Interacciones Pedagògicas y Su Relación Con La

 

@K_JTHFF@MKJV ^JOHEÔE@FHV P VZ TJCHF@ÖK FMK CH ^TMLMF@ÔK OJ CH ^HT_@F@^HF@ÔK JK ^T@LJTH @KGHKF@H  Jk fmktjxtms `kst`tuf`mkhcjs oj joufhf`ök `k`f`hc, ½fölm fmktr`duyjk chs `ktjrhff`mkjs pjoheöe`fhs jk ch prmlmf`ök oj ch phrt`f`phf`ök jk pr`ljrh `kghkf`h= Jsthdcjfjr jc sjkt`om oj chs `ktjrhff`mkjs pjoheöe`fhs quj pjrl`tjk ch prmlmf`ök oj ch phrt`f`phf`ök jk ch pr`ljrh `kghkf`h, `k`f`hcljktj ojdj ud`fhrkms jk ch fmkfjpf`ök oj k`øm k`øh quj sjbht`jkj1 pmrquj jschrem ojsojojhbì sjccjehkom cmerh prmlmvjr jstj ojrjfbm. O`fbhyfmkfjpf`ök fhld`hom h cm ch omkoj b`stmr`h, h pms`f`mkhr, ojsoj ch oàfhoh oj cms 2>¿s, hc k`øm y ch k`øh fmlm suijtm hft`vm ojsoj ch pjrspjft`vh oj ojrjfbms. Zkm oj cms erhkojs cmerms oj ch pjrspjft`vh oj ojrjfbms, quj sj oh h phrt`r oj su fmksmc`ohf`ök fmksmc`oh f`ök jk jc s`ecm RR, js jc rjfmkmf`l` rjfmkmf`l`jktm jktm oj quj tmohs chs pjrsmkhs, `kfcu`oms cms k`øms y k`øhs, t`jkjk ojrjfbms1 ojrjfbms1 y quj pmr su phrtj cms Jsthoms Jsthoms ojdjk prmlmvjr y ehrhkt`zhr su jgjft`vh prmtjff`ök `euhc`thr`h. Ho`f`mkhcljktj Ho`f`mkhcljktj sj prmlujvj ch ojg`k`f`ök oj cms ojrjfbms ojsoj jc rjfmkmf`l rjfmkmf`l`jktm `jktm oj ch o`ek`oho oj ch pjrsmkh fmk ghfucthojs prjrrmeht`vhss y c`djrthojs gukohljkt prjrrmeht`vh gukohljkthcjs, hcjs, `kbjrjktjs m `kkhths hc sjr bulhkm. Ch kujvh  v`s`ök t`jkj quj vjr fmk pjkshr h ccms ms k`øms fml fmlm m suijtms smf`h smf`hcjs cjs oj ojrjfbms ojrjfbms,, cm quj s`ek`g`fh jc rjfmkmf`l`jktm rjfmkmf`l`jktm ojc phpjc hft`vm quj àstms pujojk tjkjr grjktj h su rjhc`oho y oj ch fhphf`oho quj pmsjjk phrh fmktr`du`r jk jc ojshrrmccm ojshrrmccm prmp`m, jc oj su ghl`c`h y su fmluk`oho (^`kjoh , jt. hc., 4>>0) Jk jst jstjj sjk sjkt`o t`om m hc rjf rjfmkm mkmfj fjrr ch pjr pjrspj spjft ft`vh `vh oj ojr ojrjfb jfbms ms fm fmlm lm lh lhrf rfm m àt` àt`fm fm phr phrh h mr`jkthr cms prmerhlhs, pmcìt`fhs pùdc`fhs y smf`hcjs jk ghvmr oj ch k`øjz y ch iuvjktuo jk Fmcmld`h, sj ojdj hsul`r ukh pms`f`ök prmhft`vh quj supjrj ch rjgjrjkf`h h uk fmksjksm uk`vjr uk` vjrshc shc oj fh fhrèf rèftj tjrr km kmrl rlht` ht`vm. vm. Fml Fmlm m cm lhk lhk`g` `g`jst jsthk hk ^`k ^`kjoh joh K. jt. hc. (4> (4>>0 >0), ), ch pjrspjft`vh oj ojrjfbms km pujoj sjr fmkfjd`oh fmlm uk o`sfursm phrh sjr ccjvhoh h ch prèft`fh, s`km fmlm ukh fmkfjpf`ök oj k`øm y k`øh phrt`fuchr y ukh lhkjrh oj jktjkojr su ojshrrmccm. Jsth Jst h pjr pjrspj spjft ft`vh `vh lh lhrf rfh h jc phs phsm m ojc jkg jkgmqu mqujj oj chs kjf kjfjs` js`oho ohojs js hc oj ojr ojrjf jfbms bms,, pjrl`t`jkom ukh kujvh rjchf`ök ojc Jsthom y cms houctms fmk ch `kghkf`h1 pmr jsth rhzök chs kjfjs`ohojs oj cms k`øms y k`øhs ojdjk trhksgmrlhrsj jk ojrjfbms y hsì jv`thr jc hs`stjkf`hc`slm m ch djkjg`fjkf`h. Vj rjqu`jrj jktmkfjs uk jkgmquj quj fmlprmljth h ch smf`joho y hc Jsthom h pjkshr jk jstrhtje`hs pjrt`kjktjs, ejkjrhkom pmcìt`fhs quj ehrhkt`fjk jc pcjkm jijrf`f`m oj cms ojrjfbms, quj `kf`ohk jk chs s`tuhf`mkjs oj prmgukoh `kjqu`oho jk chs quj v`vjk cms k`øms. Hc sjr pjkshoh hsì ch pmcìt`fh smf`hc, ojsoj ch pjrspjft`vh oj ojrjfbms smf`hcjs y jfmköl`fms, cm pr`ljrm quj ojdj ehrhkt`zhrsj js jc hffjsm h ukms d`jkjs jsjkf`hcjs phrh tmoms (_mrrhom, 4>>>). Ch lhtjr`hc`zhf`ök ojc jkgmquj jk chs pmcìt`fhs phrh ch `kghkf`h jk Fmcmld`h sj bhfj  v`hdcj h trhvàs oj ch jxpjo`f`ök oj ch cjy 8>02 oj 4>>7, cje`schf`ök ojkml`khoh Föo`em oj ch @kghkf`h y ch Homcjsfjkf`h1 ch fuhc t`jkj fmlm gukohljktm ch prmtjff`ök `ktjerhc

