innovacion ABC

July 23, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Bstg anrg bstç ngoa uig K`hbih`g Hrbgt`vb Hammais Gtr`nuh`øi-I Gtr`nuh`øi-IaHambrh`gk-Hampgrt`r aHambrh`gk-Hampgrt`r @cugk 5.6 @itbrighàigk.

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k`nra bs rbsuktgea rbsuktgeaQQebk praybhta eb ìvbst`cg h`øi Høe`ca X@CV 70573 ebiamìgea E`vukcgh`øi eb Nubigs Vrçht`hgs eb @ivbst`cgh`øi Gpk`hgeg Gpk`hgeg,, ebsgrrakkgegs bi bk mgrha ebk Vra ybhta Darmg t`va. Dìgih`gea par bk XBIG y bobhutgea par bk crupa eb ìvbst`cgh`øi Cbst`øi eb kg @iiavgh`øi Ubhiakøc`ha77 Høe`ca Hakh`bih`gs y bk -Ebsgrrakka Ubhiakøc`ha77 HAK67765. > .666 bobmpkgrbs.

© Xbrv`hà Ighàigk

eb

Gprbie`zgob

XBIG >674

³ © Olai Drbe y Bshangr Xata, >674

Xbrv`hà Ighàigk eb Gprbie`zgob XBIG ^bcàigk Gitàqu`g, Hbitra çb Hambrhà Hambrhà,, Hgkkb 27 I¿ 2336, tarrb sur, p`sa 3. 3. Mbebkkíi , Ha kamn`g 035

70

78

>7

2

84

Kg

`mpartgih`g

eb

ìiavgr

ibhbsège eb-ìiavgr Kas pr`mbras hgmnàs Urgisdarmghàibs qub mae`d`hgi bk muiea Kg ìiavgh`øi Kg ìiavgh`øi ebseb bk Mgiugk eb Aska Kg ìiavgh`øi ebseb kg hatè`giège Kg ìiav¡¡ h`øi ebnb s~r pkgibgeg Bk r`bsca eb ìiavgr @ebgs hkgvb Kg

75

>8 >4 >4 >3 >3 >0

Vçc

Vrbsbitgh`øi

Hgp.

Gkìbgiea kg bmprbsg g kg ìiavgh`øi ìiavgh`øi y s²s t`pakací t`pakacígs gs @iiavgh`øi ìhrbmbitgk @iiavgh`øi grqu`tbhtøi`hg ~iavgh`øi maeukgr @iiavgh`øi rge`hgk Lgh`g eøieb bidahgr kg ìiavgh`øi .b i kg bmprbsg Kg

>7

>77 >7> >.7 8 >75

>.>

Hgp.

8

87

Kg Kg

cbst`øi eb kg ìiavgh`øi

bstrgtbc`g eb ìiavgh`øi bs

X` kg ìiavgh`øi `mpartgitb pgrg kg bmprbsg, eícgka Høma prbsbitgr kg ìiavgh`øi g kas bqu`pas eb hakgnargh`øi Ham`tàà q ub gpaygrç bk prahbsa eb ìiavgh`øi Ham`t Duihàibs ebk ham`tà eb ìiavgh`øi âkbs eb ui hamdtà eb ìiavgh`øi Bxpbhtgt`vgs eb .hrbh`m`bita praeuhta eb kg ìiavgh`øi Vrbsupubsta eb ìiavgh`øi @ebit`d`hgr y ebdì`r màtr`hgs eb ìiavgh`øi

8< 57

8.> 8>7

5> 55 54 53 50 28

8.8

23

- H g p. 5- Bitbie`biea b k haihbpta eb hukturg . eb kg ìiavgh`øi bi kgs arcgi`zghàibs

8.8 7 8.8.>

8.5 8.2 8.4 8. 4.

Vçc

46

46 46

5.7 5.7.7 5.7.>

Bkbmbitas qub hampaibi uig hukturg ìiavgearg ìiavgearg

Tgkarbs Hampartgrr²bitas

Vçc

47 47 47 47

5.7.8 5.7.5 5.7.2 5.7.4

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Gigk`zgr Gigk `zgr gktbrigt`vgs pgrg kg prbsbitgh`øi eb rbtas K`biza Cbibrgh`øi Cbibr gh`øi eb sakuhàib sakuh àibss ìiavgeargs ìiavgeargs Lbrrgm`bitg k T`c`kgih`g tbhiakøc`hg Lbrrgm`bitg >. XHGMVB^ ^bc`stra eb èbgs Ebdì`biea bk maebka eb ibcahà g pgrt`r eb kg èbg ³ eb ìiavgh`øi Lbrrgm`bitg k`biza pgrg maebkas eb ibcah à Ebsgrrakka Ebsgr rakka eb haihbptas pratat`pas

2.>.8 2.>.5 28

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ìiavgh`øi   pgsa g pgsa ìiavgh`øi

@ebit`d`hgh`øi ebk rbta eb ìiavgh`øi @ebit`d`hgh`øi Lbrrgm`bitg k Mgpg eb bmpgtíg Lbrrgm`bitg >. Mgpg eb v`gob ebk hk`bitb hustambr oauriby mgppìc ³ Lbrrgm`bitg 8. K`biza eb tbiebih`gs ebk haisumèar Bk rbta b ìiavgh`øi Darmukgh`øi eb 7 m rbta Egr hkgrège gk rbta

2>

Ugkkbr 78

35

Ugkkbr 75. Ugkkbr 72.

2

³

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7. Ugkkbr >>. Ugkkbr >8.

Ght`vège mgpg eb bmpgtíg Ght`vège Mgpg v`gob ebk hk`bitb Ebsgrrakka ebk k`bmø eb tbiebih`gs Darmukgh`øi ebk rbta Vkgi`d`hgr kg v`c`kgih`g tbhiakøc`hg Nÿsqubeg Nÿsqub eg y hgptgh`øi Giçk`s`s eb kg ìdarmgh`øi Gpk`hgh`øi eb Xhgmpbr ^bc`stra eb èbgs Vbrd`kgiea kg sakuh`øi g pgrt`r eb kg èbg Haistruhh`øi ebk maebka eb ibcahàs

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Ugkkbr >5.

Ebsgrrakka eb haihbpta y pratat`pas.

33 2 >4

D`curg 7-7 D`curg >-7

pgísbs bitrb bitr b 7258 y > 677. Hgmnà bi kg bxpbhtgt`vg eb vèg pgrg hugtra pgísbs rbkgh`øi øi U`pakacíg eb ìiavgh`øi sbcÿi kas hampaibitbs eb kg iavbege y su rbkgh` @iiavgh`øi grqu`tbhtøi`hg? iubvas e`sb÷as m`smas mgtbr`gkbs.

>3

D`curg>-> D`curg >>-8

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D`curg >-5

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. D`curg >-2

83

D`curg 8-7 D`curg8->

Vrahbsas ebitra eb kg rutg b ~ cbst`øi eb kg ìiavgh`øi. Kg bstrgtbc`g eb ìiavgh`øi. U`bmpa trgishurrèa bitrb ìvbih`øi b ìiavgh`øi eb gkcuias pr0 ùhtas. Gkcuias bobmpkas ebQmbisgobs qub `mpuksgi kg ìiavgh`øi bi kgs bmprbsgs.

53

D`curg 8-8 D`curg 8-5 D`cutg 8 2 D`curg 8-ø

5<

D`curg 88-3

20 37

D`curg 5-7 D`curg 2-7 D`curg 2->

34

D`curg 2-8

3<

D`curg2-5 D`curg 2 2

Bobmpkas eb e`rbhhàigm`bita lgh`g kg ìiavgh`øi kèbrgea par tg cbrbih`g Bobmpka eb praybhhàibs ebk hrbh`m`bita arcçi`ha y ebk hrbh`m`bita hai bk ímpghta bspbrgea par kg ìiavgh`øi. Bobmpka eb praybhhàibs hai ìiavgh`øi sbcÿi kgs e`stìtgs bstrgtbc`gs prapubstgs. Bk ìe`vèua hama s`stbmg prahbsgear eb ìdarmgh`øi. ûtg eb `mpkbmbitgh`øi eb ÿi partgdakà eb ìiavgh`øi bmpgk`g.. Mgpg eb bmpgk`g ^bc`stra ebk v`gob ebk hk`bitb. K`biza tbiebih`gs ebk haisumèar haisumèar.. rbtas.. K`biza eb rbtas

D`curg 2-4 D`curg 2-3 D`curg2.?g D`curg 2-0 D`curg 2-76

H`hka eb víc`kgiHÍg tb,:iakøc`hg. Dghtarbs hrít`has eb -v`c`kgih`g mçs hamuibs. K`biza prapubstg eb vgkar. K`biza pgrg maebkas eb ibcahà. Hgrghtbríst`hgs pgrg bk e`sb÷a eb sakuhàibs ìiavgeargs.

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Ugnkg >³ >³ >

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Ugnkg >³ 8

87

Ugnkg >-5

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Ugnkg >³ >³2

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Ugnkg

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Ugnkg 8->

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Ugnkg 8³8

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Ugnkg 8-5

52

Ugnkg8--2 Ugnkg8

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Ugnkg8--4 Ugnkg8

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Ugnkg 8-3

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Ugnkg8••< Ugnkg8

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Ugnkg 8-0

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Ugnkg 8-76

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Ugnkg 8³77

28

Ugnkg 8³7>

22

Ugnkg 8-78

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Ugnkg 5³7

46

Ugnkg 5->

4>

Ugnkg5³8

36

Ugnkg 2-7

37

Ugnkg 2->

30

Ugnkg 2-8

Ugnkg 2-74

76>

Ugnkg 2³ 2³7 3

U`pakacíg eb ìiavgh`øi sbcÿi su anobt`va . U`pakacíg eb ìiavgh`øi sbcÿi kg mgci`tue eb kg iavbege. Mgtr`z eb çmn`tas eb gpk`hgh`øi. Mgtr`z eb ebdì`h`øi eb t`pa, pkgza `mpartgih`g y hgpghège eb

kg ìiavgh`øi pgrg kg bmprbsg. ^bsumbi eb kg ebdì`h`øi eb t`pa pl ._A, `mpartgih`g y hgpghège eb kg ìiavgh`øi pgrg kg bmprbsg. Iÿmbra eb rbdbrbih`gs bkb ìiavgh`øi bi bk e`rbhhàigm`bita ghtugk. ^bdarmukgh`øi ebk e`rbhhàigm`bita bmprbsgr`gk hai gpubstg par kg ìiavgh`øi. Bskacgi y ebhkgrgta ebhkgrgtar`g r`g eb ìiavgh`øi . Hìha prbcuitgs y rbspubstgs hkgvb pgrg hrbgr ui ham`tà eb ìiavgh`øi bx`tasa. Duihàibs ebk bqu`pa ìiavgear qaid`curgh`øi eb .k ham`tà eb ìiavgh`øi H6mpartgm`bita eb [gs vbitgs eurgitb kas trbs g÷as gitbràrbs E`str`nuh`øi eb kg rbspaisgn`kège ebk gpartb par ìiavgh`øi. Gkcuias runras qub sapartgi bk prahbsa eb ìiavgh`øi. Vrbsupubs7a eb ìiavgh`øi G÷a 7 Q. praybhtgea Vrbsupubsta eb ìiavgh`øi G÷a 7 Q Q praybhtgea par hr`tbrà. bitrgeg   prahbsa y sgkèg pgrg kg ìiavgh`øi. Bobmpkas eb màtr`hgs eb bitrgeg @ebit`d`hgh`øi eb màtr`hgs eàk prahbsa eb ìiavgh`øi. Ebdì`hàibs eb hukturg arcgi`zghàigk. Ght`vègebs pgrg ebdì`r kg hukturg arcgi`zghàigk. Ght`vègebs pgrg kg haisakègh`øi eb uig hukturg eb kg ìiavgh`øi @ebit`d`hgh`øi eb rbtas³g pgrt`r eb sakuhàibs Vrbcuitgs ar`bitgeargs pgrg bk mgpg eb bmph tíg Ibhbegebs ebseb kg ps`hakacíg ebk sbr. Bobmpka rbtas eb ìiavgh`øi Hakh`bih`gs. @ebgs pgrg bk hgmnà >674 Vrbcuitgs pgrg rbsakvbr gitbs eb ì`h`gr ui prahbsa eb v`c`kgih`g. Vrbcuitgs hkgvb y ebshr`ptarbs . . Bobmpka prbcuitgs hkgvb y ebshr`ptarbs Apbrgearbs y duihàibs pgrg kgs nÿsqubegs bi Caackb. Bobmpka n`tçharg eb nÿsqubeg. N`tçharg eb nÿsqubeg pgrg kg bmprbsg.

D`hlg -eb eahumbita. ^bspubstgs g kgs prbcuitgs eb v`c`kgih`g v`c`kgih`g.. ^gzaibs pgrg bk drghgsa eb Xhgmpbr.

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,,,

Vrbcuitgs ebsgd`gitbs ebsgd`gitbs pgrg pg rg sust`tu sust`tu`r. `r. Vrbcuitgs ebsgd`gitbs pgrg hamnìgr. Vrbcuitgs ebsgd`gitbs pgrg gegptgr. Vrbcuitgs³ ebsgd`gitbs pgrg mae`d`hgr.

NH Vçc

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Ugnkg 2 76

765

Ugnkg 2 >7

Vrbcuitgs ebsgd`gitbs pgrg paibr atras usas. Vrbcuitgs ebsgd`gitbs pgrg bk`mìgr. Vrbcuitgs ebsgd`gitbs pgrg rbarebigr. Darmgta pgrg bk rbc`stra eb èbgs eb ìiavgh`øi.

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77>

Ugnkg 2 >>

77>

Ugnkg 2 >8

778

Ugnkg 2 >5

778

Ugnkg 2 >2

775

Ugnkg 2 >4

775

Ugnkg 2 >3

@ebit`d`hgh`øi ebk tgigk. Mbhgi`smas eb rbkghàigm`bita hai-bk hk`bitb hk`bitb.. Bobmpka eb dubitbs eb ìcrbsa Ebdì`h`øi eb pas`nkbs eb dubitbs eb ìcrbs y bst`mgh`øi eb vgkarbs mbisugkbs. Gkcuias rbhursas hkgvb. ^bhursas hkgvb pgrg kg èbg.

772 772

Ugnkg 2 >< Ugnkg 2 >0³

Bobmpka ght`vègebs hkgvb. Ght`vègebs hkgvb.

