Insuficiencian Hepatica

 

HKRZCHBHJKBHD MJQD^HBD

 

HKRZCHBHJKBHD MJQD^HBD • Hknhbd id jxhstjkbhd nj ndô` mjpdt`bjiuidr ` mjpdt`bhrbuidt`rh` quj sj db`gpdôd nj ditjrdbh`kjs g`rc`iòlhbds? Kjbr`shs mjpäbd gdshvd, jkcjrgjndn mjpäbd bròkhbd, nhscukbhòk mjpäbd shk kjbr`shs gdkhjstd. • Ji mh mhl ldn` dn` p p`s `sjj jj lrdk lrdk rj rjsj sjrv rvd d ccuk ukbh bh`k `kdi di p`r p`r i` i` q quj uj sj rjquhjrj uk ndô` sjvjr` jktrj ji =1% y 81% pdrd quj jstj sj trdnuzbd jk ditjrdbhòk nj ids prujfds nj cukbhòk mjpäbd mjpäbd..

 

HKRZCHBHJKBHD MJQD^HBD DLZND •

Dusjkbhd nj jkcjrgjndn mjpäbd prjvhd.

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Ditjrdbhòk lrdvj nj t`nds ids cukbh`kjs nji mçldn`

•   G`rtdihn G`rtdihndn dn nji >1% di =1% •

^rdspidk rdspidktj tj nj mçldn` ÿkhbd `pbhòk tjrdpèubd pdrd i`s pdbhjktjs quj k` sj rjbupjrdk jk c`rgd jsp`ktdkjd

Dpdrhbhòk nji budnr` jk ids ÿithgds 63 sjgdkds. Vjnubbhòk nj id tdsd nj pr`tr`gfhkd p`r njfdo` nji >1% (` HKV supjrh`r d 4,:). Njsdrr`ii` nj jkbjcdi`pdtçd mjpäthbd (nj budiquhjr lrdn`).

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HKRZC HK RZCHB HBHJ HJKB KBHD HD MJQD MJQD^HBD ^HBD J^H@I@LHD 4 Sh Shru russ -Shrus nj mjpds (D,F,B,N,)

> Sdsbuidr dsbuidr - Mjpds hsquèghbd

- @tr`s vhrus 6 ^`xhb `xhb`s `s

- Funn Bmhdrh dlun`

-^jtrdbi`rur` nj bdrf`k`

-Ihldnurd nj drtjrhd mjpäbd gäs tr`gf`shs nj vjkd p`rtd

c`sc`rdn`s - B`gpujst`s c`sc`rdn`s - M`kl`s(Dgdkhtd Cdii`hnjs)

: Jstj Jstjdt`sh dt`shss dlund nji jgfdrd jgfdrdz` z`

2 Cä Cärg rgdb` db`ss  Qdrdbjtdg`  Hs`khdbhnd  Mdi`tdk`  ^jtrdbhbihkds  Hkmhfhn`rjs nj id GD@  DHKJR  Dkr`hnj`s

3 Ghs Ghsbji bjiäkj äkjd d  Jkcjrgjndnjs nj \his`k  Rhknr`gj nj Vjyj  Mjpds dut`hkgukj  Hkcjbbh`kjs fdbtjrhdkds shstèghbds  Hkvdsh`k tug`rdi mjpäbd gdshvd.

 

  NHDLK@R^HB@ Jkbjcdi`pdtçd jk uk pdbhjktj b`k mjpdt`pdtçd dlund gdkhcjstdnd jk c`rgd nj b`dlui`pdtçd.