 

ojg`k`oh jk jc föo`em fmlm ^rmtjff`ök `ktjerhc oj cms k`øms, k`øhs y homcjsfjktjs, jc rjfmkmf`l`jktm fmlm suijtms oj ojrjfbms, ch ehrhktìh y fulpc`l`jktm oj cms l`slms, ch prjvjkf`ök oj su hljkhzh m vuckjrhf`ök y ch sjeur`oho oj su rjsthdcjf`l`jktm `kljo`htm jk ojshrrmccm ojshrrmc cm ojc pr`kf`p`m ojc `ktjràs supjr`mr (Cjy 8>02, 4>>7). Oj jsth lhkjrh jc rjfmrr`om pmr ch fmksmc`ohf`ök ojc jkgmquj pjrl`tj `ojkt`g`fhr quj àstj fujkth fmk pmstuchoms fchrms ojsoj ch l`rhoh oj cms ojrjfbms1 s`k jldhrem, sj rjfmkmf rjf mkmfjj quj jsth pjrspjf pjrspjft`vh t`vh fml fmlm m fmkm fmkmf`l` f`l`jktm jktm km jstè tmthcl tmthcljktj jktj fmks fmkstru` tru`oh, oh, k` g`khc`zhoh y quj, fmlm cm hg`rlhk ^`kjoh jt. hc., rjqu`jrj quj su fmlpcjih rjfmkstruff`ök s`eh rjgcjx`mkhkom smdrj chs fmmrojkhohs quj cj ohk v`oh y cms prmfjsms pjoheöe`fms quj ch hejkf`hk. Js hsì fmlm Fhlhrem (4>>6) rjg`jrj quj bhdchr oj ojrjfbms oj cms k`øms y k`øhs hcuoj h uk ukh h `o `ojh jh oj o`ek o`ek`o `oho ho bu bulh lhkh kh jk tà tàrl rl`k `kms ms oj `e `euh uhco coho ho,, c`dj c`djrt rtho ho,, sjeu sjeur` r`oh oho o y  ojshrrmccm. Cms Ojrjfbms oj ch k`øjz smk ojdjrjs `kjcuo`dcjs phrh jc fmkiuktm oj ch smf`joho, pmr cm thktm sj trhth oj fmkstru`r ukh "kujvh fucturh" oj ch `kghkf`h y oj ch iuvjktuo, quj  dhshoh jk jc rjspjtm oj cms ojrjfbms sjh gukohljktm phrh ukh kujvh smf`joho, lès iusth  y bulhkh. Chs fmko`f`mkjs jspjf`hcljktj jspjf`hcljktj o`gìf`cjs oj cms k`øms, k`øhs y iöv jkjs fmlm ch ghcth ojjchffjsm joufhf`ök,phrh shcuo, kutr`f`ök, rjfrjhf`ök, yjktrj mtrms1 km oj pujojk sjeu`r s`jkom fr`tjr`mh pr`mr`thr`m ojg`k`r cms fmlpmkjktjs chs jstrhtje`hs htjkf`ök jk cms prmerhlhs oj ojshrrmccm (F`ccjrm 8000). ^mr mtrm chom, Ehcv`s (4>>2) ojsfr`dj fmk fchr`oho fölm sj oh y fölm prjoml`kh –jc houctmfjktr`slm“ jk ch rjchf`ök fmk cms k`øms y k`øhs, s`jkom jstj uk jst`cm quj `lpmkj ukh ùk`fh v`s`ök ojc lukom, ch ojc houctm, y h trhvàs ojc fuhc sj l`rh y sj fmlprjkoj ch k` k`øj øjz. z. Js Jstj tj js qu qu`z `zè è jc md mdst stèf èfuc ucm m pm pmrr jx jxfj fjcj cjkf kf`h `h qu qujj sj oj ojdj dj su supj pjrh rhrr ph phrh rh jc jsthdcjf`l`jktm oj rjchf`mkjs jk chs quj sj rjfmkmzfh hc k`øm m k`øh fmlm suijtm hft`vm j `ktjrcmfutmr `ktjrcmfut mr vèc`om phrh pmojr jktjkojr oj lhkjrh o`rjfth, cm quj sjrìh phrh jccms jc jsthtutm pjrsmkhc ojsoj ch o`ljks`ök oj cms ojrjfbms. ^hrh supjrhr jstj mdstèfucm, erhk phrtj oj chs prmpujsths oj cms hutmrjs lhk`g`jsthk quj ch mpf`ök js jc`l`khr ch bjejlmkìh ojc cjkeuhij quj jspjrh jktjkojr jc houctm, `kfmrpmrhkom `kfmrpmrhk om cjkeuhijs km vjrdhcjs fmlm fmrpmrh fmrpmrhcjs, cjs, ejstuhcjs, oj `lhejk, jktrj mtrms. Oj jsth lhkjrh, sjr fmksf`jktjs quj jc k`øm m ch k`øh js uk suijtm hft`vm jk su ojshrrmccm, thld`àk `kvmcufrh `kvmcufrh fmlm cm ojg`k ojg`kjk jk ^`kjoh jt. hc. (4> (4>>0), >0), rjfmkmf rjfmkmfjr jr quj jc jijrf`f`m ojc ojrjfbm ojrj fbm h ch phrt phrt`f`ph `f`phf`ök f`ök js uk prmfjsm quj sj `k`f`h ojso ojsojj jc lml lmljktm jktm l`sl l`slm m ojc khf`l`jktm1 khf`l`jkt m1 cm quj phrh cms hejktjs quj phrt`f`phk jk su fu`ohom y joufhf`ök `lpc`fh ukh l`rhoh o`st`kth hfjrfh oj cms k`øms y k`øhs jk sus pr`ljrms høms oj v`oh. Jsth l`rhoh ojdj rjfmkmfjr h cms k`øms y chs k`øhs ojsoj ch fmluk`fhf`ök km vjrdhc, pmk`jkom jspjf`hc htjkf`ök hc rjfmkmf`l`jktm oj sus `k`f`ht`vhs, `ktjrjsjs, kjfjs`ohojs y  rjspmkojr h jcchs oj lhkjrh hojfuhoh. Js hsì fmlm jk ch `kohehf`ök rjfme`oh pmr `kvjst`ehf`mkjs fmk hejktjs joufht`vms, phorjs oj ghl`c`h y fmluk`oho jk ejkjrhc, ojsoj ch pjrspjft`vh oj lufbms tjör`fms, sj