774

Ugnkg 2-86 ³ @ebit`d`hgh`øi eb gsah`ghàQ bs hkgvb y ght`vègebs hkgvb. Ugnkg 2 87 Ebdì`h`øi eb kas hastas mbisugkbs ebk maebka eb ibcahà. Ugnkg 2 8> Vràr`zgh`øi eb hgrghtbríst`hgs eb e`sb÷a. Ugnkg 2 88 Bobr`ípà eb ebshr`ph`øi eb kgs hgrghtbríst`hgs ìe`spbisgnkb ìe`spbisgnkbss eb kg sakuh`øi. Ugnkg 2 85 Ebshr`ph`øi eb kgs hgrghtbríst`hgs ìe`spbisgnkbs eb kg sakuh`øi. Ugnkg 2 82 Lbrrgm`bitgs pgrg maebkgr sakuhàibs . Ugnkg 2 84 Bobmpkas eb prataLpas. Ugnkg 2 83 Bobmpkas kbhhàibs gprbieègs. Ugnkg 2 8< Eahumbitgh`øi eb kbhhàibs gprbieègs gprbieègs..

773 770

7>6

7>6 7>> 7>> 7>5 7>5

RUA^BX

OR I DBK@VB ³ LB^^B^ T ^C X

OLAI D^BET BXHAN ^ XAUA

MsH b. b.i Cbst`øi Ubhiakøc`hg, Ri`vbrsège

Vl.E H) bi Gemì`strgh`øi Ri`vbrsège

Vait`d`h`g . Na Nak`vgr`gig, k`vgr`gig, Mbebkkíi. @icbi`bra

eb M` sàibs, Grcbitìg. M sH bi Cbst`øi

ìdarmçt`ha Ri`vbrsège Vait`d`h`g

Ubhiakøc`hg,, Ri`vbrs` Ubhiakøc`hg Ri`vbrs`..ege Vait`d`h`g

Nak`vgr`gig, Mbebkkíi . Kíebr Xbiiavç b

Nak`vgr`gig, M be beb b kkíi . @icbi`bra darbstgk,

7

ìvbst`cgear ebk crupa eb ìvbst`cgh`øi

Cbst`øi eb kg @iiavgh`øi

y bk

Ri`vbrsège Ighà I ghàigk igk eb Hakamn`g, . Mbebkkíi . @ivb @ivbst`cgea st`cgearr y kí ebr ebk crupa

Ebsçrrakka

Ubhiakøc`ha, Hbitra eb Hambrhà, Xbrv`hà

eb ìvbst`cgh`øi Cbst`øi eb kg @iiavgh`øi

Ighàiçk eb Gprbie`zgob X BIG).

y bk Ebsgrrakka Ubhiakøc`ha, Hbitra

ougidbk`pblbrrbrgFcmg`k ougidbk`pblbrrbrgFcm g`k ham

eb Hambrhà, Xbrv`h à Ighàigk eb Gprbie`zgob XB IG).

odbshan kFcmg`k ham odbshangrFsbig beu beu ha

@IET N@N@ I NBEAT NAUBÂ [

K@ I M ^Í

ìeustr`gk, Ri`vbrsège Vait`d`h`g

@X _ CRU@À^^B_ ³

Nak`vgr`gig, Mbebkkíi. @ivbst`cge @ivbst`cgea a rg ebk

Bhaiam`stg-Ri`vbrsège Bhaiam`stg -Ri`vbrsège,, Haapbrgt`vg

crupa eb ìvbst`c ìvbst`cgh gh `øi C~st`øi eb kg

eb Hakamn`g, M beb kkíi . Bspbh`gk`stg

@iiavgh`øi y bk Ebsgrrakka Ubhiakøc`ha,

bi M brhgeba -B shakmb, Mbebkkíi,

Hbitra eb ³Hambrhà, Xbrv`h à Ighàigk eb

Iarmgk`zgearg eb Hampbtbih`gs

Gprbie`zgob XB IG).

Kgnargkbs. Hbitra eb Hambrhà, Xb rv`hà

M sH bi Cbst`øi Ubhiakøc`hg, Ri`vbrsège Vait`d`hZg Nak`vgr`gig Nak`vgr`gig,, Mbebkkíi. Oicbi`brg

ìeyn`n`gigFcmg`k ham

Ighàigk eb Gp rQ ie`zgob XB IG).

k`sgzgFsbig k` sgzgFsbig beu ha

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ìiavgh`øi

bs ³ui k`nra qub ì-

tbcrg uig prapubstg haihbptugk y mbtaeakøc`hg mbe`gitb >5 tçkkbrbs ar`bitgearbs, . pgrg `mpkbmbitgr ui s`stbmg eb ìiavgh`øi bi ³bmprbsgs bmprbsgs   a ìst`tuhàibs. Bstç e`r`cèa g pbrsaigs qub t`bibi ui

Kubca eb ebdì`r kg bstrgtbc`g eb ìiavgh`øi y rbhaiahbr kas anobt`vas qub nushg kg bmprbsg gk ìiavgr, bs ibhbsgrà ìtbcrgr ui pkgi eb hukturg y gkcuigs ³rutìgs rutìgs qub pbrm`tgi g kg arcgi`zgh`øi ìiavgr eb mg ibrg igturgk. Bsta sb ebsgrrakkg bi bk hgpí-

pr`mbr ghbrhgm`bita g kas prahbsas eb tuka hugtra.kg bmprbsg a ìst`tuh`øi t`bibi ìiavgh`øi, y ebsbgi ebsgrrakkgr a ghamHugiea pg÷gr kg `mpkbmbitgh`øi eb ui s`stbmg eb hkgrg su gkìbgh`øi y lg ebdìèa uig bstrgìiavgh`øi bi su arcgi`zgh`øi. Var bstg rgtbc`g, bs duiegmbitgk duiegmbitgk³³vakvbrkg apbrgt`vg, bs zøi sb lg bshr`ta hai ui k bicugob s`mpkb par bsa qub bi bk h gpítuk gpítuka a hìha sb ebsgrray hai bobmpkas hatè`gias qub pbrm`tbi kg kQg ui pgsa g pgsa qub pbrm`tb haihrbtgr ka hamprbis`øi eb kas e`dbrbitbs tbmgs qub . . pkgibgea, ebseb kg èbg lgstg bk pratat`pa. sb gnaregi. Vgrg kbbr bstg anrg y tbibr àx`ta bi kg Bstb k`nra nushg haivbrt`rsb bi uig `mpkbmbitgh`øi ebk prahbsa eb ìiavgh`øi lbrrgm`bitg y par bsta, ebseb bk bqu`pa sb rbham`bieg sbcu`r hgeg pgsa y ebsg- XBIIATG ebk Hbitra eb Hambrhà sb lgi rrakkgr t0eas kas tgkkbrbs gqßí sucbrèas, yg ebsgrrakkgea y gprap`gea lbrrgm`bitgs ge`qub kg ` iiavgh`øi ia ebnb qubegrsb saka bi haihbptas, sìa qub t`bibi qub sbr gpk`~ hgeas bi kg prçht`hg. Vgrg paebr `mpkbmbitgr bk s`stbmg eb ìiavgh`øi bi kg bmprbsg, lbmas ebQ ebQìèa uig bstruhturg eb hìha hgpítukas gsí?

Bk pr`mbr hgpítuka prbsbitg kgs rgzaibs par

kgs hug kbs kg ìiavgh`øi bs `mpartgitb y nrìeg kgs ngsbs pgrg kg hamprbis`øi eb kg ìiavgh`øi hama ui haihbpta bhaiøm`ha y eb ebsgr~akka tbrr`tar`gk y ³

bmprbsgr`gk. Bk sbcuiea hgpítuka gnare, gnare,g kgs e`dbrbitbs darmgs qub sb pubebi bstue`gr eb kg ìiavgh`øi y høma gkQibgrkgs sbcÿi kgs pràrègebs eb kg bmprbsg y kgs mbtgs qub bstg ebsbg antbib~. Bk tbrhbr hgpítuka pbrm`tb hamprbiebr kg ìiavgh`øi hama ui haiouita eb ght` ght`-vègebs qub ebnbi sb~ pkgibgegs bs trgtàc`hgmbitb: ebseb bk hampram`sa e`rbht`va y kg haidarmgh`øi ebk ham`tà eb ìiavgh`øi, lgstg bk bstgnkbh`m`bita eb mbtgs hkgrgs.

hàigkbs qub bstçi e`spai`nkbs tue eb kas ìtbrbsgeas? 7

>

sak`h`-

Lbrrgm`bitg eb v`c`kgih`g tbhiakøc`hg? @istrumbita ebsgrrakkgea bmpkbgiea mghras eb Bxhbk qub pbrm`tb s`stbmgt`zgr bk prah prah³³bsa bsa eb rbhakbhh`øi eb dg ìdar ìdar-mgh`øi eb kg v`c`kgih`g, s`mpk`d`hçieaka. s`mpk`d`hçieaka . Lbrrgm`bitg eb cbst`øi ebk haiah`m`bita? @istrumbita bi Bxhbk qub nushg èbit`d`hgr kas haiah`m`bitas hkgvb eb kg arcgi`zgh`øi y ebdì`r ghhàibs

nçs`hgs eb eb c~st`øi ebk haiah`m`bita pgrg kubca dartgkbhbr kas prahbsas eb ìiavgh`øi . 8. Lbrrgm Lbrrgm`bitg `bitg eb èbgh`øi y cb~t`øi eb kg ìiavgh`øi? ³ sadtwgrb eb~grrakkgea par XBIIATG g kg mbeèg ebk k`nra, nushg s`stbmgt`zgr taea bk hgpítuka quìta quìta.. ^bqu`brb `mpkbmbitgh`øi bi ³sbrvèar. ebnb bshr`n`r gk harrba ? Vgrg sak`h`tgrka Qebnb olbrrbrgvFsbig.beu.ha a odbshak)grFsbig . beu.ha qu`bibs kb nrìegrçi ui víihuka pgrg ebshgrcgrkgs b `mpkbmbitgrkgs.

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OLAI D^BEP BXHAN ^ 8

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Kas pr`mbras hgmnàs

Eurgitb bk . pbràea ebiamìgea Vr`mbrg ^bvakuh`øi @ieustr`gk, ì`h`geg bi Burapg

bhaiamíg bi iìcÿi mambita ebk pgsgea Z>] D`curg 7-7 : hai bkka luna uig mae`d`-

bitrb 7346 y 767>) (>67>),, Duturbkbgri (>67>) y mu h lgs atrgs, qub pbrm`tbi ghhbebr gk haiah hai ah``m`bita sì ibhbsège eb pgsgr par p racr gmgs ghgeàm`has darmgkbs eb kgrcg eurrgh ` øi y gkta hasta. Xbcÿi Jrgoh`j Z8], eu bi bk k`nra eb Hgmnrècb sanrb kg h`bih`g ebk gprbie`zgob, ghtugkmbitb g kas bstu bstu  e` gitbs kas gnurrb bk prahbsa eb kg be beu u hgh`øi: pg rg uig mìaríg, kg beuhgh`øi rbprbsbitg ui rbta y uig mat`vgh`øi pgrg ³ a ntbibr nubias rbsu ktgeas. X` X` i bmngrca, kas ìvbst`cgearbs sb lgi egea hubitg eb q ub kas bstue`gitbs qub ia sb bihubitrgi bicgihlgeas hai su prahbsa eb gprbie` zg o b t ` bibi gktgs prangn`kègebs eb qub su rbi bie e `m`bita sbg muhla mbiar Z5]: ìhkusa, kas bstue `gitbs hai nubigs iatgs tgmn`ài t` biebi g hgbr hgb r bi bstgeas eb ebsmat ebsmat``vg h ` øi Z2 Z2]] . Ka gitbràr lghb bvèbitb qub bk bk prankkbmg ia bs eb kas bstue ` gitbs pran gitbs:: bk pra nk bmg bs , bi rbgkège rbgkège,, qub bi kas prahbsas

lgh`biea usa eb kgs iubvgs tbhiakacígs, tbhiakacígs , sb lg kacrgea `mpu ksgr kg ìiavgh ìiavgh`` øi bi bk çrbg eb kg beuhgh`øi g trgvàs eb k gs pkgtg darmgs mbihàigegs. Bstgs e`d`hu ktgqbs lgi lbhla qub surogi iubvas maebkas beuhgt`vøs: bitr[1 bstas bstç Q k eb kg Ri`vbrsège eb kg Xìcukgrège (>660) (Xìcukg r` ty Ri`vbrs`ty7 , ngsgea bi rbtas pgrg k g sah` sah `bege y kgs bmprbsgs, y huyg pgrt`hu kgrège rge`hg bi qub sus ght` vègebs, gebmçs eb ui prahbsa ghgeàm`ha darmgk,, .ìhkuybi hlgrkgs mat`vghài darmgk mat`vghà igkbs b ìtbrghh itbrghh``øi e`rbhtg hai bmprbsgràs y d ìgi h`gearbs eb bmprbie`m bmprbie`m``bitas bitas,, ka hu gk bst` mukg g kas bstue`gitbs pg r g kg nÿsqubeg, ebseb kg m`rgeg anobt` anobt `vg eb kgs h`bih`gs, eb sakuhàibs haihrbtgs pgrg bk dutura , kgea , .bi bk çmn`ta sah`g k tgm Var atra kgea, n`ài sb prbsbitgi pb r mgibitbs kkkkgmgeas gk hgmn hgmn`à-y g kg gprap gprap``gh`øi eb tbhiakacígs q ub pbrm`tgi kg sakuh `ø i eb k gs pran prankk b mçt`hgs hatè`gigs eb kgs hamu i` egebs egebs,, 7 lttps ?

su.brc /

2

hama sai .bk ghhbsa gk gcug, gk`mbitgh`øi hai mboarbs haie`hàibs iutr`hàigkbs a

qub sb haihrbtb kg ìiavgh`øi. Rig eb kgs pgrt`hukgrègebs eb kg ìiavgh`øi bs qub sb

eb kgrcg eurgh`øi, s`stbmgs eb trgispartb mgs`va mçs bd`h`bitbs b ìh kuybitbs hama kgs bshgkbrgs bkàhtr`hgs eb kg hamuig 78 eb Mbebkkíi >67>), lbrrgm`bitgs eb ghhbs`n`kège pgrg pankghàibs hai gkcÿi t`pa eb e`shgpghège, bitrb atrgs. Uaea ka gitbràr rbdkbog kg ibhbsège eb

ansbrvg bi bk haitbxta qub sb bstue bstue`` b. X` ansbrvgmas kg ìiavgh`øi ebseb kg m`rgeg eb kg sgt`sdghh`øi eb ibhbsègebs, Mgskaw Z 7 Kg ìiavgh`øi ebseb

7 > K @IIATGH@ØI Bk tàrmìa ìiavgh`øi ghampg÷g, ebseb kg ÿkt`mg eàhgeg, hgs` hugkqu`br prahbsa eb ìvbih`øi, s.brv`hàs iubvas, iubvas maebkas eb ibcahàs a iubvas prahbsas: sì bmngrca, vg mçs gkkç eb bstg ghbph`øi. Kg ìiavgh`øi bs ui haihbpta eb kg bhaiamíg qub surcb g rgíz ebk giçk`s`s ebk ebsgrrakka ³ sah`gk y bhaiøm`ha eb kgs rbcàibs Z4], y par bkka hanrg `mpartgih`g, yg qub ia saka sb mèb hama ui lbhla g`skgea qub ahurrb bi kgs arcgi`zghàibs, sìa hama uia qub `mpghtg bi kg hgkège eb vèg y n`bibstgr eb kgs pbrsaigs Z3]. Var bsta, kg ìiavgh`øi ia bs saka kg hrbgh`øi eb kas ìvbitas, tgmtgm n`ài bs kg ìtraeuhh`øi y bk sastbi`m`bita eb kas m`smas, tbi`biea bi hubitg qub hugiea sb lgnkg eb ìtraeuhh`øi sb rbd`brb gk usa y gk haisuma eb bstgs iavbegebs. Bs ibhbsgrà, par ka tgita, qub bk mbrhgea kacrb gprap`gr kas iubvas ebsgrrakkas pgrg

k

giugk

b Aska

Xb bit`bieb par ìiavgh`øi kg haihbph`øi b `mpkgitgh`øi eb hgmnàs s`ci`d`hgt`vas bi bk praeuhta, bk prahbsa, bk m rjbtìc a kg arcg-

i`zgh`øi eb kg bmprbsg hai bk prapøs`ta eb mboargr kas rb suktgeas suktgeas.. Kas hgmnàs ìiavgearbs sb rbgk`zgi mbe`gitb kg gpk`hgh`øi eb iubvas haiah`m`bitas qub pubebi sbr ebsgrrakkgeas ìtbrigmbitb, bi hakgnargh`øi bxtbri:?` a gequ`rèas mbe`gitb sbrv`hàs eb gsbsargm`bita a par hamprg eb tbhiakacíg Z0].

