Integrative Literature Review - Manuscript

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Integrative Literature Reviews: A Method or an Epistemology?  Hachapan Uachotikoon* Uachotikoon*  Piyapat Maneepong* Maneepong* Abstract

An integrative literature review is becoming one of the most widely used approaches for contemporary understanding, knowledge, models, conceptual frameworks, and perspectives. It is generally regarded with disparate functions of research depending on what ontology is used. To address the topic of whether integrative literature reviews are a method or an epistemology or something else, literature has been thoroughly searched for evidence to support each view. Logical reasoning also is used in this article. We firstly first ly   define the meaning of each element: integrative literature review, types of literature review, methodology, epistemology, and method to develop a position and to reach the conclusion.

Keywords: Integrative literature review, methodology, epistemology, ontology,

method

* Ph.D. Student, the Graduate School of Human Resource Development, the National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA)

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What is an Integrative Literature Review?

Torraco (2005) provided a definition of integrative literature review as a form of research that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that it generates new frameworks and perspectives on the topic. It is a distinctive form of research characterized by the focus on a topical area, and its own methodology (Torraco, 2005; Callahan, 2010). Several integrative literature reviews have made significant contributions to the body of knowledge of human resource development, and other relevant fields. Its importance is such that  Human Resource Development Review— a major journal in HRD—has published in every issue at least one integrative literature review (Torraco, 2005). To write a good integrative literature review requires skill and insights. It is never less rigorous or easier to write than other types of research articles. In addition, it is not a mere list summarizing or describing multiple pieces of literature, but synthesizes representative literature to produce a new model, conceptual framework, or other unique conceptions informed by the author's intimate knowledge of the topic (Torraco, 2005).

Types of Literature Reviews

According to Cronin, Ryan, and Coughlan (2008); Souza, Silva, and Carvalho (2010); and Whittemore and Knafl (2005), under the umbrella of literature review, there are five types of reviews: traditional or narrative literature review, integrative literature review, systematic review, meta-analysis, and qualitative review or metasynthesis. 1. Traditional or narrative literature review draws conclusions about the topic in question by critiquing and summarizing a body of literature on a subject area. It is selective in the material used but the selection criteria are not always informed (Cronin et al., 2008). 2.  Integrative literature review  is the broadest type of methods that allows researchers to collect and combine data from experimental and non Volume 5 Number 5 July - December 2013 (2556)

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experimental studies in order to understand an identified phenomenon. The  purposes of integrative literature reviews include defining concepts, reviewing theories and evidence, and methodological analysis (Souza et al., 2010; Whittemore & Knalf, 2005). 3. Systematic review  focuses primarily on experimental studies and demands careful synthesis of all investigations related to one specific area (Souza et al. 2010). 4.  Meta-analysis  is a form of systematic review that integrates a large body of quantitative findings to enhance understanding. It uses standardized statistical  procedure to analyze data, draws conclusions, and detects patterns and relationships (Cronin et al., 2008). 5.  Meta-synthesis is a non-statistical technique used to enhance understanding by integrating, evaluating, and interpreting qualitative studies. It is employed as a key element in transforming individual findings from studies that are based on  phenomenological, grounded theory, or ethnography epistemologies, into new conceptualization and interpretations (Cronin et al., 2008). Though Whittemore and Knafl (2005) indicated that recent evidence-based  practice initiatives have increased the need for and the production of all types of literature reviews; the integrative review is the only approach that allows for the combination of diverse methodologies (for example, experimental and nonexperimental research) and has the potential to play a greater role in evidence-based  practice.

Distinguishing an Integrative Literature Review from Other Reviews

Attempts have been made to distinguish the integrative review approach from other review approaches and to propose methodological strategies specific to integrative reviews to enhance the rigor of the process. With respect to integrative literature reviews, strategies to enhance data collection and extraction have been developed; however, methods of analysis, synthesis, and conclusion drawing remain  Volume 5 Number 2 July – December 2013 (2556)

