Intellectual Property Law Outline

 

KF^GAAGB^WJA \XM\GX^[ AJU MW^AKFG/XGYKGUGX Kftrmnubtkmf? KF^GAAGB^WJA \XM\GX^[?

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rgigrs tm brgjtkmfs mi t`g dkfn, sub`  js kfvgftkmfs3 aktgrjry jfn jrtkstkb wmrcs3 ngskefs3 jfn sydhmas, fjdgs jfn kdjegs usgn kf bmddgrbg? rgigrs tm t`g ikfgr djfkigstjtkmfs mi `udjf jb`kgvgdgft gxtgfskmf mi t`g pgrsmfja prmpgrty mi t`g brgjtmr  hgbmdgs j djttgr mi oustkbg t`gf t`jt jf kfvgftmr mr brgjtmr mi jf kftgaagbtuja prmpgrty `js t`g rke`t tm hg bmdpgfsjtgn mr rgbmefkzgn imr t`g ajhmr, kftgaagbt jfn wkaa bmftrkhutgn kf brgjtkfe t`jt kftgaagbtuja prmpgrty.l

Kftgaagbtuja \rmpgrty Ajw? Bmfstktutkmfja jfn Rtjtutmry Hjsks mi kts brgjtkmf  

Xgpuhakb Jbt 08;2 -

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Kt ks t`g bmnkikbjtkmf mi t`g bmuftry‛s vjrkmus kftgaagbtuja prmpgrty ajws. Kt tmmc giigbt mf Ojfujry :, :;;0. ^`g hjskb ajw kf K\A ks XJ 08;2 jasm cfmwf js t`g Kftgaagbtuja \rmpgrty Bmng mi t`g \`kakppkfgs. Bmfsmaknjtkmf mi Rgfjtg Hkaa Fm. :5:; jfn @musg Hkaa Fm. 0, :;;>

Fmf- Xgtrmjbtkvkty mi K\ Ajw? Kf t`g bjsg mi Dke`ty Bmrpmrjtkmf vs. G jf O Ejaam Ukfgry, EX Fm. :7>2>8 (8, XJ 08;2) -

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^`g tgrd `js j stjtutmry ngikfktkmf js t`jt bmfskstkfe mi? • Bmpy Bmpyrk rke` e`tt jfn jfn Xga Xgajt jtgn gn Xke` Xke`ts ts • ^rjn ^rjngd gdjr jrcs cs jfn jfn Rgr Rgrvk vkbg bg Dj Djrc rcs s • Egme Egmerj rjp` p`kb kb Kfn Kfnkb kbjt jtkkmf mfs s • Kfnustrkja Ng Ngskefs • \jtgfts • Ajymut Ajymut Ngskef Ngskefs s (^mpm (^mpmerj erjp`k p`kgs) gs) mi mi Kftge Kftgerjt rjtgn gn Bkrb Bkrbukt ukts s • \r \rmt mtgb gbtk tkmf mf mi mi Wfn Wfnks ksba bams msgn gn Kfi Kfimr mrdj djtk tkmf mf ^`grg ks fm spgbkikb ngikfktkmf prmvkngn hy Rgb. > mi XJ 08;2 hut dgrgay jf gfudgrjtkmf.

Bjsg? Dgahjrmsg Rjsmt jfn Jaajfnjag Rjsmt v. \gmpag mi t`g \`kakppkfgs, ^`g @mfmrjhag Bmurt mi Jppgjas, jfn Xghgbbj E. Rjavjnmr, \rgsknkfe Ouneg, X^B, Hrjfb` :, Djfkaj E.X. Fm. :>2:;2. Oufg 8;, 8)  Jf kfvgftkmf s`jaa fmt hg bmfskngrgn fgw ki kt imrds pjrt mi j prkmr jrt jrt.. \rkmr jrt ks ngikfgn kf Rgbtkmf 8>. Wfngr t`g sgbtkmf, t`grg jrg twm (8) bajssgs mi prkmr jrt. -

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Ikrst Bajsskikbjtkmf

Gvgryt`kfe t`jt ks jargjny jvjkajhag tm t`g

Rgbmfn Bajsskikbjtkmf

^`msg t`jt jrg jbtujaay suhogbt mi

Mutakfg/Xgvkgwgr Mutakfg/Xgvk gwgr hy? Ojajkfg H. Jrjtjf ( Kftgaagbtuj Kftgaagbtujaa \rmpgrty Ajw- Jtty. Jrfjanm Gspkfjs l^ugsnjy 5?2< ‒ ;?2< p.d.) ‒ Jrgaajfm Wfkvgrskt Wfkvgrskty y Rb`mma mi Ajw

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puhakb FM^ MFA[ kf t`g bmuftry hut jfyw`grg kf t`g wmran.

jppakbjtkmf imr pjtgft rgekstrjtkmf.

^`g rgqukrgdgft t`jt kt ks jargjny kf t`g puhakb nmdjkf dust hg prgsgft HGIMXG t`g ikakfe njtg mr t`g prkmrkty njtg mi t`g jppakbjtkmf bajkdkfe t`g kfvgftkmf.

\XKMX JX^R- ^`g w`mag bmftgfts mi jf jppakbjtkmf imr j pjtgft, utkakty dmnga mr kfnustrkja ngskef rgekstrjtkmf t`jt jrg puhaks`gn kf jbbmrnjfbg wkt` ajw, ikagn mr giigbtkvg kf t`g \`kakppkfgs, wkt` j ikakfe mr

Ikakfe njtg jfn \rkmrkty Njtg- ^gb`fkbja tgrds

prkmrkty njtg t`jt ks GJXAKGX t`jf t`g ikakfe mr prkmrkty njtg mi t`g jppakbjtkmf, suhogbt tm bgrtjkf bmfnktkmfs.

Ikakfe Njtg vs \rkmrkty Njtg

Fmtg? K\A imaamws t`g ‑Ikrst tm Ikag— Xuag.

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IKAKFE NJ^G (Rgbtkmf >:)

\XKMXK^[ NJ^G (Rgbtkmf 2:)

 Jbbmrngn mfay w`gf jaa t`g XGZWKXGDGF^R prmvkngn ufngr Rgbtkmf ><

Bmdgs kftm pajy w`gf t`grg ks jf jppakbjtkmf imr pjtgft imr t`g sjdg kfvgftkmf t`jt wjs

jrg prgsgft. (Rgbtkmf >:)  Jf gxprgss mr kdpakbkt kfnkbjtkmf kfnkbjtkmf t`jt j \`kakppkfg pjtgft ks smue`t3 (Nmfg t`rmue` ikakfe j \jtgft Jppakbjtkmf ufngr Rgbtkmf 28) Kfimrdjtkmf kngftkiykfe t`g jppakbjft3 jfn Ngsbrkptkmf mi t`g kfvgftkmf jfn mfg mr dmrg bajkds kf Ikakpkfm mr Gfeaks`. Fmtg?

ikagn kf jfmt`gr bmuftry. Imaamwkfe t`g ‑Ikrst tm Ikag— ruag, kf bjsg mi ^UM mr DMXG jppakbjtkmfs imr pjtgft mvgr t`g sjdg kfvgftkmf, jf jppakbjtkmf wkt` j AJ^^GX ambja ikakfe njtg djy stkaa hg t`g m prgigrrgn jppakbjtkmf mvgr j prgvkmus ambja ikakfe njtg. \XMYKNGN, t`jt kt `js jf gjrakgr imrgkef jppakbjtkmf jssudkfe mi bmursg t`jt t`g rgqukrgdgfts mi Rgbtkmf 2: jrg bmdpakgn wkt`.