B`kcushòk mdstd ji b`gd5 shk jgfdrl`, pujnjk rjqujrhrsj prujfds pshb`gètrhbds jk pdbhjktjs b`k hksuchbhjkbhd mjpäthbd sufdlund pdrd njtjbtdr bdgfh`s suthijs nji jstdn` gjktdi. Qrujfds nj idf`rdt`rh` Qjrchi mjgäthb` b`gpijt` Qrujfds nj b`dluidbhòk Qjrchi fh`quçghb` mjpäthb`

Qjrghtjk ukd jvdiudbhòk hkhbhdi nj id lrdvjndn nj id mjpdt`pdtçd y shrvjk pdrd `rhjktdr ji trdtdghjkt`,

Jijbtròiht`s sèrhb`s Qrujfds nj cukbhòk rjkdi Liubjghd Dghidsd sèrhbd  pM drtjrhdi Idbtdt` sèrhb`.

ghjktrds i`s ndt`s dyundk d quj jstdfijbjr uk sjrhdn`s pr`kòsthb`.

Qdrd njtjrghkdr id jth`i`lçd, ji jstunh` hkhbhdi njfj hkb`rp`rdr uk brhfdn` nj i`s dljktjs vçrhb`s mdfhtudijs y nj dut`dkthbujrp dut`dkthbujrp`s `s.

 

  NHDLK@R^HB@ Ji jstunh` nj hgdljk nji mçldn` gjnhdktj jb`lrdcçd y ^B ` VG d gjkun` dp`rtd p`bd hkc`rgdbhòk jspjbçchbd

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I`s mdiidzl`s prjb`bjs tçphb`s s`k uk mçldn` pjqujô` shk jvhnjkbhd nj mhpjrtjkshòk mhpjrtjkshò k p`rtdi.

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Rhlk`s nj mhpjrtjkshòk p`rtdi jk id hksuchbhjkbhd mjpäthbd sufdlund

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Id mjpdt`gjldihd jk ji b`ktjxt` nj ukd HMD js hkusudi, sdiv` jk ji sçknr`gj nj Funn-Bmhdrh, y njfj ijvdktdr id s`spjbmd nj hkchitrdbhòk gdihlkd ` nj mjpdthths dib`mòihbd b`g` p`shfijs nhdlkòsthb`s sufydbjktjs.

 

  BDVDB^JVHR^HBDR BIHKHBDR Gdkhcjstdbh`kjs Gdkhcjstdbh`kjs nj ijshòk mjpäthbd? • Hbtjrhbhd nj dpdrhbhòk tjgprdkd, mhpjrfhihrrufhkjghd b`kouldnd • Nhsghkubhòk nji tdgdô` mjpäthb` • Dugjkt` nj ids trdksdghkdsds • Njsbjks` nj id sjun`b`ihkj sjun`b`ihkjstjrdsd stjrdsd • Nhsghkubhòk nji i`s cdbt`rjs nj id b`dluidbhòk

• Nhsghkubhòk nj id sçktjshs nj difughkd

 

GDKHCJR^DBH@KJR BIHKHBDR • Bursd shk mhpjrtjkshòk p`rtdi • Vdrd vjz sj `fsjrvd dstjrhxhs • Rdiv` id hbtjrhbhd, k` mdy gdkhcjstdbh`kjs butäkjds • K` mdy gdkhcjstdbh`kjs jkn`brhkds

 

GDKHCJR^DBH@KJR BIHKHBDR Gdkhcjstdbh`kjs nj id cdiid gui`rldkhbd y nj ids ditjrdbh`kjs gjtdfòihbds? Jkbjcdi`pdd mjpäbd dlund

• Js ji rjsuitdn` js njjiukd lrdvj ditjrdbhòk gjtdfòihbd jk id quj id hksubhjkbhd mjpdt`bjiuidr cjkògjk` cukndgjktdi. • Dusjkbhd ` nèbht nj gjtdf`ihzdbhòk nj pr`nubt`s tòxhb`s jk ji mçldn` y id pr`nubbhòk nj gjtdf`iht`s dk`rgdijs (dg`kh`, gjrbdktdk`s, äbhn` ldgd dghk`furhb`, cjk`ijs ) quj bjrjfrd dtrdvhjsdk budijs pjrturfdk id dbvhndn bjrjfrdi. i. id fdrrjrd mjgdt`jkbècdihbd i`s

• Cdv`rjbjk id jkbjcdi`pdd i`s trdst`rk`s nji jquhihfrh` äbhn` fdsj, id mhp`lihbjghd, id hksubhjkbhd rjkdi y ji jnjgd bjrjfrdi. bjrjfrdi.