 

rjshcthk `lpmrthktjs hvhkfjs y o`vjrsms bhcchzems jk ch fmkfjpf`ök ojc k`øm y ch k`øh fmlm suijtms oj ojrjfbms quj lujstrhk uk prmfjsm oj trhks`f`ök fucturhc. Jk ch `kv `kvjst jst`eh `ehf`ö f`ök k smdrj smdrj –@l –@lhe` he`kh khr`m r`mss Vmf Vmf`hc `hcjs js y Fmk Fmkfjp fjpf`m f`mkjs kjs oj @kghk @kghkf`h f`h jk Dmemtè“, rjhc`zhoh pmr Bjrkèkojz, jt. hc. (4>>5), sj rjfme`jrmk cms `lhe`khr`ms y chs rjprjsjk rjpr jsjkthf` thf`mkjs mkjs oj `kghk `kghkf`h f`h oj o`vj o`vjrsms rsms hftmrj hftmrjss smf smf`hcj `hcjss fml fmlm m smk cms jouf joufhomr homrjs, js, phorjs pho rjs oj ghl ghl`c `c`h, `h, hf hftmr tmrjs js dhrr` dhrr`hcj hcjs, s, k`ø k`øms ms y k`ø k`øhs hs11 jkf jkfmkt mktrh rhkom kom rjp rjprjs rjsjkt jkthf hf`mk `mkjs js prjoml`khktjs jk jc rjfmkmf`l`jktm ojc k`øm y ch k`øh fmlm –cm quj km js … tmohvìh“, jstm js, rjfmkmf`oms fmlm guturm y km fmlm prjsjktj, fmlm prmljsh, jcuo`jkom jc prjsjktj oj su v`oh. Hsì l`slm cms k`øms y k`øhs oj jstrhtms smf`m jfmköl`fms dhims, jk s`tuhf`ök oj pmdrjzh pmr chs fmko`f`mkjs oj kjfjs`ohojs `ksht`sgjfbhs, t`jkojk h sjr rjprjsjkthoms fmlm mdijtms oj cèst`lh, pjshr y fmktrmc1 s`jkom fchrm quj ch mtrh fhrh oj su v`oh, ch oj sus sujøms, pmtjkf`hc`ohojs y fhphf`ohojs sj `kv`s`d`c`zh. Oj `euhc gmrlh jk ch `kvjst`ehf`ök fmk cms houctms jkfhrehoms oj ch joufhf`ök `k`f`hc oj k`ø k`øms ms y k`ø k`øhs, hs, ojs ojshrr hrrmcc mcchoh hoh pmr Euz Euzlè lèk k T. (4> (4>>5) >5),, sj ojs ojsfr fr`dj `dj föl fölm m jst jstms ms cms rjfmkmfjk fmlm suijtms oj fu`ohom, hgjftm y gmrlhf`ök phrh jc guturm.  H o`gjrjkf`h oj cms bhcchzems hktjr`mrjs hktjr`mrjs,, ch `kvjst`ehf`ök oj I`làkjz, jt. hc. (4>8>), lujstrh uk hvhkfj grjktj h chs fmkfjpf`mkjs oj k`øm y k`øh1 h trhvàs ojc jstuo`m, cms hejktjs `kohehoms jxprjshk quj ch fmkfjpf`ök oj k`øm y k`øh jstè `kgcu`oh pmr chs `ojhs quj trho`f`mkhcljktj bhk prjvhcjf`om jk ch smf`joho, jk chs quj jc k`øm mfuph uk phpjc oj Jsth sudmro`khf`ök grjktj hc houctm.jk uk prmfjsm oj trhks`f`ök quj `lpc`fh uk fhld`m oj fmkfjpf`ök sj jkfujktrh l`rhoh oj cms k`øms y k`øhs, y pmr cm thktm fhld`ms jk chs rjchf`mkjs quj jsthdcjfjk cms o`gjrjktjs houctms y cms hejktjs joufht`vms fmk jccms y jcchs.  H phrt`r oj jsths trhksgmr trhksgmrlhf`mkjs lhf`mkjs `ojkt`g`fhoh `ojkt`g`fhohss jk jc o`sfursm, jk ch hftuhc`oho cms k`øm k`ømss y k`øh k`øhss smk smk rjfm rjfmkm kmf` f`om omss pm pmrr cm cmss hejk hejktj tjss jo jouf ufht ht`v `vms ms fmlm fmlm suij suijtm tmss hft` hft`vm vms, s, `k `ktj tjrc rcmf mfut utmr mrjs js vèc` vèc`om omss h cm cmss qu qujj bh bhfj fjk k v`s` v`s`dc dcjs js,, y h cms cms qu qujj sj cjs cjs rjfm rjfmkm kmfj fj jk su `ko`v`ouhc`oho y ojsoj su fmktjxtm. Oj jsth gmrlh js pms`dcj rjfmkmfjr quj cms `lhe`khr`ms quj hfjrfh oj ch `kghkf`h t`j t`jkjk cms lhj hjsstr trms ms y oj ojl lès he hejk jktj tjss smf mf`h `hccjs, js, fmk mkst st`t `tuy uyjk jk uk fmki kiuk ukttm oj rjprjsjkthf`mkjs, oj prèft`fhs y shdjrjs fmt`o`hkms quj km smcm jx`stjk jk sus ljktjs, s`km quj hsuljk ukh rjhc`oho ps`fmsmf`hc, h trhvàs oj prmfjsms `ktjrrjchf`mkhcjs y oj `ktjrhff`mkjs smf`hcjs quj sj `lpmkjk y fmko`f`mkhk chs rjchf`mkjs fmk k`øms y k`øhs. Jk js jstj tj sj sjkt` kt`om, om, ojs ojsoj oj ch `kv `kvjst jst`eh `ehf` f`ök ök rjh rjhc`z c`zhoh hoh pmr T`k T`kfök fök,, jt. hc. hc. (4> (4>>2) >2),, sj rjfmkmfj rjfm kmfj ch kjfj kjfjs`oh s`oho o oj ojfmk ojfmkstr stru`r u`r ch cöe`f cöe`fh h pjr pjrlhkj lhkjktj ktj y prjs prjsjktj jktj rjspjf rjspjftm tm h ch `kghkf`h, phrh `lhe`khr y ojshrrmcchr kujvhs lhkjrhs oj rjchf`mkhrsj fmk cms k`øms y  k`øhs k`ø hs,, y pr prmpm mpmkjr kjr ojs ojsoj oj ch `kt `ktjrh jrhff ff`ök `ök pjo pjoheö heöe`f e`fh h kuj kujvhs vhs gmr gmrlh lhss phr phrh h hpm hpmyhr yhr cms prmfjsms oj ojshrrmccm y smf`hc`zhf`ök oj ch l`slh. Chs `lpc`fhf`mkjs `lpc`fhf`mkjs quj ch pjrspjft`vh oj ojrjfbms t`jkj phrh pmojr rjhc`zhr cms fhld`ms kjfjshr`ms quj gmljktjk rjhcljktj jc ojshrrmccm `kghkt`c tjlprhkm y su fmksjfujktj pmtjkf`hl`jktm, bhfj kjfjshr`m dr`kohr ukh htjkf`ök `ktjerhc h ch pr`ljrh `kghkf`h, htjkf`ök quj `kfcuyj ukh joufhf`ök `k`f`hc oj fhc`oho, ojg`k`oh fmlm9

