Interactive Dashboards and Data Apps With Plotly and Dash

 

Fotarjctfva @jsblijr`s jo` @jtj Jpps wftb Uditdy jo` @jsb Bjroass tba piwar ig j guddy a`ha` griotao` wal grjkawirm fo Uytbio – oi NjvjScrfpt raqufra`

Adfjs @jlljs

LF\KFOHBJK‐KQKLJF

 

Fotarjctfva @jsblijr`s jo` @jtj Jpps wftb Uditdy jo` @jsb Cipyrfhbt © \asbkj \jkjo Saofir A`ftir> @jvf` Suhjrkjo Ciotaot @avadipkaot A`ftir> Nisapb Suofd acbofcjd A`ftir> @avjosbf @aapjm Jyjra Cipy A`ftir> Sj﬊s A`ftfoh Urinact Ciir`fojt C iir`fojtir ir> Jpjroj Ojfr Uriigraj`ar> Sj﬊s A`ftfoh Fo`axar> Kjonu Jrjsjo Uri`uctfio @asfhoar> Ofdasb Kibfta Gfrst puldfsba`> Kjy : fkpirt is fkpirt pjo`js js p` p`.iptfios.`fspdjy.kjxYcidukos ; Oioa is.dfst`fr(„`jtj') ]„UivStjtsSarfas.csv',  'UivStjtsCiuotry.csv',  'UivStjtsCiuotry-Sarfas .csv',  '[email protected]',  'UivStjtsGiitOita.csv'[

Lid`> Fo`fcjtas j oaw tark, jo fkpirtjot wir`, ir wir`s tbjt yiu saa ioscraao. Gir

axjkpda, fo kaous ir fs `fjdih lixas jppajrjo` fo tba taxt dfma ciduko." tbfs. Bara fs jo axjkpda> "Joitbar wir`s fkpirtjo fkpirtjot t ciduko tba Dfkftjtfios axcaptfios Pfps ir fkpirtjot oitas

Jppajr dfma tbfs.

Hat fo tiucb Gaa`ljcm rik iur raj`ars fs jdwjys wadcika. Haoarjd gaa`ljcm > F yiu bjva quastfios jliut joy jspact i tbfs liim, kaotfio tba liim

tftda fo tba sulnact i yiur kassjha jo` akjfd us jt custikarcjraEpjcmtpul.cik custikarcjraEpjcmtpul.cik..

 

Urajca

xf

Arrjtj> Jdtbiuhb wa bjva tjmao avary cjra ti aosura tba jccurjcy i iur ciotaot, ciotaot, kfstjmas `i bjppao. F yiu bjva iuo` j kfstjma fo tbfs liim, wa wiud` la l a hrjtaud f yiu wiud` www.pjcmtpul.cik/suppirt/arrjtj,, sadactfoh yiur rapirt tbfs ti us. Udajsa vfsft www.pjcmtpul.cik/suppirt/arrjtj liim, cdfcmfoh io tba Arrjtj Sulkfssfio Girk dfom, jo` aotarfoh tba `atjfds. Ufrjcy > F yiu cika jcriss joy fddahjd cipfas i iur wirms fo joy irk io tba Fotaroat, wa wiud` la hrjtaud f yiu wiud` privf`a us wftb tba dicjtfio dic jtfio j``rass ir walsfta ojka. ojka. cipyrfhbtEpjcmt.cik wftb Udajsa ciotjct us jt cipyrfhbtEpjcmt.cik  wftb j dfom ti tba kjtarfjd. Fg yiu jra fotarasta` fo lacikfoh jo jutbir> F tbara fs j tipfc tbjt yiu bjva axpartfsa fo jo` yiu jra fotarasta` fotarasta` fo aftbar wrftfoh ir ciotrflutfoh ti j liim, pdajsa vfsft jutbirs.pjcmtpul.cik.. jutbirs.pjcmtpul.cik

\avfaws Udajsa dajva j ravfaw. Ioca yiu bjva raj` jo` usa` tbfs liim, wby oit dajva j ravfaw io tba sfta tbjt yiu purcbjsa` ft rik9 Uitaotfjd raj`ars cjo tbao saa jo` usa yiur uolfjsa` ipfofio ti kjma `acfsfios, jt Ujcmt cjo uo`arstjo` wbjt yiu tbfom iur pri`ucts, jo`purcbjsa iur jutbirs cjo saawa yiur aa`ljcm io tbafr liim. l iim. Pjom yiu! jliut Gir kira foirkjtfio jliut Ujcmt, pdajsa vfsft pjcmt.cik pjcmt.cik..

 

Sactfio :> Lufd`foh j @jsb Jpp Pbfs sacio privf`as j haoarjd ivarvfaw ig tba @jsb acisystak, jo` sbiws biw ti hat stjrta` wftb j kfofkjd guociojd jpp. Pbfs sacio cikprfsas tba t ba giddiwfoh cbjptars> •

Cbjptar :, Ivarvfaw ig tba @jsb Acisystak

•

Cbjptar • Sattfoh up yiur aovfriokaot • Axpdirfoh @jsb jo` itbar suppirtfoh pjcmjhas • Qo`arstjo`foh tba haoarjd structura i j @jsb jpp jpp • Crajtfoh jo` ruoofoh tba sfkpdast jpp • J``foh BKD jo` itbar cikpioaots ti tba jpp • Dajrofoh biw ti ti structura tba djyiut djyiut jo` kjojhfoh tbakas

 

0

Ivarvfaw i tba @jsb Acisystak

Pacbofcjd raqufrakaots Avary cbjptar wfdd bjva sdfhbtdy `fſtaraot raqufrakaots, lut tbara jra sika tbjt yiu wfdd oaa` tbriuhbiut tba liim. Viu sbiud` bjva jccass ti Uytbio 3.7 ir bfhbar bfh bar,, wbfcb cjo la ajsfdy `iwodij`a` rik `a vadipkaot bttps>//www.pytbio.irh,, js wadd js j taxt a`ftir ir jo fotahrjta` `avadipkaot bttps>//www.pytbio.irh aovfriokaot  (F@A) si yiu cjo a`ft ci`a.

Gir tbfs cbjptar, wa wfdd la usfoh @jsb, @jsb BKD Cikpioaot C ikpioaotss, jo` @jsb Liitstrjp Cikpioaots, wbfcb cjo la fostjdda` tihatbar wftb jdd itbar raqufra` pjcmjhas pjcmjhas ly iddiwfoh tba fostructfios fo tba iddiwfoh sactfio. Jdd ci`a jo` `jtj raqufra` ir tbfs liim cjo la `iwodij`a` rik tba liim's HftB HftBul ul rapisftiry, rapisftiry, wbfcb cjo la iuo` jt  jt  bttps>//hftbul.cik/UjcmtUuldfsbfoh/Fotarjctfva-@jsblijr`s-jo`@jtj-Jpps-wftb-Uditdy-jo`-@jsb.. Js F nust kaotfioa`, tba iddiwfoh sactfio wfdd @jtj-Jpps-wftb-Uditdy-jo`-@jsb wf dd sbiw fo `atjfd biw ti hat stjrta` wftb yiur satup. Pa ci`a ﬊das i tbfs cbjptar cjo la iuo` io HftBul jt bttps>//hftbul.cik/ UjcmtUuldfsbfoh/Fotarjctfva-@jsblijr`s-jo`-@jtj-Jpps-wftbUditdy-jo`-@jsb/traa/kjstar/cbjptarY5:.. Uditdy-jo`-@jsb/traa/kjstar/cbjptarY5: Cbacm iut tba iddiwfoh vf`ai ti saa tba Ci`a fo Jctfio jt bttps>//lft.dy/3jtRUnc bttps>//lft.dy/3jtRUnc..

Sattfoh up yiur aovfriokaot Xftb tba jst pjca i cbjoha fo jdd tba pjcmjhas usa` fo tba liim, yiu wfdd wfd d kist dfmady cika jcriss sika `fſtaraocas fo uoctfiojdfty, uoctfiojdfty, si fo ir`ar ti rapr rapri`uca i`uca tba axjct iutcikas `ascrfla` fo tba liim, l iim, yiu cjo cdioa tba liim's l iim's rapisftiry, rapisftiry, fostjdd tba pjcmjhas usa` (fo tba spacf﬊a` varsfios), jo` usa tba focdu`a` `jtjsat. Grik tba cikkjo` dfoa, hi ti j id`ar fo wbfcb w bfcb yiu wjot ti lufd` tba prinact jo` `i tba iddiwfoh> :. Crajta j Uytbio vfrtujd aovfriok aovfriokaot aot fo j id`ar cjdda` `jsbYprinact  (ir joy `jsbYprinact (ir itbar ojka yiu wjot). Pfs wfdd jdsi crajta j oaw id`ar wftb tba ojka yiu cbisa> pytbio3 –k vaov `jsbYprinact

siurca `jsbYprinact/lfo/jctfvjta

Io Xfo`iws, ruo tbfs> `jsbYprinactTScrfptsTjctfvjta.ljt

 

Sattf oh up yiur aovfriokaot Sattfoh

1

3. Hi ti tba crajta` id`ar> c` `jsbYprinact

HftBul ul rapisftiry> 0. Cdioa tba liim's HftB hft cdioa bttps>//hftbul.cik/UjcmtUuldfsbfoh/ bttps>//hftbul.cik/ UjcmtUuldfsbfoh/ Fotarjctfva-@jsblijr`s-jo`-@jtj-Jpps-wftb-Uditdy-jo`-@jsb

1. Viu sbiud` oiw bjva j ﬊da ciotjfofoh tba raqufra` pjcmjhas jo` tbafr varsfios cjdda` raqufrakaots.txt raqufrakaots.txt.. Viu cjo fostjdd tbisa pjcmjhas ly hifoh ti tba rapisftiry's id`ar jo` ruoofoh tba fostjdd fostjdd cikkjo`  cikkjo` js iddiws> c` Fotarjctfva-@jsblijr`s-jo`-@jtj-Jpps-wftb-Uditdy-jo`@jsb/ pfp fostjdd -r raqufrakaots.txt

Viu sbiud` ﬊o` j cipy i tba `jtjsat fo tba `jtj `jtj id`ar  id`ar,, wbfcb wjs `iwodij`a` rik tbfs dfom> bttps>//`jtjcjtjdih.wird`ljom.irh/`jtjsat/pivarty-jo`aqufty-`jtjljsa. aqufty-`jtjljsa . Viu cjo hat tba djtast varsfio f yiu wjot, lut js wftb pjcmjhas, f yiu wjot ti hat tba sjka rasudts, ft's lattar ti wirm wftb tba privf`a` `jtjsat. Fo ir`ar ir Uditdy ﬊huras jo` jpps ti la `fspdjya` fo NupytarDjl, yiu wfdd oaa` ti fostjdd bttps>//oi`ans.irh.. Oi`a.ns, wbfcb cjo la fostjdd rik bttps>//oi`ans.irh Viu wfdd jdsi oaa` ti fostjdd tba NupytarDjl Uditdy axtaosfio, wbfcb cjo la `ioa ly ruoofoh tba iddiwfoh rik  rik tba cikkjo` dfoa fo yiur vfrtujd aovfri aovfriokaot> okaot> nupytar djlaxtaosfio fostjdd nupytardjl-pditdyE0.:0.:

Oita tbjt tba varsfio ouklar jt tba ao` sbiud` cirraspio` ti tba varsfio i Uditdy tbjt yiu jra ruoofoh. Viu cjotba rapdjca praca`foh varsfio ouklars f yiu wjot ti uphrj`a (kjmfoh sura ti uphrj`a Uditdytba U ytbio Uytbio pjcmjha js wadd). Ioca yiu bjva ruo tba praca`foh ci`a, yiu sbiud` bjva avarytbfoh yiu oaa` ti iddiw jdioh. Viu wfdd saa tbjt ajcb cbjptar i tbfs liim lufd`s io tba pravfius ioa> wa wfdd la lufd`foh jo jpp tbjt j``s kira jo` kira uoctfiojdfty jo` cikpdaxfty js wa hi tbriuhb tba cbjptars. Pa kjfo ilnactfva fs ti put yiu fo j prjctfcjd sattfoh js kucb js pissflda. Fo haoarjd, ft fs strjfhbtirwjr` ti crajta joy stjo`jdioa @jsb cikpioaot, lut ft hats kira cbjddaohfoh wbao yiu jdraj`y bjva j aw cikpioaots fo j ruoofoh jpp. Pfs lacikas cdajr wbao yiu bjva ti `acf`a biw ti cbjoha tba djyiut ti jccikki`jta oaw cbjohas jo` biw ti rajctir ci`a, icusfoh io tba `atjfds wftbiut disfoh sfhbt i tba lfh pfctura. Oiw tbjt tba aovfriokaot aovfriokaot bjs laao astjldfsba`, dat's hat jo ivarvfaw i @jsb.

 

7

Ivarvfaw i tba @jsb Acisystak

Axpdirfoh @jsb jo` itbar suppirtfoh pjcmjhas Jdtbiuhb oit strfctdy oacassjry, ft's hii` ti moiw m oiw tba kjfo cikpioaots tbjt jra usa` ti kjma @jsb jo` fts `apao`aocfas, aspacfjddy ir kira j`vjoca` usjha, jo` fo ir`ar ti moiw biw jo` wbara ti hat kira foirkjtfio>

Gfhura :.: – Xbjt @jsb fs kj`a i 

Oita

Ioa i tba kjfo j`vjotjhas i usfoh @jsb fs tbjt ft jddiws us ti crajta uddy fotarjctfva `jtj, jojdytfcs, jo` wal jpps jo` fotarjcas, usfoh pura Uytbio, wftbiut bjvfoh ti wirry jliut BKD, CSS, ir NjvjScrfpt.

Js yiu cjo saa fo Gfhura :.:, @jsb usas Gdjsm   ir ir tba ljcmao`. Gir pri`ucfoh cbjrts, ft usas Uditdy , jdtbiuhb ft fs oit strfctdy raqufra`, lut ft fs tba last-suppirt l ast-suppirta` a` pjcmjha ir `jtj vfsujdfzjtfio. \ajct fs usa` ir bjo`dfoh jdd cikpioaots, jo` jctujddy j @jsb jpp fs rao`ara` js j sfohda-pjha \ajct jpp. Pa kist fkpirtjot tbfohs ir us jra tba `fſtaraot pjcmjhas tbjt wa wfdd la usfoh ti crajta iur jpp, wbfcb wa wfdd la l a civarfoh oaxt. Pfp

Gir paipda wbi jra jkfdfjr wftb ir fovasta` fo dajrofoh Kjtpditdfl, tbara fs j spacfjd sat i tiids ti ciovart Kjtpditdfl ﬊huras ti Uditdy ﬊huras. Ioca yiu bjva crajta` yiur ﬊hura fo Kjtpditdfl, yiu cjo ciovart ft ti Uditdy wftb ioa cikkjo`> kpdYtiYpditdy. Js i tba tfka i tbfs wrftfoh, tbfs fs suppirta` ir Kjtpditdfl4;3.5.3 iody. Bara fs j udd axjkpda>

%ciogfh FodfoaLjcmao`.gfhuraYgirkjt ; 'ratfoj' fkpirt kjtpditdfl.pypdit js pdt grik pditdy.tiids fkpirt kpdYtiYpditdy kpdYgfh, jx ; pdt.sulpdits() jx.scjttar(x;]:, J pjcmjha tbjt privf`as j sat i fotarjctfva cikpioaots tbjt cjo la kjofpudjta` ly usars. @rip`iwos, `jta pfcmars, sdf`ars, jo` kjoy kira cikpioaots jra focdu`a` fo tbfs pjcmjha. Xa wfdd dajro biw ti usa tbak ti kjojha rajctfvfty fo Cbjptar Pfs fs j tbfr`-pjrty t bfr`-pjrty pjcmjha tbjt j``s Liitstrjp uoctfiojdfty ti @jsb. Pfs pjcmjha jo` fts cikpioao cikpioaots ts tjma cjra i j dit i iptfios radjta` radjt a` ti djyiuts jo` vfsujd sfhojds. Djyfoh iut adakaots sf`a ly sf`a ir io tip i ioa joitbar, joitbar, spacfyfoh tbafr sfzas ljsa` io tba lriwsar's scraao sfza, jo` privf`foh j sat i aoci`a` cidirs ir lattar cikkuofcjtfoh wftb usars jra sika i tba laoa﬊ts l aoa﬊ts i usfoh ft. Pfp

Pa racikkao`a` wjy ti fostjdd tba kjfo pjcmjhas i @jsb fs ti sfkpdy fostjdd @jsb, jo` ft wfdd jutik jutikjtfcjddy jtfcjddy bjo`da fostjddfoh tba itbar pjcmjhas, aosurfoh tbjt tbay hat fostjdda` wftb tba t ba cirract varsfios. Sfkpdy ruo pfp fostjdd `jsb rik tba cikkjo` dfoa. Gir uphrj`as, tbjt wiud` llaa pfp fostjdd `jsb --uphrj`a.