 

Cdiid guit`rldkhbd y dijrdbh`kjs gjdf`ihbds

• Mhpjrtjkbh`k jkn`brdkjdkd p`r jnjgd?  1% nj i`s pdbhjkt pdbhjktjs,n js,njpij jpijbh`k bh`k nj i`s njp`sht njp`sht`s `s mjpdb`s nj liub`ljk` + nhsghkubh`k nj id liub`kj`ljkjshs • G`kht`rhzdr id liub`sd jk pidsgd (3 d = vjbjs di nhd) y jvhtdr id mhp`liubjghd

 

Dijrdbh`kjs gjdf`ihbds • Mhp`p`tdsjg Mhp`p`tdsjghd? hd? js crjbujktj y sj njfj d id b`ktrdbbhòk nj v`iugjk , di us` nj nhurèthb`s y di dugjkt` nji t`k` shgpäthb` • Mhp`kdtrjghd? hkbrjgjkt` jk id sjbrjbhòk nj DNM njfhnd d id mhp`pjrcushòk thsuidr • Njtjrh`r` nj id cukbhòk rjkdi rjnhstrhfubhòk k njsnj ji jxtrd d ji hktrdbjiuidr hktrdbjiuidr.. • Mhp`c`scdtjghd? rjnhstrhfubhò • Ditjrdbh`kjs dbhn`-fdsj (dibdi`shs rjsphrdt`rhd y gjtdfòihbd) • Id dbhn`shs gjtdf`ihbd? dbuguidbhòk nj dbhn` iäbthb` d gjnhnd quj jkcjrgjndn  pr`lrjsd. • HVD? gds nj id ghtdn nj i`s pdbhjktjs

 

CDIID MJQÄ^HBD CZIGHKDK^J  

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Js ukd pd`i`lçd p`b` crjbujkj b`k ukd did g`rdihndn. Vjquhjrj uk räphn` nhdlkòstb`, gdkjo` jt`iòlhb`, budkn` js p`shfij, y ukd jrdphd nj s`p`rj dnjbudnd id Zkhndn nj Buhndn`s Hkjkshv`s jk id jspjrd nj id rjbupjrdbhòk mjpätbd jk id i djk jspjrd nji rddghjk` njkhtv`. Cdiid Mjpätbd Cuighkdkj rjsuid nj uk ndô` dlun` y lrdvj pr`v`bdn` p`r nhstkds bdusds quj ljkjrdk nhscukbhòk nj sçkjshs mjpätbd njkhnd `pjrdbh`kdigjkj p`r id pr`i`kldbhòk nji HKV ;4.: y jkbjcdi`pdd mjpätbd nj budiquhjr lrdn` nj sjvjrhndn (lrdn`s H-HS nj \js Mdvjk). Js`, jk uk pidz` gjk`r d 63 sjgdkds njsnj ji b`ghjkz` nj i`s sçk`gds y jk pjrs`kds shk ukd jkcjrgjndn mjpätbd prjvhdgjkj b`k`bhnd

 

J^H@I@LHD Dkdgkjshs di pdbhjktj y sus cdghihdrjs pdrd `ftjkjr id gdy`r bdkthndn nj hkc`rgdbhòk, rjvhshòk nj jxägjkjs prjvh`s y dsç b`k`bjr id tjgp`rdihndn jk id jv`iubhòk nji bds`.

mhpjrdlund (94 sjgdkd), dlund (4-> sjgdkds), y sufdlund (:-46 sjgdkds

 

CDIID MJQÄ^HBD CZIGHKDK^J Mhpjrdlunds y dlunds jv`iubh`kdk jk uk pjrh`n` b`rt`, m`rds y nçds, mdfhtudigjktj id kjbr`shs js gdshvd b`k ukd pr`fdfhihndn nj rjbupjrdbhòk jsp`ktäkjd nji `rnjk nji 61-21%, shk jgfdrl`, thjkj gdy`r rhjsl` nj cdiid guith`rläkhbd. Zkd nj ids b`gpihbdbh`kjs b`gpihbdbh`kjs g`rtdijs js id mhpjrtjkshòk jkn`brdk jkn`brdkjdkd. jdkd.  Js ji pdtròk gäs tçphb` jk id hkt`xhbdbhòk p`r pdrdbjtdg`i, mjpdthths vçrhbd D y F j hsqujghd mjpäthbd.