7 > > Kg ìiavgh ìiavgh`øi `øi ebseb kg hatè`giège Kg hampbtbih`g bitrb kgs bmprbsgs bs hgeg

eíg mçs ìtbisg y sb paeríg ebh`r qub tbibr àx`ta bi kg ghtugkège bs muhla mçs hampk` hampk`-hgea, pbra bk bdbhta qub t`bib kg ìiavgh`øi bi kg sah`bege bs hkgrgmbitb pas`t`va. Kgs hamui`hghàibs g dìgkbs eb .as 06 brgi

4

GNH

hastasgs, kgs kkgmgegs ìtbrighàigkbs sb

B

KG @ IIE TGH@AI

kg mgyaríg eb kgs vbhbs, vbhbs, kg ìiavgh`øi ia

lghígi saka pgrg ka ibhbsgrà, kgs hgrtgs sb ebmargngi sbmgig~ bi kkbcgr, y i` quà ebebh `r eb eb vbr bi t`bmpa rbgk g sbrbs sbrbs qubrèas qubr` eas bi bk bxtrgiobra trgiobra.. Lay ngstg .hai ebshgrcgr gk •cui gs gp k`hghàibs bi bk hbkukgr, haitgr hai ui g haibx`øi g ìtbribt, y kg hamui`hgh`øi sb lghb eb mgibrg ìmbe`gtg. G e`dbrbih`g eb kg ìiavgh`øi tbhiakøc`hg, qub qu b ebnb pasbbr hampaibitbs eb praeuhta y prahbsa (praeuhta. (praeuhta. dìgk y prahbsa pgrg praeuh`rka), pra euh`rka), kg ìiavgh`øi sah`gk bs taea gqu bkka iavbeasa qub lg sèa gprap` gprap `gea par k g sah sah``bege. Bi bstb sbitèa, kg ìiavgeøi ìibhbsgr`g , sa h`gk pgrbhb sbr uig hgtbcaríg ìibhbsgr`g, pu~ s ebseb kg ebdì`h`øi ebdì`h`øi,, eb ar`cbi XhlumXhlum pbt br br``gia b ìsp` ìsp ` rgeg bi kg bshubkg mgrx mgrx`stg, taeg ìiavgh`øi bs sah`g k.

7>8

Kg s

ìiavgh`øi pkgibgeg ebnb

r

Kg ìiavgh`øi praeuhb n`bibstgr: Xì bm ngrca ca,, kacrgrka ia bs igeg dçh`k. Kgs bmprb bmprb-sgs rbqu`brbi eb prahbsas qub hampgrtgi bst r uh uhtt urgs rícègs hai ght`vègebs hrbgt`hrbgt` v y qub ³ bi muhlgs apartuiègebs vgi bi haitrgvíg eb kas prahbsas trge`hàigkbs : eb gkkí qub kg cbst`øi eb kg ìiavgh`øi ha m pgrtg ka mboar eb gmnas muieas? kg arcgi`zgh`øi ar cgi`zgh`øi,, kg pkgibgh`øi y kg ghbptgh`øi eb kg ìtraeuhh itraeuhh``øi eb kg iavbege. iavbege . Rig muy nu big bxpk `hgh`øi kg eg Kbw`s Kblra, eur gitb su pr`mbr g÷a bi 8M 8M,, hugiea ebshr`nb bk b k prahbsa?

cbst`øi y kg ìiavgh`øi ia s`bmprb bihgog ngi hømaegmbitb hømaegmbitb.. Bsa ia bs sarprbiebisarprbiebi tb. Kas cbrbitbs sai pbrsaigs g kgs kgs qub kbs custg bk arebi . Kbs custg qub kgs prbv`sàibs sgkcgi sbcÿi ka pkgibgea. Eb lbhla lbhla,, g mbiuea sb ouzcg g kas cbrbitbs sanrb dg

Kg

hgitège eb arebi qub praeuhbi praeuhbi.. Kg ìia- vgh`øi, par atrg pgrtb pgrtb,, subk subkbb sbr sb r ui prahbsa ebsarebigea. ebsarebigea . Muhlgs vbhbs vbhbs,, qu`zçs

sgkb hama pkgibgea pkgibgea.. Hama rbsuktgea, lgy tbis`øi bitrb kas cbrbitbs y kg ìiavgh`øi (trgeuhh`øi eb kas gutarbs eb Z77] . Kg ìtraeuhh`øi eb iavbegebs ³bs kg ght` ght `-

vège mçs r` r `bscasg qub pubeb gn gna a regr u ig bmprbsg: kg `mpkbmbitgh`øi eb iubvas praprahbsas arcgi`zghàig kbs bk kgizgm`bita eb iubvas praeuhtas, kg kk bcgeg g iubvas mbrhgeas y kg ebdì`h`øi eb iubstrgs bstruhtubstruhtu rgs arcgi`zghàigkbs rbqu`br rbqu`b rbi ia saka eb mat`vgh`øi mat`vgh`ø i b ìvbit`vg, tgmn`ài rbq bqu u `brbi eb ui bstueà huègeasa eb k mbrhgea an obt`va, yg qub s` bstb ia sb v ìvakuhrgea bi gkcuig eb kgs btgpgs eb k ebsgrra ebsgrrakkka prangnkbmbitb ia paerç ghbptgrka y tbrmìgrç s`biea ui muy nub nubi i ìvbita .

7>5

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r`bsca eb ìiavgr

Nàcrgdíg? Ulamgs Q Gkvg Be`sai > g kas eahb g÷as, sì Gkvg akvègr akvè gr su pgs`øi par kas bxpbr`mbitas bxpbr`mbitas,, haisèbrø qub bstgng bi su mgia cgigr eìbra haitgitb y saigitb mgtbr`gk`zgiea gkcuig eb sus nubigs ahurrbih`gs. Xu pr`mbrg ì`h`gt`vg dub vbiebr pbr`øe`has y hluhlbrígs bi bk trbi qub lghíg bk trgybhta eb Vart Lurai g Ebtra`t. Ebtra`t. Lgníg bstgkkgea kg Cubrrg eb Xbhbs`øi y kas v`gobras bstgngi çvèas eb iat`h`gs iat`h`gs.. Be`sai haivbih`ø g kas tbkbcrgd`stgs eb kg kíibg dàrrbg pgrg qub bxpus`brgi bi kas tgnkaibs eb giuihàs eb kgs bstghàibs nrbvbs t`tukgrbs sanrb bk e( sgrrakka eb kg hait`bieg, sì akvègr g÷ge`r gk p`b qub kas ebtgkkbs hampkbtas gpgrbhígi pbr`øe`has. bi kas pbr`øe`has. Bsas pbr`øe`has kas vbieíg bk prapà Be`sai bi bk trbi, y ia lgy lg y qub ebh`r qub sb kas ³qu`tgngi eb kgs mgias. mgias. Gk m`sma t`bmpa

> lttp ?

www..nàcrgd`gsyv` egs .ham / nàcrgd www acrgd``g/ b/

be`sai..ltm be`sai ltm..

hamprgng hamp rgng sì hbsg hbsgrr rbv`st rbv`stgs gs h`bitíd`hgs k`nras y gpgr gpgrgtas gtas y kkbcø .g haivbrt`r bk vgcøi eb bqu`pgobs ebk haivay bi ui iubva kgnargtarà. kgnargtarà. Gprbie`ø g tbkbcrgd`gr y trgs haisbcu`r g ngoa prbhà y eb sbcuieg mgia mgi a uig uig prbisg eb `mpr`m`r hambizø g punk`hgr ui pbr`øe`ha p r su hubitg bk Sbbjky Lbrgke. Lbrgke. Bi kas g÷as s`cu`bitbs, Be`-sai pbrbcrìø

bk dutura, gui bi kgs hampg÷ígs qub lgi ebmastrgea mgyar hgpghège eb ìiavg ìiavg h`øi. Bitrb kas drghgsas mçs `mpartgitbs, y ³qub pgrg muhlas sai ebshaiahèas, sb pubebi mbihàigr?

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Caackb Caackb NR__ (>676), Caackb ³ Sgvb (>660), Caackb Ckgss (>678) y Caackb K`vbky (>66), M`hrasadt Nan ( 7002), Sìe SìeQ Qaws T`stg (>664), Sìeaws K`vb Xpghbs (>663), _uib LE (>660), M`hrasadt Jì (>676). Gppkb   Gppkb Ibwtai (7008), Gppkb ( 7008), Gppkb V`ppì ( 7002), Vawbr Mgh C5 Hunb (>666), kpae L` - D` (>664). Cbibrgk Matar Matar hgrra bkàhtr`ha kkgmgea BT7 (>668) .

par. e`vbrsgs hùegebs ebsbmpb÷giea kg  par. narbs eb tbkbcrgd`stg bi vgr`gs hampg÷ígs y ebe`hgiea su t`bmpa k`nrb g ìvbst`cgr. Bi Nastai haistruyø ui gpgrgta pgrg rbc`strgr • gutamçt`hgmbitb kas vatas y ka adrbh`ø gk Haicrbsa. Kas p0kít`has haisèbQ haisèb Qgrai qub • bk ìvbita brg tgi pbrdbhta qub ia hgníg atrg pas`n`kège qub rbhlgzgrka. Bsb Qm`sma eíg, Be`sai tamø eas ebh`sàibs. Bi pr`mbr kucgr, sb ourø qub ogmçs ìvbitgríg igeg P bi >674 bk mgyar d`gsha tbhiakøc`ha ka pr atgcai`zø Xgmsuic hai bk Cgkàkxy Iatb 3. qub ia dubrg, g;?Obmçs eb iavbeasa, prçh t`ha y rbitgnkb. Bi sbcuiea kucgr, gngiea gngiea Bsta saka s`ci`d`hg qub bk prahbsa eb iø su hgrrbrg eb tbkbcrgd`stg. Ghta sbcuèa ³ ìiavgh`øi bs ui r`bsca, pbra qub bi bk darmø uig sah`bege y sb pusa g trgngogr. trgngogr. mambita bi qub bstg sb hai haiQ Qrbtg, kas nbibd`hàs sb rbdkbogi bi kg sah`bege y bi Kg l`star`g eb Be`sai ebog eas bisb÷gi  zgs? kg pr`mbrg, qub sb ebsprbieb ebk lbhla kg bhaiamíg eb kgs bmprbsgs y kas pgí eb qub eurgitb kas g÷as bi qub e`str`nuyø sbs. Kas drghgsas eb eb.. Caackb, M`hrasadt, pbr`øe`has pbr`øe`ha s bi bk trbi kacrø ui praeuhta Gppkb, Cbibrgk Matarbs y atras saka bv` bv`  ebih`gi qub ka mçs `mpartgitb bs hampb bx`tasa, ghbptgea par kg sah`bege: bs eb t r hai iavbegebs y qub bi bk ìtbita sb h`r, kacrø èbit`d`hgr uig ibhbsège eb kg sah`bege bi bsg àpahg y haibhtgrkg hai cbibrgi iubvgs hgpghègebs pgrg lghbr g uig sakuh`øi tbhiakøc`hg. Var atra kgea, kgs bmprbsgs mçs dubrtbs. kg mçquìg eb vatas dub ui tatgk ebsgh`br Kg `mpartgih`g eb kg ìiavgh`øi sb sa ta, yg qub bk hk`bitb ia haisèbrø ut`k`zgr partg bi kg hgpghège eb ebstru`r v`boas bstgs tbhiakacígs tgi gvgizgegs pgrg kg pgrge`cmgs,, eb cbibrgr iubvas bmpkbas y pgrge`cmgs àpahg y kg rbs`stbih`g gk hgmnà l`za qub sanrb taea, taea , mgyar n`bibstgr y r`qubzg pgrg kg sah`bege. Vbra kg ìiavgh`øi tgmn`ài bk ìvbita dgkkgrg bi su ìtraeuhh`øi, eb ka qub sb ebsprbieb kg sbcuieg bisb÷gizg? gngrhg bshbigràs ibcgt`vas, y ebnèa g kg ìiavgh`øi ia sb haihrbtg s` kg sah`bege qub bs ui bkbmbita duiegmbitgk ebk hgp`tg anobt`va ia kg geaptg, g pbsgr eb trgtgrsb k` sma, prapaib ui haisuma ìsastbi`nkb eb eb uig tbhiakacíg gebhugeg pgrg rbsakvbr n`bibs y sbrv`hàs, sbrv`hàs , ka qub cbibrg mgyarbs ui prankbmg v`cbitb. i`vbkbs eb haitgmìgh`øi, mìbríg `kbcgk, .Xì bmngrca, dgkkgr bi uig prapubstg . ebsbmp ebsbmpkba kba par kg gutamgt`zgh`øi bi kgs bm iavbeasg ia saka kb lg ahurrèa g Be`sai, prbsgs, bxtbrigkègebs ibcgt`vgs qub ia sb tgmn`ài ahurrb haistgitbmbitb bi kgs ì ìhkuybi bi bk vgkar rbgk eb kgs hasgs Z7>]. eustr`gs ghtugkbs, y sbcu`rç ahurr`biea bi

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Ghtugkmbitb lgy iubvas maebkas eb ibcahà qub bstçi ebspkgzgiea v`boas pgrge`cmgs bmprbsgr`gkbs. Bitrb kas pgrge`cmgs gdbhtgeas bstç bk s`stbmg eb gprbie`zgob, crgh`gs g kas hur sas gn`brtas y g e`stgih`g, y g PauUunb Vgrg lgnkgr eb ìiavgh`øi lgy qub lgkgr ab gkca iubva a s`ci`d`hgt`vgmbitb mboargea, y eb. eb. ìtraeuhh`øi çk mbrhgea a eb e`dus`øi eb kg ìiavgh`øi ìiavgh`øi.. X` uig eb stgs eas haie`hàibs ia sb pràsbitg , ia lgy ìiavgh`øi.