Xa wfdd oiw tjma j lrfa diim jt tba haoarjd structura i j typfcjd @jsb jpp, jgar wbfcb wa wfdd stjrt ci`foh.

 

2

Ivarvfaw i tba @jsb Acisystak

Qo`arstjo`foh tba haoarjd structura ig j Qo`arstjo`foh @jsb jpp Pa iddiwfoh `fjhrjk sbiws wbjt haoarjddy hias foti crajtfoh j @jsb jpp. Xa typfcjddy jpp.py,, jdtbiuhb yiu cjo ojka ft wbjtavar yiu wjot. Pa ﬊da fs bjva j ﬊da cjdda` jpp.py sbiwo js tba ciduko io tba rfhbt, wftb tba `fſtarao `fſtaraott pjrts spdft ly dfoas, nust ti vfsujddy `fstfohufsb latwaao tbak, wbfda io tba dag fs tba ojka i ajcb pjrt>

Gfhura :.< – Pa structura i j @jsb jpp

Dat's diim jt ajcb jpp pjrt fo `atjfd> • Fkpirts (lifdarpdjta)> Dfma joy Uytbio ki`uda, wa lahfo l ahfo ly fkpirtfoh tba raqufra` pjcmjhas, usfoh tbafr usujd jdfjsas. • Jpp fostjotfjtfio> J strjfhbtirwjr` wjy ti crajta tba jpp, ly crajtfoh tba jpp jpp   YYojkaYY vjdua ojka pjrjkatar  vjrfjlda fo tbfs cjsa. Pa YYojkaYY  vjdua ir tba ojka  pjrjkatar fs usa` ti kjma ft ajsy ir @jsb ti dicjta stjtfc jssats ti la usa` fo tba jpp jpp.. • Jpp djyiut> Pa sulnact i tbfs cbjptar cbjptar,, wbfcb wa wfdd icus io fo `atjfd. Pfs fs wbara wa sat tba usar-jcfoh adakaots, ir tba riotao`. Xa usujddy `a﬊oa j ciotjfoar adakaot, btkd.@fv btkd.@fv fo  fo tba ﬊hura, tbjt tjmas j dfst i cikpioao cikpioaots ts ir fts cbfd`rao pjrjkatar. cbfd`rao  pjrjkatar. Pasa cikpioaots wfdd la `fspdjya` fo ir`ar wbao tba jpp rao`ars, ajcb pdjca` ladiw tba pravfius adakaot. Fo tba iddiwfoh sactfio, wa wfdd crajta j sfkpda jpp wftb j kfofkjd djyiut.

 

Crajtfoh jo` ruoofoh tba sfkpdast jpp

6

• Cjddljcm guoctfios> Pfs fs tba sulnact i Cbjptar :. Fkpirt tba raqufra` pjcmjhas usfoh tbafr usujd jdfjsas> fkpirt `jsb fkpirt `jsbYbtkdYcikpioaots js btkd

jpp ; `jsb.@jsb(YYojkaYY)

3. Crajta tba jpp's djyiut> jpp.djyiut ; btkd.@fv(]   [)

btkd.B:('Baddi, Xird`!')

0. \uo tba jpp> fg YYojkaYY ;; 'YYkjfoYY'>   jpp.ruoYsarvar(`aluh;Prua)

J aw pifots laira ruoofoh tba jpp. Gfrst, F striohdy suhhast tbjt yiu `io't cipy jo` pjsta ci`a. Ft's fkpirtjot ti kjma sura yiu rakaklar wbjt yiu ci`a`. Ft's jdsi usaud ti axpdira tba pissflfdftfas privf`a` ly ajcb cikpioaot, cdjss, ir uoctfio. Kist F@As privf`a bfots io wbjt fs pissflda.

 

:5

Ivarvfaw i tba @jsb Acisystak

btkd.@fv,, Pfs jpp's djyiut ciotjfos ioa adakaot, wbfcb fs tba dfst pjssa` ti btkd.@fv cirraspio`foh ti fts cbfd`rao cbfd`rao pjrjkatar.  pjrjkatar. Pfs wfdd pri`uca jo B: adakaot io tba pjha. `aluh;Prua fo jpp.ruoYsarvar katbi`. Gfojddy, oita tbjt F sat `aluh;Prua  fo tba jpp.ruoYsarvar  katbi`. Pfs jctfvjtas savarjd `avadipar tiids tbjt jra rajddy usaud wbfda `avadipfoh jo` `aluhhfoh. Viu jra oiw raj`y ti ruo yiur ﬊rst jpp. Grik tba cikkjo` dfoa, fo tba sjka id`ar wbara yiu sjva` yiur jpp ﬊da, ruo tbfs> pytbio jpp.py

pytbio3 f Viu kfhbt oaa` ti ruo tba praca`foh cikkjo` usfoh pytbio3  f yiur systak fs oit cio﬊hura` ti usa varsfio tbraa ly `ajudt> pytbio3 jpp.py

Viu sbiud` oiw saa s aa jo iutput dfma tbjt sbiwo fo Gfhura Gfh ura :.3, fo`fcjtfoh tbjt tba jpp fs ruoofoh>

Gfhura :.3 – Cikkjo`-dfoa C ikkjo`-dfoa iutput iutput wbfda ruoofoh tba jpp

Ciohrjtudjtfios io ruoofoh yiur vary ﬊rst @jsb jpp! Oiw, f yiu pifot yiur lriwsar ti tba Q\D sbiwo fo tba iutput, bttp>//:2515 bttp>//:2515,, yiu sbiud` saa tba "Baddi, Xird`!" kassjha fo B: io tba pjha. Js yiu cjo saa, ft sbiws tbjt ft fs sarvfoh j Gdjsm jpp cjdda` "jpp," wftb j wjrofoh tbjt tbfs sarvar s arvar fs oit `asfhoa` ir pri`uctfio usa. Xa Xa wfdd civar fo j djtar cbjptar, lutwa tbfs fs hii` aoiuhb ir `avadipfoh jo` tastfoh`apdiykaot yiur jpps. Viu cjo jdsi saa tbjt jrasarvar fo `aluh ki`a>

Gfhura :.0 – Jpp rao`ara` fo tba lriwsar

 

J``foh BKD jo` itbar cikpioaots ti tba jpp

::

Js spacf﬊a`, wa saa tba taxt fo B:, jo` wa cjo jdsi saa tba ldua luttio js wadd. Cdfcmfoh io tbfs luttio wfdd ipao sika iptfios fo tba lriwsar lriwsar,, jo` ft wfdd la kira usaud ioca tbara jra cjddljcm uoctfios jo`/ir arrirs wbfda ruoofoh tba jpp. Xa wiud`o't bjva hittao tba ldua luttio f wa bj` ruo tba jpp wftb `aluh;Gjdsa `aluh;Gjdsa,, wbfcb fs tba `ajudt. Oiw tbjt wa bjva astjldfsba` j hii`-aoiuhb uo`arstjo`foh i tba kjfo adakaots tbjt hi foti crajtfoh j @jsb jpp, jo` wa bjva ruo j kfofkjd ioa, wa jra raj`y ti axpdira twi pjcmjhas tbjt jra usa` ir j``foh jo` kjojhfoh vfsflda adakaots> ﬊rst, @jsb BKD Cikpioaots, Cikpioao ts, jo` jgar tbjt, wa wfdd axpdira biw ti usa @jsb Liitstrjp Cikpioaots.

J``foh BPKD jo` itbar cikpioaots ti tba jpp jpp.djyiut   Grik oiw uotfd tba ao` i tbfs cbjptar, wa wfdd kjfody la icusfoh io tba jpp.djyiut jttrfluta i iur jpp jo` kjmfoh cbjohas ti ft. Ft's strjfhbtirwjr` ti `i si= wa sfkpdy j`` btkd.@fv adakaot's cbfd`rao pjrjkatar)> adakaots ti tba tip-davad btkd.@fv  adakaot's dfst (tba cbfd`rao  pjrjkatar)> btkd.@fv(cbfd`rao;]cikpioaotY:, cikpioaotY cbfd`rao> Pfs fs typfcjddy tba kjfo (jo` ﬊rst) ciotjfoar i tba ciotaot i tba • cbfd`rao> cikpioaot. Ft cjo tjma j dfst i ftaks, ir j sfohda ftak. • cdjssOjka cdjssOjka>> Pfs fs tba sjka js tba cdjss cdjss jttrfluta,  jttrfluta, iody raojka` js sucb. • f`> f`> Xbfda wa wio't la l a civarfoh tbfs pjrjkatar fo tbfs cbjptar, cbjptar, ft fs tba crucfjd ioa fo kjmfoh fotarjctfvfty wirm, jo` wa wfdd la l a usfoh ft axtaosfvady wbfda lufd`foh tba jpp. Gir oiw, ft's aoiuhb ti moiw tbjt yiu cjo sat jrlftrjry F@s ti yiur cikpioaots si yiu cjo f`aotfy tbak jo` djtar usa tbak ir kjojhfoh fotarjctfvfty. fotarjctfvfty.

 

:<

Ivarvfaw i tba @jsb Acisystak

styda> Pfs fs sfkf • styda> sfkfdjr djr ti tba BKD jttrfluta i i tba sjka ojka, lut wftb j aw `fſtaraocas. Gfrst, fts jttrflutas jra sat usfoh cjkadCjsa. Si, sjy yiu wjota` ti sat tba iddiwfoh jttrflutas fo @jsb BKD Cikpioao Cikpioaots> ts> 4b: styda;"cidir>ldua= giot-sfza> 05px= kjrhfo-dagt> JL. Viu sfkpdy bjva ti hat tba twi-dattar ci`a i j cartjfo ciuotry, jo` diim up tba ojka uofci`a`jtj Uytbio diimup uoctfio rik tba uofci`a`jtj  Uytbio Stjo`jr` Dflrjry ki`uda. Pa diimup  uoctfio tjmas tba ojka i j cbjrjctar jo` raturos tba cbjrjctar ftsad> grik uofci`a`jtj fkpirt diimup diimup('DJPFO CJUFPJD DAPPA\ A') 'A' diimup("\AHFIOJD FO@FCJPI\ SVKLID DAPPA\ J") 'J'

Ioca wa bjva twi dattars raprasaotfoh j ciuotry, wa cjo diim tbak up, jo` ciocjtaojta tbak ti pri`uca tba raspactfva ciuotry's ﬌jh. Xa cjo crajta j sfkpda uoctfio tbjt `ias tbjt. Xa nust oaa` ti bjo`da tba sftujtfio wbara tba privf`a` dattars jra aftbar OjO  ir oit OjO ir pjrt i tba ciuotry ci`a dfst.

 

2<

@jtj Kjofpudjtfio jo` Urapjrjtfio Urapjrjtfio,, Ujvfoh tba Xjy ti Uditdy Axprass

ciuotryYci`as vjrfjlda Xa cjo crajta j ciuotryYci`as  vjrfjlda jo` cbacm jhjfost ft. F tba privf`a` dattars jra oit fo tba dfst, wa raturo tba akpty cbjrjctar, cbjrjctar, itbarwfsa wa crajta jo akinf ﬌jh> ciuotryYci`as ; ciuotry]ciuotry]'fsYciuotry'[[]'> Oaxt, wa'dd tjma j qufcm diim di im jt tba iitoitas ﬊da UivStjtsGiitOita.csv Para fs jo akpty ciduko Qoojka`> 0, wbfcb wa oaa` ti `rip, jo` tbao ciovart tba V\ 0', jxfs;:) giitoita]'Vajr'[ ; giitoita]'Vajr'[.str][.jstypa(fot) giitoita.cidukos ; ]'Ciuotry Ci`a', Sarfas Ci`a', 'yajr', 'giitoita'[ giitoita

 

20

@jtj Kjofpudjtfio jo` Urapjrjtfio Urapjrjtfio,, Ujvfoh tba Xjy ti Uditdy Axprass

Gfhura 0.:5 sbiws j aw riws rik tba giitoita giitoita @jtjGrjka>  @jtjGrjka>

Gfhura 0.:5 – Sjkpda i riws rik tba iitoita ﬊da

Pjt diims dfma j djrha ouklar i oitas jliut tba `jtj. Xa sbiud` kjma sura ti focdu`a tbak sikabiw, sikabiw, ti kjma sura tba raj`ars hat tba udd pfctura. Pisa iitoitas saak ti la ljsa` io ciklfojtfios i ciuotry, fo`fcjtir, jo` yajr. Sfoca tba tbraa jra aoci`a` fo j ciosfstaot wjy wftb itbar tjldas, ft sbiud` la l a strjfhbtirwjr` ti focirpirjta jo` kjp tbak ti tba t ba radavjot vjduas adsawbara.

Pba `jtj da Oaxt kjfo `jtjjo` ﬊da, karha wbfcb wftb wa bjva jdraj`y wirma`ir wftb fo pravfius cbjptars, lut wa wjot fs titba oiw rasbjpa itbar @jtjGrjkas, j kira fotuftfva jo` piwarud  vfaw foti iur `jtjsat. Dat's oiw axpdira tbfs ﬊da> `jtj ; p`.raj`Ycsv('`jtj/[email protected]') `jtj ; `jtj.`rip('Qoojka`> 15', jxfs;:) prfot(`jtj.sbjpa) `jtj.sjkpda(3)

Pa praca`foh ci`a rakivas tba ciduko ojka` Qoojka`> 15, prfots tba sbjpa i tba `jtj @jtjGrjka, jo` `fspdjys j rjo`ik sjkpda i riws, js yiu cjo saa fo Gfhura 0.::> `jtj @jtjGrjka,

 

Qo`ar Qo`arstjo`foh stjo`foh tba rida i `jtj kjofpudjtfi kjofpudjtfio o smfdds

21

Gfhura 0.:: – Sjkpda i riws jo` cidukos rik tba `jtj ﬊da

Ft's jdwjys fotarastfoh ti moiw biw kjoy kfssfoh vjduas wa bjva, jo` wbjt parcaotjha tbay irk i jdd vjduas. Pa fotarastfoh fotarastfoh pjrts jra tba cidukos c idukos stjrtfoh rik :680 tfdd tba ao` i tba @jtjGrjka. Pa fsoj fsoj katbi`  katbi` raturos j Sarfas Sarfas i  i Liidajos ir ajcb ciduko. Sarfas.. jmfoh tba kajo i tbjt hats tba parcaotjha i kfssfoh vjduas par ciduko, js j Sarfas \uoofoh kajo kajo jhjfo  jhjfo hfvas tba ivarjdd parcaotjha parcaotjha i kfssfoh vjduas> `jtj.dic]>, ':680'>[.fsoj().kajo().kajo() 5.6:200850816:576<

6:.2% i iur cadds jra akpty. Pfs bjs fkpirtjot fkpdfcjtfios ir tba rasudts lacjusa kist i tba tfka wa wio't bjva aoiuhb `jtj, ir wa wio't bjva ft ir cartjfo ciuotrfas. Kjoy ciuotrfas `f`o't axfst fo tbafr curraot c urraot irk laira tba ajrdy ofoatfas, ir axjkpda, axjkpda, si tbfs fs ioa i tba rajsios. Viu cjo cbacm iut tba sarfas sarfas @jtjGrjka  @jtjGrjka jo` jdd tba foirkjtfio jliut tba fo`fcjtirs jo` tba `jtj ciddactfio fssuas wbara jppdfcjlda. jppdfcjlda. Dat's oiw axpdira biw wa cjo rasbjpa @jtjGrjkas ti jo` rik dioh irkjt, jo` kira fkpirtjotdy, wby wa wiud` wjot ti `i si.