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 poorly formulated (Whittemore & Knafl, 2005). Regarding this shortfall, Torraco (2005) established a rigorous method for authors to use in doing integrative literature reviews: “The author’s strategy for selecting the literature to be included in the study should be described. The literature is the data of an integrative literature review. Authors should ensure that recently published literature and older literature are both systematically searched. Authors can examine older literature by reviewing the citations from the articles obtained through the search of selected databases. The criteria used for retaining or discarding the literature yielded by the literature searches should also be stated. Authors should consider using a table, endnote, or appendix to list the sources of literature reviewed in the study.” (p. 360) Moreover, Callahan (2010) indicated that a hallmark of a good integrative literature review is that it has a methodology that clearly outlines: “(a) where the literature was found (databases and search engines), (b) when the search was conducted (because database contents change frequently), (c) who conducted the search, (d) how the literature was found (keyword combinations), (e) What number of articles appeared from each combination of keywords and the final count of included articles (data set), and (f) why some articles were chosen for inclusion over others (selection criteria)” (p. 301)

Why Write an Integrative Literature Review?

Integrative literature reviews address both mature topics and new, emerging topics. Features of a review article differ depending on the maturity of the topic it addresses. In a mature topic, the size of its literature is larger, and there is a corresponding growth and development in the knowledge base of the topic. In such an expanding and more diversified knowledge base of a mature topic, there is the need for a review, critique, and the potential re-conceptualization of the topic, and an integrative  Volume 5 Number 5 July - December 2013 (2556)

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literature review of the studies in the field will answer to that need (Torraco,2005; Rocco & Plakhotnik, 2009). As for a new and emerging topic, an integrative literature review that addresses such a topic would benefit from a holistic conceptualization and synthesis of the literature to date. With the topic being relatively new and having not yet undergone a comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or  preliminary conceptualization of the topic (i.e., a new model or framework) rather than a re-conceptualization of previous models (Torraco, 2005). For both mature and emerging topics, it is expected that the knowledge from the literature will be synthesized into a model or conceptual framework that offers a new perspective on the topic. In either case of a new or existing topic, the integrative literature review requires conceptual and methodological rigor. It requires a description of the research design where search terms used to collect the literature as data, criteria for a piece’s inclusion or exclusion, and data analysis techniques are described (Rocco, Stein, & Lee, 2003; Rocco & Plakhotnik, 2009).

What Is Methodology?

 Methodology is the science and study of methods and the assumptions about the ways in which knowledge is produced It is the philosophical stance or worldview that underlies and informs a style of research. It is concerned with the logic of scientific inquiry; in particular with investigating the potentialities and limitations of  particular techniques or procedures.  Methodology encompasse s a theory of how an inquiry should proceed; and it involves analysis of the assumptions, principles, and  procedures in a particular approach to inquiry (Grix, 2002; Harding, 1987; Sapsford, 2006; Schwandt, 2001). Practically , methodology is the strategy or plan of action that lies behind the choice and use of particular methods (Crotty, 1998). Thus, it is concerned with why, what, from where, when and how data is collected and analyzed (Scotland, 2012). Methodology asks the question: How can the inquirer go about finding out whatever  Volume 5 Number 2 July – December 2013 (2556)

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they believe can be known? (Guba & Lincoln, 1994). A good summary of methodology is given by Grix (2001, p.36), who described that a methodology is related to discussion process, consisting of research questions or hypotheses, a conceptual, study methods, and justification. It is, most of all, driven by certain ontological and epistemological assumptions.

What Is Epistemology?

 Epistemology is derived from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (reason). It means the nature and forms of knowledge and the theory of knowledge (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison; Harding, 1987). It is concerned with the theory of knowledge in regard to its methods, validation, and the possible ways of gaining knowledge of social reality, whatever it is understood to be (Grix, 2002). Furthermore, sociologists of knowledge characterize epistemologies as strategies for justifying  beliefs Harding (1987). Epistemology focuses on the process of gathering knowledge. It asks the questions of what is the nature of the relationship between the would-be knower and what can be known? Who can be a knower ? What tests beliefs must pass in order to be legitimated as knowledge? And what kinds of things can be known? (Grix, 2002; Guba & Lincoln, 1994; Harding, 1987). In short, epistemology is about how knowledge can be created, acquired, and communicated (Scotland, 2012). There are two contrasting epistemological positions within the perspectives of  positivism and interpretivism. Positivists hold the belief that the world conforms to laws of causation, which could be objectively tested; they advocate the application of the natural science methods to the study of social science (de Vries, 2005; Grix 2002). On the other hand, interpretivists believe that multiple realities exist as subjective constructions of the mind. They see the world as socially constructed and try to understand phenomena through analyzing meanings that people attach to them (de Vries, 2005).