0

Kg ìiavgh`øi lg trgíea nbibd`hàs ia saka pgrg kgs bmprbsgs, sìa tgmn`ài

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pgrg kg lumgiège bi hugita g su bx pbhtgt`vg y hgkège vèg. eb Kgs crgiebs bmprbsgs tgmn`ài dgkkgi ³hugiea kgizgi praeuhtas gk mbrhgea: ka `mpartgitb bs cbstàigr bk prahbsa eb ìiavgh`øi. Kg ìiavgh`øi pubeb cbibrgr bxtbrig kègebs ibcgt`vgs qub ebscgstgi kas rbhursas ebk pkgibtg.

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OR I DBK@VB L B

OIIAT H AI

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Bi bk hgpítuka gitbràr sb ghkgrø qub kg ì

>.7 K @IIATGH@ØI T R X U@VAKACÍGX

iavgh`øi bs ui rbsuktgea qub sb haihrbtg hugiea sb kacrg kg gprap`gh`øi bhaiøm`hg y sah`gk par pgrtb eb kas hk`bitbs eb pra pra  euhtas y sbrv`hàs: sb eòa, gs`m`sma, qub prbsbitg ui gkta i`vbk eb r`bsca, pbra qub bs bob duiegmbitgk pgrg bk ebsgrrakka bha iøm`ha y pgrg bk gvgihb eb kgs bmprbsgs y

Kg ìiavgh`øi lg tbièa tgitgs ìtbrprb

tghàibs y tgi e`vbrsgs ebdì`hàibs qub g kg larg eb `mpkbmbitgrkg bi kg bmprbsg

eb kg sah`bege. Bi bstb hgpítuka sb pradui pradui e`zg sanrb bk haihbpta y kgs t`pakacígs eb ìiavgh`øi, y sb prapaib ui bobrh`hà pgrg ebdìQ ebdì Qr kas rbtas eb ìiavgh`øi bi kg bmprb bmprb sg y høma gnaregrkas. Eurgitb g÷as lbmas ansbrvgea qub kas prahbsas eb gsbsaríg y haisuktaríg sb lgi bihaitrgea hai pbrsaigs y bmprbsgs qub t`bibi .èbgs iavbeasgs b ìhkusa, pratat` pas duihàigkbs y bshgkgnkbs, pbra qub ia t`bibi àx`ta gk kkbcgr gk mbrhgea, n`bi sbg parqk,kb kas haisumèarbs ia kas bit`biebi, egea su crgea eb gvgihb tbhiakøc`ha, a s`mpkbmbitb parqub ia ³ pubebi vbr su ut` ut` kège. Bkka bxpk`hg par quà ia taeg iavbege harrbspaieb g uig ìiavgh`øi. Lay kg ibhbsège eb ìiavgr eb muhlgs bmprbsgs supbrg sus hgpghègebs arcgi` zgt`vgs pgrg lghbrka, gsí ka ebmubstrg kg crgi hgitège eb èbgs qub ia kacrgi haihai-³³ hrbtgrsb bi bk mbrhgea. Bsta lg ank`cgea g kgs hampg÷ígs qub prbtbiebi ìiavgr g hamprbiebr, bi pr`mbrg ìstgih`g, qub bx`s..tbi bx`s tbi ngrrbrgs tàhi`hgs, sah`gkbs, gm  n`bitgkbs, bhaiøm`hgs, eb mbrhgea, bitrb atrgs, qub ebnbi sbr èbit`d`hgegs y hai trakgegs mbe`gitb kg pkgi`d`hgh`øi, yg qub bstgs supaibi ui r`bsca, bs ebh`r, ui dgh dgh t r ibcgt`va ghampg÷gea eb kg pas`n`kège eb qub ahurrg a ia ui ghaitbh`m`bita qub . pubeg gdbhtgr kg iarmgkège y bk àx`ta eb ui praybhta. Var ka gitbràr bs ibhbsgrà lgnkgr eb gk` ibgh`øi eb kg ìiavgh`øi, gsah`gea hai kg pkgi`d`hgh`øi y kg cbst`øi eb kgs ght`vègebs qub ebnbi kkbvgrsb g hgna pgrg e`smìu`r bk r`bsca eb ia kacrgr kg gprap`gh`øi qub sb rbqu`brb pgrg haihrbtgr kg ìiavgh`øi.

8

sb lghb ibhbsgrà tbibr hkgrège sanrb su s`ci`d`hgea, hai bk prapøs`ta eb qub bstg

pbrm`tg g kas ìtbcrgitbs eb kg hampg÷íg hampg÷ígQ Q pbrsbcu`r ui anobt`va hamÿi y qub kas bs dubrzas bstài ar`bitgeas lgh`g kg m`smg e`rbhh`øi. Drbitb g kgs e`vbrsgs ebdì`hàibs eb ì iavgh`øi, kg mçs ghbptgeg ìtbrighàigk mbitb bs kg qub pravbb bk giugk eb As a (0], eb kg hugk sb ebsprbiebi e`dbrbitbs t`pakacígs Ugnkg >-7 Ugnkg >- >). Rig ìiavgh`øi bs kg ìtraeuhh`øi (kgi (kgi zgea gk mbrhgea) eb ui iubva: a s`c~ i`d`hgt`vgmbitb mboargea praeuhta (n`bi a sbrv`hà), eb ui prahbsa, eb ui iubva màtaea eb hambrh`gk`zgh`øi a eb ui iubva màtaea arcgi`zgt`va, bi kgs prçht`hgs ìtbrigs eb kg bmprbsg, kg arcgi`zgh`øi ebk kucgr eb trgngoa a kgs rbkghàibs bxtbràrbs .

³

ÌI6TGRAOT

Ugn kg > 7. U`pakacíg eb ìiavgh`øi sbcÿ sbcÿ''i su su anobt`v a

..

Harrbspaieb g kg ìtraeuhh`øi eb ui n`bi a eb ui sbrv`hà iubva a s`ci`d`hgt`vgmbitb mboarg mboargea, ea, bi hugita g sus hgrghtbríst`hgs a bi hugita gk usa gk qub sb ebstìg. @ihkuyb mboargs s`ci`d`hgt` vgs bi kgs bspbh`d`hghàibs tàh''i`hgs hampaibitbs y mgtbr`gkbs, eb kg ìdarmçt tàh ìdarmçt``hg ìtbcrgeg eb kg dgh`k ège eb usa u atrgs hgrghtbríst`hgs duihàigkbs.

í iiavghíøi eb praeuhtas

-³

Bs kg ìtraeuhh`ø ìtraeuhh`øi i eb ui prahbsa eb praeuhh`øi a eb e`str`nuh`øi iubva a

@iiavgh`øi eb prahbsas ' .

@iiavgh`øi eb mbrhgeatbhi`g

s`ci`d`hgt`vgmbitb mboarg mboargea. ea. Bka `mpk`hg hgmnàs s`ci`d`hgt`vas bi kgs tàhi`hgs, kas mgtbr`gkbs y a kas pracrgmgs ìdarmçt`has. ui iubva eb eb Bs kg`d`hgt`vas gpk`hgh`øi hambrh`gk`zgh`øi `mpk`qub hgm nàs s`ci e`sb÷a a ebk màtaea bivgsgea ui praeuhta, suqub pas`hàigm`bita, su eb eb pramah`øi a su hasta . .

'

Oiiavgh`øi arcgi`zghtaigk

..... .......... .

Bs kg ìtraeuhh`øi eb ui iubva màtaea eb arcgi`zgh arcgi`zgh``øi bi kgs prçht`hgs, kg arcgi`zgh``øi ebk kucgr eb trgngoa a kgs rbkghàibs bxtbràrbs eb kg arcgi`zgh`øi . arcgi`zgh Du-,itb? Z0 ]

Kg ìiavgh `øi ia sa ka sb hkgs`d`hg hai Qgsb bi su anobt`va, sìa tgmn`ài ebseb kg mgci ` tue eb kg ³iavbege Z 7>] gsí kg ìiav1h `øi pubeb tbibr hugtra crgea crgeas s eb iavbege Ugn kg > > . Ugnkg > > >. U`pakacíg eb ìiavgh ìiavgh`øi `øi sbcÿi kg mgci`tue eb kg iavbege .

@iiavgh`øi ìhrbmbitgk

Xai kgs mboargs qub sai tàhi`hg, suhbs` vgsbigkgkgsbd`h`bih`g sambtèas taeas kas praeuhtas y kas prahbsas. Kas gumbitas kg praeuht`vège y kg prbh`s`øi bi kas prahbsas kas hgmnàs bi kas praeuhtas pgrg bkbvgr su hgkège a rbeuh`r su hasta a gmpk`g gmpk`grr kg cgmg eb sus pas`nkbs K`sas hgrghtbr`zgi kg eìçm`hg bvakut`vg eb taeg tbhiakacíg. K¡¡ tbhiakacíg ebk praeuhta a prahbsa lg gkhgizgea kg mgeurbz y g mbias eb qub gpgrbzhg uig ìiavgh`øi rge`hgk qub pbrm`tg bk bstgnkbh`m`bita eb uig iubvg trgybhtar`g bk i`vbk eb praeuht`vège sb bstgihgrç y tbiebrçi g ngogr kgs cgigih`gs cgigih`gs..

@iiavgh`øi rge`hgk

Hais`stb bi kg ìtraeuhh`øi eb ui praeuhta a prahbsa vbregebrgmbitb iu bva. igturgkbzg g gutahaitbièg gutaha itbièg eb kgs trgybhtar`gs eb hgmnà ìhrbmbitgk, bs Var kg igturgkbz prçht``hgmbitb `mpas`nkb qub uig ìiavgh`øi rge`hgk rbsuktb eb kas bsdubrzas prçht par mboargr ui g tbhiakacíg bx`stb itb. Bstg bs par ebdì`h`øi, uig rupturg hgpgz eb ì`h`gr ui rumna tbhiakøc`ha iubva.

@iiavgh`øi eb s`stbmgs tbhiakøc`has

Kas s`stbmgs tbhiakøc`has sai haistbkghàibs eb ìiavghàibs ìtbrrbkghàigegs ìtbrrbkghàig egs tàhi`hg y bhaiøm`hgmbitb, gdbhtgiea g vgr`g s rgmgs ebk gpgrgta praeuhd`va. G pgrt`r eb kg pbtraquím`hg, par bobmpka, sb pubebi èbit`d`hgr vgr`g s dgm`k`gs eb tbhiakacígs? kgs d`nrgs sìtàt`hgs qub trgisdarmgi kg ìeustr`g tbxt`k y eb ³kg haidbhh`øi: kas pkçst`has huya mÿkt`pkb `mpghta hama mgtbr`gk bstruht urgk cbibrg taeg uig dgm`k`g eb bqu`pas eb bxtrus`øi, makeba y hartb, trgisdarmg kg ìeustr`g ebk bmpgqub y gn rb ui vgsta ui`vbrsa eb ìia vghà ib s bi praeuhtas ebsbhlgnkbs y gsí suhbs` vgmbitb . Rig vbz bstgnkbhèg kg køc`hg ebk s`s tbmg bs pas`nkb prbebh` prbebh`rr uig suhbs`øi hrbh `b itb eb iubvas praeuhtas y prahbsas hgeg uia eb kas hugkbs v`sta ìe` vèug kmbitb ìe`v gpgrbhb hama uig ìiavgh`øi rge`hgk, pbra ebitra ebk haiouita ebk s`stbmg pubeb haisèbrgrsb hama ui hgmnà ìhrbmbitgk.

5

NH

EB

K

@IIAT

@AI

/ ?[

bd

sai bi rbgkège uig haistbkgh`øi eb s`stbmgs tbhiakøc`has hai uig eìçm`hg hamÿi. Xu e`dus`øi g ka kgrca y gihla ebk s`stbmg praeuht` praeuht `va tbrmìg par bickangr kg hgs` tatgkège eb kg bhaiamíg .... Bstgs rbvakuhàibs haieuhbi g praduieas hgmnàs bstruhturgkbs y bstçi g kg rgíz eb hgeg crgi gucb eb kg bhaiamíg muie`gk. Kg ^bvakuh`øi @ieustr`gk bi @ickgtbrrg kg brg ebk dbrrahgrr`k - g mbe`geas ebk s`ck s`c ka pgsgeapgsgea- kg bkbhtr bkbhtr``hège y bk ghbra Nbssbmbr ìtbrig kg kíibg eb bisgmnkgob bi kg Nbkkb Àpaqub bk matar eb hamnust`øi ìtbrig y kg pbtraquím`hg bi bk rbh`bitb aam eb pascubrrg sa ³i taeas bobmpkas eb bstb t `pa eb rbvakuhàibs eb `mpghta cbibrgk`zgea hgpghbs eb trgisdarmgr kas maeas eb praeuh`r y v`v`r y kg cbacrgdíg bhaiøm`hg muie`gk muie`gk.. Bstgs

iiavghtøi eb rbvakuhàibs tbhiakøc`hgs

Dubitb? Z 75}

Kg

ìia vg h `ø i

sbcÿi k as

hampaibitbs eb

kg

iavbege

y kg darmg

igi pubeb hkgs `d `d`` hgrsb ebitra eb uia eb kas hugtra t`pas prapubstas? Z75]

³Ghtt``

³- --

@B\

TABT

H6Md6t-kBI7k?

u

D`curg > 7.

Q³

Q

U`pakacíg eb ìiavgh`øi sbcÿi kas hampaibitbs eb kg iavbege y su rbkgh`øi Dubitb? Z74}

-

sb rbkghà D`curg > 7) Z74].

hama bstas

2

³

³³

³³³³

³

.

> 7 7 @iia @iiavgh` vgh`øi øi ìhrbmbitgk

> 7 > @iiavgh`øi grqu`tbhtøi`hg

s ui t`pa eb ìiavgh`øi qub hais`stb bi

Bs gqubkkg bi kg qub kas hampaibitbs sai kas trge`h trge`hàigkbs àigkbs pbra kg darmg bi kg qub sb ³rbkghàigi bs iubvg: ~s bk hgsa eb kgs n`h`hkbtgs huyg prapuks`øi sb bihubitrg un`hgeg bi kgs mgias gqubkkgs bi kgs qub kg pasturg ia bs kg trge`hàig k ghastgeas

kg ui`øi eb kas hampaibitbs trge`hàigkbs

y kg darmg bi qub sb rbkghàigi eb mgib mgib rg lgn`tugk. Bi bk hgsa eb uig n`h`h kbtg a ui gutamøv`k sbríg bk ebsgrrakka a kg ì  traeuhh`øi gk mbrhgea eb atrg n`h`hkbtg a gutamøv`k hai mboargs mbiarbs bi sus hampaibitbs hama pubeb pubebi i sbr bk drbia kg e`rbhh`øi kg darmg eb prapuks`øi y bs bs ta s bstgr un`hgeas bi bk m`sma kucgr eb s`bmprb ....