Kadtfoh @jtjGrjkas Ioa i tba ﬊rst tbfohs yiu priljldy priljldy oitfca` fs tbjt yajrs jra spraj` spraj` jcriss cidukos, wftb tba vjduas cirraspio`foh ti tbak, ajcb fo fts raspactfva cadd uo`ar tba raspactfva yajr. Pa fssua fs tbjt :625 :625 fs  fs oit rajddy j vjrfjlda. J kira usaud wjy fs ti bjva j yajr yajr vjrfjlda,  vjrfjlda, jo` fo tbjt ciduko, tba vjduas wiud` vjry rik :680 ti

 

Gfhura 0.:< – wi `jtjsats ciotjfofoh tba sjka foirkjtfio fo twi `fſtaraot irkjts

Iur curraot @jtjGrjka @jtjGrjka fs structura` struc tura` dfma tba tjlda io tba rfhbt, rf hbt, jo` ft wiud` la ajsfar ti bjva ft fo j irkjt dfma tba ioa io tba dag. Pa `ffficudty wftb tba wf`a irkjt fs tbjt tba vjrfjldas jra prasaota` fo `fſtaraot `fſtaraot wjys. Fo sika cjsas, tbay jra `fspdjya` `fspdjya` vartfcjddy fo j ciduko (ciuotry   jo` jo` fo`fcjtir), wbfda fo itbars, tbay jra `fspdjya` birfziotjddy jcriss tba cidukos f`Yvjrs> Maap tbasa js riws jo` `updfcjta tbak js oaa`a` ti maap tba kjppfoh fo pdjca.

 

Qo`ar Qo`arstjo`foh stjo`foh tba rida i `jtj kjofpudjtfi kjofpudjtfio o smfdds

28

vjduaYvjrs> jma tbasa cidukos jo` kjma tbak vjduas, kadt tbak foti j oaw • vjduaYvjrs> ciduko, jo` kjma sura tba kjppfoh wftb itbar vjduas rakjfos ciosfstaot wftb tba vjduaYvjrs,, tbao tbfs iparjtfio wfdd la pravfius structura. F wa `io't spacfy vjduaYvjrs usa` ir jdd uospacf﬊a` cidukos (jdd cidukos axcapt f`Yvjrs f`Yvjrs). ). • vjrYojka> vjrYojka> Iptfiojd. Xbjt yiu wjot tbfs oawdy crajta` ciduko ti la ojka` – "yajr "yajr"" fo tbfs cjsa. `jtj @jtjGrjka> Dat's `i tbfs iparjtfio io iur `jtj  @jtjGrjka> f`Yvjrs ;]'Ciuotry Ojka', 'Ciuotry Ci`a', 'Fo`fcjtir Ojka', 'Fo`fcjtir Ci`a'[ `jtjYkadt ; `jtj.kadt(f`Yvjrs;f`Yvjrs,   vjrYojka;'yajr').`ripoj(sulsat;]'vjdua'[) `jtjYkadt]'yajr'[ ; `jtjYkadt]'yajr'[.jstypa(fot) prfot(`jtjYkadt.sbjpa) `jtjYkadt.sjkpda(:5)

f`Yvjrs   Pa ci`a fs jdkist f`aotfcjd ti tba pravfius axjkpda. Xa ﬊rst crajta` j dfst i f`Yvjrs jo` usa` ft ir tba jrhukaot i tba sjka ojka. \fhbt jgar tbjt, wa rakiva` tba kfssfoh  vjduas uo`ar tba vjdua vjdua ciduko.  ciduko. Xa ciud` bjva cbjoha` tba ojka i tbfs ciduko ly vjduaYojka pjrjkatar, vjdua"" saaks jppriprfjta. Xa tbao ciovarta` usfoh tba vjduaYojka  pjrjkatar, lut ""vjdua tba yajrs ti fotahars. \uoofoh tbfs ci`a `fspdjys tba sbjpa jo` j sjkpda i tba oaw `jtjYkadt @jtjGrjka, `jtjYkadt  @jtjGrjka, sbiwo fo Gfhura 0.:3>

Gfhura 0.:3 – Pa `jtj @jtjGrjka jgar lafoh "kadta`"

Pa ﬊rst iur cidukos jra tba sjka js tbay wara, wftb ajcb uofqua ciklfojtfio fotjct. Xa oiw bjva jdd tba yajr cidukos jo` tbafr vjduas, cio`aosa` foti twi cidukos,  yajr  jo` vjdua .

 

22

@jtj Kjofpudjtfio jo` Urapjrjtfio Urapjrjtfio,, Ujvfoh tba Xjy ti Uditdy Axprass

Oiw dat's saa biw wa cjo c jo fkpriva fkpriva tba structura urtbar ly `ifoh tba ravarsa iparjtfio io itbar cidukos.

Ufvitfoh @jtjGrjkas Pa Fo`fcjtir Ojka ciduko kfhbt l laa fkpriva` fkpriva` ly `ifoh tba ravarsa i tba t ba iparjtfio tbjt wa nust `f` ti tba yajrs cidukos. F`ajddy, wa sbiud` bjva j ciduko ir pipudjtfio, joitbar ioa ir pivarty rjtas, rjtas, jo` si io. Dat's ﬊rst `i tbfs usfoh iur dioh (kadta`) axjkpda @jtjGrjka si ft's cdajr. Jssuka wa wjota` ti ciovart ciovart tba uofqua vjduas fo tba ciuotry   ciduko ciduko jo` kjma tbak ciduko ojkas. Xa usa tba pfvit pfvit katbi`  katbi` ir tbjt. Pfs cjo hfva us j "riuo` trfp" ljcm kadt katbi`. wbara wa cjka rik, usfoh tba kadt  katbi`. Bara, F'k usfoh ft io `fſtarao `fſtaraott cidukos> kadta`.pfvit(fo`ax;]'yajr', 'fo`fcjtir'[,   cidukos;'ciuotry',   vjduas;'vjdua').rasatYfo`ax()

\uoofoh tbfs ci`a wiud` ciovart tba kadta` @jtjGrjka ti j wf`a irkjt (pfvita`) @jtjGrjka @jtjGrj ka js yiu cjo saa fo Gfhura 0.:0>

 

Gfhura 0.:0 – Pa ciovarsfi ciovarsfio o rik dioh ti wf`a irkjt

 

Qo`ar Qo`arstjo`foh stjo`foh tba rida i `jtj kjofpudjtfi kjofpudjtfio o smfdds

26

`jtjYkadt ciotjfos Pa Fo`fcjtir Ojka ciduko fo `jtjYkadt  ciotjfos ojkas tbjt cjo la lattar usa` js ciduko ojkas, si ajcb fo`fcjtir cjo la rapr raprasaota` asaota` fo`apao`aotdy fo`apao`aotdy fo fts iwo ciduko, ti la ciosfstaot wftb iur `jtj raprasaotjtfio> `jtjYpfvit ;T `jtjYkadt.pfvit(fo`ax;]'Ciuotry Ojka', 'Ciuotry Ci`a', 'yajr'[,   cidukos;'Fo`fcjtir Ojka',   vjduas;'vjdua').rasatYfo`ax() prfot(`jtjYpfvit.sbjpa) `jtjYpfvit.sjkpda(1)

`jtjYpfvit @jtjGrjka, Pfs wfdd pri`uca iur `jtjYpfvit  @jtjGrjka, j sjkpda i wbfcb yiu cjo saa fo Gfhura 0.:1>

Gfhura 0.:1 – Pa dioh irk (tf`y) pivarty @jtjGrjka

F iur wirm fs cirract, c irract, wa sbiud` oiw bjva j uofqua ciklfojtfio i ciuotry jo` yajr fo ajcb riw. riw. Pjt wjs tba wbida pifot i tba axarcfsa jctujddy. jctujddy. Dat's tast tbjt iur wirm fs cirract> `jtjYpfvit]]'Ciuotry Ci`a', 'yajr'[[.`updfcjta`().joy() Gjdsa

\iws oiw ciotjfo ciuotry ojkas, ci`as, jo` yajrs, js wadd js jdd tba vjduas ir tba `fſtaraott fo`fcjtirs. Pa ciuotry foirkjtfio cjo la `fſtarao l a aorfcba` ly focdu`foh tba katj`jtj tbjt wa bjva fo tba ciuotry ciuotry @jtjGrjka.  @jtjGrjka. Dat's tjma j diim jt tba karha karha uoctfio,  uoctfio, jo` jgar tbjt, wa'dd stjrt usfoh Uditdy Axprass.

 

65

@jtj Kjofpudjtfio jo` Urapjrjtfio Urapjrjtfio,, Ujvfoh tba Xjy ti Uditdy Axprass

Karhfoh @jtjGrjkas Gfrst, dat's diim jt j sfkpda axjkpda i biw karhfoh wirms, jo` tbao wa cjo karha tba `jtjYpfvit jo` `jtjYpfvit ciuotry @jtjGrjkas.  jo` ciuotry  @jtjGrjkas. Gfhura 0.:7  sbiws  sbiws biw twi @jtjGrj @jtjGrjkas kas cjo la karha`>

Gfhura 0.:7 Biw @jtjGrjkas jra karha`

Pa karha iparjtfio cjo la `ioa wftb tba karha karha uoctfio>  uoctfio> p`.karha(dagt;dagt, rfhbt;rfhbt,

dagtYio;'ciuotry', rfhbtYio;'ciuotry', biw  ; ;'dagt') 'dagt')

p`.karha>> Bara jra tba `atjfds i tba praca`foh cjdd ti p`.karha • dagtYio dagtYio>> Pa ojka i tba ciduko(s) rik tba dagt dagt @jtjGrjka  @jtjGrjka ti karha io. • rfhbtYio rfhbtYio>> Pa ojka i tba ciduko(s) rik tba rfhbt rfhbt @jtjGrjka  @jtjGrjka ti karha io. • biw> biw> Pa karha karha katbi`.  katbi`. Fo tbfs cjsa, "dagt" "dagt" kajos  kajos ti tjma jdd tba riws fo dagt dagt   rfhbt tbjt jo` iody kjtcb tbak wftb riws fo rfhbt  tbjt bjva tba sjka vjduas fo tba ciuotry   cidukos. Kjtcbfoh Kjtcbfoh riws wfdd la `updfcjta` f oaa`a` fo f o tba rasudtfoh @jtjGrjka, js fo cjsa. \iws fo rfhbt  tbjt `io'tsbiud` bjva kjtcbas tbatba  ciduko rfhbt tbjt ciuotry ciduko ciuotry la tbfs `fscjr`a`. Pa karha` @jtjGrjka ao` up fo wftb s jka ouklar sjka iwfdd riws js tba dag @jtjGrjka. Para jra savarjd itbar iptfios ir tbfs uoctfio, jo` ft's qufta piwarud. Kjma sura ti cbacm iut tba itbar karha katbi`s> fooar, iutar, jo` rfhbt. Gir iur cjsa, wa wfdd la usfoh `jtjYpfvit   tba iptfios sbiwo fo tba pravfius axjkpda, si dat's `i ft oiw. Xa wfdd karha `jtjYpfvit wftb ciuotry ciuotry tba  tba sjka wjy> pivarty ; p`.karha(`jtjYpfvit, ciuotry, dagtYio;'Ciuotry Ci`a',   rfhbtYio;'Ciuotry Ci`a',  

biw;'dagt')

 

Qo`ar Qo`arstjo`foh stjo`foh tba rida i `jtj kjofpudjtfi kjofpudjtfio o smfdds

6:

prfot(pivarty.sbjpa) pivarty

pivarty @jtjGrjka, Pfs karha iparjtfio pri`ucas tba pivarty  @jtjGrjka, wbfcb yiu cjo saa fo

Gfhura 0.:8 >

Gfhura 0.:8 – Karhfoh `jtjYpfvit jo` ciuotry 

J qufcm cbacm ti kjma sura iur wirm fs cirract> pivarty]]'Ciuotry Ci`a', 'yajr'[[.`updfcjta`().joy() Gjdsa

Pa afhbt j``ftfiojd cidukos fo tba ractjohda io tba rfhbt jra sika i tba j``ftfiojd cidukos tbjt wara j``a` ti iur pivarty pivarty @jtjGrjka.  @jtjGrjka. Oi Oiw w ft's vary ajsy ti tjma j cartjfo rahfio ir focika hriup, ﬊dtar ly fts ciuotrfas, cidir ly fts vjduas, ir hriup ft biwavar wa wjot. Pfs fs oiw diimfoh dfma tba Hjpkfo`ar `jtjsat, iody wftb kjoy kira fo`fcjtirs jo` yajrs, jo` kira katj`jtj jliut ciuotrfas. Xa oiw bjva j @jtjGrjka tbjt bjs j ciosfstaot structura. Avary ciduko ciotjfos `jtj jliut ioa jo` iody ioa vjrfjlda. Jdd vjduas fo cidukos jra i tba sjka s jka `jtj typa (ir kfssfoh). Ajcb riw cjo fo`apao`aotdy raprasaot raprasaot j cikpdata ilsarvjtfio, lacjusa ft ciotjfos tba udd foirkjtfio jvjfdjlda, jvjfdjlda, dfma jdd itbar riws.

 

6<

@jtj Kjofpudjtfio jo` Urapjrjtfio Urapjrjtfio,, Ujvfoh tba Xjy ti Uditdy Axprass Fkpirtjot oita

Pa kjfo `rjwljcm i tba t ba dioh irkjt fs tbjt ft fs foafficfaot ir stirjha. Grik tbjt parspactfva, wa jra uooacassjrfdy rapajtfoh j dit i vjduas, wbfcb tjmas t jmas j dit i spjca. Xa Xa wfdd tjcmda tbfs djtar djtar,, lut maap fo kfo` tbjt tbfs irkjt fs axtrakady afficfaot fo tarks i yiur tfka js j `avadipar. Js Js wa sjw fo savarjd axjkpdas, ioca tba kjppfoh fs ciosfstaot, crajtfoh jo` cbjohfoh yiur  vfsujdfzjtfios lacikas lacikas kucb ajsfar. ajsfar.

F bfhbdy racikkao` raj`foh Bj`day Xfcmbjk's Pf`y @jtj pjpar, ir j `aapar `fscussfio io savarjd wjys fo wbfcb wbf cb `jtj kfhbt la irkjt irkjtta` ta` jo` `fſtaraot sidutfios sidutfios ir tbjt. Pa axjkpdas sbiwo bara jra fospfra` ly tbisa prfocfpdas> bttps>//www.nstjtsigt. irh/jrtfcda/vfaw/v516f:5.. irh/jrtfcda/vfaw/v516f:5 Xa jra oiw raj`y ti axpdira biw ti usa Uditdy Axprass, ﬊rst wftb j tiy `jtjsat, jo` tbao wftb tba `jtjsat tbjt wa prapjra`.