Rufdlunds jv`iubh`kdk jv`iubh` nurdktj vdrhds sjgdkds, ji rhjsl` jkn`brdkjdkd gjk`r gäs y id s`frjvhnd jsp`ktäkjd js gjk`rkdk d 41%, rjquhrhjkn` jk su gdy`rçd njnj ukmhpjrtjkshòk trdspidktj pdrd s`frjvhvhr. js Qdtr`kjs tçphb`s s`k? Ndô` mjpäthb` p`r cärgdb`s ` Nrul Hknubj Ihvjr Hkoury  (NHIH), mjpdthths dut`hkgukj dut`hkgukj y jth`i`lçds njsb`k`bhnds

 

J^H@I@LHD BDZRDR

@VHJK^DBHÒK NHDLKÒR^HBD

^`xhbhndn nj Qdrdbjdg`i? ^`xhbhndn njpjknhjkj nj id n`shs. n `shs. Ji rhjsl` sj ghnj njpjknhjkn` nji tjgp` rdksburrhn` jkrj id hkljsd nji cärgdb` y su b`kbjkrdbhòk jk id sdklrj

Hkljsd b`k`bhnd ` s`spjbmdnd, fhihrrufhkd fdod, rdksdghkdsds guy jijvdnds (;:111) b`k INM jijvdnd, cdiid rjkdi dlund y gjnhbhòk nj khvjijs pidsgätb`s nj pdrdbjdg`i.

 

J^H@I@LHD BDZRDR

@VHJK^DBHÒK NHDLKÒR^HBD

Mjpd``xhbhndn Mjpd`` xhbhndn ò NHIH (Nrul Hknubj Ihvjr Hkoury)

Cärgdb` b`ksughn` jk i`s ÿitg`s 3 gjsjs b`k mjpd``xhbhndn prjvhdgjkj b`k`bhnd, pr`nub`s mjrfdrh`s y supijgjk`s kurhbh`kdijs. Jv`iubhòk ljkjrdigjkj sufdlund, b`k ` shk j`shk`ihd (rjdbbhòk nj mhpjrsjkshfhihndn). mhpjrsjkshfhihndn).

•Cjkh`hkd, Dktufjrbui`s`s? Hs`khdzhnd5 Dktjphièptb`s? Dktjphièptb`s? Äbhn` Sdipr`hb`, Bdrfdgdzjphkd • Dktfhòtb`s? Äbhn` Bidvuiäkhb`, Khr`curdk`çkd, B`rhg`xdz`i, B`rhg`xdz `i, Tuhk`i`kds • Dktcÿklhb`s? Ej`b`kdz`i, Hrdb`kdz`i, ^jrfhkdkd. • Dktkdgd`rh`s k` jsjr`hndijs (DHKJs) • Jsdtkds • Dkjsèshb`s? Mdi`dk` • @r`s? Qr`phiturdbhi`, nhsuirdg, jxdshs, b`bdçkd • Tuhgh`jrdphd b`krd ji bäkbjr • Hkguk`jrdphd b`krd ji bäkbjr • Mhjrfds y supijgjk`s nhjdrh`s (MHIH? Mjrfdi dkn nhjdry suppijgjk Hknubjn Ihvjr Hkoury)? k` prjsbrh`s pdrd fdodr nj pjs`, è vjrnj, mhjrfd nj Rdk Oudk, Mjrfdihcj

 

J^H@I@LHD BDZRDR

@VHJK^DBHÒK NHDLKÒR^HBD

Mjpdtts du`hkgukj

Guojr o`vjk ` > d 3± nèbdnd b`k budnr` dlun` ` sufdlun`. Du`dktbujrp`s DKD/DGI/dkt IEG4 p`shtv` (=1%) j mhpjrldgdli`fuihkd mhpjrldgdli`f uihkd L (31%). @rds jkcjrgjndnjs jkcjrgjndnjs du`hkgukjs ds`bhdnds. :% nj MDH njfudk b`g` CMC.