-

lgh`g gngoa a grr`ng . i grqu`tbhturg sb vbi bstg s ìiavghàibs haistgi haistgitbmbitb tbmbitb pub pubs s kgs ³ haistruhh ` aib aibs s pasbbi h`m` h`m`bita bitas s ha ha kumigs l`brra l`brra ghbra hbmbita kger`kkas a mgebrg pbra taeas sai grqu`tbhtøi`hg grqu`tbhtøi`hg  mbitb e`dbrbitbs D`curg >>- .

¡

D`curg >>- >. @iiavgh`øi grqu`tbhtøi`hg. grqu`tbhtøi`hg.? iubv iubvas as e`sb÷as m`smas mg tbr`gkbs .

4

.

/

NH

EB

K

IIA

TGH@A [

,

>.7.8 @iiavgh`øi maeukgr hampaibitb eb e`hla gutamøv`k D` curg >- 8) hama bk matar bk drbia kas mgrhas eb d`nrg eb hgrnaia kas s`kkìbs brcaiøm`has kg gmart`cugh`øi y³ y³taeg mboarg bi kas ham paibitbs mgs ia bi bk s`stbmg hampkbta.

Bs gqubkkg bi kg qub sb mboargi hampa ibit bs pbra kg ìtbrghh`øi hai bk s`s s`s

bm g s`cub s`biea .kg m`smg. Bs bk hgsa eb k gs mboargs dahgk`zg dahgk`zgegs egs par bobmpk bobmpka a uig n`h`hkbtg ui gutamøv`k a ìhkusa ui

D`curg >>-8 . @iiavgh`øi maeukgr.

>.7.5 @iiavgh`øi rge`hgk Bs gqubkkg bi kg qub tgita kas hampaibi

kg hgmìgearg t`pa n`h`hkbtg bitrb atras:

t bs hama kg ìtbrghh`øi bitrb bstas bs iub iub vg D`curg >-5, Tbr bi kg prøx`mg pçcìg , hama ka ìe`hg kg mbtaeakacíg U^@_ Z73]. Kg ìi avgh`øi rge`hgk pgrtb eb rbsakvbr prankb mgs g pgrt`r eb tbhiakacígs a ebsgrrakkas qu b ia bx`stbi gÿi. Vgrg lghbr uig ìia vgh`øi rge`hgk qub rbbmpkghb kg n`h`hkbtg par bobmpka ebnb ebnbríg ríg èbit èbit`d`h `d`hgrsb grsb ui mb eà eb trgispartb øpt`ma ui`pbrsaigk sbcwgy shaatbr maiah`hkb wbcaa ui`hyhkb

s`stbmgs qub pasbbi iubvas hampaibitbs y iubvgs mgibrgs eb grt`hukgrkas. Lgy gutarbs Z - 2, Tbr bi kg prøx`mg pçcìg .

3

D`curg >-5. @iiavgh`øi rge`hgk? hgmnàs bi kas s`stbmgs eb hamui`hgh`øi pbrsaigk ebk tbkàdaia gk hbkukgr .

•

7

D`curg >-2. U`pas eb ìiavgh`øi sbcÿi kas hampaibitbs eb kg iavbege y su rbkgh`øi hai kg bmprbsg. Dubitb. Z > LGH@G EØIEB

BIDAH ^ K @IIATGH@ØI B I K BMV^BXG Hu gie a sb ebsbg ebdì`r kg ìiavgh`øi pgrg kg bmpr bsg lgy qub tbibr bi hubitg kgs s`

Xb nushg qub kg bmprb bmprbsg sg pubeg ebdì`r kg ìiavgh`øi ³ tbi`biea hkgrège sanrb su an an obt`va, kg .t`pakacíg y kg s hgpghègebs, pbra tgmn`ài bs duiegmbitgk èbit`d`hgr das hr` tbràs tbrà s y sunhr`tbràs ebk çmn`ta eb gpk`hg h`øi - prbsbitgeas bi kg gnkg > 8 Z ] lgstg kacrgr ìe`hgr bk rbta eb ìiavgh`øi qub pbrs`cub haihrbtgmbitb bi hugita g pkgza, `mpartgih`g, hgpghège y t`pa. Vgrg bkka sb ebnbi tamgr hama ì ìsuma suma kg s ebd` i`hàibs gitbràrmbitb ebshr` ebshr`tgs. tgs.

cu`bitbs cu` bitbs haisèbrghàibs? •

•

Kg bmprbsg ebnb tbibr tbi br kgs hgpghègebs ut`k`zQ Qgr bk haiah`m`bita, eb gnsarnbr y ut`k`z par ka qub ebnb haitgr hai bk hgp`tgk lumgia lumgi a hgpgz y sud`h`bitb pgrg gs`m` kgr kg ìiavgh`øi qub sb ebsbb gnaregr. Kg ³ bmprbsg ebnb pa sbb sbbrr hgpghège tbhiakøc`hg y eb ìdrgb st struhturg ruhturg pgrg ebsgrrakkgr kg s iavbegebs iavbegebsQ Q bsbgegs.

Ug nk nkg g >-8 >-8.. Mgtr` Mgtr`z z eb eb çmn`ta çmn`t as eb gpk`hgh`øi . r`tbrà

Iubvas ibcahàs

Xunhr`tbrà Ibhbsègebs iubvgs pgrg bk muiea

Ibhbsègebs qub surcbi ebseb kgs tbiebih`gs, par dus`øi eb hukturgs, par iubvas lçn`tas eb haisuia u atra er`vbr ebk mbrhgea.

Iubvas sust`tutas

Ebsgrrakkgr ibcahàs pgrg sakuh` aigr a sgt`sdghbr eb darmg e`dbrbitb e`dbrbit b prankbmgs a ibhbsègebs ibhbsègebs ghtugkbs, y qub yg bstçi s`biea gnaregegs par atra t`pa eb praeuhtas a sbrv`hàs.

Iubvas maebkas

Iubvas praeuhtas

àdì`h`øi

Vgrt`biea eb sbrv`hàs y praeuhtas ghtugkbs a hgpghègebs søkègs, sb ebsgrrakkgi iubvgs darmgs eb cbibrgr ìcrbsas .

X`cu`bitb cbibrgh`øi

Vgrt`biea ebk praeuhta ghtugk sb hrbgi vbrsàibs ³ mboargegs hai mçs duihàigkègebs a prbstghàibs pgrg bk hk`bitb.

Xbrv`hàs eb gpaya

Hrbgr sbrv`hàs gkrbebear eb praeuhtas bx`stbitbs qub ³ nushgi mboargr kg bxpbr`bih`g ebk hk`bitb.

HQ mpkbmbitas

Hrbgr praeuhtas qub hampkbmbitgi kas ghtugkbs pgrg gmpk`gr sus bdbhtas a ebsbmpb÷a gk mambita ebk haisuma.

Iubvas pgrg bk muiea

Vraeuhtas qub ia bx`stígi gitbs y surcbi ebseb prahbsas eb ìvbst`cgh`øi y ebsgrrakka (k+E) pgrg sgt`sdghbr ibhbsègebs ghtugkbs.

0

Hr`tbrà

Xunhp tbrà

Iubvas hk`bitbs

Iubvas ³ hgigkbs

M`hrasbcmbitgh`øi

Uamgr ui sbcmbita ghtugk y e`vè`rka bi i`hlas a parhàibs mçs bspbhíd`hgs .

Xbcmbitas ia pbibtrgeas

Haiouita eb hk`bitbs qub ghtugkmbitb ia sai gtbieèas par kg bmprbsg, pbra qub sí haisumbi kas praeuhtas a sbrv`hàs eb kg

Iubvas sbcmbitas

@ebit`d`hgr hk`bitbs a usugràs qub ghtugkmbitb rà haisumbi kas praeuhtas a sbrv`hàs eb kg

@itbribt

QEbsgrrakkgr hgigkbs .b- hammbrhb pgrg vbiebr bk partgdakà eb praeuhtas y sbrv`hàs .

E`str`nuh`øi

Ebsgrrakkgr hgigkbs prapàs eb e`str`nuh`øi pgrg gmpk`gr ngsb eb hk`bitbs y hanbrturg .

@ie`rbhtg

Hambrh`gk`zgr kas praeuhtas a sbrv`hàs eb kg bmprbsg g trgvàs eb ìtbrmbe`gràs pgrg gmpk`gr kg ngsb eb hk`bitbs . . .

Iubvgs cbacrgdígs

••

.• •. . .

•• •

..... .

Ighàigk

Ebs ?grrakkgr mbrhgeas bi atrgs hùegebs a ebpgrtgmbitas.

Bxpgis`øi ckangk

Ebsgrrakkgr mbrhgeas bi atras pgísbs, yg ³sbg vbie`biea e`rbhta a g trgvàs eb ui gk`gea bi bk atra pgís.

Gtrçs

Grt`hukgrsb hai pravbbearbs pgrg hampkbmbitgr su partgdakà y a hrbgr ngrrbrgs eb bitrgeg pgrg hampbtèarbs.

Iubvgs pgsas hgebig eb vgkar

.. ... ..... .. ..

Grt`hukgrsb hai e`str`nuèarbs a hk`bitbs pgrg y

Gebkgitb .

su partgdakà hamp`bmbitgr pgrg hampbtèarbs.

a hrbgr ngrrb ngrrbrgs rgs eb bitrgeg

Tbiebr hgpghège

Kg bmprbsg pubeb tbibr kg hgpghège ahàsg bi prahbsas y g pgrt`r eb bkkg ebsgrrakkg ibcahàs eb ³mgqu`kg a

tbrhbr`zgh..`øi. tbrhbr`zgh

Iubvas prahbsas

Iubvas prahbsas eb dgnr`hgh`øi

Iubvas pgsas bi kg praeuhh`øi eb n`bibs a sbrv`hàs.

Iubvas prahbsas bi kacíst`hg

Iubvas pgsas bi bk mav`m`bita eb haiah`m`bita, bibrcíg a mgtbr`gkbs .

Iubvas s`stbmgs ìdarmçt`has

Iubvas s`stbmgs eb sapartb pgrg kg cbst`øi.

Ugkkbb r 7? bdì`r y gkìbgr Ugkk

kg

ìiavgh`øi bi

kg

bmprbsg

pas`nkbs y bx`stbitbs bi kas qub sb ebsbg lghbr bsdubrzas bstrgtàc`has bi kg bmprb sg sb÷gkgrkas hai ui rbsgktgear). n Ebdìb bk t`pa eb ìiavgh`øi ut`k`zgiea hama cuíg kg D`curg >-7. h)Bstgnkbzhg ui pkgza pgrg hgeg hr`tbrà.

Vgrg ebdì`r kas anobt`vas qub nushg kg bm  prbsg bi hugita g ìiavgh`øi ìiavgh`øi sb ut`k`zgrç kg Ugnkg >-5 s`cu`biea kas pgsas k`stgeas g haitìugh`øi? g @ebi t `qub kas hr`tbràs y sunhr`tbràs ebk çmn`ta eb gpk`hgh`øi eb ìiavgh`øi

8

GNH

B

KG @IIAT~H @A [

e )Ubi`biea hama rbdbrbitb kas hr`tbràs sb kbhhàigeas y bk pkgza, hgk`d`qub kg `mpar t gih`g eb kg ìiavgh`øi pgrg kg bmprbsg, s`biea? 7 Ia ` mpartgitb . > . Vaha `mpartgitb. Q8 . Mbe`gigmbitb `mpartgitb . 5. @mpartgitb. @mpartgitb .³ 2. Muy `mpartgitb. `mpartgitb . b) Vg r g hgeg hr`tbrà sbkbhhàigea hgk`d`qub k g hgpghège eb ebsgrrakka gsí? 7 Kg bmprbsg ia hubitg hai rbhursa lu mgia,, tbhiakøc mgia tbhiakøc``ha i` dìgih`bra pgrg kacrgr kg ìiavgh`øi.

> Kg bmpr bsg hubitg hai rbhursa dìg i h`bra, pbra ia t`bib gsah`geas kas rb hursas lumgias y tàhi`has pgrg kacrg r ìiavgh``øi kg ìiavgh 8 . Kg bmprbsg hub³ hub³itg itg hai rbhursas dìgi

h`bras y lumgias, pbra ia tàhi`has pgrg kacrgr kg `rmavgh`øi. 5 Kg bmprbsg hubitg hai rbhursas dìgi h`bras, lumgias y tàhi`ha tàhi`has s pgrg kacrgr kg ìiavgh`øi. 2. Kg bmprbsg hubitg hai rbhursas d` d`  igih`bras, lumgias y tàhi`has y lg ì  hkuèa kg ìiavgh`øi ha Q ma ui praybhta ma bstr.gtàc`ha .

Ugnkg >-5. Mgtr`z eb ebdì`h`øi eb t`pa, t`pa, pkgza pkgza,, `mpartgih`g y hgpghège eb kg ìiavgh`øi pgrg kg bmprbsg .

Hr`tbrà

XR?nhr`tbrà

U`pa eb

³ Vkgza

@mpartgih`g pgrg7g

Iubvas ibcah s

Iubva s Iubva praeuhtas

Iubvgs cbacrgdígs

8

@mpartgih`g

Hgpghège b ebsgrrakka

Hr`tbrà

U`pa eb Hgpghège eb Vkgza ¡¡grg kg ìiavgh`øi ebsgrrakka bmprbsg Q : . .. ...Q . ...... Q Q ... . .Q Q=.. .; w - ,-.«,.,,..,:::,7,,..,,..,.......,,Q,Q,Q,,,Q,,....-.«,.,,..,:::,7,,..,,..,.......,,Q,Q,Q,,,Q,,....-

Xunhr`tbrà ?9 . Q ,

Iubvgs pgsas hgebig eb vgkar

Gtr.çs

Gebkgitb Tbiebr hgpghège ³

³³³³•³³³•³³

'

Iu bvas

prahbsas eb dgnr`hgh`øi Iubvas

Iubvas prahbsas bi

prahbsas

kacíst`hg Iubvas s`stbmgs ìdarmçt `h as

Vastbràrmbitb, arcgi`hb kas rbsuktgeas eb kg Ugnkg > 5 bi kg Ugnkg > > 2 . Xb prapa prapa ib ui iÿmbra eb h r `tbràs par tbmpar tbmpa rgk` ege, sì bmngrca, kg bmprbsg pubebQ pubebQmae` d`hgrttb eb ghubrea hai sus ibhbs` d`hgr ibhbs ègebs y bxpbhtgt`vgs.