Dajrofoh Uditdy Axprass Uditdy Axprass fs j bfhbar-davad pdittfoh systak, lufdt io tip i Uditdy. Oit iody `ias ft bjo`da cartjfo `ajudts ir us, sucb js djladfoh jxas jo` dahao`s, ft aojldas us ti utfdfza iur `jtj ti axprass kjoy kjoy i fts jttrflutas usfoh vfsujd jastbatfcs (sfza, cidir, dicjtfio, jo` si io). Pfs cjo la `ioa sfkpdy ly `acdjrfoh wbjt jttrfluta wa wjot ti axprass wftb wbfcb ciduko i iur `jtj, hfvao j aw jssukptfios jliut tba `jtj structura. Si, ft kjfody privf`as us wftb tba ﬌axflfdfty ti jpprijcb tba prildak rik tba `jtj pifot i vfaw, js kaotfioa` jt tba lahfoofoh i tba cbjptar. Dat's ﬊rst crajta j sfkpda @jtjGrjka> `g p`.@jtjGrjka({   ;'ouklars'> ]:, ]'ldua', 'hraao', 'irjoha', 'yaddiw', 'ldjcm', 'hrjy', 'pfom', 'wbfta'[,   'gdijts'> ]:.:, :. `jtjYgrjka.. • J @jtjGrjka @jtjGrjka wftb ciduko ojkas> ojkas> Fo kist cjsas, tba ﬊rst pjrjkatar pjrjkatar fs `jtjYgrjka Viu sat tba @jtjGrjka tbjt yiu wjot ti vfsujdfza, jo` tbao yiu spacfy spacf y tba cidukos yiu wjot ti usa ir tba pjrjkatars tbjt yiu wjot. Gir iur axjkpda @jtjGrjka, f wa wjot ti crajta j scjttar pdit wftb ouklars io tba R jxfs jo` ﬌ijts io tba V jxfs, wa cjdd ft dfma tbfs> px.scjttar(`jtjYgrjka;`g, x;'ouklars', y;'gdijts').. y;'gdijts') • Jrrjys js js jrhukaots> jrhukaots> Joitbar Joitbar wjy i spacfyfoh pjrjkatars pjrjkatars fs ly sfkpdy sfkpdy pjssfoh pjssfoh dfsts, tupdas, ir joy jrrjy-dfma `jtj structura, wftbiut j `jtjYgrjka `jtjYgrjka jrhukaot.  jrhukaot. Xa cjo crajta tba sjka scjttar pdit ly ruoofoh> px.scjttar(x;`g]'ouklars'[, y;`g]'gdijts'[).. Pfs fs j strjfhbtirwjr` jo` vary jst jpprijcb, wbaoavar y;`g]'gdijts'[) yiu bjva dfsts tbjt yiu wjot ti axpdira. Xa cjo jdsi kfx tba jpprijcbas. Xa cjo sat j `jtjYgrjka `jtjYgrjka jrhukaot  jrhukaot wftb j aw cciduko iduko ojkas js jrhukaots, jo` wa cjo pjss sapjrjta dfsts ir itbar jrhukaots wbao oaa`a`. J aw axjkpdas sbiud` fddustrjta tbasa pifots ajsfdy. ajsfdy. Pa iddiwfoh ci`a sbiws biw ajsy ft fs ti crajta j scjttar pdit> px.scjttar(`g, x;'ouklars', y;'gdijts')

 

60

@jtj Kjofpudjtfio jo` Urapjrjtfio Urapjrjtfio,, Ujvfoh tba Xjy ti Uditdy Axprass

Gfhura 0.:6 sbiws tba rasudtfoh ﬊hura fo NupytarDjl>

Gfhura 0.:6 – Crajtfoh j scjttar pdit wftb Uditdy Axprass

F'k sura yiu oitfca` tbjt wa hit tba R- jo` V-jxfs tftdas sat ir us ly `ajudt. Ft tjmas tba ojkas i tba jrhukaots wa hjva (tba @jtjGrjka cidukos fo tbfs axjkpda) jo` usas tbak ir tbjt. Xa bjva savarjd itbar vjrfjldas fo tba @jtjGrjka, jo` wa kfhbt la fotarasta` fo cbacmfoh wbatbar tbara jra joy radjtfios latwaao tbak. Gir axjkpda, dat's cbacm wbatbar w batbar tbara fs j radjtfiosbfp latwaao ﬌ijts jo` sbjpas. Xa cjo raruo tba sjka s jka ci`a jo` j`` twi pjrjkatar pjrjkatarss tbjt jddiw us ti `fstfohufsb wbfcb cidir pjrjkatar kjrmars ladioh ti wbfcb sbjpa. Xa cjo usa tba cidir  pjrjkatar ir tbjt, jo` ft wfdd jssfho j `fſtaraot cidir ti ajcb kjrmar ljsa` io tba sbjpas tbjt ft cirraspio`s ti (fo tba sjka riw). F yiu jra raj`foh tbfs liim li im rik tba prfota` hrjyscjda a`ftfio, tba sjka jrhukaot ti tba syklid syklid pjrjkatar  pjrjkatar wjs j``a`, ti kjma ft ajsy ti `fstfohufsb tbak. Pfs jdsi kjmas ft ajsfar ir raj`ars io j cidira` scraao js wadd, ly hfvfoh twi sfhojds ti `fstfohufsb tba kjrmars> Ux.scjttar(`g,   x;'ouklars',   y;'gdijts',

 

Dajrofoh Uditdy Axprass

   

61

cidir;'sbjpas', syklid;'sbjpas')

Gfhura 0.

Gfhura 0. Hfvao twi fotarjcas tbjt `i tba sjka tbfoh tb foh jt `fſtaraot davads i jlstrjctfio, biw `i wa cbiisa latwaao tbak9

 

Dajrofoh Uditdy Axprass

66

Ciosf`ar tbraa `fſtaraot jpprijcbas ti bjvfoh j pfzzj> • Pa ir`arfoh jpprijcb> Viu cjdd j rastjurjot jo` ir`ar yiur pfzzj. Ft jrrfvas jt yiur `iirstap fo bjd jo biur, jo` yiu stjrt ajtfoh. • Pa suparkjrmat jpprijcb> Viu hi ti j suparkjrmat, luy `iuhb, cbaasa,  vahatjldas, jo` jdd itbar fohra`faots. fohra`faots. Viu tbao kjma tba pfzzj yiursad. yiursad. • Pa gjrk jpprijcb> Viu hriw tikjtias fo yiur ljcmyjr`. Viu rjfsa ciws, kfdm tbak, jo` ciovart tba kfdm ti cbaasa, jo` si io. Js wa hi up ti bfhbar-davad fotarjcas, tiwjr`s tba ir`arfoh jpprijcb, tba jkiuot i moiwda`ha raqufra` `acrajsas j dit. Sikaioa adsa bid`s raspiosflfdfty, raspiosflfdfty, jo` qujdfty fs cbacma` ly tba kjrmat ircas i raputjtfio jo` cikpatftfio. Pa prfca wa pjy ir tbfs fs tba `fkfofsba` raa`ik jo` iptfios. Ajcb rastjurjot rastjurjot bjs j sat i iptfios ti cbiisa rik, jo` yiu bjva ti cbiisa rik tbisa iptfios. Hifoh `iwo ti diwar davads, tba jkiuot i moiwda`ha raqufra` focrajsas, wa bjva ti bjo`da kira cikpdaxfty, wa bid` kira raspiosflfdfty ir tba iutcikas, jo` ft tjmas kucb kira tfka. Xbjt wa hjfo bara fs kucb kira raa`ik jo` piwar ti custikfza iur iutcikas tba wjy wa wjot. Cist fs j kjnir laoa﬊t js wadd, lut iody io j djrha aoiuhb scjda. F yiu iody wjot ti bjva j pfzzj ti`jy, ft's priljldy cbajpar ti ir`ar ft. Lut f yiu pdjo io bjvfoh ioa avary `jy, `jy, tbao yiu cjo axpact kjnir cist-sjvfohs f yiu `i ft yiursad. Pfs fs tba trj`a-iſt yiu bjva fo cbiisfoh latwaao tba bfhbar-davad Uditdy Axprass, Axprass, jo` tba hrjpbYilnacts.. diwar-davad Uditdy hrjpbYilnacts Sfoca Uditdy Axprass raturos Gfhura Gfhura ilnacts,  ilnacts, tbao ft's haoarjddy oit j `ffficudt `acfsfio, lacjusa yiu cjo ratrijctfvady ratrijctfvady ki`fy tbak. Fo haoarjd, ft's hii` ti usa us a tba hrjpbYilnacts ki`uda hrjpbYilnacts  ki`uda fo tba iddiwfoh cjsas> • Oio-stjo`jr` Oio-stjo`jr` vfsujdfzjtfios> Kjoy `fjhrjks crajta` crajta` fo tbfs liim wara `ioa wftb Uditdy. i crajta sucb `fjhrjks wftb Uditdy Axprass wiud` la qufta `ffficudt lacjusa tbay jra oit stjo`jr` hrjpbs. • Xbao yiu bjva j dit ig custikfzjtfios> F yiu wjot ti kjma j dit i cbjohas ti kist jspacts i yiur cbjrts, yiu kfhbt ao` up wrftfoh tba sjka jkiuot i ci`a jo` puttfoh fo tba sjka jkiuot i aſtirt, si yiu kfhbt kfh bt ciosf`ar `ifoh ft `fractdy usfoh hrjpbYilnacts ki`uda. tba hrjpbYilnacts  ki`uda.

 

:55

@jtj Kjofpudjtfio jo` Urapjrjtfio Urapjrjtfio,, Ujvfoh tba Xjy ti Uditdy Axprass

• Sul-pdits> Sikatfkas yiu wjot ti bjva kudtfpda cbjrts sf`a ly sf`a, ir fo j hrf`. F tbasa jra `fſtaraot cbjrts jo` oit jcats js wa sjw jt tba lahfoofoh i tba cbjptar, hrjpbYilnacts.. tbao ft's lattar ti `i tbak wftb hrjpbYilnacts Fo haoarjd, Uditdy Axprass fs usujddy j lattar stjrtfoh pifot ir crajtfoh yiur cbjrts, js wa sjw biw piwarud jo` ciovaofaot ft fs. Viu jra oiw raj`y ti usa tba pivarty pivarty `jtjsat  `jtjsat ti spacfy spacf y tba vfsujdfzjtfio tbjt yiu wjot wftb Uditdy Axprass, stjrtfoh rik tba `jtj.

Crajtfoh j Uditdy Axprass cbjrt usfoh tba `jtjsat Dat's saa biw wa kfhbt sukkjrfza tba pivarty pivarty  `jtjYgrjka `jtjYgrjka wftb  wftb j scjttar pdit> :. Crajta vjrfjldas ir yajr yajr,, fo`fcjtir fo`fcjtir,, jo` j hriupfoh ((hriupar hriupar)) katrfc ti usa fo tba vfsujdfzjtfio. Pa hriupfoh hriupfoh katrfc wfdd la usa` ti `fstfohufsb latwaao tba kjrmars (usfoh cidir jo` syklid), jo` ciud` tjma joy cjtahirfcjd vjdua rik tba `jtjsat, sucb js rahfio, focika hriup, jo` si io> yajr ; cidukos i fo`fcjtir  jo` hriupar `g ; (pivarty]pivarty]'yajr'[.aq(yajr)[   .sirtYvjduas(fo`fcjtir)   .`ripoj(sulsat;]fo`fcjtir, .`ripoj(sulsat;]fo `fcjtir, hriupar[))

fo`fcjtir jo` 3. Sat tba x jxfs vjduas ti fo`fcjtir  jo` sat tba y jxfs vjduas ti tba ciduko Ojka". Pa cidir cidir jo` syklid i "Ciuotry Ojka".  jo` syklid  i tba kjrmars sbiud` la sat usfoh hriupar.. Pa R-jxfs vjduas jra axpacta` ti bjva iutdfars, jo` oit ti la oirkjddy hriupar dihYx ti Prua.. Pa bivarYojka bivarYojka i `fstrfluta`, si sat dihYx  ti Prua  i ajcb bivar djlad sbiud` tftda i tjma tba ciuotry ojka tihatbar wftb fts ﬌jh. Sat tba tftda  i tba ﬊hura ly fo`fcjtir,, ""ly ly", hriupar,, jo` yajr yajr.. Hfva kjrmars j ciostjot ciocjtaojtfoh fo`fcjtir ", hriupar sfza,, jo` sat tba bafhbt sfza bafhbt ti 855 pfxads>  ti 855  pfxads> px.scjttar(`jtjYgrjka;`g,  

x;fo`fcjtir,

 

Dajrofoh Uditdy Axprass

       

y;'Ciuotry Ojka', cidir;hriupar, syklid;hriupar, dihYx;Prua,

  bivarYojka;`g]'Sbirt Ojka'[ + ' ' + `g]'gdjh'[,   sfza;]:[* dao(`g),   tftda; ' '.nifo(]fo`fcjtir, 'ly', hriupar, str(yajr)[),   bafhbt;855)

Pfs crajtas tba cbjrt fo Gfhura 0.

Gfhura 0.

Gfhura 0. tas> R jxfs, V jxfs, kjrmar sfza, kjrmar syklid, kjrmar cidir, jcats (cidukos ir riws), jo` jofkjtfios. Xa cjo jdsi j`` kira ciotaxt jo` foirkjtfio usfoh bivar djlads, js wadd js jooitjtfios. Joy ciklfojtfio ciklfojtfio i tbisa jttrflut jttrflutas as cjo la l a axpdira` sfkpdy ly sadactfoh wbfcb wb fcb ciduko ti kjp ti wbfcb jttrfluta. Dat's oiw axpdira biw ajsy ft fs ti aorfcb iur `jtjsat wftb axtarojd rasiurcas.

 

Sukkjry

:53

J``foh oaw `jtj jo` cidukos ti iur `jtjsat Para jra kjoy kjoy wjys ti j`` kira `jtj, lut F wiud` dfma ti bfhbdfhbt bfh bdfhbt twi vary ajsy jo` aſtactfva ioas> • J``foh cidukos ir gajturas> Xa j``a` iur ﬌jh ciduko ly crajtfoh tba raspactfva akinf ir ajcb ciuotry usfoh fts twi-dattar ci`a. Viu kfhbt la fotarasta` fo sahkaotfoh ir hriupfoh ciuotrfas jccir`foh ti itbar jttrflutas. Kjyla yiu suspact tbara kfhbt la sikatbfoh `fstfoctfva jliut ciuotrfas usfoh tba auri, ciuotrfas wbara Spjofsb ir Jrjlfc fs spimao, ir kjyla sfhojtirfas i j cartjfo trj`a jhraakaot. Xfmfpa`fj ciotjfos oukarius sucb dfsts. Qsfoh tba pjo`js pjo`js  raj`Ybtkd raj`Ybtkd uoctfio,  uoctfio, wbfcb `iwodij`s jdd tjldas io j wal pjha, yiu cjo vary ajsfdy `iwodij` joy sucb dfst. Jssukfoh ft bjs tba ciuotry ci`as, yiu cjo karha ft wftb tba kjfo @jtjGrjka jo` stjrt jojdyzfoh jccir`fohdy. Pfs cjo jdsi la j ﬊dtarfoh kacbjofsk, wbara yiu sfkpdy wjot j sulsat i jdd ciuotrfas. • J``foh oaw `jtj> Pa Xird` Ljom bjs tbiusjo`s i itbar sfkfdjr `jtjsats. Gir axjkpda, tba pipudjtfio ﬊huraspipudjtfio wa bjva bara jra ir tbalrajm titjd tba pipudjtfio. kjoy `atjfda` jo` sahkaota` `jtjsats tbjt ouklarsPara `iwojra ly hao`ar, jha, jo` itbar jctirs. Qsfoh tba Xird` Ljom's JUF, yiu cjo ajsfdy iltjfo itbar `jtj, karha ft, jo` fkka`fjtady f kka`fjtady aorfcb yiur jojdysfs. Dat's oiw ravfaw wbjt wa bjva `ioa fo tbfs cbjptar jo` fo Ujrt : i tba liim.

Sukkjry Viu oiw bjva aoiuhb foirkjtfio jo` bjva saao aoiuhb axjkpdas ti crajta `jsblijr`s qufcmdy. Fo Cbjptar :, Ivarvfaw ig tba @jsb Acisystak, wa dajroa` biw jpps jra structura` jo` dajroa` biw ti lufd` uddy ruoofoh jpps, lut wftbiut fotarjctfvfty. fotarjctfvfty. Fo Cbjptar //hftbul.cik/UjcmtUuldfsbfoh/Fotarjctfva@jsblijr`s-jo`-@jtj-Jpps-wftb-Uditdy-jo`-@jsb/traa/kjstar/ cbjptarY51.. cbjptarY51 Cbacm iut tba iddiwfoh vf`ai ti saa tba Ci`a fo Jctfio jt bttps>//lft.dy/3alv2sm bttps>//lft.dy/3alv2sm.. Dat's stjrt ly axpdirfoh tba twi kjfo wjys fo wbfcb wa cjo `fspdjy ljr cbjrts – vartfcjddy jo` birfziotjddy.