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What Is a Method?

Methods are procedures, tools and techniques of research that the researcher uses to answer the research questions (Schwandt, 2001; McLean, 2012, slide 13). They are the practical activities of research:

sampling, data collection, data

management, data analysis, and reporting (Carter & Little, 2007). Methods are used for gathering evidence, collate and analyse data evaluate and synthesize data, and interpret findings (Blaikie, 2000; Cronin et al., 2008; Harding, 1987; Creswell, 2014). Methods can be categorized by the research approaches as qualitative methods and quantitative methods. In the qualitative approach, researchers seek understanding of the phenomenon or process as shaped by the meanings people bring to them by employing different methods such as interview, case study, observation (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005; Arghode, 2012). Harding (1987) indicated that qualitative inquiry consists of three categories of methods: listening to or interrogating informants, observing behavior, or examining historical trace and records. As for quantitative methods, they are used in the scientific paradigm where it seeks predictions and generalizations; thus, methods often generate quantitative data. Examples include: standardized tests, closed ended questionnaires and descriptions of phenomena using standardized observation tools Methods of analysis involve descriptive and inferential statistics. Inferential statistics allow sample results to be generalized to populations (Pring, 2000; Scotland, 2012).

Is an Integrative Literature Review an Epistemology?

In this section, we are going to argue that an integrative literature review is equivalent to a methodology, which is equivalent to an epistemology, and then a method and reseach repectively. A syllogism as well as deduction will be used as a way of justification.

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Literature has shown that an integrative literature review can be considered a methodology by clearly indicating so or inferring so through its methodology: •

Souza et al. (2010) clearly stated that the integrative review is the methodology that provides synthesis of knowledge and applicability of results of significant studies to practice.

•

Callahan (2010) indicated the presence of a methodology in an integrative literature review: A hallmark of a good integrative literature review is that it has a methodology that clearly outlines (a) where  the literature was found (databases and search engines), (b) when  the search was conducted (because database contents change frequently), (c) who  conducted the search, (d) how  the literature was found (keyword combinations), (e) what   number of articles appeared from each combination of keywords and the final count of included articles (data set), and (f) why  some articles were chosen for inclusion over others (selection criteria). (p. 301)

•

Russell, (2005) and Whittemore & Knafl, (2005) pointed out the methodology of an integrative literature review in its five stage process: 1) problem formulation, 2) data collection or literature search, 3) evaluation of data, 4) data analysis, and 5) interpretation and presentation of results

•

Souza et al. (2010) described its 6 stage process which is clearly the process of a methodology: 1) preparing the guiding question, 2) searching or sampling the literature, 3) data collection, 4) critical analysis of the studies, 5) discussion of results, and 6) presentation of the review.

With all the above-mentioned indications and inference, it can be reasonably concluded that an integrative literature review is a methodology (Figure 1).

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 Figure 1. An integrative literature review is a methodology.

An Integrative Literature Review as an Epistemology

According to Grix (2001), methodology is concerned with how a particular  piece of research should be undertaken or how to acquire knowledge. And epistemology is concerned with knowledge gathering process (Grix, 2002). Moreover, epistemological assumptions are concerned with how knowledge can be created, acquired and communicated (Scotland, 2012). These definitions reveal the closeness in meaning of the two terms. This assumption was supported by Carter and Little’s (2011) notion that methodologies justify methods, and methods produce knowledge, so methodologies have epistemic content. Furthermore, Creswell (2014) accentuated the interchangeability of these two terms by stating that they both shared the meaning of worldview: “I have chosen to use the term worldview as meaning “a basic set of beliefs that guide action” (Guba, 1990, p. 17). Others have called them paradigms (Lincoln, Lynham & Guba, 2011; Mertens, 2009), epistemologies, and ontologies (Crotty, 1998), or broadly conceived research methodologies” (Neuman, 2009, p. 6) This closeness in meaning of the two terms is again confirmed by McLean (2012) that an epistemology is equivalent to a methodology. Therefore, it can be logically concluded that methodology is synonymous with epistemology (Figure 2).