•

Kgrca pk pkgza è bit`d`qub kas hìha hr` tbrràs eb çmn`ta eb ìiavgh`øi bi kas tb qub t `bib mgyar `mpar `mpartgih`g tgih`g y rbqu`brb ebsgrrakkgr crgi crgiebs ebs hgpghègebs eb eb sgrrakka pgrg su ebspk`bcub ebspk`bcub.. i sumg tbieríg eahb rbtas eb ìiavg

•

•

Harta pkgza? èbit`d`qub kas trbs hr`tb? ràs eb çmn`ta eb ìiavgh `øi bi k as qub t`bib mgyar `mpartgih`g y hgpghège eb ebsgrrakka bi bk mambita. Mbe`gia pkgza? èbit`d`qub kas hugtra hr`tbràs eb çmn`ta eb ìiavgh`øi bi kas qub t`bib mgyar `mpartgih`g y rbqu`brb ebsgrrakkg r gkcuigs pahgs hgpgh` hgpgh ` egebs eb ebsgrrakka pgrg su ebspk`bcub.

h`øi bi e`dbrbitbs tbmpargkègebs bi kgs qub sb haitìÿg bk prahbsa eb pkgibgh pkgibgh``øi. i bstb puita kg bmprbsg yg haih`nb quà bs . ì iavgh iavgh`øi, `øi, quà t`pakacígs pbrs`cub y quà hgpghègebs t`bib y ebnb ebsgrrakkgr pgrg kacrgr ui sastbi`m`bita bi bk t`bmpa y ui kèbrgzca bi bk sbhtar.

Ugnkg >-2 >-2.. ^bsumbi eb kg ebdì ebdì`` h`øi eb t`pa, pk pkgza , `mpartgih`g y hgpghège eb kg ìiavgh ìiavgh`` øi pgrg kg bmprbsg bmprbsg..

Hr`tbrà

Xunhr`tbrà

U

7~

eb riiavgh76 ³ ³ ``k

@mpartgih`g pgrg kg bmprbsg

Hgpghèg Hgpg hègQe eb ebsgrrakka

Harta pkgza

-

8

NH

B K

@IIET H@AI

Xunhr`tbrà

U`pa eb ìiavgh`øi

@mpartgih`g pgrg kg bmprb bmprbsg sg

Hgpghè~e Hgpgh è~e eb ebsgrra ebsgrrakka kka

Mbe`~ia pkgza

³ grca pkgza

NH EB K

@IIATGH@ß k

G CBXU@AI BK

IIAT HAI

ORGI DBK@VB LB^^B^G

2

Kg cbst`øi hama prahbsa Qgemì `strgt`va

Bs iarmgk qub kg gktg cbrbih`g prbsbitb

bstç ar`bitgeg g ebsgrr ebsgrrakkgr akkgr y ut`k`zgr lbrrg lbrrg m`bitgs qub pbrm`tgi èbit`d`hgr, darmukgr, grt`hu kgr y dìgih`gr kgs sakuhàibs. Vgrg bk hgsa eb kg cbst`øi eà k ìiavgh`øi, bstg lghb us usa eb maebkas eb pkgibgh`øi , s`s tbmgs eb cbst`øi eb ìvbst`cgh`øi y ebsg ebsg rrakka .bi kgs arc arcg gi`zghàibs, bstrgtbc`gs tbhiakøc`hgs, kg gemì`strgh`øi eb kgs tbh iakacígs, kgs mbtaeakacígs eb e`gciøst`ha tbhiakøc`ha y bmprbsg r` gk y ui gspbhta qub lg tamgea hrbh`bitb ìtbràs? kgs tbhia kacígs eb kg ìdarmgh`øi U@H hama sapartb eb k ght`vège ìiavgearg Z 73], taegs hai bk anobt`va eb kacrgr qub kg sakuh`øi tbicg gprap`gh`øi bi bk mbrhgea. EbseQ Ebse Qb kg bxpbr`bih`g bi praybhtas eb ì iøvgh`øi y trgs kg rbv`s`øi eb vgràs maeb kas Z>6], sb lg ansbrvgea qub pgrg cbstà igr kg ìiavgh`øi bs ibhbsgr ibhbsgr`à hamprbiebr gkcuigs btgpgs, btgpgs , hai m`rgs g qub bk prahbsa

kg ìiavgh`øi bitrb sus mgyarbs bstgiegr bstgiegr

tbs, pbra kas bmpkbgeas qubegi hai kg prb ahupgh`øi eb ia sgnbr hkgrgmbitb quà bs ka qub kg cbrbih`g pèb qub sb ìiavb. Kas hakgnargearbs eb kg bmprbsg sb qubogi eb kg ar`bitgh`øi bstrgtàc`hg eb kg ìiavgh`øi, yg qub prbsbitgi èbgs pgrg mboarg r prahb sas y kg cbrbih`g pèb qub sbg bi praeuhta. Hugiea sb prbsbitgi èbgs pgrg . iubvas praeuhtas, kg cbrbih`g prbd`brb qu qub b sb gnrgi iubvas mbrhgeas y gk dìgk ia sb t`bib hkgra bQ gkhgihb rbspbhta g kg ìiavgh`øi, drus trgiea g kas bqu`pas eb trgngoa, qub ì v`br tbi t`bmpa vgkàsa bi prbsbitgr sakuhàibs.

4øKA C K

Wub,

.

KAX GVøPG@O

VG~ ÌIAPG~

bmprb Hai rbspbhta g kg ìiavgh`øi, kas bmprb sgràs subk sub kbi mbihàigr ka s`cu`bitb 8?

8 7 K BXU^GUBC@G EB @IIATGH@ØI xx

Et

. Kas vbKB X , ~dJG It`X A` HO:~

eb ìiavgh`øi bi kg bmprbsg sbg bx`tasp bx`tasp.. Vgrg kacrgr bstb anobt`va sb lg e`spubsta eb eb  uig rutg eb ìiavgh`øi qub ìvakuhrg Qrbs prahbsas D`curg 8-7 bi kg prøx`mg pçcìg) .

Bi bk s`cka

>

•

.bs hamÿi qub kgs bmprbsgs

ebhkgrbi su ìtbih`øi eb ìiavgr, sus v `sà sà ibs t`bibi ìhduèg bstg pgkgnrg y par ka cbibrgk pasbbi ui praeuhta qub bi gkcÿi mambita sb hgrghtbr`zø par sbr ìiavgear. Xì bmngrca, kg ìiavgh`øi ighb hai dbhlg eb hgeuhège y pgsgea bk t`bmpa, bk pra pra euhta qub dub gprap`gea par kas hk`bitbs pgsg g sbr ansakbta, cbiàr`ha, cbiàr`ha , nçs`ha y sì mgyar ³e`dbrbih`gh e`dbrbih`gh`øi `øi bitrb bitr b kg hampbtbih`g hammae`ty) pgrg dìgkmbitb sbr rbmpkgzg ea par atra.

Bk 08

eb kgs bmprbsgs e`hbi qub bk ³ àx`ta g kgrca pkgza ebpbieb eb kg lgn` kège pgrg ìiavgr . • Bk eb kas bmpkbgeas eb kas i`vbkbs mbeàs y apbrgt`vas e`hbi qub ³kgs bmprbsgs kas gpaygi pgrg ìiavgr. 8 NHC >675 kiiav gtài Xurvby / Ghhbi Ghhbiturb turb >678 kiiavgtài Xurv Xurvby by / kiiavgtài Kgie >678.

4

GNH

B

KG @IIATGH @ AI

r

bkk a git bs

eb ì`h` h`g g r hug kqu `br bs -

eb k g bmprbsg, bmprbsg , pgrg ³tbibr hkgrège san rb

rza i kas s`stbmgs eb ìiavgh`øi bs -bhbsgrà -bhbsgr` a ì vbr t `r gkcuias eí eígs bi ham ham r hk hkgrgm grgm bitb kg bst bstrr gtbc`g arcgi`zg arcgi`zg  gk` ibg r taeas kas bsdubrzas pgrg bstt ài b i s` ihrai bs ihraiííg hai kg v`s v`s``øi y kg tgbs~ rgt bc ` g crgieb y gmn`h gmn`hàsg àsg (Mb (Mbcg cg))

qu~ sb qu`brb ìiav ìiavgr kas t`pas eb ìiavg ìiavg .h`øi qub kg arcgi`zgh`øi ebsbg ebsgrrakkg³ ebsgrrakkg³r kas r bhursas qub sb vgi g ìvbrt`r y, dìgk dìgk mbitb,, gigk`zgr hkgrgmbitb bk mbitb bk dutura gk qub kg bmprb sg ebsbg kkbcgr D`curg 88 - >) >)..

ª~

³³³ .. QQQQ

0ÿ3bi•s ? :hua. ita • e,O 'rahb a eb - ìiavg h ` ø i

-B7 ³ quà. ~ ..O'X RAiea

ha~a

QQQQQ

Q?Q Q Q Q Q Q

D`curg 88-7. Vrahbsas ebitra eb kg rutg eb kg cbst`øi eb kg ìiavgh`øi.

G,it.g h`4i -

d Q.,,.~~~~~:,~~:,~~????.+~r?.???.~'?.

. h,2d`gr: '

íg r .

':.:?.~ ³~= B c~ ~-.

a

.

.

³

.

ìiaveh`Øi

-

)VÂHBOA .. ~ B ~ A T ~ ~ @ ~ ~ . t ORk kkm`kddídd `6dB mD&`DB D`curg 8-> 8->.. Kg bstrgtbc`g

eb ìiavgh`øi.

3

³Kubca eb rbhaiahbr hkgrgmbitb kg ìtbi

.........Q , ..... .

Màd,:~~eb ---

.

{

..

hr~~`QbidûQ

b - ìiaveh `4` 4```---

.

?

dxpbhtgd,[752 . ..

~bsupvbsta

-

b --~

. . `mavah`Øi

. .. . .

: O)begrg O)begrgrr j` ìiavgh.`ài. ..

-

`à

8.> X` kg

h`øi e`rbht`vg eb kg ìiavgh`øi, kas anobt`vas ³ y kas bidaqubs, bs ibhbsgrà ebdì`r prbsu- ³ pubsta, t`bmpa, rbhursas dís`has y muhla haiah`m`bita, pgrg qub bk maebka pubeg . nrìegr drutas y kacrb kkbvgr kkbvgr g arcgi`zgh`øi g hampbt `r hai kas kíebrbs ebk ebk mbrhgea. Rig bstrgtbc`g eb ìiavgh`øi ebnb ìhku`r kg ebhkgrgh`øi bxprbsg eb kg ìtbih`øi e` rbht`vg pgrg pramavbrkg: ebnb pasbbr uig bstruhturg míi`mg arcgi`zghàigk y hrbgrkb ui ham`tà pgrg gigk`zgr kg ar`bitgh`øi bs  trgtàc`hg y ebdì`r ui prbsupubsta bxhkus` bxhkus`va va pgrg bstb dì. Ugmn`ài bs ibhbsgrà bstg bstg  nkbhbr uig bstruhturg ebitra eb kg arcgi` zgh`øi pgrg praybh. praybh. as eb ìiavgh`øi, sbcÿi bk `mpghta, y ebnb haihrbtgrsb uig pakít` hg eb prap`bege ìtbQ ìtbQbhtugk cbiàr`hg qub pbrm`tg ìhbit`vgr kg ìiavgh`øi y cugregr rbsbrvg eb kgs iavbegebs ebsgrrakkgegs. Bs ibhbsgrà ebdì`r uig kíibg ngsb rbspbhta g kas ìe`hgearbs eb ìiavgh`øi y prbh`sgr kas bidaqubs eb ìiavgh`øi y kgs rutgs eb hrbh`m`bita,, bitrb hrbh`m`bita bitrb..atras. G haitìugh`øi, sb prbsbitgi gkcuias eb kas bkbmbitas qub lg hbi pgrtb eb uig bstrgtbc`g eb ìiavgh`øi.

ìiavgh`øi bs `mp³ `mp³artgitb a rtgitb pgrg ~ bmprbsg,

eícgka

Var bk m`bea gk hgmnà a kg dgktg eb grraoa bmprbsgr`gk, gkcuias ìvbitas sb ebma rgrai lgstg 5 g÷as bi kkbcgr gk mbrhgea D`curg 8-8) 8).. Bi bk s`cka xx bk t`bmpa bitrb bk ìvbita y ¡¡ ìiavgh`øi bs muhla mbiar: sì bmngrca, ebnèa g bstg eìçm`hg, s` kg bmprbsg ia rbspaieb hai sud`h`bitb vbka hège pubeb pbrebr kg huatg eb mbrhgea gk ìcrbsgr ìcrbs gr praeuhtas sust`tutas. Kg haihbph`øi eb kg ìiavgh`øi bi kgs cbrbih`gs subkb bitbiebrsb hama ³ gkca iubva qub vg g cbibrgr ìcrbsas y, par tgi tgi  ta, bs `mpbrgt`va, pbra rbgkmbitb bit`bi ebi `) ±qub bs uig ght`vège qub hai kkbvg ui r`bsca1, ``) ±qub rbqu`brb eb ìvbrs`øi eb rbhursas pgrg kacrgrka1 y ```) ±qub bi muhlgs apartuiègebs kgs iavbegebsQ iavbegebsQsai pahaQ paha Qhamprbieègs par kas usugràs, qub bstçi ghastumnrgeas gk bstgtus qug Kgs bmprbsgs subkbi tbibr ui bstgiegr tb sanrb bk hugk ar`bitgi su ìiavgh`øi y . kas prbsèbitbs eb bstgs ghastumnrgi mat`vgr g sus bqu`pas eb trgngoa hai lb lb  hlas rbgkbs, kgizgiea kas pracrgmgs eb ìiavgh`øi bi kg arcgi`zgh`øi: bobmpka eb bkka sai Grcas y Iutrbsg, qub nrìegi mbisgobs kkbias eb s`ci`d`hgea pgrg hrbgr pracrgmgs tgi `mpartgitbs hama bk eb ì ì  iavgh`øi D`curg 8?5).

<

GNH

EB

K

@IIA GHtA[

F

³7085-- 7088 7088³³

0.8g

G× A EB @IT BIH@ØI .

.. .Q.GAA .Q.GAA EB @IIATGH@ØI

D`curg 8 8. 8 . U` bmpa trgishurrèa bitrb ìvbih`øi b ìiavgh`øi eb gkcuias praeuhtas. Dubitb? Hai ngsb bi Z>7o

rcas

Iutrbsg ••••l•

•

.

-

••

••••

••

••

• •

•

••

'•

••

-

••••

-

•

-•••~•-•••

D`curg 8 5. Gkcuias bobmpkas eb mbisgobs qub `mpuksgi kg ` iiavgh`øi bi kgs bmprbsgs . Dubitb³ lttp?. / ` idarmb>

72 .cru paiutrbsg. ham /

ped ìdarmbQ` itbcrgeaQ>6@2 itbcrgeaQ>6@2Qhampghta. Qhampghta. ped

-80-

Mat`vgr lgh`g kg ìiavgh`øi ebnb sbr

Ugnkg 8 7. Iÿmbra eb rbdbrbih`gs eb ìiavgh`øi bi bk e`rbhhàigm`bita ghtugk.

mçs qub pgkgnrgs: kg ìiavgh`øi ebnb lg hbr pgrtb eb kas ìdarmbs eb cbst`øi giuggiug kbs y prbsbitgr bi gkta bk rbie`m`bita qub kas praeuhtas ar`cìgkbs lgi tbièa bi kg hampg÷íg ì`h`giea hai mboargs s`ci`d`hgt`vgs y kubca bxpkargiea iavbegebs eb mgyar tgmg÷a pgrg kas hk`bitbs.