 

J^H@I@LHD BDZRDR

@VHJK^DBHÒK NHDLKÒR^H NHDLKÒR^HBD BD

• Mjpdtts D? ^rdksdghkdsd;41115 vhdojs d z`kds jknèghbds5 fr`js i`bdijs ` cdb`rjs nj rhjsl`. • Mjpdtts F? ^rdksdghkdsds;4111? cdb`rjs nj rhjsl`5 mjpd`pdd bròkhbd b`k`bhnd ` p`rdn`r bròkhb` s`gjtn` d jrdphd hkguk`suprjs`rd p`jkj y rjdbtvdbhòk (jo? quhgh`jrdphd b`k rhuxhgdf) Shrus? • Mjpd`ròp`s? Mjpd`ròp`s? vhrus D, F, N (jk p`rdn`r nj vhrus F) y J. • K` mjpd`ròp`s? Jpsjhk Fdrr (JF), bh`gjldi`vhrus (BGS), mjrpjs Rhgpijx (MRS) 4 y 6, vdrhbjid z`sjr (S_S), mjrpjs 3. • @r`s vhrus? Chjfrj mjg`rrälhbd? Chjfrj dgdrhiid, njkluj

•sòihn` Mjpdtts J? dGuojr rdspidkdn`nj nj`rds òrldk` ` vhdoj z`kd jgfdrdzdnd, jknèghbd. Hknhstkluhfij mjpdtts vhrdijs. R`ihbhdr sjr`i`lçd.Mjrpjs sjr`i`lçd.Mjrpjs shgpij 4 ` 6 ` _`sjr? Budnr` shsèghb` tp` lrhpj, jfrj did, ijsh`kjs mjrpètbds `r`cdrçkljds `r`cdrçkljds ` pèivhbds (21-:1%). Fhihrrufhkd fdod, rdksdghkdsds y INM guy jijvdnd, ijub`pjkhd y r`gf`bh`pjkhd5 r`gf`bh`pj khd5 cdiid rjkdi 3:%, b`dluidbhòk hkrdvdsbuidr nhsjghkdnd (BHN) y cdiid `rläkhbd gÿitpij (C@G). Chjfrj mjg`rrälhbd? budnr` shsèghb` nj tp` lrhpdi, jfrj, gdkhcjsdbh`kjs mjg`rrälhbds y b`gpr`ghs` mjpätb`. Shdojs d z`kds jknèghbds, shk vdbukdbhòk jk bds` nj jfrj dgdrhiid.

 

J^H@I@LHD BDZRDR

@VHJK^DBHÒK NHDLKÒR^HBD

Hknubhn` p`r ji jgfdrdz`? • Mjg`iyshs, jijvdjn ihvjr jkzygj ijvjis, dkn I`w Qidjij ijvjis (MJIIQ) • Mçldn` lrds` dlun` nji jgfdrdz` (MLDJ)

• MJIIQ? Jgfdrdz` 2± rhgjsrj ` p`spdr`. Mhpjrjkshòk drjrhdi, pr`jhkurhd b`k dkjghd mjg`içtbd ghbr`dklh`pätbd, jijvdbhòk rdksdghkdsds y r`gf`bh`pjkhd. Mjgd`gd mjpätb` js ukd b`gpihbdbhòk. Brhjrh`s nhdlkòstb`s? dkjghd ghbr`dklh`pätbd b`k jsquhs`bh`s, pidqujds 9:1.111/gg2, Fhi;4,6gl/ni, INM;311Z/I, rdksdghkdsds;)Hktjktdr k` hkstdidr s`knd kds` jktjrdi jk pdbhjktj b`k JM lrdn` H-HH pdrd jvhtdr vòght`s ` trdugd kdsdi.