 

Udittfoh ljr cbjrts vartfcjddy jo` birfziotjddy

:56

Udittfoh ljr cbjrts vartfcjddy jo` birfziotjddy Pa `ajudt `fspdjy i ljr cbjrts fs vartfcjd. Pfs fs fotuftfva jo` ajsy ti uo`arstjo`. Ajcb cjtahiry ir ftak tjmas j sapjrjta pisftfio io tba x jxfs, jo` tba bafhbts i tba ljrs raprasaot j cartjfo qujotfty io tba y jxfs. Pa sjka jppdfas wbao tba ljrs jra `fspdjya` birfziotjddy, iody fo tbfs cjsa, tba wf`tb i tba ljrs fs wbjt raprasaots tba qujotfty. Qsujddy, wftb radjtfvady awar vjduas, tba vartfcjd irfaotjtfio fs hii`. Biwavar, birfziotjd irfaotjtfio irfaotj tfio cjo la kira aſtactfva fo twi cjsas> • Xbao wa bjva kjoy cjtahirfas> Fo tbfs cjsa, tba ljrs kfhbt oit ﬊t io tba scraao, s craao, jo` wa kfhbt oaa` ti aftbar kjma tbak kucb tbfooar tbjo tba `ajudt wf`tb, ir wa kfhbt oaa` ti irca birfziotjd scriddfoh, wbfcb fs oit js ojturjd js vartfcjd scriddfoh. • Xbao tba ojkas ig tba cjtahirfas jra radjtfvady dioh > Pfs fs oit rajddy j lfh prildak, jo` tba sidutfio fs ajsy. Uditdy jdraj`y bjo`das tbfs ir us, ly jutikjtfcjddy cbjohfoh tba johda jt wbfcb tba ojkas (tfcm djlads) jra `fspdjya`. F oaa`a`, tba ojkas cjo la `fspdjya` vartfcjddy ir kjxfkuk spjca utfdfzjtfio. \aj`foh taxt `fspdjya` birfziotjddy birfziotjddy fs tba kist ojturjd tbiuhb, jo` ft fs tba kist suftjlda wjy ir tbasa sftujtfio sftujtfios. s. pivarty @jtjGrjka Dat's saa tbfs fo jctfio usfoh iur pivarty  @jtjGrjka,, si wa cjo saa tba aſtacts i tbasa iptfios, jo` jdsi ti hat ti moiw iur `jtjsat j dfttda lattar. Xa wfdd tjma j diim jt ioa i tba kist wf`ady usa` kajsuras i focika/wajdtb foaqujdfty, foaqujdfty, tba Hfof fo`ax. Ft fs jdsi raarra` ti js tba Hfof rjtfi, ir ciafficfaot. i dajro j lft jliut ft, wa cjo usa tba sarfas sarfas   @jtjGrjka, @jtjGrj ka, wbfcb ciotjfos foirkjtfio foirkjtfio jliut tba fo`fcjtirs tbjt wa wfdd la wirmfoh wftb> pjo`js jo` sarfas vjrfjlda. :. Fkpirt pjo`js  jo` crajta tba sarfas  vjrfjlda. Pa ojka i tba vjrfjlda wjs cbisao ljsa` io tba ﬊daojka, js wa `f` fo tba pravfius cbjptar. cbjptar. Udajsa `io't pjo`js.Sarfas ilnact> ciousa tbfs wftb tba pjo`js.Sarfas  ilnact> fkpirt pjo`js js p` sarfas ; p`.raj`Ycsv('`jtj/UivStjtsSarfas.csv')

hfof,, js j strfoh, js jo ajsfar jdtarojtfva ti usfoh tba dioh ojka hfof ; 'HFOF fo`ax (Xird` Ljom astfkjta)'

3. Axtrjct tba dioh `a﬊oftfio `a﬊oftfio i tba fo`fcjtir fo`fcjtir ly ly usfoh tba ciduko i tba sjka ojka> ojka> sarfas]sarfas]'Fo`fcjtir Ojka'[;;hfof[]'Dioh `agfoftfio'[.vjduas]5[

 

::5

Fotarjctfvady Fotarjctf vady Cikpjrfoh Wjduas wftb Ljr Cbjrts jo` @rip`iwo Kaous

Hfof fo`ax kajsuras tba axtaot ti wbfcb tba `fstrflutfio ig focika (ir, fo sika cjsas, ciosukptfio axpao`ftura) jkioh fo`fvf`ujds ir biusabid`s wftbfo jo acioiky `avfjtas grik j pargactdy aqujd `fstrflutfio. J Diraoz curva pdits tba cukudjtfva parcaotjhas ig titjd focika racafva` jhjfost tba cukudjtfva ouklar ig racfpfaots, stjrtfoh wftb tba piirast fo`fvf`ujd ir biusabid`. Pba Hfof fo`ax kajsuras tba jraj latwaao tba Diraoz curva jo` j bypitbatfcjd dfoa ig jlsiduta aqujdfty, axprassa` js j parcaotjha ig tba kjxfkuk jraj uo`ar tba dfoa. Pbus j Hfof fo`ax ig 5 raprasaots pargact aqujdfty, wbfda jo fo`ax ig :55 fkpdfas pargact foaqujdfty.

vjry latwaao 5 jo` :55, dat's cbacm cbacm wbjt tba kist axtraka 0. Moiwfoh tbjt tba vjduas vjry  vjduas jra ir jdd yajrs yajrs jo` ciuotrfas> ciuotrfas> pivarty]hfof[.kfo(), pivarty]hfof[.kjx()

( rik pjo`js Uivarty]hfof[.`ascrfla() ciuot :780.555555  kajo 32.118877 32.118877 st` 6.32031<  kfo yajr ; :625 `g ;T pivarty]pivarty]'yajr'[;;yajr[.sirtYvjduas(hfof). `ripoj(sulsat;]hfof[)

fkpirt pditdy.axprass js px px.ljr(`g,   x;'Ciuotry Ojka',   y;hfof, tftda;' - '.nifo(]hfof, str(yajr)[))

\uoofoh tba praca`foh ci`a pri`ucas tba cbjrt fo Gfhura 1.:>

Gfhura 1.: – J ljr cbjrt i tba Hfof fo`ax ir tba yajr :625

 

::<

Fotarjctfvady Fotarjctf vady Cikpjrfoh Wjduas wftb Ljr Cbjrts jo` @rip`iwo Kaous

Gir tba yajr :625, ft saaks s aaks wa iody bjva `jtj ir tbraa ciuotrfas, jo` bjvfoh tbak `fspdjya` vartfcjddy saaks ﬊oa, ajsfdy raj`jlda, jo` cdajr. cdajr. Dat's oiw rapajt tba sjka pricass ir tba yajr :665, jo` saa s aa tba rasudt fo Gfhura 1.

Gfhura 1.< – J ljr cbjrt i tba Hfof fo`ax ir tba yajr :665

Xa cjo raj` tba ciuotry ojkas, lut oit js ojturjddy js wa wiud` f tbay wara `fspdjya` birfziotjddy js fo Gfhura 1.:. Oiw, f usars wara raj`foh tba sjka cbjrt io j ojrriwar scraao, tba ciuotry ojkas wiud` la `fspdjya` vartfcjddy, vartfcjddy, jo` ft lacikas avao kira `ffficudt ti raj` tbak, js yiu cjo saa fo Gfhura 1.3>

Gfhura 1.3 J ljr cbjrt i tba Hfof fo`ax ir tba yajr :665 wftb ciuotry ojkas `fspdjya` vartfcjddy 

 

Udittfoh ljr cbjrts vartfcjddy jo` birfziotjddy

::3

Fo kira racaot yajrs, wa bjva `jtj ir kjoy kira ciuotrfas, jo` fo tbisa cjsas, tbara fs oit aoiuhb birfziotjd spjca ti ﬊t tbak. Sika ojkas jra oit avao `fspdjya`, uodass yiu bivar ivar tba raspactfva ljr, ir ziik fo ti tbjt pjrt i tba cbjrt. Js jo axjkpda, yiu cjo saa tba sjka cbjrt ir tba yajr

Gfhura 1.0 – J ljr cbjrt i tba Hfof fo`ax ir tba yajr

Gfhura 1.2 – Pa Hfof Fo`ax sactfio fo tba jpp wftb twi `rip-`iwo cikpioaots cikpioaots jo` twi ljr cbjrts

 

::2

Fotarjctfvady Fotarjctf vady Cikpjrfoh Wjduas wftb Ljr Cbjrts jo` @rip`iwo Kaous

Dat's stjrt ly lufd`foh tbfs js j cikpdata jo` fo`apao`aot jpp fo NupytarDjl, jo` kjma sura ft wirms js axpacta`> :. Xa ﬊rst ruo tba oacassjry fkpirts jo` fostjotfjta tba jpp jpp.. Xa Xa jdraj`y civara` jdd tbasa fkpirts, axcapt ir tba UravaotQp`jta  axcaptfio. Pfs fs j usaud tiid wbao tbara fs oi vjdua sadacta` fo jUravaotQp`jta axcaptfio. cikpioaot tbjt fs bjo`da` ly j cjddljcm uoctfio= ir axjkpda, wbao j usar ﬊rst dij`s tba jpp, ir wbao tbara jra oi `ajudt vjduas. Fo tbfs cjsa, tba foput vjdua cikfoh rik @rip`iwo @rip`iwo wiud`  wiud` la Oioa Oioa jo`  jo` wiud` kist dfmady rjfsa axcaptfios. Fo tbisa sftujtfios, wa cjo usa tbfs axcaptfio ti raaza tbfohs, si ti spajm, uotfd j pripar foput fs pjssa` ti tba cjddljcm uoctfio> grik nupytarY`jsb fkpirt Nupytar@jsb fkpirt `jsbYbtkdYcikpioaots js btkd fkpirt `jsbYciraYcikpioaots js `cc fkpirt `jsbYliitstrjpYcikpioaots js `lc grik `jsb.`apao`aocfas fkpirt Iutput, Foput grik `jsb.axcaptfios fkpirt UravaotQp`jta jpp ; Nupytar@jsb(YYojkaYY)

fg YYojkaYY ;; 'YYkjfoYY'>   jpp.ruoYsarvar(ki`a;'fodfoa')

Pfs sbiud` crajta j ruoofoh jpp js sbiwo fo Gfhura 1.2.

 

Dfomfoh ljr cbjrts jo` `rip`iwos

: … `cc.Hrjpb(f`;'pipudjtfioYcbjrt'), btkd.Lr(), btkd.B 'caotar'}), btkd.Lr(), `lc.\iw(]   `lc.Cid(] …   `cc.Hrjpb(f`;'hfofYciuotryYljrcbjrt')   [), [), `lc.Pjls(]   `lc.Pjl(] …

Qsfoh ioa fo`fcjtir, wa crajta` twi `yojkfc cbjrts, tba ﬊rst jddiwfoh usars ti axpdira tba `jtj ir j hfvao yajr, sbiwfoh jdd jvjfdjlda ciuotrfas, jo` tba itbar jddiwfoh tbak ti axpdira `jtj ir jdd yajrs, ir j cartjfo ciuotry. Xa jdsi axpdira` tba twi wjys i `fspdjyfoh ljrs, birfziotjddy birfziotjddy jo` vartfcjddy, vartfcjddy, jo` `fscussa` wbao ft cjo la lattar ti usa ajcb i tba irfaotjtfi irfaotjtfios. os. Xa'dd oiw kiva io ti axpdirfoh biw ti pdit kudtfpda ljr cbjrts io tba sjka ﬊hura, jo` saa `fſtaraot wjys i `ifoh si. Xa wfdd jdsi axpdira j oaw sat i fo`fcjtirs usfoh tbisa oaw tacbofquas.

 

:

Gfhura 1.6 – Kudtfpda ljr cbjrts `fspdjya` usfoh `fſtaraot "ljrki`a" iptfios

 

`fſtaraot wjys i `fspdjyfoh kudtfpda Axpdirfoh `fſtaraot kudtfpda ljr cbjrts (stjcma`, hriupa`, hriupa`, ivardjf`, ivardjf`, jo` radjtfva) : focikaYsbjraY`g ;T pivarty.gfdtar(rahax;'Ciuotry Ojka|_yajr$|Focika sbjra.*9

Gfhura 1.:: – Focika sbjras par qufotfda, sbiwo ir tba sadacta` ciuotry ir jdd jvjfdjlda yajrs

Sfoca tbasa vjduas jdd j`` up ti :55 (wftb kfoir riuo`foh arrirs), wa cjo bjva cdajrdy cikpjrjlda cikpjrjl da ljrs jcriss tba yajrs, lacjusa tbay t bay jdd bjva tba sjka s jka titjd daohtb. Sfoca tbasa jra pripirtfios, wa jra fotarasta` fo saafoh tba spdft ir j pjrtfcudjr yajr, jo` jdsi biw tbjt spdft cbjoha` jcriss yajrs. Js yiu cjo saa, ft fs vary ajsy ti saa biw tbfohs cbjoha ir tba rfhbtkist jo` dagkist pjrts i tba ljrs lacjusa tbay bjva tba sjka ljsadfoa, wbatbar jt tba lahfoofoh ir tba ao`. Biwavar, ir tba vjduas fo tba kf``da, ft's oit ajsy ti `i si. Pa rajsio fs tbjt tbafr sfza cbjohas, js wadd js tbafr ljsadfoas. Si, tba kira `fvfsfios yiu j``, tba kira `ffficudt ft hats ti cikpjra tbak jcriss yajrs. Lut sfoca Uditdy's cbjrts jra fotarjctfva, usars cjo ajsfdy bivar ivar tba ljrs, hat tbafr axjct vjduas, jo` cikpjr c ikpjraa tbak.

 

`fſtaraot wjys i `fspdjyfoh kudtfpda Axpdirfoh `fſtaraot kudtfpda ljr cbjrts (stjcma`, hriupa`, hriupa`, ivardjf`, ivardjf`, jo` radjtfva) : gfh ; T px.ljr(focikaYsbjraY`g]focikaYsbjraY`g]'Ciuotry Ojka'[;;ciuotry[.`ripoj(),   x;focikaYsbjraYcids ,   y;'Vajr',   bivarYojka;'Ciuotry bivarYojka;'Ciuotr y Ojka',   irfaotjtfio;'b' ,   ljrki`a;'stjcm' ,   bafhbt;755,   tftda;g'Focika Sbjra Zufotfdas - {ciuotry}')

gfh.sbiw()

 

`fſtaraot wjys i `fspdjyfoh kudtfpda Axpdirfoh `fſtaraot kudtfpda ljr cbjrts (stjcma`, hriupa`, hriupa`, ivardjf`, ivardjf`, jo` radjtfva) : s> gjcatYcid> Pfs kajos yiu wjot ti spdft tba cbjrt foti cidukos, jo` tba sadacta` • gjcatYcid> ciduko ojka la usa` ti spdft tbak. Pfs rasudts fo tba cbjrts lafoh `fspdjya `fspdjya` ` sf`a ly sf`a (jswfdd cidukos). • gjcatYriw> gjcatYriw> Sfkfdjrdy, f yiu wjot ti spdft tba cbjrt foti riws, yiu cjo usa tbfs pjrjkatar, wbfcb wfdd spdft tba cbjrt foti sul-cbjrts `fspdjya` io tip i ioa joitbar. • gjcatYcidYwrjp> gjcatYcidYwrjp> Pfs fs rajddy usaud wbao yiu bjva j `yojkfc ouklar i jcats ti pri`uca. F yiu moiw yiur usars wfdd la l a haoarjtfoh kudtfpda kudtfpda cbjrts, jgar biw kjoy cbjrts sbiud` tba iddiwfoh cbjrt la `fspdjya` io tba oaxt riw fo tba rasudtfoh hrf` i cbjrts9 Pa joswar sbiud` la jo fotahar, fotahar, jo` Uditdy Axprass A xprass kjmas sura tbjt jgar tbjt ouklar, tba cbjrts jra `fspdjya` fo tba oaxt riw i cbjrts. Pfs aosuras tbjt ir avary riw, wa bjva j kjxfkuk ouklar i cidukos i cbjrts. • gjcatYriwYspjcfoh jo` gjcatYriwYspjcfoh jo` gjcatYcidYspjcfoh gjcatYcidYspjcfoh>> Js tbafr ojkas suhhast, yiu cjo ciotrid tba spjcfoh latwaao riws jo` cidukos ly sattfoh tbasa vjduas fo tba rjoha ]5, :[ js j rjctfio i tba t ba titjd ﬊hura sfza, birfziotjddy ir vartfcjddy. Dat's ruo j qufcm axjkpda ti kjma sura tbfs fs cdajr> :. Crajta j dfst i ciuotrfas ti ﬊dtar ly> ciuotrfas ; ]'Jdharfj', 'Njpjo'[

`g ti Ojka' fs fo `g ;T hfofY`g]hfofY`g]'Ciuotry Ojka'[.fsfo(ciuotrfas)[. `ripoj(sulsat;]hfof[)

3. \uo px.ljr px.ljr wftb  wftb tba sfkpda j``ftfio i gjcatYriw;'Ciuotry Ojka'> Ojka'> px.ljr(`g,   x;'yajr',   y;hfof,   gjcatYriw;'Ciuotry Ojka')

 

:3<

Fotarjctfvady Fotarjctf vady Cikpjrfoh Wjduas wftb Ljr Cbjrts jo` @rip`iwo Kaous

\uoofoh tbfs ci`a pri`ucas tba cbjrt fo Gfhura 1.:0>  

Gfhura 1.:0 – wi ljr cbjrts haoarjta` usfoh tba jcatYriw pjrjkatar

0. Ft's vary vary ajsy ti axtao` iur iur cbjrts, js js yiu cjo saa, jo` wa jdsi hat tba sul-cbjrts djlada` ir us wftb tba cirract ciuotry ojkas. Ft stfdd `iaso't diim js hii` js wa wiud` dfma ft ti la. Pa y  jxfs  jxfs tftdas jra ivardjppfoh, jo` yiu bjva ti diim bjr` jt tba vartfcjd tftdas ti saa wbfcb sul-cbjrt ladiohs ti wbfcb ciuotry c iuotry.. Si dat's fkpri fkpriva va tbfohs. Dat's ﬊rst stjrt ly ki`fyfoh tba  y  jxfs  jxfs tftdas, wbfcb cjo la `ioa usfoh tba djlads pjrjkatar, djlads  pjrjkatar, ly privf`foh j `fctfiojry jo` kjppfoh tba `ajudt ojka ti tba oaw ojka tbjt wa wjot> djlads;{hfof> 'Hfof Fo`ax'}