Iÿmbra eb rbdbrbih`gs

M`s`øi

kìbgiea k bmprbsg g k ìiavgh` ìiavgh`ø øi

gkkbr >

T`s`øi

Bi muhlas hgsas kg bmprbsg yg lg ìhkuèa

haihbptas a gkìbghàibs sanrb ìiavgh`øi bs par bkka qub sb rbham`biegi kas s`cu`bi s`cu`bi-tbs pgsas? g. Lghbr uig rbv`s`øi g kas eahumbitas bmprbsgr`gkbs ì`h`giea par kg m`s`øi

Mbcg

kg v`s`øi kg Mbcg kas anobt`vas y kas

prìh`pàs. Nusqub huçitgs pgkgnrgs a drgsbs lghbi rbdbrbih`g g ìiavgh`øi y giøtbkgs bi ui darmgta hama bk sucbrèa bi kg Ugnkg 8 7. X` bk iÿmbra eb rbdbrbih`gs bs mgyar g hìha kg bmprbsg vg par ui nubi hgmìa y kg ìiavgh`øi sb pubeb haisèbrgr ebhkgrgebhkgrg eg ebitra ebk e`rbhhàigm`bita bmprbsgr`gk. Eb sbr mbiar g hìha sb rbham`bieg uig rbdarmukgh`øi eb su e`rbhhàigm`bita g dì eb ìhku`rkg. Bi hgsa eb sbr ibhbsgrà bstb ÿkt`ma pgsa ut`k`hb kg Ugnkg 8 8 > b ìhkuyg bk hampaibitb ìiavgh`øi bi bk e`rbhhàigm`bita bshr`ng tgita kg vbrs`øi ghtugk hama kg iubvg.

Anobt`vas

Vrìh`pàs

5

GNH

B

KG @ IIAv.[H A.

Ugnkg 88->. ^bdarmukgh`øi ebk e`rbhhàigm`bita bmprbsgr`gk hai gpu bst g par kg ìiavgh`øi ìiavgh`øi.. Ghtugk

Iubvg

M` s`ø i

T`s `øi Mbcg . Anob t `vas

³ Vrìh`pàs

8 > 7 Høma ? pr prbs bsbi bitg tgrr kg ìia ì iavg vgh` h`øi øi g kas k as bqu`pas b hakgnargh`øi Bs ibhbsgrà hamui`hgr ui mbisgob hkgra y

biuih`giea qub kg ìiavgh`øi bs bk p`kgr ebk dutura eb kg hampg÷íg D`curg 8-2). Kg mat`vgh`øi eb kg cbrbih`g ebnb pbr mbgr g k as bqu`pas eb trgngoa gsí qub kg zaig eb haidart praita sbrç kg zaig eb r`bs

haihrbta qub pravbicg eb kg cbrbih`g. Kas mbeàs mçs bmpkbgeas pgrg bsta sai v`  ebas ìst`tuhàigkbs ìst`tuhàigkbs hamui`hge hamui`hgeas as ìtbrias eb kg hampg÷íg bvbitas mgs`vas eb kgizg kgizg m`bita ebk pracrgmg eb ìi-avgh `øi ebhkg rghàibs g kg prbisg y gitb kg ouitg e`rbht e`rbht`vg `vg

ca ia ìiavgr bs pbrebr kg mat`vgh`øi eb qubrbr haitìugr bi bk mbrhgea.

XWt[O[It,

4 C?

d ^64 t BM2

. 72 BGX@B~ , LGS ?³. . XAt[O kI ?,.- KrrkB V^66Kd~ X-. ~ ty

~ r i

[ItOaT~? aI

V[2UkICR`XLB~ XrUvOBB× . G BGEB~ Gk-R9 G d6RASB^. Xdb db O ans

D`c `cu u r g 8-2 8-2.. B bm p k as e b

rbhh ` a ig igm m `bi t a

l gh ` g k g ìi av gh ` øi k ebr ebr ge a p a r kg cb cbrb rbi ih ` g .

57

Ugkk Ug kkbb r 8. Ebhkgrgiea

kg

ìiavgh`øi

ebdì`h`øi ebk prahbsa' prahbsa ' y kas rakbs. rakbs. eb hgeg pbrd`k eb kg arcgi`zgh`øi ebitra ebk prahb

.Vgrt`biea eb kg . gkìbgh`øi eb ìiavgh`øi ebsgrrakkgeg bi kg Ugnkg >-2, qub ìtbcrg bk haihbpta (ebdìèa par kg arcgi`zgh`øi) g kgs h0pghègebs eb kg bmprbsg bmprbsg,, y kgs ìs tgih`gs b.strgtàc`hgs, gsí hama kas ebsbas eb ìiavgr bi kíibg kíibgQ Q bspbhíd`hgs bspbhíd`hgs,,sb sb prahb eb g darmukgr kg bstrgtbc`g eb ìiavgh`øi, qub ebnb lghbr pgrtb bsbih`gk ebk e`rbhhà

sa eb `÷iavgh`øi. Vgrg bkka, bi , kg Ugnkg 8 8 sbkbhhàib hìha bskøcgibs eb ³ìiavg h`øi y hìha ebhkgrgtar`gs, uig gsah`geg g hgeg ³bskacgi. G haitìugh`øi, samàtgkg. samàtgkg.s g vatgh`øi egiea 76 eb vgkar g kas vatas eb kas e`rbht`vas, 2 g kas vatas eb kas hakgnargearbs ìtbrias y 52 g vatas eb gk`geas bstrgtàc`has, sahàs hambrh`gkbs

igm`bita arcgi`zghàigk (m`s`øi y v`s`øi), ìtbcrgea bi bk tgkkbr eas: haitìÿg hai kg `mpkbmbitgh`øi eb mbhgi`smas pgrg pbr mbgr kg hukturg bi taeg kg arcgi`zgh`øi y kg

a hk`bitbs. Bs `mpartgitb qub taeas bstas crupas eb ìtbràs bmprbsgr`gk sb bitbrbi ebk prahbsa qub bstçi lgh`biea y ebk pbsa eb su gpartb.

Ugn gnkk g 88 -8 . Bs kacgi y ebhkgrgtar`g ebhkgrgtar`g'' eb ìi ì i avgh`øi avgh`øi..

Iÿmbra

Ebhkgrgtar`g

. Bsdacgi

Tatas

Ria Eas Urbs

ugtra ìha ³ Bk iubva bskacgi?

Bk e`rbhh e`rbhhài-gm` ài-gm`bita bita ebdìèa?

8 8 HAM@UÀ WRB VAP ^Ç B K VÂHB sa sa E B .@IIATGH@ØI y kacrb lghbr eb bstg bstrgtbc`g ui p`kgr bdbht`va bi kg arcgi`zgh`øi, v`sugk`zgea bi kas ìe`hgearbs e~ kg bmprbsg.

Ia saka ngstg hai ebhkgrgr qub kg ìia vgh`øi³³ bs `mpartgitb pQ vgh`øi pQ rg kg bmprbsg, bs ibhbsgrà ebdì`r . ui bqu`pa qub kg kèbrb

5

N H EB EB KG KG @IIAT GH@ ØI

Cbibrgkmbitb kgs bmprbsgs prbsbitgi bk t`bmpa hama kg prìh ìh`` pgk ngrrb rg pg rg

rbham`bieg ui kíebr qub ar`bitb k gs ght`v` egebs eb ìiavgh`øi par hgeg >6 hakgna

kg ìiavgh`øi, par bstg rgzøi bs ibhbsgrà qub kg ìiavgh iiavgh``øi sbg uig bst bstrr uhturg hrí hr ít` t` ibcahà,, sanrb kg qub bs ibhbsgr ibhbsgr`à hg ebk ibcahà ebdì ` r hampram`sas rbgkbs, ebdì`r uig bstru bstr uht urg darmgk, rakbs hkgras y rbspaisg n`k ` egebs sanrb kas bqu ` pas pas³³ eb trgngoa bi kg cbib rgh`øi y kg bobhuh`øi eb èbgs hai

r gearbs, hai kg rbspaisgn rbspaisgn`` kège eb kkbvgr rbc`stra, ngkgihbgr bk bk mgpg eb praybhtas y, sanrb taea, ght`vgr gk bqu`pa pg rg kg cbibrgh`øi,, bk ebsgrrakka y bk ebspk`bcub cbibrgh`øi ìiavgh`` øi . Bi bmprbsgs pbqub÷gs eb kg ìiavgh e`hla kíebr ebnb ebstìgr bitrb bk 72 y bk >6 eb su t`bmpa g kg duih`øi eb

eb bmprbsgs patbih patbih` ` iQiavgh`øi.sai e`dbrbitbs, pa crgiebs ìiavgh`øi: sì bmngrca, pgrgbstruhturgs bmprbsgs bs pas`nkb bihaitrgr Uaegs`gkk gs sbbi bst bstrr uht urgs pgrt pgrt``hukgrbs ebk sbhtar eb bqu`pas bqu`pas.. gutøiamas qub kkbcgi g uig y gs`cighàibs eb rbspaisgn`kègebs g kg ebe eb e `hgh`øi ebk 766 eb sus bsdubrzas bsdubrzas.. mbe`` eg par ka qub kg bstruhturg pgrg bk mbe prahbsa eb ìiavgh iiavgh`` øi sb e`sb÷g eb `cugk mgibrrg gkìbçieakg g kas anobt mgib anobt``vas eb ` i Ug b r 5 E`s b÷giea bk ham`tà ³ iavgh`øi , sbcÿi bk tgmg÷a eb kg bmprbsg, eb ìiø ìi øvgh`øi pgrg kg bmprbsg bk t`pa eb vahgh`øi praeuht` praeuht `vg y kas rbhur- ³ sas hai qub hubitb . Vgrg haidarmgr bstb bqu `pa usgiea kg nkg 88-5 rbspaieg g kg prbcuitg eb kg bm kíeb rbs eb Vgrg kg prbcuitg ? ±h uçitas kíebr ìiavgh`øi ebnb tbib r uig bmprbsg1, prbsg, tbi`biea hama ngsb kgs rbspubstgs prahbsas ebsgrrak ebsgrra k kgeas bi Qe`vb e`vbrrsgs ham ar`` bitgeargs qub sb prbsbitgi. Bk anobt ar anobt``va pg÷ígs ias kkbvgi g pbisg r qub bk bk iÿmb bs gkìbgr bk bqu`pa eb ìiavgh`øi g køs ra y kg ebe`hgh`øi ebpbieb ebk prahbsa tgkkbrbs 7 > 8 : pgrg bkka hgeg rbspubstg ebnb tbibr bi hubitg kgs rbspubstgs eb kas y ebk crgea eb bvakuh ` øi ebk m`sma bi kg bm bmp p rbsg. Bi k gs btgpg 2 ì`h`gkbs sb bihubitras gitbràr gitbrà rbs. Ugnkg 8-5 . H` iha prbcuitgs y r bspubstgs hkgvb pg r g hrbgr ui ham`tà eb ìiavg. ìiavg.hQøi bx`tasa. bx`tasa .

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Bs ui bqu`pa eb pbrsaigs ebe`hgegs g kèbr gr kg ìiav gh`øi bi kg arcgi`zgh`øi . U`bi b hama prapøs`ta kèbrgr bk prahbsa eb ìiavgh `øi eb kg bmpr bsg ebse b kg èbit`d`hgh`øi eb ibh bs` egebs y ap artuiège bs lgst g kg bvgkugh`øi eb `mpghta eb kgs sakuhài bs. Ebn b rbpartgr g kg cb rbih`g kas bsdu brzas bi ìiav gh` øi. Ebnb sbr ìtbrkahQ tar hai kas gk`gea s, ka s . hakgnargearb s y kas ebsgrra kkgearbs eb kgs sakuh ài bs. Bs pas` nkb qu b ia sbg ibh bsgrà

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kkgmgr ka ham `tà eb ìiavgh`øi sì bmngr ca sí sai ibhbsgr `gs sus duihàib s. Ubib r ui ham `t à eb ìiav gh`øi cb ibrg hu ktur g y ha`?ipram `sa hai bk tbmg . Bs ibhbsgrà pgrg eb³sgrra kkgr bs bsdu du brzas t gic`nkb s bi bstg prap`g d uih`øi y pr bsb itgr ìdarm bs eb cbst`øi ,gk `cu gk qub kgs ebmçs çrbg s.

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y subkbi surc`r pbrsaigs qub ebsbgi pgrt`h`pgr eb mgibrg vakuitgr`g. Ebnb bx`st`r ui rbspaisgnkb ÿi`ha eb ìiavgh`øi, bihgrcgea eb cbibrgr kas rbpartbs. Ebnb ebdì`r y hampgrt`r bk prapøs`ta ebk ham`tà. duih••aibs U`bib qub e`str`nu`r ght`vègebs bitrb kgs duih ebk ham`tà bvgkugr, haitrakgr, èbit`d`hgr, hamui`hgr .. ) Ebnb bx`st bx`st`r `r ui ngkgihb bitrb hrbgt`vas y cbstarbs, bitrb cbibrgearbs y gemì`strgearbs, bitrb e`spbrs``øi y haihbitrgh`øi. e`spbrs Kíebrbs darmgkbs b ìdarmgkbs Ia `mpartg bk hgrca, `mpartg kg bibrcíg. Vbrsaià¡s hai tbiebih`g g kg ghh`øi -Vbrsaigs eb e`dbrbitbs çrbgs Vbrsaigs ìtbrbsgegs par bk tbmg Vbrsaigs hai bxpbr`bih`g bobhutgiea praybhtas Vbrsaigs qub haiazhgi kas hk`bitbs.

Ebdì`r kg bstrgtbc`g eb ìiavgh`øi. Vaibr bi mgrhlg kg bstrgtbc`g y kgs bstruhturgs. Cbibrgr hukturg eb ìiavgh`øi ìiavgh`øi.. . Hgpgh`tgr rbspbhta g kg ìia vgh`øi. Cbstàigr,, eìgm`zgr y lghbr sbcu`m`bita gk Cbstàigr prahbsa eb ìia ìiav vgh`øi. Bvgkugr kas bsdubrzas eb kg diiavgh`øi. Bvgkugr prapubstgs y cbstàigr rbhursas pgrg su àx`ta.

Dtkbitb? Hai ngsb bi? lttp?//www.sah`begeebkgìiavghài.bs/4-prbcuitgs-y-rbspubstgs-hkgvb-pgrg-hrbgr-ui-ha m`tb-eb-ìiavghài-eb-bx`ta/. Uamgea eb Ougi Hgm`ka Nalarqubz, pracrgmg ûtg I, Mgrà Margkbs).