•:)Mhpjrdg`kjghd? Idbtui`sd y rhcdxhghkd k` mdk jvhnjkbhdn` fjkjchbh` jk CMC y id idbtui`sd  pujnj pr`nubhr jcjbt`s dnvjrs`s, b`g` nhstjkshòk nj dsds hktjsthkdijs. Jk pdbhjktjs nj jv`iubhòk sufdlund p`nrçdk tjkjr dilÿk fjkjchbh`.

 

Gdkjo` ljkjrdi jk Zkhndn nj Qdbhjktj Brçthb`

(ZQB)

•3)Gdktjkjr 3)Gdktjkjr s`nh` pidsgäthb`? 4>1-4>:gjq/I. •:-4:: gJq/I.

 

CDIID MJQÄ^HBD CZIGHKDK^J n) Gdkjkjr QdB@6 içghj k`rgdi hkcjrh`r j) ^jrdphd ^jrdphd nj rjjgpidz` rjkdi b`ktkud c) Mhp`jrghd g`njrdnd 2:± B? Rj pujnj utihzdr jk ji rddghjk` nj M^J, pjr` shk f fjkjbh` jkjbh` njg`srdn` jk   prjvjkbhòk nj M^J y i`s rhjsl`s s`k, hkcjbbhòk, b`dlui`pdd, drrhghds. B. Mjg`nhkdghd 4. Mhp`v`ijghd? Rj pujnj prjsjkdr jk cdsj jgprdkd p`r fdod hkljsd, vògh`s y vds`nhiddbhòk shsèghbd b`k b`k v`iugjk pidsgätb` jcjbtv` rjnubhn`. Cjk`tp` shghidr d id sjpshs y bhrr`shs b`k sçknr`gj mjpd`rjkdi mjp d`rjkdi (rjshsjkbhds vdsbuidrjs shsèghbds fdods y lds` bdrnçdb` k`rgdi ` dugjkdn`). 6. Nr`lds vds`dbtvds? jk bds` nj pjrshstr id mhp`jkshòk drjrhdi iujl` iuj l` nj ukd dnjbudnd b`rrjbbhòk nj v`iugjk? •Hksdidr bdèjr vjk`s` bjkrdi (BSB). •Hkhbhdr b`k K`rdnrjkdihkd (KD) y jk bds` nj mhp`jkshòk rjcrdbdrhd rjcrdbdrhd b`kshnjrdr jsjr`hnjs p`r p`shfij hksubhjkbhd suprdrjkdi.

 

Hksubhjkbhd Mjpätbd Bròkhbd Rçknr`gj biçkhb` biçkhb` quj sj `rhlhkd p`r pjrnhnd pr`lrjshvd nj ids cukbh`kjs mjpäbds. B`ksjbujkbhd nj     h    s g`nhbdbh`kjs jstrubturdijss jk ji jstrubturdij    `    r pr`bjs` nj    b    j rjljkjr rjljkjrdbhòk dbhòk mjpäbd

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   y    k    `     h    b    d    g    d     

Bdusds?

;Bhrr`shs Mjpäbd ;Bhrr`shs p`stkjbr`bd ;Bhrr`shs p`st vhrdi

    h    s ;Bhrr`shs Fhihdr    `    r ;Bhrr`shs Bdrnhdbd     f     h ;Mjpds Bròkhbd    C ;Mjpdt`pdd Dib`mòihbd ;Jstjdt`mjpds ;Rçknr`gj nj \his`k ;^r`gf`shs nj Sjkd Q`rtd ;Rçknr`gj Funn

-Hksubhjkbhd mjpäbd nj gds nj 6> sjgdkds -Jkbjcdi`pdd Mjpäbd

   k Bròkhbd     ò     h    b    d    b     c     t    k    j     n    H ^dgfhèk sj ij njk`ghkd Jkbjcdi`pdd Q`rt` shstèghbd

   k    H

Bmhdrh

 