 

Zk ojrjfbm `lpmstjrehdcj oj ch ^r`ljrh @kghkf`h, o`r`e`om h ehrhkt`zhr jc  ojshrrmccm ojc sjr bulhkm h trhvàs ojc fu`ohom fhc`g`fhom y jc pmtjkf`hl`jktm ojc ojshrrmccm oj cms k`øms y k`øhs ojsoj su ejsthf`ök y ljkmrjs oj sj`s (7) høms. Vj fmkf`dj fmlm uk prmfjsm fmkt`kum, pjrlhkjktj j `ktjkf`mkhom oj `ktj `ktjrh rhff ff`m `mkj kjss y rjch rjchf` f`mk mkjs js smf` smf`hc hcjs js oj fhc` fhc`oh oho, o, mp mpmr mrtu tukh khss y pj pjrt rt`k `kjk jktj tjs, s, o`r`e`ohs h rjfmkmfjr chs fhrhftjrìst`fhs, phrt`fuchr`ohojs y pmtjkf`hc`ohojs oj fh fhoh oh k`øm k`øm m k`øh k`øh,, lj ljo` o`hk hktj tj ch fr frjh jhf` f`ök ök oj hl hld` d`jk jktj tjss jkr` jkr`qu qujf jf`o `oms ms y ch `lpcjljkthf`ök oj prmfjsms pjoheöe`fms jspjfìg`fms y o`gjrjkf`hcjs h jstj f`fcm v`thc. Jsth pujoj prmpmrf`mkhrsj jk èld`tms ghl`c`hrjs m `kst`tuf`mkhcjs y jk tmom fhsm sjrèk fmrrjspmkshdcjs ch ghl`c`h, ch smf`joho y jc Jsthom (Ojfrjtm 465  oj 4>>0). Ch joufhf`ök `k`f`hc jstè gukohljkthoh jk ukh l`rhoh ojc ojshrrmcc ojshrrmccm m `kghkt`c v`stm fmlm uk prmfjsm pjrlhkjktj quj fml`jkzh hktjs ojc khf`l`jktm y fmkt`kùh h cm chrem oj ch v`oh, y quj ojdj vjrsj fmlm phrtj ojc ojshrrmccm bulhkm. Ojsoj cms pchktjhl`jktms oj kujvms phrho`elhs, Pmuke y Gui`lmtm, Eöljz (4>>6) f`thoms pmr Hdjccm (4>>0), sj ojsfr`djk chs jv`ojkf`hs `kvjst`eht`vhs quj hg`rlhk fölm jc k`øm y ch k`øh smk suijtms hft` hft`vm vmss oj su pr prmp mp`m `m oj ojsh shrr rrmc mccm cm11 js jstj tj sj fmks fmkst` t`tu tuyj yj pm pmrr fmkq fmkqu` u`st sths hs sufj sufjs` s`vh vhss oj hutmoml`k`m y hutmrrjeuchf`ök jk chs o`gjrjktjs o`ljks`mkjs oj ch `ktjerhc`oho bulhkh. Tmemgg Tmem gg (80 (8006 06)) pc pchk hktj tjh h jk js jsth th l` l`sl slh h cìkj cìkjh, h, qu qujj cms cms k`øm k`ømss smk smk hp hprj rjko ko`f `fjs js oj ojcc fmkmf`l`jktm y smk hft`vms jk sus `ktjktms pmr hprjkojr h phrt`r oj ch mdsjrvhf`ök y oj chs rjchf`mkjs fmk mtrms1 phrhcjchljktj, fmkfjptuhc`zh jc ojshrrmccm oj ch ljktj jk jc fmktjxtm jkght`zh jk9 jc phpjc hft`vm ojc fuhkom s`rvj oj smf` smf`hc hc11 chsmf`mfucturhc `l `lpm pmrt rthk hkf` f`h h y oj ch chss gm gmrl rlhs hs oj mr mreh ehk` k`zh zhf` f`ök ökk`øm `l `lpc pcìf ìf`t `th h ysjru rut` t`kh khr` r`h h ch ojeuìh chs chs hf hft`v t`v`oh `ohojs ojs ojc k`ø k`øm, m, y su phr phrt`f t`f`ph `phf`ö f`ök k jk hft`v hft`v`oh `ohojs ojs fu fuct cturh urhcj cjss quj jx` jx`ejk ejk ukh ukhss ojstrjzhs, pjrm quj km smk prmp`hljktj `kstruff`mkhcjs1 y, ch vhr`hf`ök fucturhc thktm oj chs ljths oj ojshrrmccm fmlm oj cms ljo`ms pmr cms quj jc k`øm hoqu`jrj uk fmkmf`l`jktm fmlphrt`om fmlphrt` om fmk mtrms. Jstms hd Jstms hdmro mrohij hijss ojc ojs ojshr hrrmc rmccm cm ojs ojsoj oj ch pjr pjrspj spjft ft`vh `vh oj cms ojr ojrjfb jfbms, ms, pjr pjrl`t l`tjk jk rjfmkmfjr hc k`øm y k`øh fmlm phrtj gukohljkthc ojc l`slm, cm quj ejkjrh rjtms jk ch gmrlh gmr lh oj pch pchkjh kjhrr j `l `lpcj pcjljk ljkthr thr chs hf hft`v t`v`oh `ohojs ojs prm prmpuj pujst sths hs ojk ojktrm trm ojc fm fmktj ktjxtm xtm oj joufhf`ök `k`f`hc, jk chs quj jccms y jcchs smk jc jij gukohljkthc fmlm suijtms v`s`dcjs quj `ktjrhftùhk fmk houctms y phrjs. Oj jst jsth h gmr gmrlh lh,, ojs ojsoj oj jc rjfmk rjfmkmf` mf`l`j l`jktm ktm ojc k`ø k`øm m m k`ø k`øh h fml fmlm m sui suijtm jtm hft`v hft`vm, m, ch joufhf`ök `k`f`hc ojdj pjkshrsj fmlm ukh hff`ök km bmlmejk`zhomrh, quj jst`lucj chs gmrthcjzhs y fhphf`ohojs oj cms k`øms y chs k`øhs, ukh joufhf`ök oj fhc`oho ojsoj ukh pjrspjft`vh `kfcus`vh j `ktjrfuctur `ktjrfucturhc. hc. @euhcljktj ojdj tjkjr jk fujkth ch fhphf`oho oj cms k`øms y chs k`øhs phrh fmluk`fhr sus mp`k`mkjs, jc ojrjfbm h phrt`f`phr y h mp`khr smdrj chs f`rfuksthkf`hs f`rfuksthkf`hs y ojf`s`mkjs quj cjs hthøjk pujstm quj jccms smk cms "hutàkt`fms prmthemk`sths oj su prmp`m ojshrrmccm" (Fml`tà oj ojrjfbms ojc k`øm, 4>>5). Vjeùk W`ch (4>>>) jc ojshrrmccm `kghkt`c js jc mdijt`vm oj ch joufhf`ök `k`f`hc pmr cm fuhc pujoj rjhc`zhrsj jk ch prèft`fh fmk chs k`øhs y k`øms jk gmrlh o`rjfth m `ko`rjfth, fmlm gmrlh oj `kf`o`r jk ch ljimrh oj chs prèft`fhs joufht`vhs ghl`c`hrjs.

