be drawn in, it is important to consider what you need to show as well as how it fits on the composition of the page. In general, they are drawn in 1:100 or 1:50, or 1/8” or 1/4” scale (that is, 1 /8” to 1’0” or 1/4” to 1’0”), but large sections can be drawn as small as 1:200 (1/16”) scale. Sections are labelled with reference to the compass points.
labelled with reference to the compass points (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW). This means that the elevation of a wall might be labelled: CONFERENCE ROOM SOUTHWEST WALL. Because of this reference, it is very important always to label the NORTH direction on all Floor Plans for orientation purposes.
Front Elevation of a building
Elevations Elevations are orthographic drawings that show vertical surfaces that are not cut through planes. This means that elevations are of wall surfaces or, in the case of furniture, it may be a vertical surface of a particular piece of furniture. Elevations give us information about the form of the space, the openings, materials, textures and context of the space. Elevations show the details of particular elements such as mouldings and art placement and materials. Like the sections, some elevations are used as design drawings and others are used for construction purposes. Remaining consistent with the type of elevation being used is important. Elevations are scaled like the sections and are
Drawing D15
NOTE The sides and back walls are also elevations, and each is differentiated by stating which elevation is the one drawn, e.g. South Elevation, North Elevation, etc. 3.28
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Symbol Keys It is important to include a key for drawings so symbols can be properly identified. The topographer creates symbol keys for maps and you need to create a symbol key for this interior map. If you have located items on the drafted drawing that cannot be clearly identified, they must be included in a key to help readers of the plan fully understand the space. For example, if a circle is drawn and
Interior Hinged Door – Solid Core
you, as the designer, have drawn it to indicate a small side table, it could be interpreted in many ways by the reader - a floor lamp, a stool, a spot painted on the floor, or any number of other interpretations of this simple circle. Some symbols are more or less universal - plumbing, electrical, technical, etc. - but others are not. Your further research and growing experience will lead you to an understanding of this symbolism.
Symbols The following is a list of typical symbols that you may need to use at some point.
Sliding Doors – Double
Double Action Door
Sliding Doors – Triple
Interior Hinged Door – Hollow Core
French Door
Drawing D16a 3.29
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Dutch Door
Pocket Door
Accordion Door
Bi-fold Doors
Atrium Door
Drawing D16b
Overhead Garage Door
Arch Opening 3.30
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Bow Casement Window
45° Bay Window
Square Bay Window – a Fixed Window with Double Hung Sides
Casement Windows
Combination Fixed Window and Casement Window
Triple Combination – Fixed and Hopper
Drawing D16c 3.31
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Glass Block Window
Double Hung Window
Sliding Window
Awning Window
Hopper Window
Jalousie Window
Double, Double Hung Window
Drawing D16d 3.32
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���������������������������������� �������������� Kitchen Cabinets
Kitchen Upper Cabinets
Fold-up Ironing Board Central Vacuum
Ceiling Fan
Water Heater – Round Tank, Instant
Kitchen Upper Cabinets
Cookers
Refrigerators
Cooktop/Hob
Laundry Sink
Tumble Dryer
Washing Machine
Dishwasher
Range
Wall Oven
Kitchen Sinks
Single Sink
Double Sink
Double with Disposal Sink
Above & Below
Side-by-Side
Exhaust/Extractor Fan
Drawing D16e 3.33
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Electrical Switches Single
Double
Triple
Single
Double
Triple
Dimmer Switch
Remote Control
Automatic Door
Split Wired
Range Indicator
Electrical Outlets Toilet Floor Mount, Back to Wall
Toilet Wall Hung
Toilet Closed Coupled
Weather Proof
Communication Phone Jack Data Port Voice/Data
Television - Cable Satellite
HVAC - Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning Grille Lighting Bidet
Urinal Wall Hung
Urinal Floor
Fluorescent Strip
Ceiling Mounted Wall Washer
Drawing D16f
Bathroom Sink, Lavatories
Drinking Fountain
Pendant Light
Wall Mounted Incandescent
Recessed Downlight
Ceiling Mounted Incandescent
Ceiling Mounted Downlight
Wall Mounted Wall Mounted Wall Mounted Incandescent Downlight Wall Washer
Although these are common symbols, it is still important to include them in a reference key. 3.34
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rhodec international extramural independent studies
Use of Templates A tool that makes drafting much easier is the template. These are heavy plastic sheets with various shapes cut in them. Very often furniture manufacturers will provide professionals with templates of their products which are extremely useful. Consider designing a huge office building full of systems furniture without the aid of templates from the manufacturer! That would be mind-boggling. Of course, now CAD is used for those large projects, but templates are still useful. Consider how much easier planning electrical and plumbing services will be using templates than if you were drawing all notations without templates! Additionally, the design professional may find templates useful in the design process and clearer for the CAD technician when trying to express how the drawing should appear. A word of caution, though. Symbols used from templates must coordinate in size and approximate shape with the actual furniture or other element you are actually specifying for the space. Using a template symbol of a 72”(1.83m) long sofa is not appropriate if the piece of furniture you are specifying is actually a 96” (2.44m) sofa! Dimensioning Dimensioning is done on technical drawings to show the measurement between given points that are indicated. Different means are used for dimensioning depending on the information that is needed for particular drawings. In countries where dimensioning is consistently noted in feet and inches, when a measurement is 12” or over it must be noted in feet then inches (for example: 6’ 2”, 1’ 7”, 11’ 0”).