Jkbjcdi`pdtçd Mjpäthbd Bròkhbd

Njljkjrdbhòk Mjpdt`bjrjfrdi Dnquhrhnd

Rçknr`gj kjur`pshquhdtrhb` bdrdbtjrhzdn` p`r ditjrdbh`kjs cukbh`kdijs nji shstjgd kjrvh`s` quj pujnjk sjr rjvjrshfijs. Rj rjjrj d uk sçknr`gj nj nhscukbhòk bjrjfrdi quj dcjbtd ji jstdn` gjktdi y cukbhòk b`lkhvd -Jv`iubh`kdk b`k id Hksubhjkbhd Mjpäbd -Dlun` y Vjvjrshfij ` Bròkhbd y Qr`lrjshvd -Rj ds`bhd d dcjbbh`kjs gjtdfòihbds ` t`xhbhndn nj sustdkbhds njrhvdnds nji Mhldn` Chsh`pdt`i`lçd

Ids kjur`tòxhbds njrhvdnds nji hktjsk` quj ji mçldn` k` jihghkd d bdusd nji ndô` vdsbuidr y id nhsghkubhòk nj id gdsd mjpäbd iijldk di bjrjfr` y bdusdk i`s sçkt`gds nj id jkbjcdi`pdd mjpäbd, dsç b`g` b`kbjktrdbh`kjs nj dg`khdb`.

 

Bidshchbdbhòk nj Jkbjcdi`pdtçd J^DQD

JR^DN@ GJK^DI

DI^JVDBH@KJR G@^@VDR

Rufbihkhbd

Jxdgjk k`rgdi, njtjrh`r` jk ji njsjgpjô` nj su trdfdo`

Njtjrh`r` jk id jojbubhòk nj prujfds pshb`g`t`rds ` nj nhfuo` nj lurds ` rjidbhòk nj kÿgjr`s

Lrdn` H

B`kcushòk ijvj, dpdd, dlhtdbhòk, dkshjndn, juc`rhd, hkquhjtun,

^jgfi`r k`, b``rnhkdbhòk ijktd, dstjrhxhs

Mjpäthbd

ditjrdbhòk nji sujô` Lrdn` HH

R`gk`ijkbhd, ijtdrl`, njs`rhjktdbhòk, b`knubtd hkdnjbudnd

Dstjrhxhs, nhsdrtrhd, rjjo`s prhghv`s (subbhòk)

Lrdn` HHH

Gdy`r s`gk`ijkbhd, b`kcushòk k`tdfij, ijkludoj hkb`gprjkshfij

Mhpjrrjjxhd, fdfhkseh, gh`bi`kus, mhpjrvjkidbhòk

Lrdn` HS

B`gd

Q`sturd nj njsbjrjfrdbhòk, rjspujstd d jsgui`s n`i`r`s`s di hkhbh`, pujnj pr`lrjsdr d dbhnjz y dusjkbhd nj rjspujstd d jsgui`s

 

Bidshchbdbhòk sjlÿk su C`rgd Bihkhbd • Jkbjcdi`pdd mjpäbd dlund lrdvj? sj prjsjktd jk uk pdbhjktj b`k mjpdt`pdd bròkhbd b`g` prhgjrd gdkhcjstdbhòk nj hksubhjkbhd mjpäbd. • Jkbjcdi`pdd mjpäbd dlund jk ukd jkbjcdi`pdd mjpäbd bròkhbd? p`r i` ljkjrdi sj prjsjktd prjsjkt d jk bhrròb`s bhrròb`s njsb`gpjksdn`s jk quhjkjs hkbhnj dilÿk cdbt`r njsjkbdnjkdktj. R`k jphs`nh`s nj nurdbhòk ihghtdnd y sujijk rjvjrr b`k ji trdtdghjkt` jk uk p`rbjktdoj jijvdn` nj i`s bds`s. • Jkbjcdi`pdd mjpäbd bròkhbd? sj prjsjktd jk bhrròb`s bròkhb`s b`k lrdknjs smukts drtjrh`vjk`s`s p`rt` shstèghb`s jsp`ktdkj`s ` quhrulhb`s. Rujij sjr pr`lrjshvd j hrrjvjrshfij, b`k ubtudbh`kjs jk sus sçkt`gds, dlrdvdn`s dlrdvdn`s p`r ids trdkslrjsh`kjs jk id nhjtd, ids mjg`rrdlhds nhljsvds, ji hkbugpihghjkt` nj id gjnhbdbhòk, pjrh`n`s nj jstrjôhghjkt`s, jktrj `tr`s.