 

Oj jsth lhkjrh, ch joufhf`ök `k`f`hc, rjfmkmf`oh fmk sjkt`om jk sì l`slh, `kfcuyj jk ch pr prèf èft` t`fh fh uk ukh h o`vj o`vjrs rs`o `oho ho oj js jsfj fjkh khr` r`ms ms y hft` hft`v` v`oh ohoj ojss th thcj cjss fm fmlm lm99 eu euhr hroj ojrì rìhs hs,, prjjsfmchrjs, fìrfucms `kghkt`cjs, ihro`kjs oj `kghkf`h, fchsjs oj prjpr`lhr`h, prmerhlhs hs`stjkf`hcjs, jktrj mtrms. Fuhcqu`jrh sjh ch lmohc`oho, sj sustjkth jk jc ojrjfbm oj cms k`øms y chs k`øhs h ch ehrhktìh oj su jx`stjkf`h fmk fhc`oho jk tàrl`kms oj ojshrrmccm oj sus fhphf`ohojs y c`djrthojs phrh hejkf`hr su prmyjftm oj v`oh, ljo`hktj ukh mpf`ök pjoheöe`fh hojfuhoh h chs fhrhftjrìst`fhs y pmtjkf`hc`ohojs oj jstms, h sus jxpjr`jkf`hs y  hld`jktjs fucturhcjs (Hchrfök y Fhlhrem, 4>>5). Jc prmfjsm oj joufhf`ök `k`f`hc pmkj oj lhk`g`jstm ch kjfjs`oho oj rjsfhthr y rjvhcmrhr ch `lpmrthkf`h y jc jijrf`f`m oj cms rmcjs y shdjrjs oj chs fmluk`ohojs, chs ghl`c`hs y  cms/hs fu`ohomrjs/hs1 pjrl`t`jkom `ktjerhr jc shdjr fmkstru`om ojsoj ch jxpjr`jkf`h, fmk jc fmkmf`l`jktm fmkstru`om smdrj ch dhsj oj ch rjgcjx`ök y jc trhdhim oj ch hfhojl`h y cms o`gjrjktjs sjftmrjs oj jxpjrtms. ^hrh jccm, ch jouf joufhf`ö hf`ök k `k`f `k`f`hc `hc t`jk t`jkjj ch rjsp rjspmks mkshd`c hd`c`oho `oho oj jst` jst`luch luchrr jc ojsh ojshrrmc rrmccm cm `kghk `kg hkt`c t`c `kf `kfcuy cuyjko jkom m y rjs rjspjt pjthk hkom om hf hft`v t`vhl hljkt jktjj ch o`v o`vjr jrs`o s`oho ho oj cms cms fm fmktj ktjxtm xtmss oj chs chs fmluk`ohojs, y hsì l`slm, gmljkthkom ojshrrmccms quj pjrl`thk h cms k`øms y k`øhs smdrjv`v`r h ch fucturh oml`khktj (^`kjoh, jt. hc., 4>>0). Ch joufhf`ök `k`f`hc km pujoj sjeu`r pjkshkom quj jc rmc ojc houctm sj trhoufj jk eu`hr y gmrlhr hc k`øm y ch k`øh, y mdsjrvhrcms y hftuhr fmk jccms fmlm s` gujrhk sjrjs phs`vms y lhcjhdcjs jk sus lhkms1 pmr jc fmktrhr`m, chs pjohemeìhs jk ch joufhf`ök `k`f`hc ojdjk jsthr fjktrhohs jk jc k`øm y ch k`øh y jk chs `ktjrhff`mkjs quj àc y jcch jsthdcjfjk fmk sus phrjs, fmk cms houctms, fmk jc ljo`m y fmk cms lhtjr`hcjs o`oèft`fms (Vjfrjthrìh oj Joufhf`ök O`str`thc, 4>>7). Zk jij phrh bhfjr v`hdcj cm hktjr`mr js quj chs `ktjrhff`mkjs sjhk ukh gujktj oj pms`d`c`ohojs phrh hprmp`hr y fmlprjkojr jc lukom gìs`fm, smf`hc y fucturhc oj lhkjrh hft`vh, oj hfujrom fmk jc jst`cm prmp`m oj fhoh k`øm y k`øh1 pjrm, js prjf`sm jktjkojr quj oj chs fhrhftjrìst`fhs oj jsths `ktjrhff`mkjs ojpjkojrè jc t`pm oj hprmp`hf`ök quj bhehk smdrj su jst`cm oj v`oh.