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Ki jfy mi t`gsg gagdgfts jrg fmt suhdkttgn wkt`kf t`g pgrkmn sgt, t`g jppakbjtkmf s`jaa hg wkt`nrjwf. Ki t`g njtg mi ikakfe bjffmt hg jbbmrngn, t`g jppakbjft s`jaa hg ekvgf jf mppmrtufkty tm bmrrgbt t`g ngikbkgfbkgs kf jbbmrnjfbg wkt` t`g kdpagdgftkfe Xgeuajtkmfs. Ki t`g jppakbjtkmf nmgs fmt bmftjkf jaa t`g gagdgfts, t`g ikakfe njtg s`muan hg t`jt njtg w`gf jaa t`g gagdgfts jrg rgbgkvgn. Ki t`g ngikbkgfbkgs jrg fmt rgdgnkgn wkt`kf t`g prgsbrkhgn tkdg akdkt, t`g jppakbjtkmf s`jaa hg bmfskngrgn wkt`nrjwf.

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Mutakfg/Xgvkgwgr Mutakfg/Xgvk gwgr hy? Ojajkfg H. Jrjtjf ( Kftgaagbtuj Kftgaagbtujaa \rmpgrty Ajw- Jtty. Jrfjanm Gspkfjs l^ugsnjy 5?2< ‒ ;?2< p.d.) ‒ Jrgaajfm Wfkvgrskt Wfkvgrskty y Rb`mma mi Ajw

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Xke`t mi \rkmrkty 

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 Jf jppakbjtkmf imr pjtgft ikagn hy jfy pgrsmf w`m `js prgvkmusay jppakgn imr t`g s sjdg jdg kfvgftkmf kf jfmt`gr bmuftry w`kb` hy trgjty, bmfvgftkmf, mr ajw jiimrn skdkajr prkvkagegs tm Ikakpkfm bktkzgfs, s`jaa hg bmfskngrgn ikags js mi t`g njtg mi ikakfe t`g imrgkef jppakbjtkmf3 \rmvkngn  J ambja jppakbjtkmf gxprgssay bajkds prkmrkty Kt ks ikagn wkt`kf :8 dmft`s irmd t`g njtg t`g gjrakgst imrgkef jppakbjtkmf wjs ikrgn  J bgrtkikgn bmpy mi t`g imrgkef imrgkef jppakbjtkmf tmegt`gr wkt` jf Gfeaks` trjfsajt trjfsajtkmf kmf ks ikagn wkt`kf dmft`s irmd t`g njtg mi ikakfe kf t`g \`kakppkfgs.

Fmf- \rgounkbkja Nksbamsurg

Fmtg? -

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^`g gagdgft mi Fmvgaty rgqukrgs t`jt t`g t`kfe ks fmt ygt cfmwf tm jfymfg hgskngs t`g kfvgftmr. ^`grg jrg nksbamsurgs `mwgvgr t`jt wkaa fmt prgounkbg t`g jppakbjtkmf k.g. t`g jppakbjtkmf wkaa fmt hg ngfkgn imr ajbc mi fmvgaty. Nksbamsurg mi Kfimrdjtkmf bmftjkfgn kf t`g jppakbjtkmf js amfe js t`g nksbamsurg wjs? (Rggnksbamsurg Rgbtkmf 87)  Jfy mi kfimrdjtkmf fmt wkt`kf wkt`kf t`g gxbgptkmfs ufngr Rgbtkmf 87 s`ja s`jaaa hg bmfskngrgn prgounkbkja tjckfe kftm bmfskngrjtkmf t`g dgjfkfe mi t`krn pjrty.  Kt `js t`g sjdg jnvgrsg giigbt mf fmvgaty w`gt`gr djng hgimrg mr jitgr fmf-prgounkbkja nksbamsurg.

Bajrkiykfe t`g ^`krn \jrty  (Rgbtkmf 87, 8.2) (Dgdmrjfnud Bkrbuajr Fm. > Rgrkgs mi 8) dmft dmft`s `s,, js djy djy hg erjf erjftg tgn? n? \r \rmv mvkn kngn gn iu iurt rt`g `gr, r, ^`jt ^`jt gj gjb` b` nk nkvk vksk skmfj mfjaa jppakbjtkmf s`jaa fmt em hgymfn t`g nksbamsurg kf t`g kfktkja jppakbjtkmf. ^`g ^` g ij ijbt bt t` t`jt jt j pjtg pjtgft ft `j `js s hg hggf gf erjf erjftg tgn n mf jf jp jppa pakb kbjt jtkm kmf f t` t`jt jt nkn nkn fm fmtt bmdp bmdpay ay wk wkt` t` t` t`g g rgqukrgdgft mi ufkty mi kfvgftkmf s`jaa fmt hg j ermufn tm bjfbga t`g pjtgft. (Rgbtkmf 20) Jbbmrnjfbg mi Ikakfe Njtg ^`g ikakfe njtg mi j pjtgft jppakbjtkmf s`jaa hg t`g njtg mi rgbgkpt hy t`g Miikbg mi jt agjst t`g imaamwkfe gagdgfts? (j) Jf gxprgss mr kdpakbkt kfnkbjtkmf t`jt j \`kakppkfg pjtgft ks smue`t3 (h) Kfimrdjtkmf kngftkiykfe t`g jppakbjft3 jfn (b) Ngsbrkptkmf mi t`g kfvgftkmf jfn mfg (:) mr dmrg bajkds kf Ikakpkfm mr Gfeaks`. Ki jfy mi t`gsg gagdgfts ks fmt suhdkttgn wkt`kf t`g pgrkmn sgt hy t`g Xgeuajtkmfs, t`g jppakbjtkmf s`jaa hg bmfskngrgn wkt`nrjwf. (Rgbtkmf >< `grgmi. Kfstjfbgs? :.) Ki t`g njtg mi ikakfe bjffmt hg jbbmrngn, t`g jppakbjft jppakbjft s`jaa hg ekvgf jf mppmrtufkty tm bmrrgbt t`g ngikbkgfbkgs kf jbbmrnjfbg wkt` t`g kdpagdgftkfe Xgeuajtkmfs.