Dimensions in metric are always shown in millimetres. Thus one metre is shown as 1.000. This is a safeguard in case one decimal point is missed or becomes erased in printing. The figure is still one thousand millimetres, representing one metre. Here are some helpful terms used for dimensioning: (see Drawing D17): •
Linear dimensions are used to specify the sizes of a space
•
Dimension extension lines are used as an extension of the edges between where the measurement is taken. These are consistently 1/16” away from the object and 1 /8” beyond the dimension line
•
Dimension Lines are continuous unbroken lines used to denote the length of the dimension and ends at an extension line. They are not any closer than 1/4” apart
•
Dimension is the measured number given to a space. Dimensions under 12” are denoted in inches, dimensions 12” and above are denoted in feet and inches
•
Terminating devices are elements used to denote the end of a dimension such as a dash, a dot or an arrow
•
Centre Line Dimensioning is used to note distances between the centres of repetitious elements. This method is always used when NEW construction (as opposed to renovations of existing construction) is being dimensioned. It also needs to be identified with the centre line symbol
It will be very helpful for you to study various examples of quality dimensioning in order to express your own drawings well. It is also very, very important to note that dimensioning must be very, very readable. You should never crowd the dimensions, and should use a leader line if and where appropriate for ease of reading. Reflected Ceiling Plans The reflected ceiling plan indicates information about the placement of lighting at the ceiling surface, the ceiling grid, HVAC registers and grilles, as well as other information that is connected with the ceiling plane. You will find the following steps for creating a reflected ceiling plan useful: (refer to Drawing D12a): •
It is important to know the type of material used in the space. Is it gypsum board, suspended tiles, wood panels, earth plaster, or some other material?
•
If you are installing a grid for a suspended ceiling, lay out the grid to distribute the grid evenly throughout the space to avoid slivers of tile at any edge. Determine the construction of the walls. 3.35
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•
Locate the ceiling light fixtures considering the placement of furniture and the created grid.
•
Outlets should average one double outlet for every 2m (6’) of wall space in residential construction
•
Determine the placement of HVAC supply and return, not locating them side by side.
•
In the kitchen, double wall outlets should average one for every 1.2m (4’) of wall space
•
Finish the drawing with important details and a legend or key.
•
Every room should have one major source of light that is controlled by a switch located at the entrance
•
Each room should have one convenience outlet to be used as necessary (i.e. for the vacuum cleaner if a central vacuum system is not in place)
•
If there is not a central light for the entire room, a switch should be located by the entrance to control an outlet where a lamp would be plugged in for light control
•
Lights for stairways and hallways should be controlled at each end with three-way switches
•
Lights for spaces with multiple entrances need to have major light sources controlled at each entrance and a full panel at the main service entrance
•
Finalize the drawing with details and a legend
•
Mounting heights for all outlets must be specified on plans to assure proper coordination between outlets and other elements in the space (e.g. countertops)
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Electrical Plans The interior designer needs to understand the location of electrical, phone and data service so that appropriate connections can be in place where specific needs are located. Learning to draw and express an appropriate electrical plan is very important. Show the location of electrical outlets, telephone jacks and computer outlets, television connections, switches and other special items that require electrical service. The following planning rules will be helpful as you draw this type of plan (refer to Drawing D12b):
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Drawing D17
•
The main source of light in a room should be controlled by a wall-mounted switch that is located on the latch side of the room’s entrance. It should never be necessary to walk into a dark room to locate a switch for a light
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Some General Rules for Planning Space For the interior designer, being able to communicate the planning of the interior space is very important. An understanding of human dimensions is very important when space planning, and that will be covered in the Design and Furniture and Fittings Units. Here are a few rules to get you started: •
•
It is important to programme for the space in order to determine the type of spaces you need. To do this, you will have to answer questions about the space, about the activities that take place there, and how those activities happen. Questions about storage, style and other functions need to be answered. There will be more information about programming later in the course You will need to determine clearances, traffic patterns and movement as well as specific information about the particular areas needed (for example, what are the wet area needs, what are the dry area needs, are there technically heavy areas that needs to be addressed, etc.)