Ojsoj jc lmljktm oj ch ejsthf`ök cms k`øms y k`øhs phrt`f`phk, sj fmluk`fhk y hftùhk trhksgmrlhkom su jktmrkm, fmlm cm jxprjsh ^àrjz (4>>5) Bmy js fchrm quj cms k`øms `kerjshk `kerjshk h prèft`fhs fmluk`fh fmluk`fht`vhs t`vhs fmlpcjihs ojsoj jc `k`f`m oj su v`oh, `ktjkthk fmlprjkojrchs oj lmom ecmdhc, km sj hprmp`hk oj grheljktms oj cjkeuhij. Jsh lhrfbh bhf`h ch fmkqu`sth ojc cjkeuhij mrhc sjrè thk fmlpcjih fmlm cm js ch v`oh smf`hc. Jk mtrhs phchdrhs, jc djdà h trhvàs ojc cjkeuhij `kerjsh h ch fucturh (p. 6). Ohoh ch prjsjkf`h oj föo`ems s`ldöc`fms oj `ktjrhff`ök y fmluk`fhf`ök ourhktj ch pr`ljrh `kghkf`h y ch prmerjs`vh hoqu`s`f`ök oj jxprjs`mkjs c`keóìst`fhs, sj rjqu`jrj oj houctms fhphfjs oj cjjr j `ktjrprjthr chs kjfjs`ohojs, sjkt`l`jktms, eustms y prjgjrjkf`hs oj cms k`øms y k`øhs h cm chrem oj su ojshrrmccm, oj thc lhkjrh quj ojsoj jsms cuehrjs oj `ktjrprjthf` `ktjrprj thf`ök ök pujoh pujohk k ejkjr ejkjrhr hr prmf prmfjsms jsms oj `ktj `ktjrhff rhff`ök `ök quj ejkjr ejkjrjk jk hld hld`jkt `jktjs js lès ghvmrhdcjs phrh jc ojshrrmcc ojshrrmccm. m.

 

Jsth fmrrjspmkshd`c`oho rjfmkmf`oh jk cms houctms quj bhd`thk ch fmt`o`hk`oho fmk cms k`øms y chs k`øhs, pmkj oj lhk`g`jstm ch kjfjs`oho oj gmrthcjfjr fmlm jij trhksvjrshc oj chs pmcìt`fhs pùdc`fhs, cms prmerhlhs y chs hff`mkjs jspjfìg`fhs jk joufhf`ök `k`f`hc1 ch gmrlhf gmr lhf`ök `ök h omf omfjkt jktjs, js, fu fu`oh `ohomr omrjs/ js/rh rhs, s, y pho phorj rjss oj ghl ghl`c` `c`h, h, h trh trhvàs vàs oj jsp jsphf hf`ms `ms oj rjgcjx`ök, ojshrrmccm pjrsmkhc y fhphf`thf`ök jk jc rjfmkmf`l`jktm oj cms k`øms y chs k`øhs fmlm suijtms oj ojrjfbms y tmom cm quj jstm `lpc`fh jk jc jsthdcjf`l`jktm oj chs rjchf`mkjs `ktjrpjrsmkhcjs.  Hc rjspjftm, Chksomwk (4>>:) sjøhch quj cms hld`jktjs rjspjtumsms jx`ejk ch `ktrmouff`ök oj ukh fucturh quj pjrljj ch fmkv`ff`ök oj quj cms k`øms t`jkjk jc ojrjfbm oj vj vjrs rsjj `k `kvm vmcu cufr frho homs ms,, jk th thkt ktm m pm pmsj sjjk jk ch fm fmlp lpjt jtjk jkf` f`h h kj kjfj fjsh shr` r`h h ph phrh rh oh ohrr uk ukh h fm fmktr ktr`du `duf`ö f`ök k vhc vhc`ms `msh, h, pmr thk thktm tm puj pujojk ojk dr`ko dr`kohr hr uk hpm hpmrt rtjj `l `lpmr pmrth thktj ktj dhs dhshom hom jk su prmp`h jx`stjkf`h y ojsjlpjøhrsj fmlm hejktjs hft`vms quj `kgcujkf`hk jc lukom quj cms rmojh. Cms lhjstrms vhk fmkmf`jkom h cms k`øms y k`øhs h trhvàs oj chs `ktjrhff`mkjs quj rjhc`zhk fmk jccms jk jc erupm jk ejkjrhc y fmk fhoh ukm jk phrt`fuchr. Mdsjrvhr y  rje`strhr thktm cm quj bhfjk cms k`øms, fmlm cm quj o`fjk, fmk jc g`k oj ojshrrmcchr ch fmlprjks`ök oj cms prmfjsms oj hprjko`zhij oj jstms y oj fölm jccms fmkstruyjk su fmkmf` fmk mf`l` l`jkt jktm, m, pms pms`d` `d`c` c`thr thrè è quj hc vmc vmcvjr vjr h ch chss pch pchkjh kjhf`m f`mkjs kjs sj rjh rjhc`f c`fjk jk hiu hiustj stjss quj pjrl`thk kujvms o`sjøms phrh cmerhr `ktjrhff`mkjs fmk lhymr sjkt`om phrh cms k`øms y  k`øhs. Js hsì fmlm cms lhjstrms y lhjstrhs oj joufhf`ök `k`f`hc km smchljktj rjspmkojk hktjj chs hkt chs kjf kjfjs` js`oho ohojs js quj ojl ojlhko hkohk hk cms k`ø k`øms, ms, s`k s`km m quj ejk ejkjrh jrhk k `kt `ktjrh jrhff ff`mk `mkjs js fmk `ktjkf`mkhc`oho pjoheöe`fh. Hsì, jccms jksjøhk, hpmrthk y fmktr`duyjk h quj cms k`øms y  k`øhs ojshrrmccjk hc lèx`lm sus pmtjkf`hc`ohojs y hvhkfjk jk sus shdjrjs. Fmk rjch Fmk rjchf` f`ök ök h ch chss oj ojg` g`k` k`f` f`mk mkjs js y rjpr rjprjs jsjk jkth thf` f`mk mkjs js grjk grjktj tj h chs chs `ktj `ktjrh rhff ff`m `mkj kjss pjoheöe`fhs, `kohehohs pmr ch `kvjst`ehf`ök rjhc`zhoh pmr I`làkjz, jt. hc. (4>8>), cms hejktjs joufht`vms, jxpmkjk quj jsths `ktjrhff`mkjs sj sustjkthk jk ch fhc`oho oj chs rjchf`mkjs jsthdcjf`ohs jktrj jc houctm, jc k`øm y ch k`øh1 y hsì l`slm, jk chs fmko`f`mkjs oj cms jktmrkms jk cms quj àsths sj jsthdcjfjk. Oj jsth gmrlh, jktrj chs fhrhftjrìst`fhs gukohljkthcjs oj ch rjchf`ök jsthdcjf`oh jktrj cms houctms y jc k`øm m ch k`øh, sj ojsthfh ch kjfjs`oho oj v`s`d`c`zhrc v`s`d`c`zhrcms ms fmlm `ktjrcmfutmrjs vèc`oms, cmerhkom quj ojsoj jstj t`pm oj rjchf`mkjs sj cjs prmp`f`j ch mpmrtu mpm rtuk`o k`oho ho phr phrh h ojf ojf`o` `o`rr y ojs ojsoj oj omk omkoj oj sj cjs rjf rjfmkm mkmzf zfh h fml fmlm m sjr sjrjs js omt omthom homss fmk fhphf`ohojss `ko`v`ouhcjs. fhphf`ohoj  Hsì l`slm, fmlm phrtj oj chs `ktjrhff`mkjs pjoheöe`fhs, sj mtmreh hc houctm uk phpjc prjpmkojrhktj jk ch rjchf`ök jsthdcjf`oh fmk jc k`øm y ch k`øh, rjfmkmf`àkomcj su rmc oj hfml hfmlph phøh øhl` l`jk jktm tm y hp hpmy mym, m, y oj ojso sojj às àstj tj ch rjsp rjspmk mksh shd` d`c` c`oh oho o qu qujj t`jk t`jkjj grjk grjktj tj h ch mr`jkthf`ök jk cms jsphf`ms pjoheöe`fms. Js `lpm `lpmrth rthktj ktj rjsh rjshcthr cthr quj chs ojsf ojsfr`pf r`pf`mkj `mkjss rjhc rjhc`zho `zhohs hs grjk grjktj tj h chs `ktj `ktjrhff rhff`mkjs `mkjs pjoheöe`fhs y sus s`ek`g`fhoms, pjrl`tjk rjfmkmfjrchs fmlm sustjktm oj ch prmlmf`ök oj ch phrt`f`phf`ök jk pr`ljrh `kghkf`h.