Mutakfg/Xgvkgwgr Mutakfg/Xgvk gwgr hy? Ojajkfg H. Jrjtjf ( Kftgaagbtuj Kftgaagbtujaa \rmpgrty Ajw- Jtty. Jrfjanm Gspkfjs l^ugsnjy 5?2< ‒ ;?2< p.d.) ‒ Jrgaajfm Wfkvgrskt Wfkvgrskty y Rb`mma mi Ajw

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8.) Ki t`g jppakbjtkmf nmgs fmt bmftjkf jaa t`g gagdgfts kfnkbjtgn kf Rgbtkmf >:) Imrdjakty Gxjdkfjtkmf  Jitgr t`g pjtgft jppakbjtkmf `js hggf jbbmrngn jbbmrngn j ikakfe njtg jfn t`g rgqukrgn iggs `jvg hggf pjkn mf tkdg kf jbbmrnjfbg wkt` t`g Xgeuajtkmfs, t`g jppakbjft s`jaa bmdpay wkt` t`g imrdja rgqukrgdgfts hys`jaa Rgbtkmf 28 jfn t`g wkt`nrjwf. Xgeuajtkmfs wkt`kf t`g prgsbrkhgn pgrkmn, mt`grwksg t`g spgbkikgn jppakbjtkmf hg bmfskngrgn ^`g Xgeuajtkmfs s`jaa ngtgrdkfg t`g prmbgnurg imr t`g rg-gxjdkfjtkmf jfn rgvkvja mi jf jppakbjtkmf js wgaa js t`g jppgja tm t`g Nkrgbtmr mi \jtgfts irmd jfy ikfja jbtkmf hy t`g gxjdkfgr. (Rgbtkmf >8) Ki t`g imrdjakty gxjdkfjtkmf rgvgjas t`jt t`g nrjwkfes wgrg ikagn jitgr t`g ikakfe njtg mi t`g jppakbjtkmf, t`g Hurgju s`jaa sgfn j fmtkbg tm t`g jppakbjft t`jt t`g nrjwkfes jfn t`g rgigrgfbgs tm t`g nrjwkfes kf t`g jppakbjtkmf s`jaa hg nggdgn ngagtgn ufagss t`g jppakbjft rgqugsts wkt`kf twm (8) dmft`s t`jt t`g jppakbjtkmf hg erjftgn j fgw ikakfe njtg w`kb` ks t`g njtg mf w`kb` t`g nrjwkfes wgrg ikagn. Ki t`g imrdjakty gxjdkfjtkmf rgvgjas t`jt t`g nrjwkfes wgrg fmt ikagn, t`g Hurgju s`jaa rgqukrg jppakbjft tm ikag t`gd wkt`kf twm (8) dmft`s jfn kfimrd t`g jppakbjft t`jt t`g jppakbjtkmf wkaa hg ekvgf j fgw ikakfe njtg w`kb` ks t`g njtg mf w`kb` t`g nrjwkfes jrg ikagn, mr, ki t`gy jrg fmt ikagn kf nug tkdg, jfy rgigrgfbg tm t`gd kf t`g jppakbjtkmf s`jaa hg nggdgn ngagtgn. ^`g fgw ikakfe njtg s`jaa hg bktgn kf jaa subbggnkfe bmrrgspmfngfbgs hgtwggf t`g Hurgju jfn t`g jppakbjft. (Xuags jfn Xgeuajtkmfs mf Kfvgftkmf, Xuag 9) Kf bjsg t`g jppakbjft rgqugsts imr jf gjray puhakbjtkmf `g dust? :.) Ruhdkt Ruhdkt j wrkttgf wrkttgf wjkvg wjkvgrr mi t`g? t`g? Jhmvg-dgftkmfgn :0-dmft` pgrkmn Gstjhaks`dgft mi j sgjrb` rgpmrt 8.) \uhakbjtkmf s`jaa fmt fmt hg gjrakgr gjrakgr t`jf skx dmft`s irmd ikakfe njtg 2.) Xgqukrgn igg imr gjray puhakbjtkmf puhakbjtkmf ks pjkn kf iuaa.  

 

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^`g jppakbjtkmf wkaa fmt hg puhaks`gn ki kt `js hggf ikfjaay rgiusgn mr wkt`nrjwf mr nggdgn tm hg wkt`nrjwf hgimrg t`g tgrdkfjtkmf mi t`g tgb`fkbja prgpjrjtkmf imr puhakbjtkmf. ^`g jppakbjtkmf tm hg puhaks`gn s`jaa bmftjkf t`g hkhakmerjp`kb njtj, jfy nrjwkfe js ikagn jfn t`g jhstrjbt. ^`g Miikbg s`jaa bmddufkbjtg tm t`g jppakbjft t`g njtg jfn mt`gr kfimrdjtkmf rgejrnkfe t`g puhakbjtkmf mi t`g jppakbjtkmf jfn nrjw `ks jttgftkmf tm t`g pgrkmn wkt`kf w`kb` t`g rgqugst imr suhstjftkvg gxjdkfjtkmf dust hg ikagn.

 Jitgr puhakbjtkmf mi j pjtgft jppakbjtkmf, jppakbjtkmf, jfy kftgrgstgn pjrty djy kfspgbt t`g jppakbjtkmf nmbudgfts ikagn wkt` t`g Miikbg. ^`g Nkrgbtmr Egfgrja suhogbt tm t`g jpprmvja mi t`g Rgbrgtjry mi ^rjng jfn Kfnustry, djy prm`khkt mr rgstrkbt t`g puhakbjtkmf mi jf jppakbjtkmf, ki kf `ks mpkfkmf, tm nm sm wmuan hg prgounkbkja tm t`g fjtkmfja sgburkty jfn kftgrgsts mi t`g Xgpuhakb mi t`g \`kakppkfgs. Bmfikngftkjakty Hgimrg \uhakbjtkmf Fmtg? J pjtgft jppakbjtkmf, w`kb` `js fmt ygt hggf puhaks`gn, jfn jaa rgajtgn nmbudgfts, s`jaa fmt hg djng jvjkajhag imr kfspgbtkmf wkt`mut t`g bmfsgft mi t`g jppakbjft. (Rgbtkmf >7) Xke`ts Bmfigrrgn hy j \jtgft Jppakbjtkmf Jitgr \uhakbjtkmf ^`g jppakbjft s`jaa `jvg jaa t`g rke`ts mi j pjtgftgg ufngr Rgbtkmf 59 jejkfst jfy pgrsmf w`m, wkt`mut `ks jut`mrkzjtkmf, gxgrbksgn jfy mi t`g rke`ts bmfigrrgn ufngr Rgbtkmf 5: mi t`ks Jbt kf

Mutakfg/Xgvkgwgr Mutakfg/Xgvk gwgr hy? Ojajkfg H. Jrjtjf ( Kftgaagbtuj Kftgaagbtujaa \rmpgrty Ajw- Jtty. Jrfjanm Gspkfjs l^ugsnjy 5?2< ‒ ;?2< p.d.) ‒ Jrgaajfm Wfkvgrskt Wfkvgrskty y Rb`mma mi Ajw