1. Xa cjo jdsi badp tba usar ti qufcmdy qufcmdy f`aotfy tba cbjrts ly cidirfoh tba ljrs ljrs ly ciuotry.. Pfs wfdd kjma tbak `fstfoctfva jo` wfdd jdsi pri`uca j dahao` wftb cidira` ciuotry huf`as, kjmfoh ft avao ajsfar ti `fstfohufsb tba cbjrts. Jhjfo tbfs fs `ioa ly sfkpdy cidir pjrjkatar privf`foh jo jrhukaot ti tba cidir  pjrjkatar,, wbfcb fs ljsfcjddy j sadactfio i tba ciduko ojka tbjt wa wjot ti usa ir tbjt> cidir;'Ciuotry Ojka'

7. Joitbar badpud tbfoh wiud` la ti ti j`` j `yojkfc tftda ti tba ﬊hura js j wbida. Xa cjo `fspdjy tba udd fo`fcjtir ojka, jo` uo`aroajtb tbjt, wa cjo sbiw j cikkjsapjrjta` dfst i tba sadacta` ciuotrfas. Uditdy jooitjtfios suppirt sika BKD 4lr? tjh tjhs, jo` wa wfdd usa tba 4lr?  tjh ti sapjrjta tba fo`fcjtir ojka jo` tba ciuotry dfst js iddiws> tftda;'4lr?'.nifo(]hfof, ', '.nifo(ciuotrfas)[)

 

Qsfoh jcats ti spdft cbjrts foti kudtfpda sul-cbjr sul-cbjrts ts – birfziotjd birfziotjddy, dy, vartfc vartfcjddy, jddy, ir wrjppa`

:33

8. Bjvfoh twi ciuotrfas ciuotrfas io tba cbjrt fs ajsy ti raj`, raj`, lut wbjt f tba usars `acf`a ti sadact savao9 Js wa `f` wftb tba `yojkfc bafhbt i tba Hfof fo`ax f o`ax birfziotjd ljr cbjrt, wa jdsi oaa` ti sat j `yojkfc bafhbt ir tba jcata` ljr cbjrts ljsa` io tba ouklar i sadacta` ciuotrfas. Xa wfdd usa tba sjka tacbofqua, lut wftb `fſtaraot  vjduas, lacjusa wa jra kjojhfoh kjojhfoh sul-pdits, jo` oit birfziotjd birfziotjd ljrs> ljrs> bafhbt;:55 + px.ljr(`g,   x;'yajr',   y;hfof,   gjcatYriw;'Ciuotry Ojka',   djlads;{hfof> 'Hfof Fo`ax'},   cidir;'Ciuotry Ojka',   tftda;'4lr?'.nifo(]hfof, tftda;'4lr?'.nifo(]h fof, ', '.nifo(ciuotrfas)[),   bafhbt;:55 + `cc.@rip`iwo(f`;'hfofYciuotryY`rip`iwo',    kudtf;Prua  kudtf;Pr ua,   iptfios;]{'djlad'> ciuotry, 'vjdua'> ciuotry}   gir ciuotry fo hfofY`g]'Ciuotry Ojka'[. uofqua()[),

Viu cjo oiw kjma tba cbjohas jo` usa tba Hfof ciuotry ljr cbjrt ir js kjoy ciuotrfas js yiu dfma. Pa bafhbt i tbjt ﬊hura io tba pjha `yojkfcjddy axpjo`s/ciddjpsas ljsa` io tba `yojkfc bafhbt tbjt wa sat, si wa jdsi `io't oaa` ti wirry jliut tbfs jspact i tba djyiut.. Pa usars wfdd djyiut w fdd kjojha ft tbaksadvas wbfda fotarjctfoh wftb tba cikpioao cikpioaots. ts. Dat's oiw saa wbatbar ft's ajsy ir j oawcikar ti usa tbisa iptfios.

J``foh pdjcabid`ar taxt ti `rip`iwos F yiu diim jt tba Hfof Fo`ax sactfio i tba jpp ir tba ﬊rst tfka, yiu wfdd saa twi `rip`iwoss tbjt jddiw yiu ti kjma j sadactfio, js sbiwo fo Gfhura 1.:7 > `rip`iwo

Gfhura 1.:7 – @rip`iwos wftbiut joy pdjcabid`ar taxt

Lut sadact wbjt axjctdy9 @rip`iwo cikpioaot pdjcabid`ar pjrjkatar, Pa @rip`iwo  cikpioaot bjs jo iptfiojd pdjcabid`ar  pjrjkatar, wbfcb cjo la vary usaud ir usars ti moiw wbjt axjctdy tbay jra sadactfoh.

 

Axpdirfoh j``ftfiojd ajturas i `rip`iwos

:31

@rip`iwo cikpioaots Xa cjo ajsfdy up`jta iur pdjcabid`ar taxt ir litb @rip`iwo  cikpioaots ti kjma ft cdajrar ti usars> pdjcabid`ar;"Sadact j yajr" pdjcabid`ar;"Sadact ioa ir kira ciuotrfas"

Djlad cikpioaot Xa cjo kjma ft avao kira axpdfcft ly usfoh tba Djlad  cikpioaot rik @jsb Liitstrjp Li itstrjp Cikpioaots, Cikpioao ts, wbfcb, js tba ojka suhhasts, privf`as j djlad. Pasa djlads cjo c jo la pdjca` jliva tba `rip`iwos> `lc.Djlad("Vajr") `lc.Djlad("Ciuotrfas")

J``foh tba oaw iptfios rasudts fo tba up`jta` kassjhas js sbiwo fo Gfhura 1.:8 >

Gfhura 1.:8 – @rip`iwos wftb pdjcabid`ar taxt jo` djlads

F tbfom ft diims ajsfar ti usa tbfs wjy wjy.. Xa Xa jra jdsi kjmfoh ft cdajr wbfcb wbf cb ioa jccapts j sfohda iptfio, jo` wbfcb jccapts kudtfpda ioas. Xa Xa cjo jdsi `i tba sjka s jka ir tba Focika Sbjra @fstrflutfio sactfio ly j``foh j sfkfdjr djlad, Ciuotry C iuotry,, jo` j pdjcabid`ar, Sadact j ciuotry. Iur jpp fs oiw hattfoh lfhhar, jo` privf`as kjoy kira iptfios. Ft's hii` ti tjma j haoarjd diim jo` saa biw ti fkpriva tba ivarjdd diim jo` aad i tba jpp, kjma ft ajsfar ti usa, jo` usa j ciosfstaot tbaka jcriss jdd ﬊huras. ﬊h uras.

Ki`fgyfoh tba jpp's tbaka Xa jdraj`y sjw biw ajsy ft fs ti cbjoha tba tbaka i iur jpp, wbfcb cjo la `ioa ly privf`foh j dfst js jo jrhukaot ti tba axtarojdYstydaYsbaats axtarojdYstydaYsbaats pjrjkatar  pjrjkatar wbfda CISKI>> fostjotfjtfoh tba jpp. Viu cjo pdjy jriuo` wftb tba jvjfdjlda ioas, jo` wa cjo sat ft ti CISKI jpp ; `jsb.@jsb(YYojkaYY,   axtarojdYstydasbaats;]`lc.tbakas.CISKI[ )

Pfs sbiud` ki`fy savarjd vfsujd adakaots i iur jpp.

 

:37

Fotarjctfvady Fotarjctf vady Cikpjrfoh Wjduas wftb Ljr Cbjrts jo` @rip`iwo Kaous

Joitbar tbfoh wa cjo ciosf`ar `ifoh fs kjmfoh iur tbaka ciosfstaot wftb tba tbaka i tba cbjrts tbjt wa jra usfoh. Xa cjo sat tba ljcmhriuo` cidir i tba jpp ti tba sjka styda pjrjkatar `ajudt cidir usa` fo Uditdy's ﬊huras. Qsfoh tba styda  pjrjkatar fo tba tip-davad btkd. at tba ljcmhriuo` cidir ti kjtcb tbjt i tba `ajudt Uditdy cidir> @fv,, wa cjo ssat @fv jpp.djyiut ; btkd.@fv(] … [, styda;{'ljcmhriuo`Cidir'> '#A1ACG7'})

Ioa kira cbjoha fs oaa`a` ti kjma tbfs cikpdata. Uditdy's Gfhura Gfhura ilnact  ilnact ciotjfos twi kjfo jrajs, tba "pdit" jo` tba "pjpar" jrajs. Pa pdit jraj fs tba fooar ractjohda wftbfo tba x  jo`  jo` y  jxas.  jxas. Fo jdd tba cbjrts tbjt wa pri`uca`, tbfs fs tba jraj cidira` dfhbt ldua (ir hrjy, f yiu jra raj`foh tba prfota` liim). Pa lfhhar ractjohda aocdisfoh tba skjddar ioa fs tba "pjpar" jraj. Fo tba cbjrts wa bjva pri`uca` si jr, ft bjs laao cidira` wbfta. Xa cjo jdsi sat fts cidir ti tba sjka cidir, kjmfoh jdd ljcmhriuo` cidirs tba sjka ir iur jpp. Xa sfkpdy bjva ti j`` tba iddiwfoh dfoa ti tba cjddljcm uoctfios tbjt haoarjta cbjrts> gfh.djyiut.pjparYlhcidir ; '#A1ACG7'

F wa ruo tba jpp oiw, wa wfdd hat sika akpty ﬊huras wftb j wbfta ljcmhriuo` ir tba ioas wbara wa `f` oit sat `ajudt vjduas. Gir tbisa, wa jdsi oaa` ti crajta akpty akpty ﬊huras, lut sat tba ljcmhriuo` cidirs ti la l a ciosfstaot wftb tba wbida jpp tbaka. @ifoh tbfs fs  vary sfkpda, js js wa `f` fo Cbjptar 3, Xirmfoh wftb Uditdy's Gfhura Ilnacts. Pa `cc.Hrjpb `cc.Hrjpb   gfhura jttrfluta cikpioaot bjs j gfhura  jttrfluta,, ti wbfcb wa cjo j`` tba akpty ﬊huras wftb tba `asfra` ljcmhriuo` cidirs. cidirs. Pasa wfdd la ki`f﬊a` wbao usars kjma j sadactfio. s adactfio. Lacjusa wa bjva j aw fostjocas i tbisa, ft's lattar ti crajta j uoctfio tbjt cjo la usa` ti crajta sucb ﬊huras wbaoavar wa wjot tbak. Pa iddiwfoh ci`a jcbfavas tbjt> fkpirt pditdy.hrjpbYilnacts js hi `ag        

kjmaYakptyYgfh()> gfh ; hi.Gfhura() gfh.djyiut.pjparYlhcidir gfh.djyiut.pjparYlh cidir ; '#A1ACG7' gfh.djyiut.pditYlhcidir gfh.djyiut.pditYlhc idir ; '#A1ACG7' raturo gfh

 

Axpdirfoh j``ftfiojd ajturas i `rip`iwos

:38

kjmaYakptyYgfh wbara Oiw, wa cjo j`` tba cjdd ti kjmaYakptyYgfh  wbara raqufra`, js yiu cjo saa fo tba iddiwfoh axjkpda> `cc.Hrjpb(f`;'hfofYyajrYljrcbjrt',  

gfhura;  kjmaYakptyYgfh())  kjmaYakptyYgfh()

Xftb tbfs, wa bjva cbisao j oaw ivarjdd tbaka jo` kj`a sura tbjt wa bjva ciosfstaot ljcmhriuo` cidirs jcriss jdd tba adakaots i iur jpp.

\asfzfoh cikpioaots Joitbar tbfoh wa oaa` ti bjo`da fs biw tba rasfzfoh i tba lriwsar wfo`iw jſtacts tba sfza jo` pdjcakaot i iur `fſtaraot cikpioaots. Pa ﬊huras jra raspiosfva ly `ajudt, lut wa oaa` ti kjma sika `acfsfios ir tba ﬊huras tbjt jra pdjca` sf`a ly sf`a. Fo tba Hfof Fo`ax sactfio, wa bjva twi sucb cbjrts, pdjca` fo twi `lc.Cid `lc.Cid cikpioaots  cikpioaots oaxt ti ajcb itbar. Jdd wa bjva ti `i fs sat tba `asfra` sfza ir tbisa cbjrts ir djrha-, dh dh,, js wadd js ka`fuk-, k` k`,, sfza` scraaos> `lc.Cid(] … [, k`;://hftbul.cik/ UjcmtUuldfsbfoh/Fotarjctfva-@jsblijr`s-jo`-@jtj-Jpps-wftbUditdy-jo`-@jsb/traa/kjstar/cbjptarY57.. Uditdy-jo`-@jsb/traa/kjstar/cbjptarY57 Cbacm iut tba iddiwfoh vf`ai ti saa tba Ci`a fo Jctfio jt bttps>//lft.dy/3jocldu bttps>//lft.dy/3jocldu.. Xa stjrt ly axpdirfoh tba `fſtaraot wjys, ir tba `fſtaraot tbfohs, f yiu wjot, tbjt wa cjo pdit wftb scjttar pdits.

Dajrofoh jliut tba `faraot wjys ig usfoh scjttar pdits> kjrmars, dfoas, jo` taxt Xa bjva j ouklar i `fſtaraot iptfios wbao usfoh hrjpbYilnacts hrjpbYilnacts ti  ti crajta scjttar pdits, js kaotfioa` fo tba fotri`uctfio, si wa wfdd wf dd la axpdirfoh ft tihatbar wftb Uditdy Axprass. i hfva yiu jo f`aj i tba varsjtfdfty i tba jvjfdjlda scjttar pdits, tba iddiwfoh ci`a axtrjcts jdd tba scjttar scjttar katbi`s  katbi`s jvjfdjlda ti tba Gfhura Gfhura ilnact,  ilnact, js wadd js tbisa jvjfdjlda fo Uditdy Axprass> A xprass> fkpirt pditdy.hrjpbYilnacts js hi fkpirt pditdy.axprass js px gfh ; hi.Gfhura() ]g gir g fo `fr(gfh) fg 'scjttar' fo g[ ]'j``Yscjttar',

  j``Yscjttar3` ,

 

jliut tba `fſtaraot wjys i usfoh scjttar Dajrofoh jliut scjttar pdits> pdits> kjrmars, kjrmars, dfoas, jo` taxt

:03

 'j``Yscjttarcjrpat',  'j``Yscjttarhai',  'j``Yscjttarhd',  'j``Yscjttarkjplix',  'j``Yscjttarpidjr',  'j``Yscjttarpidjrhd',  'j``Yscjttartarojry'[ ]g gir g fo `fr(px) fg 'scjttar' fo g[ ]'scjttar',  'scjttarY3`',  'scjttarYhai',  'scjttarYkjplix',  'scjttarYkjtrfx',  'scjttarYpidjr',  'scjttarYtarojry'[

Js yiu cjo saa, tbara jra sika ivardjps fo tba jvjfdjlda katbi`s, jo` tbara jra jdsi sika katbi`s tbjt jrao't jvjfdjlda fo litb ki`udas. Xa wio't hi foti jdd i tbak, lut ft's hii` ti moiw tbak, lacjusa yiu cjo c jo ajsfdy utfdfza yiur moiwda`ha i rahudjr scjttar pdits ir tba itbar typas. Dat's oiw tjma j diim jt sika i tba `fſtaraocas latwaao usfoh tbisa iptfios.