 

V` V`k k jl jldh dhre rem, m, y oj ojso sojj ch jx jxpj pjr` r`jk jkf` f`h h oj md mdsj sjrv rvhr hr ch pr prèf èft` t`fh fh y rjfm rjfmkm kmfj fjrr chs chs rjprjsjkthf`mkjs smf`hcjs, sj jv`ojkf`h ch jx`stjkf`h oj uk tjlmr jk jc houctm h pjrojr su fmktrmc smdrj chs s`tuhf`mkjs, ljo`hom àstj pmr chs prèft`fhs fucturhcjs smdrj chs fuhcjs cms k`øms y chs k`øhs bhk s`om fmkfjd`oms fmlm –sudmro`khoms“ hc houctm. Jstj tjlmr `ojkt`g`fhom pmr cms hejktjs joufht`vms jk jc o`sfursm, sj v`s`d`c`zh jk ch prèft`fh h trhvàs oj ch prjsjkf`h oj ch rjeuchf`ök y fmktrmc quj jijrfjk cms gmrlhomrjs jk chs hft`v`ohojs quj ojshrrmcchk1 ourhktj chs fuhcjs, ch lhymrìh bhfj `ktjktms oj ejkjrhr pms`d`c`ohojs oj phrt`f`phf`ök oj cms k`øms y chs k`øhs, pjrm g`khcljktj sj rjhc`zh cm quj cms gmrlhomrjs t`jkjk pchkjhom, bhf`jkom jv`ojktj chs pmfhs bhd`c`ohojs quj t`jkjk phrh lhkjihr chs hft`v`ohojs quj jccms prmpmkjk. Ch kj kjffjs js`o `oho ho oj fmkt fmktrm rmcc jv jv`o `ojk jkf` f`ho hoh h sj rjch rjchf` f`mk mkh h fmk mtrm mtrm oj cms cms bh bhcc cchz hzem emss fmkvjr fmk vjrejk ejktjs tjs jkt jktrj rj jc o`s o`sfu fursm rsm y ch `kt `ktjrh jrhff` ff`ök ök pj pjohe oheöe` öe`fh fh,, y js ch rjs rjspmk pmkshd shd`c` `c`oho oho hs`ekhoh hc gmrlhomr grjktj hc ojshrrmccm y cmerm oj ch hft`v`oho, cm fuhc rjstr`kej ch pms`d`c`oho oj bhfjr jgjft`vm jc `kvmcufrhl`jktm oj chs `k`f`ht`vhs oj cms k`øms y k`øhs fmlm phrtj oj ch hff`ök pjoheöe`fh. Js jktmkfjs pr`mr`thr`m `ojkt`g`fhr jc phpjc oj ch phrt`f`phf phrt`f`phf`ök, `ök, ojsoj chs `ktjrhff`mkjs ojsjhohs y chs quj jk ch prèft`fh sj jstèk jsthdcjf`jkom. ^mr jccm, js `lpmrthktj `kohehr smdrj fmkfjptms oj phrt`f`phf`ök, smdrj cm fuhc ojsoj ch pjrspjft`vh ojc Fml`tà oj cms ojrjfbms ojc k`øm (4>>5), sj jkt`jkoj quj àsth km js smcm uk ljo`m phrh ccjehr h uk mdijt`vm, js uk ojrjfbm f`v`c y pmcìt`fm dès`fm phrh tmoms cms k`øms y k`øhs, fmkv`rt`àkomsj jk uk g`k jk sì l`slm.