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 Figure 2. Methodology is synonymous with epistemology. With such conclusions as: a) an integrative literature review is a methodology and b) a methodology is an epistemology, the deduction must be that an integrative literature review is an epistemology, as displayed graphically in Figure 3.

 Figure 3. The deduction of an integrative literature review as an epistemology.

An Integrative Literature Review as a Method

Several articles indicate that an integrative literature review is a method; for example: Pompeo, Rossi, and Galvão (2009) stated that an integrative literature review is a research method that allows for gathering and synthesizing available evidence about a topic; Whittemore and Knafl (2005) cited Broome (1993) as saying that an integrative review is a specific review method summarizing past empirical or  Volume 5 Number 5 July - December 2013 (2556)

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theoretical literature to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a particular  phenomenon or problem; and that they are the broadest type of research review methods that allows for the simultaneous inclusion of experimental and nonexperimental research so as to more fully understand a phenomenon of concern. These characteristics in the literature lead us to believe that an integrative literature review is a method (see Figure 4).

 Figure 4. An integrative literature review is a method.

An Integrative Literature Review is neither Method nor Epistemology

To this point, we have logically illustrated that an integrative literature review is an epistemology, a methodology, and a method. However, not everyone agrees, as some see these as different parts of research; Grix (2001) argued that an epistemology and a methodology are different elements in research: The difficulty in understanding just what the term 'methodology' means has not  been helped by the fact that it is used interchangeably with 'research methods' and is often considered, mistakenly, to be close in meaning to 'epistemology,' 'approaches,' and even 'paradigm'. (p. 36) Figure 5 features the interrelationships of the three elements in research. An epistemology is concerned with what knowledge is and how to get to it, while a methodology is only about the systematic process to get to whatever form of knowledge is delineated by the epistemology; and a method is about the specific techniques in getting the knowledge. These elements are clearly disparate and have their own specific places in a research (Grix, 2002).  Volume 5 Number 2 July – December 2013 (2556)

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 Figure 5 The interrelationship of the building blocks in research (Adapted from Grix, 2002, p. 180). Carter and Little (2007) who depicted the functional difference of the three elements in Figure 5. The diagram of research in Figure 6 shows the sequential relationship of the three elements. One can see that an epistemology modifies a methodology, which, in turn, justifies, guides, and evaluates methods.

 Figure 6 . The relationship between an epistemology, a methodology, and a method (Adapted from Carter & Little, 2007, p. 1317).  Volume 5 Number 5 July - December 2013 (2556)

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All work together in the inquiry for more knowledge (see Figure 7).

 Figure 7 . An epistemology, a methodology, and a method are not the same, but they work together in research. With each element being different, the deduction that an integrative literature review is an epistemology no longer holds true. And as an integrative literature review has a clear presence of a methodology, it rules out the chance of being a method, either; hence, an integrative literature review is neither an epistemology nor a method .

An Integrative Literature Review as a Research

According to Torraco (2005), an integrative literature review is a form of research that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that it generates new frameworks and perspectives on the topic. In keeping with Torraco, Callahan (2010) cited Yorks (2008) as saying that the most important distinction of an integrative literature review is that it can be considered, in and of itself, a form of research  that can stand alone. And Ganong (1987) argued that integrative reviews should be held to the same standards of clarity, rigor, and replication as research. Billay and Myrick (2008) and Russell (2005) agreed with Ganong that integrative literature reviews should be regarded as a form of research.  Volume 5 Number 2 July – December 2013 (2556)

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From these arguments, we can also reasonably conclude that an integrative literature review is a form of research. However, this does not move the discussion much forward, as research is not separate from epistemology, methodology, or method. All relate to research. The question of this article remains ambiguous.

Conclusion

While there is no clear answer to the ambiguity of whether an integrative literature review is an epistemology, a methodology, or a method, the predominance of articles have suggested that it is both an epistemology and a methodology, two words that are usually used as synonyms. However, there is a minority perspective that epistemology, methodology, and method   all have unique meanings, and this rules out the claim that an integrative literature review can be equivalent to multiple elements at the same time. Thus, as in most research, we have to embrace and celebrate the ambiguity. References

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