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rgajtkmf tm t`g kfvgftkmf bajkdgn kf t`g puhaks`gn pjtgft jppakbjtkmf, js ki j pjtgft `jn hggf erjftgn imr t`jt kfvgftkmf? \rmvkngn, ^`jt t`g sjkn pgrsmf `jn? :.) Jbtuja cfmwagneg t`jt t`g kfvgftkmf t`jt `g wjs uskfe w wjs js t`g suhogbt djttgr mi j puhaks`gn jppakbjtkmf3 mr  8.) Xgbgkvgn wrkttgf fmtk fmtkbg bg t`jt t`g kfvgftkmf kfvgftkmf t`jt `g wjs wjs uskfe wjs t`g suhogbt djttgr djttgr mi j puhaks`gn jppakbjtkmf hgkfe kngftkikgn kf t`g sjkn fmtkbg hy kts sgrkja fudhgr? \rmvkngn, ^`jt t`g jbtkmf djy fmt hg ikagn uftka jitgr t`g erjft mi j pjtgft mf t`g puhaks`gn jppakbjtkmf (Rgbtkmf >9)jfn wkt`kf imur (>) ygjrs irmd t`g bmddksskmf mi t`g jbts bmdpajkfgn mi. Fmtg? ^`ks prmvkskmf ks kdpmrtjft skfbg kt bmfigrs bgrtjkf rke`ts tm t`g jppakbjtkmf gvgf hgimrg t`g jbtuja erjft mi jpprmvja tm t`g jppakbjtkmf. Rgbtkmf 59 rgigrs tm t`g XGDGNKGR jejkfst pjtgft kfirkfegdgft. ^`g rgdgny ks strkbtay bkvka. Mhsgrvjtkmf hy ^`krn \jrtkgs Imaamwkfe t`g puhakbjtkmf mi t`g pjtgft jppakbjtkmf, jfy pgrsmf djy prgsgft mhsgrvjtkmfs kf wrktkfe bmfbgrfkfe t`g pjtgftjhkakty mi t`g kfvgftkmf. Rub` mhsgrvjtkmfs s`jaa hg bmddufkbjtgn tm t`g jppakbjft w`m djy bmddgft mf t`gd. ^`g Miikbg s`jaa jbcfmwagneg jfn put sub` mhsgrvjtkmfs jfn bmddgft kf t`g ikag mi t`g jppakbjtkmf tm w`kb` kt rgajtgs. (Rgbtkmf >5) -

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Ruhstjftkvg Gxjdkfjtkmf

^`g jppakbjtkmf s`jaa hg nggdgn wkt`nrjwf ufagss wkt`kf skxw`gt`gr (9) dmft`s irmd t`g njtg mi dggts puhakbjtkmf ufngr Rgbtkmf >:, j wrkttgf rgqugst tm ngtgrdkfg j pjtgft jppakbjtkmf t`g rgqukrgdgfts mi Rgbtkmfs 8: tm 85 jfn Rgbtkmfs 28 tm 2; jfn t`g iggs `jvg hggf pjkn mf tkdg. Ukt`nrjwja mi t`g rgqugst imr gxjdkfjtkmf s`jaa hg krrgvmbjhag jfn s`jaa fmt jut`mrkzg t`g rgiufn mi jfy igg. (Rgbtkmf >0) ^@G GPJDKFJ^KMF MI ^@G J\\AKBJ^KMF3 FJ^WXG MI \XMBGGNKFER KF ^@G  GPJDKFJ^KMF MI JF J\\AKBJ^KMF IMX J \J^GF^3 EGFGXJA BMFRKNGXJ^KMFR Ajw Bmftgst  -

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 Jf jppakbjtkmf ks prmsgbutgn gx pjrtg hy t`g jppakbjft3 t`jt ks, t`g prmbggnkfes jrg akcg j ajwsukt kf w`kb` t`grg ks j pajkftkii, hut fm ngigfnjft, t`g bmurt ktsgai jbtkfe js t`g jnvgrsg pjrty.  Jf gx pjrtg prmbggnkfe kf t`g Hurgju ks j ajw bmftgst bmftgst hgtwggf t`g Gxjdkfgr, rgprgsgftkfe t`g puhakb jfn trykfe tm ekvg t`g kfvgftmr t`g agjst pmsskhag dmfmpmay kf rgturf imr `ks nksbamsurg, jfn t`g jppakbjft mr `ks jttmrfgy trykfe tm egt js dub` dmfmpmay js pmsskhag. ^`g Hurgju, rgprgsgftgn hy t`g Gxjdkfgr, ks fmt suppmsgn tm ammc jitgr t`g kftgrgsts mi jf jppakbjft. ^`g Gxjdkfgrs jrg b`jregn wkt` t`g prmtgbtkmf mi t`g kftgrgst mi t`g puhakb, jfn `gfbg dust hg vkekajft tm sgg t`jt fm pjtgft kssugs imr suhogbt djttgr w`kb` ks fmt pjtgftjhag, jfn ks jargjny nksbamsgn kf prkmr kfvgftkmfs jfn jbbgsskhag tm t`g puhakb jt ajreg.

^mue` amvg bjsg -

^`g pmsktkvg vjaug mi prgakdkfjry jnvgrsg jbtkmfs mi t`g Gxjdkfgr s`muan hg iuaay jpprgbkjtgn hy t`g jppakbjft jfn `ks jttmrfgy. J `jrn-imue`t jppakbjtkmf wkaa prmnubg j pjtgft dub` dmrg akcgay tm stjfn kf bmurt t`jf j pjtgft w`kb` `js sakn t`rmue` t`g Hurgju gjskay. ^`ks ks sm imr twm rgjsmfs? ikrst, t`g rgogbtkmfs `jvg ekvgf t`g jppakbjft mr

Mutakfg/Xgvkgwgr Mutakfg/Xgvk gwgr hy? Ojajkfg H. Jrjtjf ( Kftgaagbtuj Kftgaagbtujaa \rmpgrty Ajw- Jtty. Jrfjanm Gspkfjs l^ugsnjy 5?2< ‒ ;?2< p.d.) ‒ Jrgaajfm Wfkvgrskt Wfkvgrskty y Rb`mma mi Ajw

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`ks jttmrfgy sueegstkmfs mi strgfet`gfkfe jdgfndgfts sm t`jt `ks bajkds `jvg hggf djng kfikfktgay agss vuafgrjhag t`jf wmuan hg mt`grwksg pmsskhag3 sgbmfnay, gvgry pmkft rjksgn hy t`g Gxjdkfgr jfn ikfjaay ngbkngn hy t`g Hurgju kf ijvmr mi t`g jppakbjft wkaa ekvg `kd j prkdj ijbkg stjfnkfe mf t`jt pmkft kf bmurt. ^`g Miikbg ks gdpmwgrgn hy ajw tm pjss upmf jppakbjtkmfs imr pjtgfts jfn, hgbjusg mi t`g jut`mrkty vgstgn kf kt, kts ngbkskmfs wkt` rgspgbt tm t`g erjftkfe mi  J rgogbtkmf hy t`g Gxjdkfgr ks fgvgr fgvgr tm hg tjcgf aktgrjaay. Jf jppak jppakbjft bjft s`muan rgdgdhgr