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 Hsì, ojsoj Bhrt (8006), f`thom pmr`s`mkj Hfmsth, jt. hc. (4>>5), hg`rlh phr phrt`f t`f`ph `phf`ö f`ök k jsth js chl`rhoh, fh fhphf phf`oh `oho o phr phrh h jxp jxprjs rjshr hr ojf ojf`s` mkjss quj sjh sjhk k rjfmk rjfmkmf` mf`ohs ohs quj pmr –ch jc jktmrkm smf`hc y quj hgjfthk h `kohehoms pmr ch `kvjst`ehf`ök rjhc`zhoh pmr I`làkjz y  fmcs. (4>8>) ch v`oh prmp`h y/m h ch v`oh oj ch fmluk`oho jk ch quj sj v`vj“ (p.2). Ch phrt`f`phf`ök phrt`f`phf `ök `kghkt`c supmkj –fmchdmrhr, hpmrthr y fmmpjrhr phrh jc prmerjsm fmlùk“, hsì fmlm ejkjrhr jk cms k`øms, k`øhs y iövjkjs fmkg`hkzh jk sì l`slms y uk pr`kf`p`m oj `k`f`h `k` f`ht`v t`vh. h. Hoj Hojlè lès, s, ch phr phrt`f t`f`ph `phf`ö f`ök k `kg `kghkt hkt`c `c ud` ud`fh fh h cms k`ø k`øms ms y k`ø k`øhs hs fml fmlm m sui suijtm jtmss smf`hcjs fmk ch fhphf`oho oj jxprjshr sus mp`k`mkjs y ojf`s`mkjs jk cms hsuktms quj cjs fmlpjtjk o`rjfthljktj o`rjfthljktj jk ch ghl`c`h, ch jsfujch y ch smf`joho jk ejkjrhc. Fmlm sj bh hg Fmlm hg`r `rlh lhom om oj lh lhkj kjrh rh rj`t rj`tjr jrho hoh h ch ph phrt rt`f `f`p `phf hf`ö `ök k jx jx`e `ejj fm fmko ko`f `f`m `mkj kjss phrt`f phr t`fuch uchrjs rjs phr phrh h ch k`ø k`øjz, jz, ojs ojsoj oj omk omkoj oj ch erh erhouh ouhc` c`oho oho,, jc k`v k`vjc jc oj ojs ojshrr hrrmcc mccm, m, chs chs mpmrtuk`ohojs joufht`vhs, y su l`slm d`jkjsthr smk ojtjrl`khktjs phrh gmljkthr o`fbh fhphf`oho m jijrf`f`m oj jstj ojrjfbm.

 

 Hc rjspjftm Msmr`m (4>>6) lhk`g`jsth quj s` chs jxpjr`jkf`hs jk chs quj sj `lpc`fhk cms k`øms y chs k`øhs e`rhk jk tmrkm h hsuktms quj cj smk fmkmf`oms, jccm ehrhkt`zh uk –fc`lh oj sjeur`oho phrh phrt`f`phr“, pmrquj cms tjlhs smdrj cms quj trhdhihk smk hdmrohdcjs y  t`jkjk ukh o`ljks`ök y fmlpcji`oho h su ljo`oh. ^hrh jccm, js kjfjshr`m quj cms k`øms y  k`øhs sj s`ek`g`qujk jk jc prmfjsm ojsoj su mr`ejk y sj `lpc`qujk jk ch ojg`k`f`ök oj sì l`slms. Oj hfujrom fmk jstm, sj rjqu`jrj oj jsphf`ms ejku`kms y rjhcjs hohpthoms h chs fmko`f`mkjs smf`hcjs smf`hcjs y ps`fmcöe`f ps`fmcöe`fhs hs oj ch `kghkf`h. Jk jstj sjkt`om, ojsoj cms bhcchzems oj ch `kvjst`ehf`ök rjhc`zhoh pmr I`làkjz, jt. hc. (4>8>), cms hejktjs joufht`vms hg`rlhk quj jk cms jsphf`ms pjoheöe`fms jk cms fuhcjs cms k`øms pujojk sjr jxprjs`vms, omkoj t`jkjk `k`f`ht`vh, frjht`v`oho, y sj pjrl`tj su jspmkthkj`oho, jspmkthkj `oho, sj jstè prmlmv`jkom ch phrt`f`phf` phrt`f`phf`ök. ök. ^mr jccm, hg`rlhk Hfmsth y ^`kjoh (4>>5), ch phrt`f`phf`ök jk cms pr`ljrms høms oj  v`oh ojlhkoh quj chs `kst`tuf`mk `kst`tuf`mkjs js oj smf`hc`zhf smf`hc`zhf`ök `ök pr`lhr`h ojlmfrht ojlmfrht`fjk `fjk sus rj rjch chf` f`mk mkjs js,, jk th thkt ktm m pu pujo johk hk fmlp fmlprj rjko kojr jr qu qujj js oj ojso sojj ch fmt` fmt`o` o`hk hk`o `oho ho oj chs chs `ktjrhff`mkjs, ojsoj omkoj sj gmrihk cms pr`ljrms hprjko`zhijs phrh su fhphf`oho oj `kf`ojkf`h, fhld`m y trhksgmrlhf`ök. Ojlmfrht`zh Ojlmfrh t`zhrr jsth jsthss rjch rjchf`mk f`mkjs js `lpc `lpc`fh `fh pmr thk thktm tm quj chs hff hff`mkjs `mkjs pjoheöe` pjoheöe`fhs fhs sj fjktrjk jk quj cms houctms jstàk jk fhphf`oho oj fmlprjkojr chs o`gjrjkf`hs jk cms jsthom jst homss oj ojs ojshr hrrmc rmccm cm quj prj prjsjk sjkthk thk cm cmss k`ø k`øms ms y chs chs k`ø k`øhs hs,, jk htj htjkoj kojrr thktm thktm h sus fmlukhc`ohojs fmlukhc`o hojs fmlm h sus s`keuchr`ohojs, s`keuchr`ohojs, y quj fmk dhsj jk jccm, h trhvàs oj chs o`vjrshs prèft`fh prèft `fhss gmr gmrlh lht`v t`vhs hs sj puj pujoh oh jst jsthd hdcjf cjfjr jr `kt `ktjrh jrhff` ff`mkj mkjss quj sj mr` mr`jkt jktjk jk h bhf bhfjr jr ukh cjfturh lès pjrt`kjktj quj pjrl`th pmtjkf`hr jc ojshrrmccm, cm quj phrh ch pr`ljrh

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Tjv`sth Vjljstrhc. Wmc. 6 Km. 8. Jkjrm ‖ Iuk`m Fmcmld`h

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