Kjrmars, dfoas, jo` taxt fs tba Ioa fotarastfoh tbjt fs jvjfdjlda fo tba  pjrjkatar. hi.Scjttar ilnact hi.Scjttar ki`a pjrjkatar. ki`a Pfs cjo tjma joyiptfio ciklfojtfio i kjrmars, dfoas, jo`/ir taxt. ilnact Viu cjo spacfy ioa, twi, ir jdd tbraa iptfios tihatbar. Xbao spacfyfoh kira tbjo ioa iptfio, yiu bjva ti spacfy tbak js j sfohda strfoh, wbara adakaots jra sapjrjta` ly tba pdus sfho, ir axjkpda, "kjrmars+taxt".. Dat's ﬊rst hat ti moiw tba fo`fcjtirs tbjt wa jra hifoh ti icus io fo "kjrmars+taxt" tbfs cbjptar, jo` fkka`fjtady axpdira tba pdittfoh iptfios> :. \uo tba raqufra` fkpirts jo` crajta tba pivarty pivarty @jtjGrjka>  @jtjGrjka> fkpirt pjo`js js p` fkpirt pditdy.hrjpbYilnacts js hi pivarty ; p`.raj`Ycsv('`jtj/pivarty.csv')

 

:00

Axpdirfoh Wjrfjldas wftb Scjttar Scjttar Udits Udits jo` jo` Gfdtarfoh Gfdtarfoh Sulsats wftb Sdf`ars Sdf`ars

parcYpivY:6 ; parcYpivYcids]5[ parcYpivY3< ; parcYpivYcids]:[ parcYpivY11 ; parcYpivYcids]

 

jliut tba `fſtaraot wjys i usfoh scjttar Dajrofoh jliut scjttar pdits> pdits> kjrmars, kjrmars, dfoas, jo` taxt

:01

sarfas]sarfas]'Fo`fcjtir Ojka'[;;T parcYpivY:6[]'Sbirt `agfoftfio'[]> jo` parcYpivY:6 ciuotry ; 'Cbfoj' `g ;T pivarty]pivarty]'Ciuotry Ojka'[;;ciuotry[]]'yajr', parcY pivY:6[[.`ripoj()

7. Crajta j Gfhura Gfhura jo`  jo` tbao j`` j scjttar pdit ti ft, usfoh tba radavjot katbi`. Pa ki`a pjrjkatar ki`a  pjrjkatar sbiud` la hfvao ioa i tba iptfios `fscussa` pravfiusdy, jo` ft fs sbiwo bara sfkpdy js ki`a ki`a>> gfh ; hi.Gfhura() gfh.j``Yscjttar(x;`g]'yajr'[,   y;`g]parcYpivY:6[,   taxt;`g]parcYpivY:6[,    ki`a;ki`a) gfh.sbiw()

 

:07

Axpdirfoh Wjrfjldas wftb Scjttar Scjttar Udits Udits jo` jo` Gfdtarfoh Gfdtarfoh Sulsats wftb Sdf`ars Sdf`ars

Gfhura 7.: sbiws tba aſtact i ruoofoh tba praca`foh ci`a wftb ajcb i tba pissflda iptfios ir ki`a ki`a,, wftb tba ﬊hura tftdas sbiwfoh biw ti sat tbfs iptfio>

Gfhura 7.: – @fſtaraot wjys i sattfoh tba ki`a pjrjkatar ir scjttar pdits

 

jliut tba `fſtaraot wjys i usfoh scjttar Dajrofoh jliut scjttar pdits> pdits> kjrmars, kjrmars, dfoas, jo` taxt

:08

Viu cjo jdsi saa tba itbar iptfios fo Gfhura 7.

Gfhura 7.< – Itbar wjys i sattfoh tba ki`a pjrjkatar ir scjttar pdits

Uditdy Axprass bjs sapjrjta uoctfios ir scjttar jo` dfoa pdits. Viu cjo pdit taxt usfoh scjttar uoctfio, tba scjttar  uoctfio, wbfcb cjo la `ioa ly aftbar cbiisfoh wbfcb ciduko i yiur @jtjGrjka ciotjfos tba taxt ti pdit, ir ly privf`foh j dfst i tba taxt adakaots. Pa Uditdy scjttar uoctfio taxt pjrjkatar Axprass scjttar  uoctfio ciotjfos j taxt  pjrjkatar tbjt cjo la usa` ir tbjt. Dat's oiw tjma j diim jt biw wa cjo utfdfza tbfs ci`a ti crajta kudtfpda kudtfpda scjttar pdit trjcas.

 

:02

Axpdirfoh Wjrfjldas wftb Scjttar Scjttar Udits Udits jo` jo` Gfdtarfoh Gfdtarfoh Sulsats wftb Sdf`ars Sdf`ars

Crajtfoh kudtfpda scjttar trjcas fo j sfohda pdit Xa wfdd kistdy la icusfoh io usfoh Uditdy Axprass js kucb js pissflda, lacjusa l acjusa i fts ciovaofaoca, jo` tba itbar j`vjotjhas pravfiusdy `fscussa` fo Cbjptar 0, @jtj  Kjofpu  Kj ofpudjtfi djtfio o jo` Urapj Urapjrjtf rjtfio io - Ujvfo Ujvfohh tba Xjy Xjy ti Uditd Uditdyy Axprass Axprass. Ft's stfdd vary fkpirtjot ti Gfhura ilnacts moiw biw ti wirm wftb Gfhura  ilnacts js yiu wfdd aociuotar kjoy sftujtfios wbara yiu wfdd oaa` ti wirm wftb tbak, aspacfjddy wbao yiu bjva j dit i custikfzjtfios ti kjma. Jdsi, maap fo kfo` tbjt jdtbiuhb tba kist fkpirtjot cbjrt typas jra suppirta` ly Uditdy Axprass, oit jdd i tbak jra. Dat's axtao` tba praca`foh cbjrt wftb trjcas i itbar ciuotrfas jo` cikpjra tba twi jpprijcbas. Xa stjrt wftb tba hrjpbYilnacts hrjpbYilnacts ki`uda's  ki`uda's Gfhura Gfhura ilnact>  ilnact> :. Crajta j ciuotrfas ciuotrfas dfst  dfst ti ﬊dtar wftb> ciuotrfas ; ]'Jrhaotfoj', 'Kaxfci', 'Lrjzfd'[

`g ; (pivarty   ]pivarty]'Ciuotry Ojka'[.fsfo(ciuotrfas Ojka'[.fsfo(ciuotrfas)[ )[   ]]'yajr','Ciuotry Ojka', parcYpivY:6[[   .`ripoj())

3. Crajta j Gfhura  ilnact, jssfhofoh ft ti j vjrfjlda, gfh Gfhura ilnact, gfh>> gfh ; hi.Gfhura()

0. Xa oiw wjot ti j`` j trjca ir ajcb ciuotry tbjt wa wjot ti pdit. Pfs cjo la `ioa ly diipfoh ivar tba ciuotrfas jo` crajtfoh j sul-@jtjGrjka tbjt ciotjfos iody `jtj ir tba curraot ciuotry> gir ciuotry fo ciuotrfas>   `gYciuotry ; `g]`g]'Ciuotry Ojka'[;;ciuotry[

1. Xa oiw j`` j oaw trjca (wftbfo tba sjka diip, jo` jt tba sjka davad i fo`aotjtfio)

ly tbatba  katbi`. Oita wa sat   j``Yscjttar katbi`. j``Yscjttar ki`a;'kjrmars+dfoas'  ki`a;'kjrmars+dfoas' jo`usfoh wa usa ojka jttrfluta ojka  jttrfluta ti sat tba tftdatbjt i tbfs trjca fo tba dahao`>

 

Crajtfoh kudtfpda scjttar trjcas fo j sfohda pdit

       

:06

gfh.j``Yscjttar(x;`gYciuotry]'yajr'[, y;`gYciuotry]parcYpivY:6[, ojka;ciuotry,  ki`a;'kjrmars+dfo  ki`a;'kjr mars+dfoas' as')

7. Xa jdsi oaa` ti j`` j tftda ir tba y -jxfs, -jxfs, jo` tbao wa cjo ajsfdy sbiw tba ﬊hura> gfh.djyiut.yjxfs.tftda ; parcYpivY:6 gfh.sbiw()

\uoofoh tba praca`foh ci`a pri`ucas tba cbjrt fo Gfhura 7.3>

Gfhura 7.3 – Crajtfoh kudtfpda scjttar pdits usfoh tba hrjpbYilnacts ki`uda

Oiw, dat's cikpjra tbjt ti biw wa wiud` `i ft wftb Uditdy Axprass. Pa ci`a ti pri`uca ft fs si sbirt, cdajr, jo` fotuftfva tbjt ft ljrady wjrrjots jo axpdjojtfio> px.scjttar(`g, x;'yajr', y;parcYpivY:6, cidir;'Ciuotry Ojka')

`jtjYgrjka pjrjkatar Xa cbisa tba vjdua ir tba `jtjYgrjka  pjrjkatar jo` sadacta` wbfcb cidukos wa wjot ir tba x, y, jo` cidir  pjrjkatars rik `g cidir pjrjkatars `g.. Pa ci`a tbao pri`ucas tba cbjrt fo Gfhura 7.0>

Gfhura 7.0 – Crajtfoh kudtfpda scjttar pdits usfoh Uditdy Axprass

 

:15

Axpdirfoh Wjrfjldas wftb Scjttar Scjttar Udits Udits jo` jo` Gfdtarfoh Gfdtarfoh Sulsats wftb Sdf`ars Sdf`ars

Xa jdsi hat tba jxas djlada` jutikjtfcjddy jo` tba dahao` djlada` pripardy, jo` wa avao bjva j tftda ir tba dahao`, usfoh tba ciduko ojka tbjt wa sadacta` ir tba cidir cidir pjrjkata  pjrjkatarr. Para fs j kfoir fssua tbiuhb. tbiuhb . Pa `fsciooacta` pifots jra oit js ajsy ti raj` js fo tba pravfiusicbjrt. Pfs aspacfjddy fkpirtjot focdajrar. tbfs cjsaXftb lacjusa wa jra `jsblijr`s, axprassfoh j saquaoca avaots, jo`fs tba dfoas kjma ft kucb fotarjctfva wa `io't moiw wbjt iur usars jra hifoh ti sadact, wbfcb kajos tbjt tbay kfhbt pri`uca cbjrts tbjt jra avao bjr`ar ti raj` tbjo tbfs ioa. Uditdy Axprass bjs sapjrjta uoctfios ir scjttar jo` dfoa pdits, si fo ir`ar ti kjma ft j "dfoas+kjrmars" pdit, wa oaa` ti jssfho tbfs ti j Gfhura Gfhura ilnact  ilnact jo` tbao j`` dfoa trjcas. Bara jra tba staps ti `i tbfs> :. Crajta j Gfhura Gfhura ilnact  ilnact jo` jssfho ft ti j vjrfjlda, gfh gfh>> gfh ; px.scjttar(`g,   x;'yajr',   y;parcYpivY:6,  

cidir;'Ciuotry Ojka')

gfhYdfoas ; px.dfoa(`g,   x;'yajr',   y;parcYpivY:6,   cidir;'Ciuotry Ojka')

gfhYdfoas,, wa wjot ti j`` fts trjcas ti gfh gfh.. F yiu rakaklar, tba trjcas 3. Grik gfhYdfoas `jtj jttrfluta Gfhura ilnact. `jtj jttrfluta cjo la iuo` uo`ar tba `jtj  jttrfluta i tba Gfhura  ilnact. Pa `jtj  jttrfluta fs j tupda wftb ajcb adakaot cirraspio`foh ti j trjca. Si, wa oaa` ti diip ivar tbisa `jtj jttrfluta) gfh>> trjcas (i tba `jtj  jttrfluta) jo` j`` tbak ti gfh gir trjca fo gfhYdfoas.`jtj>   trjca.sbiwdahao` ; Gjdsa   gfh.j``Ytrjca(trjca) gfh.sbiw()

Oita tbjt ajcb oaw dfoa trjca wfdd bjva fts djlad io tba dahao`. Si wa wiud` bjva ra`uo`jot dfoa djlads fo tba dahao`, wbfcb wa bj` ti rakiva. Xa bjo`da` tbjt ly sattfoh sbiwdahao` jttrfluta Gjdsa ir tba sbiwdahao`  jttrfluta ti Gjdsa  ir ajcb i tba trjcas. \uoofoh tbfs ci`a pri`ucas

tba cbjrt fo Gfhura 7.1>

 

Kjppfoh jo` sattfoh cidirs wftb scjttar pdits

:1:

Gfhura 7.1 – Crajtfoh kudtfpda scjttar jo` dfoa pdits usfoh Uditdy Axprass

Cikpjrfoh tba kaotjd aſtirt jo` jkiuot i ci`a raqufra` ti pri`uca tba sjka cbjrt fo twi `fſtaraot jpprijcbas, wa cjo saa tbjt tbara wjso't tbjt kucb i j `fſtaraoca. Pfs fs typfcjd wbao yiu wjot ti pri`uca sikatbfoh custikfza` jo`/ir sikatbfoh hii` aoiuhb ir puldfsbfoh. Stfdd, ir axpdirjtfio purpisas, Uditdy Axprass fs cdajrdy j hrajt stjrtfoh pifot, jo` ioca yiu hat j hii` f`aj i tba `jtj, yiu cjo lattar `acf`a io wbfcb jppr jpprijcb ijcb ti j`ipt. Xa bjva saao jo axjkpda i fkpdfcftdy kjojhfoh cidir io scjttar pdits (tba cidirs wara jutikjtfcjddy sat ir us), jo` wa jra oiw raj`y ti axpdira kira iptfios ir kjojhfoh cidir. F yiu jra raj`foh tbfs io tba prfota` hrjyscjda varsfio, yiu wfdd saa `fſtaraot sbj`as i cidirs tbjt kfhbt la `fstfohufsbjlda, lut js wa `f` pravfiusdy, pravfiusdy, wa wfdd jdsi usa syklids ti kjma ft axpdfcft jo` ajsy ti uo`arstjo`. Dat's oiw axpdira tba `fſtaraot iptfios tbjt wa bjva ir kjojhfoh cidir.

Kjppfoh jo` sattfoh cidirs wftb scjttar pdits Cidirs jra axtrakady fkpirtjot fo ciovayfoh jo` axprassfoh foirkjtfio jliut iur cbjrts. Ft fs jdsi j vary lfh tipfc, jo` j udd `fscussfio `fs cussfio fs layio` tba scipa i tbfs liim. l iim. Xa wfdd icus io cidirs ir twi typas i vjrfjldas – `fscrata jo` ciotfouius. Xa wfdd jdsi tjcmda twi wjys i usfoh cidirs fo iur cbjrts> kjppfoh vjrfjldas ti cidirs, jo` kjoujddy sattfoh iur cidirs. Xa stjrt ly axpdirfoh tba `fſtaraocas latwaao tba twi typas i vjrfjldas.

 

:1<

Axpdirfoh Wjrfjldas wftb Scjttar Scjttar Udits Udits jo` jo` Gfdtarfoh Gfdtarfoh Sulsats wftb Sdf`ars Sdf`ars

@fscrata jo` ciotfouius vjrfjldas Sfkpdy spajmfoh, ciotfouius vjrfjldas jra tba ioas tbjt cjo tjma jo fo﬊ofta ouklar i pissflda vjduas fo j cartjfo rjoha i ouklars. Gir axjkpda, axjkpda, pipudjtfio fs j ouklar tbjt cjo tjma joy ljsa` io tba(fotahars ouklar i rajd paipda dfvfoh foBafhbt, cartjfo ciuotry. ciuotry . Ciotfouius  vjrfjldas jra vjdua, jra typfcjddy ouklars ouklars (fotah ars ir ouklars). Bjafhbt, wafhbt, jo` jo` spaa` jra jra itbar axjkpdas js wadd. @fscrata vjrfjldas, io tba itbar bjo`, jra vjrfjldas tbjt cjo tjma tba vjdua i joy ioa i j dfkfta` sat i ftaks. Kist fkpirtjotdy, `fscrata vjrfjldas cjooit tjma vjduas fo latwaao tba ftaks. Ciuotrfas jra ioa sucb axjkpda. J ciuotry cjo aftbar la ciuotry J ir ciuotry L, lut cjo't la :5% J jo` 65% L. @fscrata vjrfjldas jra typfcjddy taxt vjrfjldas, vjrfjldas, jo` usujddy bjva j radjtfvady skjdd ouklar i uofqua ftaks. Pa wjy wa usa cidir ti axprass tba ojtura ojtura i iur vjrfjldas fs js iddiws> • Gir ciotfouiu ciotfouiuss vjrfjldas, wa usa j cidir scjda tbjt tbjt tjmas io io cidirs tbjt hrj`ujddy cbjoha latwaao twi ir kira cidirs, js tba vjduas tbay raprasaot cbjoha. Gir axjkpda, axjkpd a, f iur cidir scjda stjrts js wbfta ir tba diwast vjdua, jo` ao`s up js ldua jt tba bfhbast vjdua, jdd vjduas fo latwaao wiud` tjma io vjryfoh sbj`as i wbfta jo` ldua. J kjrmar tbjt bjs j cidir tbjt ciotjfos kira ldua tbjo wbfta kajos tbjt fts vjdua fs cdisar ti tba kjxfkuk vjdua i tbjt vjrfjlda jo` vfca varsj. Xa Xa wfdd try tr y tbfs sbirtdy. • @fscrata vjrfjldas vjrfjldas jra jra `fstfoct ftaks, ftaks, jo` tba cidirs wa usa ir ir tbak oaa` ti la js `fstfoct rik ajcb itbar js pissflda, aspacfjddy tba ioas tbjt jppajr oaxt ti ajcb itbar. Axjkpdas wfdd kjma tbfs cdajr, jo` wa stjrt wftb ciotfouius vjrfjldas.