t`jtquktg t`g Gxjdkfgr fmt hg rgogbtkfe kfvgftkmf.tm^`g djydjy kf ijbt hg prgpjrgn djy tm jndkt t`gjbtujaay kfvgftkmf mvgr t`g`ks rgigrgfbgs t`gGxjdkfgr prkmr jrt. @g hg dgrgay rgogbtkfe t`g jppakbjft‛s bajkds, t`jt ks, t`g wjy kf w`kb` t`g jppakbjft `js gxprgssgn `ks kfvgftkmf.  Jf Gxjdkfgr wkaa irgqugftay djcg j hajfcgt rgogbtkmf mf smdg rgigrgfbg tm tt`g `g prkmr jrt  oust tm hg `gapiua tm t`g jppakbjft jppakbjft - oust tm ekvg t`g jppakbjft j b`jfbg tm gxpajkf jwjy smdg rgigrgfbg jfn djcg j b`jfeg kf `ks bajkds tm jvmkn kt, rjt`gr t`jf tm wjkt uftka t`g pjtgft ks erjftgn jfn ks kfvmavgn kf j aktkejtkmf, w`gf kt djy hg tmm ajtg tm djcg t`g gxpajfjtkmf.  Jdgfndgftt mi Jppakbjtkmf  Jdgfndgf Jppakbjtkmf  Jf jppakbjft djy jdgfn t`g pjtgft jppakbjtkmf nurkfe gxjdkfjtkmf? \rmvkngn, ^`jt s sub` ub` jdgfndgft s`jaa fmt kfbaung fgw djttgr mutskng t`g sbmpg mi t`g nksbamsurg bmftjkfgn kf t`g jppakbjtkmf js ikagn. (Rgbtkmf >;) Erjft mi \jtgft  -

Ki t`g jaa jppakbjtkmf dggts mi t`ks Jbt, s`jaaprkftkfe erjft t`g \rmvkngn, ^`jt t`g iggs jrg pjknt`g mfrgqukrgdgfts tkdg. Ki t`g rgqukrgn iggst`g imr Miikbg erjft jfn jrgpjtgft? fmt pjkn kf nug tkdg, t`g jppakbjtkmf s`jaa hg nggdgn tm hg wkt`nrjwf.  J pjtgft s`jaa tjcg giigbt mf t`g njtg mi t`g puhakbjtkmf mi t`g erjft mi t`g pjtgft kf t`g K\ K\M M Ejzgttg. (Rgbtkmf 7 `grgmi, jfn mf gjb` suhsgqugft jffkvgrsjry mi sub` njtg. \jydgft djy hg djng wkt`kf t`rgg (2) dmft`s hgimrg t`g nug njtg. ^`g mhakejtkmf tm pjy t`g jffuja iggs s`jaa tgrdkfjtg s`muan t`g jppakbjtkmf hg wkt`nrjwf, rgiusgn, mr bjfbgaagn. Ki t`g jffuja igg ks fmt pjkn, t`g pjtgft jppakbjtkmf s`jaa hg nggdgn wkt`nrjwf mr t`g pjtgft bmfskngrgn js ajpsgn irmd t`g njy imaamwkfe t`g gxpkrjtkmf mi t`g pgrkmn wkt`kf w`kb` t`g jffuja iggs wgrg nug.miJjfy fmtkbg t`jtigg t`gs`jaa jppakbjtkmf ks nggdgn mr t`g ajpsg mi j pjtgft imr fmf-pjydgft jffuja hg puhaks`gn kf t`gwkt`nrjwf K\M Ejzgttg jfn t`g ajpsg s`jaa hg rgbmrngn kf t`g Xgekstgr mi t`g Miikbg.  J erjbg pgrkmn mi skx (9) dmft`s s`jaa hg erjftgn imr t`g pjydgft mi t`g jffuja igg, upmf pjydgft mi t`g prgsbrkhgn surb`jreg imr ngajygn pjydgft. (Rgbtkmf 77) Rurrgfngr mi \jtgft  ^`g mwfgr mi t`g pjtgft, wkt` t`g bmfsgft mi jaa pgrsmfs `jvkfe erjfts mr akbgfsgs mr mt`gr rke`t, tktag mr kftgrgst kf jfn tm t`g pjtgft jfn t`g kfvgftkmf bmvgrgn t`grghy, w`kb` `jvg hggf rgbmrngn kf t`g Miikbg, djy surrgfngr `ks pjtgft mr jfy bajkd mr bajkds imrdkfe pjrt t`grgmi tm t`g Miikbg imr bjfbgaajtkmf.  J pgrsmf djy ekvg fmtkbg tm t`g Miikbg mi `ks mppmsktkmf mppmsktkmf tm t`g surrgfngr mi j pjtgft ufngr t`ks sgbtkmf, jfn ki `g nmgs sm, t`g Hurgju s`jaa fmtkiy t`g prmprkgtmr mi t`g pjtgft jfn ngtgrdkfg t`g qugstkmf. Ki t`g Miikbg ks sjtksikgn t`jt t`g pjtgft djy prmpgray hg surrgfngrgn, `g djy jbbgpt t`g miigr jfn, js irmd t`g njy w`gf fmtkbg mi `ks jbbgptjfbg ks puhaks`gn kf t`g K\M Ejzgttg, t`g pjtgft s`jaa bgjsg tm `jvg giigbt, hut fm jbtkmf imr kfirkfegdgft s`jaa akg jfn fm rke`t bmdpgfsjtkmf s`jaa jbbrug imr jfy usg mi t`g pjtgftgn kfvgftkmf hgimrg t`jt njy imr t`g sgrvkbgs mi t`g emvgrfdgft. Bmrrgbtkmf mi Dkstjcgs mi t`g Miikbg ^`g Nkrgbtmr s`jaa `jvg t`g pmwgr tm bmrrgbt, wkt`mut igg, jfy dkstjcg kf j pjtgft kfburrgn t`rmue` t`g ijuat mi t`g Miikbg w`gf bagjray nksbamsgn kf t`g rgbmrns t`grgmi, tm djcg t`g pjtgft bmfimrd tm t`g rgbmrns. Bmrrgbtkmf mi Dkstjcg kf t`g Jppakbjtkmf Mf rgqugst mi jfy kftgrgstgn pgrsmf jfn pjydgft mi t`g prgsbrkhgn igg, t`g Nkrgbtmr ks jut`mrkzgn tm bmrrgbt jfy dkstjcg kf j pjtgft mi j imrdja jfn bagrkbja fjturg, fmt kfburrgn t`rmue` t`g ijuat mi t`g Miikbg. B`jfegs kf \jtgfts  ^`g mwfgr mi j pjtgft s`jaa `jvg t`g rke`t tm rgqugst t`g Hurgju tm djcg t`g b`jfegs kf t`g pjtgft kf mrngr tm? (j) Akdkt t`g gxtgft mi t`g prmtgbtkmf bmfigrrgn hy kt3 Mutakfg/Xgvkgwgr Mutakfg/Xgvk gwgr hy? Ojajkfg H. Jrjtjf ( Kftgaagbtuj Kftgaagbtujaa \rmpgrty Ajw- Jtty. Jrfjanm Gspkfjs l^ugsnjy 5?2< ‒ ;?2< p.d.) ‒ Jrgaajfm Wfkvgrskt Wfkvgrskty y Rb`mma mi Ajw

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(h) Bmrrgbt mhvkmus dkstjcgs mr tm bmrrgbt bagrkbja grrmrs3 jfn (b) Bmrrgbt dkstjcgs mr grrmrs, mt`gr t`jf t`msg rgigrrgn tm kf agttgr (h), djng kf emmn ijkt`? \rmvkngn, ^`jt w`grg t`g b`jfeg wmuan rgsuat kf j hrmjngfkfe mi t`g gxtgft mi prmtgbtkmf bmfigrrgn hy t`g pjtgft, fm rgqugst djy hg djng jitgr t`g gxpkrjtkmf mi twm (8) ygjrs irmd t`g erjft mi j pjtgft jfn t`g b`jfeg s`jaa fmt jiigbt t`g rke`ts mi jfy t`krn pjrty w`kb` `js rgakgn mf t`g pjtgft, js puhaks`gn.