• Jkbjcdi`pdd mjpäbd sufbiçkhbd ` idtjktj? sj njkj p`r ditjrdbh`kjs ditjrdbh`kjs jk i`s tjst pshb`gètrhb`s, ji JJL, ` prujfds kjur`sh`iòlhbds, shk quj jxhstdk sçkt`gds biçkhb`s dpdrjktjs.

 

Nhcjrjkbhdbhò k

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Jkbjcdi`pdd

Hksubhjkbhd Mjpäbd Dlund Rÿfhtd y pr`lrjshvd

Hksubhjkbhd Mjpäbd Bròkhbd Lrdnudi y Ciubtudktj

Jnjgd Bjrjfrdi

Rh

K`

Jkcjrgjndn Mjpäbd

Dlund

Bròkhbd

Rmukt Q`rt` shstèghb`

K`

Rh

Cdiid Gui`rldkhbd

B`gÿk

Hkusudi

Jvjkt` Qrjbhphtdktj

K`

B`gÿk

^rdtdghjkt`

Hktjkshv`

Nj i`s Cdbt`rjs prjbhphtdktjs

Qr`k`sb`

Gdi`

Fujk`

 

^VD^DGHJK^@ Qidk nj dtjkbhòk nj 46 pukt`s pdrd pdbhjktjs b`k hksuchbhjkbhd mjpäthbd dlund

4. Jsdfijbjr ji nhdlkòstb` y jvdiudr ji pr`kòstb`. 6. B`kshnjrdr ji rdspidkj rdspidkj mjpätb`5 hkbiuhr di pdbhjkj jk jk id ihsd nj jspjrd sh ji pr`kòstb` js gdi`. 2. Hksdurdr ukd g`kh`rhzdbhòk g`kh`rhzdbhòk dnjbudnd, jspjbhdigjkj jspjbhdigjkj mjg`nhkäghbd y kjur`iòlhbd. >. Shlhidr rjluidrgjkj rjluidrgjkj id b`dluidbhòk. K` sj db`ksjod id rjbupjr rjbupjrdbhòk dbhòk pr`iäbtbd nj i`s cdb`rjs nj b`dluidbhòk d k` sjr quj sj jsè pidkhbdkn` uk pr`bjnhghjk` hkvdshv`. Mdy quj rddr id mjg`rrdlhd b`k cdb`rjs nj b`dluidbhòk y pidqujds budkn` rjsuij dpr`phdn`. :. Dpihbdr vjktidbhòk gjbäkhbd di pdbhjkj budkn` sj njsdrr`iij jkbjcdi`pdd nj lrdn` 2.

 

^VD^DGHJK^@ Qidk nj dtjkbhòk nj 46 pukt`s pdrd pdbhjktjs b`k hksuchbhjkbhd mjpäthbd dlund

3. Rj njfj gdkjkjr id prjshòk nj pjrcushòk bjrjfrdi ; :: ggMly id prjshòk hkrdbrdkjdi 9 6: ggMl. Ji rddghjk` nj prhgjrd içkjd pdrd ji jnjgd bjrjfrdi js gdkh`i ` sujr` sdihk` mhpjròkhb`5 ids `pbh`kjs nj sjluknd içkjd hkbiuyjk fdrfhÿrhb`s, sujr` sdihk` mhpjròkhb`, mhpjròkhb`, hkn`gjdbhkd, mhpjrvjktidbhòk j mhp`jrghd. m5 nj i` b`krdrh`, b`krdrh`, b`gjkzdr b`k kurhbhòk pdrjkjrdi5 b`kshnjrdr id p`shfhihndn nj pdkbrjdtts