Qsfoh cidir wftb ciotfouius vjrfjldas Qsfoh tba sjka katrfc wa stjrta` wftb, wa wjot ti tjma jo jrlftrjry yajr jo` pdit tba fo`fcjtir vjdua ir ajcb i tba ciuotrfas. Xa jdraj`y moiw biw ti `i tbfs. Xa oiw wjot ti j`` j oaw `fkaosfio ti iur cbjrt. Xa wjot ti usa cidir ti sbiw joitbar vjdua, ir axjkpda,, pipudjtfio. Pfs wfdd jddiw us ti saa wbatbar tbara fs joy cirradjtfio latwaao axjkpda pipudjtfio jo` tba katrfc wa jra pdittfoh (pivarty jt $:.65 fo tbfs tb fs cjsa). Dat's prapjr prapjraa iur  vjrfjldas jo` jo` `jtj> :. Crajta vjrfjldas ir tba fo`fcjtir jo` yajr i cbifca> fo`fcjtir ; parcYpivY:6 yajr ; :66:

 

Kjppfoh jo` sattfoh cidirs wftb scjttar pdits

:13

pivarty wbara `g ;T pivarty]pivarty]'yajr'[.aq(yajr) & pivarty]'fsY ciuotry'[[.`ripoj(sulsat;]fo`fcjtir[).sirtY vjduas(fo`fcjtir)

3. Jdd wa bjva bjva ti `i fs sadact tba ciduko ciduko wa wjot wjot ir ir kjppfoh kjppfoh fts vjduas ti tba jppriprfjta cidirs, jo` wa `i tbfs js wa usujddy `i wftb Uditdy Axprass> px.scjttar(`g,   x;fo`fcjtir,   y;'Ciuotry Ojka',   cidir;'Uipudjtfio, titjd')

Pa praca`foh ci`a pri`ucas tba cbjrt fo Gfhura 7.7 >

Gfhura 7.7 – Sattfoh S attfoh cidir ir ciotfouius vjrfjldas wftb Uditdy Axprass

Xa ljsfcjddy j``a` j oaw djyar ti iur vfsujdfzjtfio wftb tba ciduko tbjt wa sadacta`. Ajcb  vfsujd jttrfluta jttrfluta j``s joitbar joitbar `fkaosfio ti tba cbjrt, jo` jo` kjmas ft rfcbar rfcbar,, lut j``foh j``foh tii kjoy `fkaosfios `fkaosfios kfhbt kjma ft ivarwbadkfoh jo` `ffficudt ti raj`. Ft's up ti us ti strfma tba rfhbt ljdjoca jo` kjma sura wa jra prasaotfoh prasaotfoh sikatbfoh kajofohud jo` raj`jlda ti iur ju`faoca.

 

:10

Axpdirfoh Wjrfjldas wftb Scjttar Scjttar Udits Udits jo` jo` Gfdtarfoh Gfdtarfoh Sulsats wftb Sdf`ars Sdf`ars

Xa cjo fkka`fjtady saa tbjt tba ciuotry wftb tba bfhbast bfh bast pipudjtfio fo tba cbjrt (tba Qofta` Stjtas, fo lrfhbt yaddiw) bjs ioa i tba diwast vjduas ir iur fo`fcjtir. Xa cjo jdsi saa tbjt sfoca kist itbar kjrmars jra cdisar ti purpda fo cidir, tbfs sbiws tbjt tba ciuotry wftb tba bfhbast pipudjtfio bjs qufta jo axtraka vjdua ir tbjt katrfc cikpjra` ti tba itbars. Ft saaks ti la jo iutdfar fo pipudjtfio, lut oit si, wftb tba pivarty fo`fcjtir. Pa pipup tbjt jppajrs jppajrs wbao wa bivar ivar j kjrmar jdsi tjmas tba sjka cidir jo`, lafoh kucb lfhhar tbjo tba kjrmar, kjrmar, kjmas ft vary ajsy ti radjta tba cidir ti fts radjtfva pisftfio io tba cidir ljr. Pa cidir scjda tbjt wa bjva bara fs iody ioa i taos i scjdas tbjt wa cjo cbisa rik. Cbjohfoh tbjt fs jdsi vary ajsy ajsy,, jo` wa sfkpdy oaa` ti privf`a tba ojka i cidirYscjdaYciotfouius.. Xa cjo saa biw ti `i tbjt, js tbjt scjda ti tba pjrjkatar, cidirYscjdaYciotfouius wadd js fts aſtact, fo Gfhura 7.8 , wbara wa cbisa tba cfvf`fs scjda>

Gfhura 7.8 – Cbiisfoh j `fſtaraot ciotfouius cidir scjda

Para fs oi j``ftfiojd foirkjtfio fo tbfs cbjrt, iody tbjt wa cbjoha` tba cidir scjda ti jjo` `fſtaraot Ft'sjo` fotuftfva ti uo`arstjo` tbfs cidir scjda, js ftPa kivas `jrm ldua lrfhbt ioa. yaddiw, jdd ciklfojtfios i cidirs fo latwaao. scjdalatwaao fs jdsi moiwo js j "saquaotfjd" scjda, lacjusa ft sbiws biw vjduas kiva rik j diw ti j bfhb vjdua. Viu Viu cjo hat j udd dfst i ojka` cidir scjdas ly ruoofoh px.cidirs.ojka`Ycidirscjdas() px.cidirs.ojka`Ycidirscjdas(),, wbfcb wfdd raturo tba ojkas i tbisa scjdas. scj das. Kira fotarastfoh fotarastfoh fs tba iptfio ti saa jdd tbisa scjdas jo` cikpjra tbak, si yiu cjo cbiisa wbfcb ioa yiu wjot. Viu cjo pri`uca j cbjrt wftb jdd jvjfdjlda scjdas i j cartjfo typa ly ruoofoh px.cidirs.saquaotfjd. swjtcbas(),, jo` yiu cjo saa pjrt i tba iutput fo Gfhura 7.2> swjtcbas()

 

Kjppfoh jo` sattfoh cidirs wftb scjttar pdits

:11

Gfhura 7.2 – Pa ﬊rst aw saquaotfjd scjdas scj das jvjfdjlda fo Uditdy 

Joitbar fotarastfoh fotarastfoh wjy i sbiwfoh tba cidir scjdas s cjdas fo jctfio jctf io fs ly usfoh tba swjtcbasYciotfouius uoctfios. Gir axjkpda, Gfhura 7.6 sbiws tba rasudt i ruoofoh swjtcbasYciotfouius uoctfios. px.cidirs.saquaotfjd.swjtcbasYciotfouius()>> px.cidirs.saquaotfjd.swjtcbasYciotfouius()

Gfhura 7.6 – Pa ﬊rst aw saquaotfjd scjdas jvjfdjlda fo Uditdy js tbay wiud` jppajr fo j cidir ljr

Pfs hfvas jo avao lattar f`aj i biw tbay wiud` jctujddy diim, jo` sbiws cidirs wftb skiitb trjosftfios fo latwaao.

 

:17

Axpdirfoh Wjrfjldas wftb Scjttar Scjttar Udits Udits jo` jo` Gfdtarfoh Gfdtarfoh Sulsats wftb Sdf`ars Sdf`ars

swjtcbas uoctfios Viu cjo usa tba swjtcbas  uoctfios ir itbar typas i cidir scjdas jo` saquaocas. Viu sfkpdy ruo tba pravfius cikkjo` jo` rapdjca saquaotfjd saquaotfjd wftb  wftb joy i tba iddiwfoh> cjrti,, ckicajo cjrti ckicajo,, cidirlrawar cidirlrawar,, cycdfcjd cycdfcjd,, `fvarhfoh `fvarhfoh,, ir qujdftjtfva qujdftjtfva.. Si jr, wa bjva kjppa` tba `jtj vjduas jo` cidirs jutikjtfcjddy ly cbiisfoh wbfcb ciduko's vjduas wa wjot ti usa ir tbjt. Para fs jdsi tba iptfio i kjoujddy sattfoh tba cidir scjdas.

Kjoujddy crajtfoh cidir scjdas Ioa wjy i `ifoh tbfs fs ly privf`foh privf`foh j dfst i twi ir kira cidirs ti tba cidirY ciotfouiusYscjda pjrjkatar. ciotfouiusYscjda  pjrjkatar. Ly `ajudt, tba ﬊rst cidir yiu privf`a wfdd la jssfhoa` ti tba kfofkuk vjdua jo` tba djst cidir ti tba kjxfkuk vjdua. Wjduas Wjduas fo latwaao wfdd tjma ciklfojtfios, rasudtfoh fo sbj`as i tba twi cidirs. Pfs sbiws biw cdisa tba `jtj pifot fs ti ajcb i tba axtrakas. Xa'dd saa jo axjkpda i usfoh kira tbjo twi cidirs sbirtdy. Qsfoh tba sjka ci`a jo` sattfoh cidirYciotfouiusY  pri`ucas tba cbjrt fo Gfhura 7.:5> scjda;]"staadldua", "`jrmirjoha"[ "`jrmirjoha"[ pri`ucas  

Gfhura 7.:5 – Kjoujddy sattfoh ciotfouius cidir scjdas

 

Kjppfoh jo` sattfoh cidirs wftb scjttar pdits

:18

Pfs hfvas j hdfkpsa i biw hrjoudjr tba iptfios jra, jo` tbfs fs ljrady scrjtcbfoh scrjtcbfoh tba surjca i wbjt fs jvjfdjlda jvjfdjlda.. Sikatfkas, yiu kjy wjot ti rascjda yiur `jtj si tba cidirs j`ipt j skiitbar prihrassfio rik tba kfofkuk ti tba kjxfkuk. Pa cbjrts wa nust crajta` jra j hii` cjo`f`jta ir tbfs. Xa bjva ioa iutdfar wbao ft cikas ti pipudjtfio, si ft kfhbt la lattar ti sat tba cidir  pjrjkatar ti j scjda` varsfio i iur `jtj f wa wjot ti cidir pjrjkatar `i tbjt. Fo haoarjd, lacjusa l acjusa tbara jra oukarius scjdas tbjt jra wadd-astjldfsba` jo` tasta`, ft fs lattar ti cbiisa cbiis a rik tbak fostaj` i kjoujddy sattfoh yiur iwo cidirs. Joitbar fkpirtjot ciosf`arjtfio ciosf`arjtfio fs cidir ldfo`oass, jo` tryfoh ti usa scjdas tbjt cjtar ir paipda wbi bjva ft. Viu `io't wjot ti usa cidirs tbjt jra fo`fstfohufsbjlda ly sika i yiur raj`ars. Viu cjo ruo j sfkpda cbacm ly sajrcbfoh iodfoa js ti wbatbar ir oit j cidir scjda fs cidirldfo`-rfao`dy. \`Lu (ra` Dat's oiw sat j scjda tbjt usas tbraa cidirs. Pa \`Lu  (ra` ldua) scjda hias rik ra` ti ldua, wftb kf` vjduas tjmfoh wbfta js tbafr cidir cidir.. Ft fs ioa i tba `ajudt scjdas. Dat's qufcmdy pdit j sfkpda cbjrt wftb tbfs scjda> y ; ]-

Gfhura 7.:0 – Sattfoh j `fſtaraot cidir saquaoca ir cjtahirfcjd vjrfjldas

Oita tbjt wa bjva cbisao j saquaoca ly hattfoh ft rik tba jvjfdjlda dfst, px.cidirs. qujdftjtfva.H:5,, jo` js yiu kjy bjva huassa`, yiu cjo haoarjta jdd tba jvjfdjlda qujdftjtfva.H:5 px.cidirs.qujdftjtfva.swjtcbas().. saquaocas ly ruoofoh px.cidirs.qujdftjtfva.swjtcbas() Js wa `f` wftb ciotfoui ciotfouius us vjrfjldas, wa cjo jdsi kjoujddy sat tba cidirs i iur `fscrata `fs crata  vjrfjldas ly privf`fo privf`fohh j dfst i ojka` ojka` cidirs. Xa Xa cjo jdsi usa tba cidirs' cidirs' baxj`acfkjd raprasaotjtfio, ir axjkpda, #jaja:0 #jaja:0,, ir tba \HL vjduas, ir axjkpda, 'rhl( cidirY`fscrataYkjp;{'Bfhb focika'> '`jrmra`',   'Qppar kf``da focika'> 'staadldua',   'Diwar kf``da focika'> 'irjoha',   'Diw focika'> '`jrmldua'}

Sattfoh tbfs iptfio pri`ucas tba cbjrt fo Gfhura 7.:7 >

Gfhura 7.:7 – Kjoujddy sattfoh tba cidirs ir ajcb vjdua i j saquaoca ir cjtahirfcjd vjrfjldas

Oita tbjt kist ciotfouius vjrfjlda pjrjkatars pjrjkatars ciotjfos "scjda," wbfda wbf da tba `fscrata ioas ciotjfo "saquaoca." Pfs cjo badp fo f o rakaklarfoh jo` uo`arstjo`foh tba uo`jkaotjd `fſtaraoca fo tba pricass i kjppfoh cidirs ti tba twi mfo`s i vjrfjldas. Xftb ciotfouius vjrfjldas, wa jra hfvfoh tba raj`ars tba jlfdfty ti saa tba jpprixfkjta  vjdua i tba kjrmars kjrmars ljsa` io tba cidir, cidir, js wadd js tba radjtfv radjtfvaa pisftfio fo tba `jtjsat. `jtjsat. Ft fs oit cdajr cut, lut yiu cjo tadd tbjt tba pipudjtfio i j cartjfo ciuotry fs jriuo` twaoty kfddfio, jo` tbjt ft diims dfma ft's ioa i tba bfhbast ciuotrfas fo tbfs `jtjsat. Qsars Qsars cjo, i

ciursa, bivar jo` hat tba axjct vjdua f tbay wjot. Xftb `fscrata vjrfjldas, wa jra ljsfcjddy kira fotarasta` fotarasta` fo hriup h riupfoh foh ly tbisa vjrfjldas jo` saafoh trao`s jcriss tbisa hriups.

 

:7<

Axpdirfoh Wjrfjldas wftb Scjttar Scjttar Udits Udits jo` jo` Gfdtarfoh Gfdtarfoh Sulsats wftb Sdf`ars Sdf`ars

Xa civara` j skjdd sulsat i wbjt cjo la `ioa wftb cidirs, jo` oiw wa kiva ti ciosf`ar j aw itbar fssuas tbjt kfhbt jrfsa wftb scjttar pdits, ojkady, iutdfars jo` bjvfoh kjoy `jtj pifots ti pdit.

Bjo`dfoh ivar-pdittfoh jo` iutdfar vjduas ly kjojhfoh ipjcfty, syklids, jo` scjdas Dat's sjy wa jra oiw fotarasta` fotarasta` fo saafoh tba radjtfio radjtfiosbfp sbfp latwaao iur vjrfjlda jo` pipudjtfio ir tba sjka yajr tbjt wa bjva laao wirmfoh io. Xa wjot ti bjva Uipudjtfio, titjd io titjd io tba x -jxfs, -jxfs, jo` parcYpivY:6 parcYpivY:6 io  io tba y -jxfs. -jxfs. Xa ﬊rst crajta j sulsat i pivarty pivarty wbara  wbara yajr yajr fs  fs aqujd ti Prua titjd> `g ;T pivarty]pivarty]'yajr'[.aq( pravfiusdy jo` j``foh dihYx;Prua

Gfhura 7.:6 – Qsfoh j dihjrftbkfc scjda

Iur cbjrt oiw diims qufta `fſtaraot, `fſtaraot, lut ft fs stfdd stf dd jctujddy tba sjka s jka cbjrt. Oita tbjt wa bjva cbjoha` tba ipjcfty ipjcfty ti  ti 5. `cc.Sdf`ar(f`;'parcYpivYfo`fcjtirYsdf`ar',   kfo;5,   kjx; px.cidirs.saquaotfjd.Cfvf`fs ]'#55 {'djlad'> '$:.6', 'styda'> {'cidir'> cfvf`fs5, 'giotXafhbt'> 'lid`'}}, :> {'djlad'> '$3.