Fm b`jfeg kf t`g pjtgft s`jaa hg pgrdkttgn ufngr t`ks sgbtkmf, w`grg t`g b`jfeg wmuan rgsuat kf t`g pjtgft t`gt`g nksbamsurg bmftjkfgntmkft`ks t`gsgb jppakbjtkmf ikagn.nksbamsurg Ki, jfn tmbmftjkfgn t`g gxtgftkftm tmt`g w`kb` t`gemkfe Miikbghgymfn b`jfegs pjtgft jbbmrnkfe sgbtkmf, tkmf, kt s`jaa puhaks` t`g sjdg. (f) Imrd jfn \uhakbjtkmf mi Jdgfndgft   Jf jdgfndgft mr bmrrgbtkmf mi j pjtgft s`jaa hg jbbmdpaks`gn hy j bgrtkik bgrtkikbjtg bjtg mi sub` jdgfndgft mr bmrrgbtkmf, jut`gftkbjtgn hy t`g sgja mi t`g Miikbg jfn skefgn hy t`g Nkrgbtmr, w`kb` bgrtkikbjtg s`jaa hg jttjb`gn tm t`g pjtgft. Fmtkbg mi sub` jdgfndgft mr bmrrgbtkmf s`jaa hg puhaks`gn kf t`g K\M Ejzgttg jfn bmpkgs mi t`g pjtgft cgpt mr iurfks`gn hy t`g Miikbg s`jaa kfbaung j bmpy mi t`g bgrtkikbjtg mi jdgfndgft mr bmrrgbtkmf. Bjfbgaajtkmf mi \jtgft U`m djy bjfbga=  Jfy kftgrgstgn pgrsmf djy, upmf pjydgft mi t`g rgqukrgn iggs, pgtktkmf tm bjfbga t`g pjtgft mr jfy bajkd mr pjrts. -

U`jt t`gkfv ermufns= j.)jrg ^`g kfvgftkmf gftkmf ks ks fmt fgw mr pjtgftjha pjtgftjhag g h.) ^`g pjtgft nmg nmgs s fmt nksbamsg nksbamsg t`g kfvgftkmf kfvgftkmf kf j djffgr djffgr suiikbkgfta suiikbkgftay y bagjr jfn bmdpagtg bmdpagtg imr kt tm hg bjrrkgn mut hy jfy pgrsmf sckaagn kf t`g jrt. b.) \jtgft ks ks bmftrjry bmftrjry tm puhakb puhakb mrngr mr mr dmrjakty. dmrjakty. Ki t`g bjfbgaajtkmf wjs tm t`g pjrts mr bajkds mfay, bjfbgaajtkmf djy hg giigbtgn tm sub` gxtgft mfay. Xgqukrgdgft mi t`g \gtktkmf -

^`g pgtktkmf imr bjfbgaajtkmf s`jaa hg? :. :.)) Kf wr wrkt ktkf kfe, e, 8.) Ygrkikgn hy t`g pgtktkmfgr mr hy jfy pgrsmf kf `ks hg`jai w`m cfmws t`g ijbts, 2.) Rpgbk Rpgbkiy iy t`g ermufns ermufns upmf upmf w`kb` w`kb` kt ks hjsgn hjsgn >.) Kfbaung Kfbaung j stjtgdgft stjtgdgft mi t`g t`g ijbts ijbts tm hg rgakgn rgakgn upmf, jfn 7.) Ika Ikagn gn wkt` wkt` t`g Miikb Miikbg. g. 9.) Bmpkgs mi prkftgn puhakbjtkmfs mr mi pjtgfts mi mt`gr bmuftrkgs, jfn mt`gr suppmrtkfe suppmrtkfe nmbudgfts dgftkmfgn kf t`g pgtktkmf s`jaa hg jttjb`gn t`grgtm, tmegt`gr wkt` t`g trjfsajtkmf t`grgmi kf Gfeaks`, ki fmt kf t`g Gfeaks` ajfeujeg. (Rgbtkmf 98) Fmtkbg mi @gjrkfe 

^`g ourksnkbtkmf tm `gjr t`g pgtktkmf imr bjfbgaajtkmf ks wkt` t`g Nkrgbtmr mi Ageja Jiijkrs. Wpmf ikakfe mi j pgtktkmf imr bjfbgaajtkmf, t`g Nkrgbtmr mi Ageja Jiijkrs s`jaa imrt`wkt` sgrvg fmtkbg mi t`g ikakfe t`grgmi upmf t`g pjtgftgg jfn jaa pgrsmfs `jvkfe erjfts mr akbgfsgs, mr jfy mt`gr rke`t, tktag mr kftgrgst kf jfn tm t`g pjtgft jfn t`g kfvgftkmf bmvgrgn t`grghy, js jppgjrs mi rgbmrn kf t`g Miikbg, jfn mi fmtkbg mi t`g njtg mi `gjrkfe t`grgmf mf sub` pgrsmfs jfn t`g pgtktkmfgr. Fmtkbg mi t`g ikakfe mi t`g pgtktkmf s`jaa hg puhaks`gn kf t`g K\M Ejzgttg. Bmddkttgg mi ^`rgg? @ke`ay ^gb`fkbja Kssugs

Mutakfg/Xgvkgwgr Mutakfg/Xgvk gwgr hy? Ojajkfg H. Jrjtjf ( Kftgaagbtuj Kftgaagbtujaa \rmpgrty Ajw- Jtty. Jrfjanm Gspkfjs l^ugsnjy 5?2< ‒ ;?2< p.d.) ‒ Jrgaajfm Wfkvgrskt Wfkvgrskty y Rb`mma mi Ajw