•
Determine the traffic areas that will be used and begin to plan furniture placement accordingly
•
Once the functions are determined, it is time to specify furniture that will meet the needs designated by the programming
•
Create groups within rooms that meet the needs of the end user of the space
•
Furniture must be drafted to the correct size
•
Even if furniture items are mounted on the wall, show them on the floor plan since the space under the item will not be useable
•
A rule of thumb is that anything that shows up 1.2m (4’) from the floor plane needs to be indicated on the floor plan
Use of Circle Templates In some countries such as the US, circle templates rather than a compass are used to draw circles and some arcs. The reason for this is that it is easier to achieve a smoother line quality with the templates than with the compass. The templates are usually less expensive than the compass, as well. Use of Overlays Overlays are effective in describing details for presentation purposes. They are created when a sheet of semi-transparent paper is placed over another drawing and details added to the overlaid sheet to show those details. For example, by using an overlay, lighting and/or electrical information can be shown over a presentation floor plan. For construction purposes, this would need to be prepared as a separate drawing so the contractor could actually work from it.
Overlays require the same attention to detail as that required by regular drafting. It is important that the drawings line up and the overlay is easy to use. In some cases multiple overlays may be used over base drawings to show a variety of options available to the client or client group. Field Measuring So what if you are not designing from the ground up and are in need of creating plans of an existing structure? In this case you will need to field measure the structure for which you wish to create the drawings. When you field measure, each and every measurement must be accurately recorded on sketch drawings in order to draft the drawings accurately. While it may seem straightforward to measure for plan drawings it is important to remember to measure all surfaces accurately. If you review the text on dimensioning, field measuring will become easier. Employing the techniques used in dimensioning drawings on field sketches can provide you with the information necessary to create drawings for existing buildings. Of course, side notes are important in field measuring, as well. Consider how important it will be to note various materials, the size of grids (as in the ceiling), etc. in note form. One of the things you will want to do is to measure very accurately the first time. It can be quite annoying to a client to have the designer return over and over to re-measure when it should have been done properly in one visit. One strategy to assure that you have considered all necessary measurements is 3.37
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UNIT RD 3 drafting for the interior designer
to create a rough sketch of a floor plan, reflected ceiling plan, and elevations of all walls and built-in elements before you begin measuring. While established firms often have standards used and page formats set, it is your responsibility to design a format for yourself to use throughout your educational process. While the creation of a logo will be explored at a later time, we encourage you to use the elements and principles of design to create a logo that works and can be used for your student presentations. Orthographic Projection This type of drawing is done to show the plan, section and elevation of an object. A plan is arrived at by ‘cutting’ rooms horizontally and taking the top piece away, figuratively speaking, to show the shape of the rooms. See Drawing D13. A section is similar to the plan but the ‘cut’ is made vertically. See Drawing D14. The elevation is the drawing looking directly at one side of a building, or it can be a wall inside the building. See Drawing D15.
Drawing D18
Drawing D19 shows how the plan, section and elevations explain a scheme. The drawing shows, by numbers, how the sections and elevations are arrived at and should be studied before proceeding to the next Lesson. Note 3.38
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11 Continue horizontal
4 Mark off height of block
5 Draw horizontal line joining the two verticals
7 Project verticals from points A & B
how the plans and sections have thicker lines than the elevations, which is a way of indicating on a drawing that a particular line is in section, and not in elevation.