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Kf bjsgs kfvmavkfe `ke`ay tgb`fkbja kssugs, mf dmtkmf mi jfy pjrty, t`g Nkrgbtmr mi Ageja Jiijkrs djy mrngr t`jt t`g pgtktkmf hg `gjrn jfn ngbkngn hy j bmddkttgg bmdpmsgn mi t`g Nkrgbtmr mi Ageja Jiijkrs js b`jkrdjf jfn twm (8) dgdhgrs w`m `jvg t`g gxpgrkgfbg mr gxpgrtksg kf t`g ikgan mi tgb`fmamey tm w`kb` t`g pjtgft smue`t tm hg bjfbgaagn rgajtgs. ^`g ngbkskmf mi t`g bmddkttgg s`jaa hg jppgjajhag tm t`g Nkrgbtmr Egfgrja. (f) Bjfbgaajtkmf mi t`g \jtgft   Ki t`g Bmddkttgg ikfns t`jt j bjsg imr bjfbgaajtkmf `js hggf prmvgn, kt s`jaa mrngr t`g pjtgft mr jfy bajkd mr bajkds t`grgmi Ki t`gspgbkikgn Bmddkttgg ikfns t`jt, tjckfe kftmbjfbgaagn. bmfskngrjtkmf t`g jdgfndgft djng hy t`g pjtgftgg nurkfe t`g bjfbgaajtkmf prmbggnkfes, t`g pjtgft jfn t`g kfvgftkmf tm w`kb` kt rgajtgs dggt t`g rgqukrgdgft mi t`ks Jbt, kt djy ngbkng tm djkftjkf t`g pjtgft js jdgfngn? \rmvkngn, ^`jt t`g igg imr prkftkfe mi j fgw pjtgft ks pjkn wkt`kf t`g tkdg akdkt prgsbrkhgn kf t`g Xgeuajtkmfs. Ki t`g igg imr t`g prkftkfe mi j fgw pjtgft ks fmt pjkn kf nug tkdg, t`g pjtgft s`muan hg rgvmcgn. Ki t`g pjtgft ks jdgfngn ufngr Ruhsgbtkmf 97.8 `grgmi, t`g Hurgju s`jaa, jt t`g sjdg tkdg js kt puhaks`gs t`g dgftkmf mi t`g bjfbgaajtkmf ngbkskmf, puhaks` t`g jhstrjbt, rgprgsgftjtkvg bajkds jfn nrjwkfes kfnkbjtkfe bagjray w`jt t`g jdgfndgfts bmfskst mi. Giigbt mi Bjfbgaajtkmf mi \jtgft mr Bajkd ^`g rke`ts bmfigrrgn hy t`g pjtgft mr jfy spgbkikgn bajkd mr bajkds bjfbgaagn s`jaa tgrdkfjtg. Fmtkbg mi t`g bjfbgaajtkmf s`jaa hg puhaks`gn kf t`g K\M Ejzgttg.  Wfagss rgstrjkfgn hy t`g Nkrgbtmr Egfgrja, t`g ngbkskmf mr mrngr tm bjfbga hy Nkrgbtmr mi Ageja  Jiijkrs s`jaa hg kddgnkjtgay gxgbutmry gxgbutmry gvgf pgfnkfe jppgja. \grsmfs Ngprkvgn mi \jtgft Mwfgrs`kp, Xgdgnkgs \jtgft Jppakbjtkmf hy \grsmfs Fmt @jvkfe t`g Xke`t tm j \jtgft 

Ki j pgrsmf rgigrrgn tm kf Rgbtkmf 8; mt`gr t`jf t`g jppakbjft, ks ngbajrgn hy ikfja bmurt mrngr mr ngbkskmf js `jvkfe t`g rke`t tm t`g pjtgft, sub` pgrsmf djy, wkt`kf t`rgg (2) dmft`s jitgr t`g ngbkskmf `js hgbmdg ikfja? (j) \rmsgbutg t`g jppakbjtkmf js `ks mwf jppakbjtkmf kf pajbg mi t`g jppakbjft3 (h) Ikag j fgw pjtgft jppakbjtkmf kf rgspgbt mi t`g sjdg kfvgftkmf3 (b) Xgqugst t`jt t`g jppakbjtkmf hg rgiusgn3 mr  (n) Rggc bjfbgaajtkmf mi t`g pjtgft, ki mfg `js jargjny hggf kssugn. (Rgbtkmf 95) Xgdgnkgs mi t`g ^rug jfn Jbtuja Kfvgftmr   Ki j pgrsmf, w`m wjs ngprkvgn mi t`g pjtgft wkt`mut `ks bmfsgft mr t`rmue` irjun ks ngbajrgn hy ikfja bmurt mrngr mr ngbkskmf tm hg t`g trug jfn jbtuja kfvgftmr, t`g bmurt s`jaa mrngr imr `ks suhstktutkmf js pjtgftgg, mr jt t`g mptkmf mi t`g trug kfvgftmr, bjfbga t`g pjtgft, jfn jwjrn jbtuja jfn mt`gr njdjegs kf `ks ijvmr ki wjrrjftgn hy t`g bkrbudstjfbgs. (Rgbtkmf 90) \uhakbjtkmf mi t`g Bmurt Mrngr   ^`g bmurt s`jaa iurfks` t`g Miikbg j bmpy mi t`g mrngr mr ngbkskmf rgigrrgn tm kf Rgbtkmfs 95 jfn 90, w`kb` s`jaa hg puhaks`gn kf t`g K\M Ejzgttg wkt`kf t`rgg (2) dmft`s irmd t`g njtg sub` mrngr mr ngbkskmf hgbjdg ikfja jfn gxgbutmry, jfn s`jaa hg rgbmrngn kf t`g rgekstgr mi t`g Miikbg. (Rgbtkmf 9;) ^kdg tm Ikag Jbtkmf kf Bmurt  ^`g jbtkmfs kfnkbjtgn kf Rgbtkmfs 95 jfn 90 s`jaa hg ikagn wkt`kf mfg (:) ygjr irmd t`g njtg mi puhakbjtkmf djng kf jbbmrnjfbg wkt` Rgbtkmfs >> jfn 7:, rgspgbtkvgay. Xgdgnkgs jejkfst Kfirkfegdgft Xke`ts Bmfigrrgn hy \jtgft 

^`g rke`ts bmfigrrgn hy j pjtgft ngpgfn mf w`gt`gr t`g suhogbt djttgr ks j prmnubt mr j prmbgss.

Mutakfg/Xgvkgwgr Mutakfg/Xgvk gwgr hy? Ojajkfg H. Jrjtjf ( Kftgaagbtuj Kftgaagbtujaa \rmpgrty Ajw- Jtty. Jrfjanm Gspkfjs l^ugsnjy 5?2< ‒ ;?2< p.d.) ‒ Jrgaajfm Wfkvgrskt Wfkvgrskty y Rb`mma mi Ajw

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 J pjtgft s`jaa bmfigr mf kts mwfgr t`g imaamwkfe gxbauskvg rke`ts? (j) U`grg t`g suhogbt djttgr mi j pjtgft ks j prmnubt, tm rgstrjkf, prm`khkt jfn prgvgft jfy ufjut`mrkzgn pgrsmf mr gftkty irmd djckfe, uskfe, miigrkfe imr sjag, sgaakfe mr kdpmrtkfe t`jt prmnubt3 (h) U`grg t`g suhogbt djttgr mi j pjtgft ks j prmbgss, tm rgstrjkf, prgvgft mr prm`khkt jfy ufjut`mrkzgn pgrsmf mr gftkty irmd uskfe t`g prmbgss, jfn irmd djfuijbturkfe, ngjakfe kf, uskfe, sgaakfe mr miigrkfe imr sjag, mr kdpmrtkfe jfy prmnubt U`kb` ks hrmjngrmhtjkfgn kf sbmpg=nkrgbtay mr kfnkrgbtay irmd sub` prmbgss. -

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^`g pjtgft ks hrmjngr w`gf kts suhogbt djttgr ks j prmbgss skfbg t`g mwfgr nmgs fmt mfay bmftrma t`g usg mi t`g prmbgss hut jasm t`g prmnubts mhtjkfgn irmd sub` prmbgss, gvgf t`msg kfnkrgbtay mhtjkfgn. Hut rgejrnagss mi t`ks, pjtgft mwfgrs s`jaa jasm `jvg t`g rke`t tm jsskef, mr trjfsigr hy subbgsskmf t`g pjtgft, jfn tm bmfbaung akbgfskfe bmftrjbts imr t`g sjdg.

Bkvka Jbtkmf imr Kfirkfegdgft U`jt bmfstktutgs \jtgft Kfirkfegdgft= -

^`g djckfe, uskfe, miigrkfe imr sjag, sgaakfe, mr kdpmrtkfe j pjtgftgn prmnubt mr j prmnubt mhtjkfgn nkrgbtay mr kfnkrgbtay irmd j pjtgftgn prmbgss, mr t`g usg mi j pjtgftgn prmbgss wkt`mut t`g jut`mrkzjtkmf mi t`g pjtgftgg bmfstktutgs pjtgft kfirkfegdgft.

 Jfy pjtgftgg, mr jfymfg pmssgsskfe jfy rke`t, tktag mr kftgrgst kf jfn tm t`g pjtgftgn kfvgftkmf, w`ms w` msg g rke` rke`ts ts `j `jvg vg hg hggf gf kf kfir irkf kfeg egn, n, djy djy hrkfe hrkfe j bk bkvk vkaa jb jbtk tkmf mf hg hgim imrg rg j bmur bmurtt mi bmdp bmdpgt gtgf gftt  ourksnkbtkmf, tm rgbmvgr irmd t`g kfirkfegr sub` njdjegs sustjkfgn t`grghy, paus jttmrfgy's iggs jfn mt`gr gxpgfsgs mi aktkejtkmf, jfn tm sgburg jf kfoufbtkmf imr t`g prmtgbtkmf mi `ks rke`ts. Ki t`g njdjegs jrg kfjngqujtg mr bjffmt hg rgjnkay jsbgrtjkfgn wkt` rgjsmfjhag bgrtjkfty, t`g bmurt djy jwjrn hy wjy mi njdjegs j sud gqukvjagft tm rgjsmfjhag rmyjaty. ^`g bmurt djy, jbbmrnkfe tm t`g bkrbudstjfbgs mi t`g bjsg, jwjrn njdjegs kf j sud jhmvg t`g jdmuftt imufn js jbtuja njdjegs sustjkfgn? jdmuf sustjkfgn? \rmvkngn, \rmvkngn, ^`jt t`g jwjrn nmgs fmt gxbggn gxbggn t`rgg (2) tkdgs t`g jdmuft mi sub` jbtuja njdjegs. ^`g bmurt djy, kf kts nksbrgtkmf, mrngr t`jt t`g kfirkfekfe emmns, djtgrkjas jfn kdpagdgfts prgnmdkfjftay usgn kf t`g kfirkfegdgft hg nkspmsgn mi mutskng t`g b`jffgas mi bmddgrbg mr  ngstrmygn, wkt`mut bmdpgfsjtkmf.  Jfymfg w`m jbtkvgay kfnubgs t`g kfirkfegdgft mi j pjtgft mr prmvkngs t`g kfirkfegr wkt` j bmdpmfgft mi j pjtgftgn prmnubt mr mi j prmnubt prmnubgn hgbjusg mi j pjtgftgn prmbgss cfmwkfe kt tm hg gspgbkjaay jnmptgn imr kfirkfekfe t`g pjtgftgn kfvgftkmf jfn fmt suktjhag imr  suhstjftkja fmf-kfirkfekfe usg s`jaa hg akjhag js j bmftrkhutmry kfirkfegr jfn s`jaa hg omkftay jfn sgvgrjaay akjhag wkt` t`g kfirkfegr. Kfirkfegdgft Jbtkmf hy j Imrgkef Fjtkmfja   Jfy imrgkef fjtkmfja mr ourknkbja gftkty w`m dggts t`g rgqukrgdgfts mi Rgbtkmf 2 jfn fmt gfejegn kf huskfgss kf t`g \`kakppkfgs, tm w`kb` j pjtgft `js hggf erjftgn mr jsskefgn ufngr t`ks Jbt, djy hrkfe jf jbtkmf imr kfirkfegdgft mi pjtgft, w`gt`gr mr fmt kt ks akbgfsgn tm nm huskfgss kf t`g \`kakppkfgs ufngr gxkstkfe ajw. Rgbtkmf 2 prmvkngs? Kftgrfjtkmfja Bmfvgftkmfs jfn Xgbkprmbkty . - Jfy pgrsmf w`m ks j fjtkmfja mr w`m ks nmdkbkagn mr  `js j rgja jfn giigbtkvg kfnustrkja gstjhaks`dgft kf jrke`ts bmuftry w`kb` ks j pjrty jfy bmdpgtktkmf, bmfvgftkmf, trgjty mr jerggdgft rgajtkfe tm kftgaagbtuja prmpgrty mr t`g rgprgsskmf mi tm ufijkr

Mutakfg/Xgvkgwgr Mutakfg/Xgvk gwgr hy? Ojajkfg H. Jrjtjf ( Kftgaagbtuj Kftgaagbtujaa \rmpgrty Ajw- Jtty. Jrfjanm Gspkfjs l^ugsnjy 5?2< ‒ ;?2< p.d.) ‒ Jrgaajfm Wfkvgrskt Wfkvgrskty y Rb`mma mi Ajw

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tm w`kb w`kb` ` t` t`g g \`ka \`kakp kppk pkfg fgs s ks jasm jasm j pjrt pjrty, y, mr gxtg gxtgfn fns s rg rgbk bkpr prmb mbja ja rk rke` e`ts ts tm fj fjtk tkmf mfja jas s mi t` t`g g \`kakppkfgs hy ajw, s`jaa hg gftktagn tm hgfgikts tm t`g gxtgft fgbgssjry tm ekvg giigbt tm jfy prmvkskmf mi sub` bmfvgftkmf, trgjty mr rgbkprmbja ajw, kf jnnktkmf tm t`g rke`ts tm w`kb` jfy mwfgr mi jf kftgaagbtuja prmpgrty rke`t ks mt`grwksg gftktagn hy t`ks Jbt. \rgsudptkmfs kf \jtgft Kfirkfegdgft Jbtkmfs ^`g prgsudptkmfs jrg imufn kf Rgbtkmfs 50 jfn 0