8 Continue horizontal
10 Projection lines up from C D E F
2 Draw base line C
D CROSS SECTION
E
FRONT ELEVATION
F
A SIDE ELEVATION
B
3 Project broken lines up
6 Draw arcs which will give width of block on base line
9 Draw arcs which will give width of block and thickness of sides on base line
PLAN 12 Thicken lines as required
Drawing D19 Orthographic Projection
1 Draw plan Sketch of block above
Alternative Orthographic Projection Again, in the US and other countries, orthographic projections are prepared differently from the above. The information presented is the same, but the format is different. To prepare these drawings, it may be easy for you to consider the space a ‘box’ with the top (ceiling) removed. On the bottom of the box is the floor plan and on each side (the walls) are appropriate elevations. If you cut down the corners of the sides (walls) they will fall away from the bottom (floor). The opening of this box allows it to become a two-dimensional work as opposed to the three-dimensional box. If you take this another step and cut the joints where the sides (walls) join the bottom (floor) so that there are 5 separate drawings, you have the idea of how this alternative orthographic projection is presented. The floor plan is in the middle with elevations of each wall positioned as they relate to the floor plan. See Drawing D20. Paraline Drawings These drawings are used to show three-dimensional volumes of space and objects. The reason they are called paraline drawings is because they are constructed with parallel lines. Because of the way they are constructed, they will show objects that appear to be out of scale. They are not intended to be used to represent space realistically, 3.39
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but they are good at showing three-dimensional block diagrams, objects as they appear in space and the plan view of the space. Paraline drawings are mechanically easy to construct, because vertical lines remain vertical and parallel lines remain parallel. Paralines can be scaled, but this can happen only along the axis. There are different types of paraline drawings the interior designer uses. These include the isometric that uses 30°/30° angles and the axonometric that uses 45°/45° angles. The oblique versions of these drawings can be constructed in a variety of ways: •
30°/60° oblique utilizes 30° and 60° angles
•
Elevation oblique utilizes 90° angles with the bottom of the object parallel to the floor plane.
•
Cavalier oblique is an oblique utilizing full size – height, width and depth are true and the angle is variable, but is typically 45°
•
Cabinet oblique is an oblique also utilizing full size with the exception of depth which is cut in half to reduce distortion
Drawing D20 Alternative Orthographic Projection 3.40
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Axonometric Projection This is a true plan to a particular scale drawn at an angle to the horizontal of 45º (see Drawing D21, Figure 1) and then projected vertically to show two elevations at once, and the top of the object. See Drawing D21, Figure 2. If it is desirable to show the inside of a room looking down, as if the roof has been taken off, this can be drawn as shown in Drawing D21, Figure 3. This is a very good way to show interiors to scale.
As a true plan is shown, and the outside edges are at right angles to each other, a square on plan in axonometric projection would remain a square (see Drawing D22, Figure 1) and a circle on plan in axonometric projection would remain a circle (see Drawing D22, Figure 2), but a circle on elevation would be an ellipse as shown in Drawing D22, Figure 3.
Drawing D21 Axonometric Projection
Figure 1 A true plan to scale but at 45º to horizontal
Figure 2
Figure 3 Room with ceiling removed
Figure 4 Room with ceiling and one wall removed 3.41
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Drawing D22 Axonometric Projection
Figure 1 Projection of true square
Figure 2 Circles on plan appear as true circles
Figure 3 Circles in elevation appear as ellipses
Figure 4 Circles shown on plan and all elevations 3.42
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Isometric Projection This is a similar projection to axonometric projection but the angles are at 30º. The corners of the figure are not at right angles and it is, therefore, not a true plan; the result is a rather distorted image. However, for certain shapes you will find it most useful. See Drawing D23. Circles in this case will appear as ellipses. See Figures 2 and 3 in Drawing D23.
Figure 1 Projection of true square produces a hexagon
Figure 2 Circles on plan appear as ellipses
Drawing D23 Isometric Projection
Figure 3 Circles on elevation appear as ellipses
Figure 4 Circles shown on plan and all elevations 3.43
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Figure 1 Projection of true plan with oblique lines at 45º to the horizontal. Note distances along the oblique lines are measured at half scale
Drawing D24
Figure 2 Projection of true plan with oblique lines at 30º to the horizontal. Note that the same scale is used for all lines. Figure 1 and 2 show use of oblique projection to illustrate interiors
Figure 3 Projection of true elevation with oblique lines at 45º to the horizontal. Note distances along the oblique lines are measured at half scale
Figure 4 Projection of true plan with oblique lines at 30º to the horizontal. Note that the same scale is used for all lines.
Oblique Projection 3.44
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Oblique Projection Where one true elevation is needed but side elevations are of secondary importance, Oblique Projection is used to convey what is required. The main elevation is drawn to scale as a true elevation, and the back part is drawn at an angle of 45º or 30º to this elevation (See Drawing D24, Figures 3 and 4). When 45º is used as the angle (see Drawing D24, Figure 3) the oblique lines are usually drawn to a scale of half that used for drawing the true elevation. When a 30º angle is used (see Drawing D24, Figure 4) the scale is usually the same for both true elevation and oblique lines. NOTE: All projections are drawn to scale and therefore measurements can be taken from these. It is important for you to become familiar with these drawings since they can be drawn quickly and efficiently. While some of them may be difficult for the untrained eye, they will be an important communication tool for you to have. It will be to your benefit to explore their construction and use.
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