8 8 7 Duihàibs ebk eb k ham`tà eb ìiavgh`øi Vgrg ebdì`r hkgrgmbi hkgrgmbitb tb bk ham`tà eb ìia vgh`øi sb ebnbi bstgnkbhbr kgs duihàibs

eb v`c`kgih`g bstrgtàc`hg y prbv`s`øi tbhiakøc`hg.

qub ebnb ebsgrrakkgr. Vubebi sbr e`vbrsgs, sì bmngrca, sb prapaibi gkcuigs duihà ibs míi`mgs pgrg antbibr bk m³çx`ma ebs bmpb÷a y kacrgr kas prapøs`tas ebk s`stbmg eb ìiavgh`øi Z>>]?

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Vramavbr bi kgs pbrsaigs bk prahbsa eb ìiavgh` ìiavgh`øi, øi, bspbh`gkmbitb kg èbit` èbit` d`hgh`øi eb apartuiègebs y kg cbibrg h`øi eb èbgs. Gsbcurgr qub sb rbgk`hbi kgs ght`vègebs

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Bvg kugr pbr`øe`hgmbitb kgs èbgs eb ì iavgh`øi qub surogi t kg arcgi`zgh`øi y cbibrgr kg rbspbht`vg rbgk`mbitgh`øi. Mgitbibr Mgit bibr rbuiàibs pbr`øe`hg pbr`øe`hgs s pgr pgrg g bk giçk`s giçk`s`s `s ìtbria y bxtbria rbdkbx`øi bstrgtàc`hg). Ebdì`r kas hr`tbràs eb bvgkugh`øi bi hgeg btgpg eb kgs èb gs . Gigk`zgr Gigk `zgr,, sbkbhhàigr sbkbhhà igr y pràr` pràr`zgr zgr kg,s prapubstgs eb praybhtas eb ìiavg h`øi sanrb kas hr`tbràs anobt`vas.

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Xak` h`tgr Xak`h`t gr y gs`cigr kas rbhursas ibhbsg ibhbsg ràs pgrg kg rbgk`zgh`øi eb kas praybhtas ³

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Ebdì`r y bvg bvgkug kugrr s`stbmçt`hgmbitb uig sbr`b eb ìe`hgearbs pgrg kg mbeèg eb kas

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eb ìiavgh`øi. Ebs`cigr ui rbspaisgnkb y ui bqu`pa muktè`sh`pkìgr muktè` sh`pkìgrà à gebh gebhugea ugea pgrg pgrg kg pkg i`d`hgh`øi kg bobhuh`øi bk haitrak y kg eahumbitgh`øi eb hgeg praybhta eb ìiavgh`øi. Bvgkugr bk pracrbsa eb kas e`vbrsas pra

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ybhtas y ebhè`r sanrb kg haivbi`bih`g eb su haitìuège a hgihbkgh`øi. Gsbcurgr kg eahumbitgh`øi kg pratbh h`øi y kg bxpkatgh`øi eb kas rbsuktgeas eb kg ìiavgh`øi.

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rbsuktgeas haiouitas rbsuktgeas haiou itas eb kg ìiavgh`øi. Vramavbr kg ³rbgk`zgh`øi rbgk`zgh`øi pbr`øe`hg eb gue`tarígs ìtbrigs ebk prahbsa eb ì  iavgh`øi pgrg su bvgkugh`øi y mboarg. Cbstàigr kg trgisdbrbih`g eb tbhiakacíg y haiah`m`bita y pgrt`h pgrt`h`pgr `pgr eb kas ham` tàs eb hamprg eb tbhiakacíg pgrg gsb curgr haitrgtas eb trgisdbrbih`g trgisdbrbih`g èbg. Haareìgr kg cbst`øi eb kg ìiavgh`øi har` ³ kg cbst`øi ebk haiah`m`bit0 tbhiakøc`ha.

2. Duihàibs ebk ham`tà eb ìiavgh`øi eb kg bmprbsg gkkbr

Ebdìg s`btb duihàibs ebk ham`tà eb ìiavg h`øi qub sb ebsgrrakkgrçi bi kg bmprbsg lg h`biea usa eb kg Ugnkg 8 8 2. Ugnkg 8-2. Duihàibs ebk bqu`pa ìiavgear

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8.8.> âkbs eb ui ham`tà eb ìiavgh`øi

Kg rbspaisgn`kège rbspaisgn`kège.. ebk prahbsa eb ìia

vgh`øi vg eb kg mgia eb kas rbhursas y kg darmg hama sb bmpaebrg gk bqu`pa eìg eìg m`zgear bs par bkka qub muhlgs arcgi`zg arcgi`zg  hàibs ebkbcgi kg ` iiavgh`øi bi pbrsaigs g kgs qub sb kbs rbspaisgn`k`zg eb kas rb  suktgeas suktgea s cbibrgeas par bkkg bkkg pbs pbs~ ~ g qub ia

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Bk ham`tà eb ìiavgh`øi ebnb bstgr haidar

mgea par rbpr~sbitgitbs eb kas e`dbrbitbs i`vbkbs bmprbsgr`gkbs? bstrgtàc`ha tçht`ha y apbrgt`va: bs par bkka qub g haitìugh`øi

sb kbs atarcg kg gutarège ibhbsgr`g pgrg sb ebnb e`k`cbih`gr kg Ugnkg 8 -4, eaieb sb gs`cigr kas rbhursas sbcÿi sus hr`tbràs ebdì`rçi kas rakbs kgs duihàibs y kas iam iam nrbs a kas hgrcas ebk ham`tà eb ì ìi i.avgh`øi. i` tamgr ebh`sàibs hkgvb. Bs par bkka qub Hama gpaya p p grg kg ³ebdì`h`øi eb rakbs y pgrg eìgm`zgr bk prahbsa sb rbqu`brb qub kas e`dbrbitbs i`vbk i`vbkQ Qs cbrbih` cbrbih`..gkbs gkbs bstrgtà- ³ duihàibs pubeb Qut`k`zgr bk Gibxa GibxaQ Q 7. E`k` c`has c`ha s y apbrgt`vas pgrt`h`pbi y tbicgi ui cbih`b ³ui hugera eb ìtbcrgitbs par hgeg rak hkgra ebitra ebk ham`tà . rak míi`m míi`ma a eas eas.. . Ugnkg 8-4. Haid`curgh`øi ebk ham`tà eb ìiavgh`øi

Ham`tà eb ìiavgh`øi

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E B H^BH@M@BIUA -VÂERHUA E B K @IIATGH@ØI Kg ìiavgh`øi ebnb tbibr ui `mpghta pa

egtas l`stør`has eb par ka mbias trbs g÷as gtrçs, pubeb sbr bi vbr`tgs, sgt`sdghh`øi eb kas usugràs a bi sbrv`hàs prbstgeas. prbstgeas . Hai bstas egtas sb rbgk`z:g ui prahbsa eb bxtrgpakgh`Wi kìbgk y sb ` ebit`d`hg kg tbi tbi ebih`g eb hrbh`m`bita arcçi`ha pgrg kas hìha . g÷as s`cu`bitbs. s`cu`bitbs . Kubca, sanrb bsg praybhh`øi, sb ìe`hg ui hrbh`m`bita eb . par ka mbias, bitrb bk 2 y bk >6 ebr`vg ea ebk prahbsa eb ìiavgh ìiavghQ Qøi D`curg 8~4 . Gkcuigs bmprbsgs lghbi ui bobrh`hà mçs hampkboa, trgs kg ebdì`h`øi eb uig Mbcg, bi eaieb pubebi bstgr ìmbrsas k as bs dubrzas eb ìiavgh`øi y par tgita, lgy qub ebdì`rr quà ebdì` quà parh`øi eb bstg Mbcg sb ~acrg rç par mbeà eb kg iavbege iavbege..

s`t`va bi kas ìe`hgearbs eb kg bmprbsg y ebnb vbrsb rbdkbogea bi vbitgs, sgt`sdgh h`øi eb usugràs ³a ebsgrrakka eb atras sbr v`hàs prbstgeas. Kas cbrbitbs ibhbs`tgi, eb mgibrg `mpbrgt`vg, `mpbrgt`vg , haiahbr huçkbs lgi sèa kas kacras antbièas par kas prahbsas eb ìiavgh`øi y høma `mpghtgi kg ha .mpb t`t`vège eb kg arcgi`zgh`øi arcgi`zgh`øi?? Var bsta, taeg bmprbsg ebnb hamprbi ebr kg bxpbhtgt`vg eb hrbh`m`bita ebr`vgea eb kg ìiavgh`øi. Vgrg haiahbr bstg mbtg bs ibhbsgrà èbit`d`hgr bk hrbh`m`bita ar ar cçi`ha eb kg bmprbsg, bs ebh`r, bk hrbh` m`bita qub sb bstç antbi`biea ~ì bsdubr zas eb ìiavgh`øi, Qas hugkbs pgrtbi eb

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Ebtbrmìgr bk hrbh`m`bita par ìiavgh`øi

Mbe`gitb k g Ugnkg 8 3 èbit`d`qub bk hrbh` uig eb bstgs apartuiègebs eb hrbh`m`bita y m`bita qub lg tbièa kg bmprbsg eurgitb ³ eb quà mgibrg sb `mpghtgrç bk pgrçmbtra eb míi`ma kas trbs g÷as gitbràrbs. Kg vgr`g ebsbmpb÷a ebdìèa D`curg 8-3). nkb rbhambiegeg bs vbitgs . Kubca praybh Bi bstb puita sb t`bib uig mbe`h`øi cb tb bsas vgkarbs eas g÷as mçs ut`k`zgiea ibrgk ebk `mpghta qub kg ìiavgh`øi tbierç uig bhugh`øi kìbgk. Q i kg bmprbsg, e`dbrbih`gea eb ebkk hrbh`m`bi Kubca eb tbibr ebdìèg kg mbtg eb hrbh` ta arcçi`ha a sbhtar`gk. b gkkí bk cbrbitb eb m`bita arcçi`ha, bs ibhbsgrà ` ie`hgr huçk kg arcgi`zgh`øi y bk cbrbitb eb ìiavgh`øi paerçi mbe`r bk rbgk `mpghta ebk bsdubrza sb rç bk gpartb eb hgeg uig eb kgs kíibgs eb ìiavgh`øi g kg mbtg trgzgeg, ìe`hgiea bi rbgk`zgea rbgk`z gea . . tatgk huçk sbrç bk bsdubrza pgrg lghbr bi hgeg Ugnkg 8-3. Hampartgm ` bita eb kgs vbitgs eurg eur gitb k as trbs g÷as gitbràr gitbrà r bs

Vraybhh`øi Vraybhh `øi eb vbitgs hai ìiavgh`øi

Varhbitgob praeuhta ìiavgh`øi

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Hai ngsb bi kg Ugnkg 8 < e`str`nuyg kg rbspaisgn`kège ebk gpartb par ìiavgh`øi . Xaka e`str`nuyg kas parhbitgobs bitrb kas hr`tbràs sbkbhhàigeas eb ghubrea hai ka ebdìèa bi bk Ugkkbr 7 Kg sumg ebnb egr 766 .

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X` nushgmas qub kg ìiavgh`øi sb rbsp`rb bi kg arcgi`zgh`øi, qub cbibrb sgt`sdgh sgt`sdgh  h`øi g kas trgngogearbs y qub sb pramubvg bk ebsgrrakka eb iavbegebs pgrg mboargr kgs haie`hàibs eb vèg, ia saka bi bk gm  n`bitb kgnarg k, sìa bi kas h k `bitbs ghtugkbs y k as iubvas, bs ibhb ibhbsgrà sgrà ebdì`r rbhursas bxhkus`vas pgrg ¡ihbit`vgr y ebsgrrakkgr bstg ght`vège. Ia bs sud`h`bitb hai gs`c gs`c igrkb t`bmpa, tgmn`ài sb rbqu`brbi rbhur rbhur sas drbshas y eb r`bsca pgrg ³ ebsgrrakkgr . praybhtas hai patbih`gk eb ìiavgh`øi. Bs hamÿi bihaitrgr bmprbsgs qub eb sbgi lghbr ìiavgh`øi, ìiavgh`øi, ebdìbi ght`vègebs ght` vègebs pgrg pramavbr èbgs, rbgk `zgi tgkkbrbs hai kas bqu`pa~ eb trgngoa, èbit`d`hgi èbgs y sb bvgkÿgi eb mgibrg bstruhturgeg bi kas

ham`tàs eb ìiavgh`øi: pbra s` ia hubitg hai rbhursas pgrg pramavbr bk ebsgrrakka eb praybhtas, praybhtas , bsta haihkuyb bi uig ebs ebs mat`vgh`øi erçst`hg ebk bqu`pa eb trgngoa qub lg ìvbrtèa t`bmpa bi sus èbgs? bs  truhturçieakgs, ebsgrrakkçieakgs, pbisçi pbisçi eakgs,, prbsbitçieakgs y ebtbrmìgiea su eakgs v`gn`kège, pgrg bihaitrg r sb gk dìgk hai qub kg bmprbsg ia pasbb kg hgpghège pgrg ebsgrrakkgrkgs y kgizgrkgs gk mbrhgea mbrhgea.. Atra bshbigrà bs kg gs`cigh`øi eb prb- ³ supubsta giugk bi bmprbsgs qub ia pa  sbbi bstrgtbc`gs pgrg kg ìiavghài y eb  nbi bspbrgr lgstg kg prøx`mg gs`cigh`øi prbsupubstg pgr pgrg g bit bitrbcg rbcgrr rbhursas g bstg ght`vège: sì bmngrca, eurgitb bstb pbràea sb pubeb vbr qub kç hampbtbih`g bs mçs gcrbs`vg y pubeb tamgr bsgs ibhb ibhb sègebs ebk mbrhgea g su dgvar.

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Ugnkg 88-< . E`str`nuh`øi eb kg rbspaisgn`kège ebk gpartb par ` iiavgh`øi.

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Bx`stbi e`vbrsgs darmgs eb gs`cigr Qprb supubsta pgrg kg ìiavgh`øi Ugnkg 88- 0), uig bs par Riègebs Bstrgtbc`,`s eb Ib

bitrb bk 2 y bk >6 , sbcÿi kg ght`vège bhaiøm`hg eb kg bmprbsg y bk ebsba eb hampbt`r bi kas sbhtarbs bmbrcbitbs. Rig

cahàs R BI ), bi kgs qub sb gs`cig prbsu pubsta sbcÿi kg bx`stbih`g eb praybhtas, pbra muhlgs vbhbs bstb prbsupubsta ia bs pgrg ìiavgh`øi sìa pgrg bk duihàigm`bi ta eb kg RBI. Atrg mgibrg eb lghbrka bs par mbeà eb kg gs`cigh`øi giugk b prb supubsta pgrg kg ìiavgh`øi , vgkar qub pra v`bib e`rbhtgmbitb eb kgs vbitgs a eb kg ut`kège ebk g÷a gitbràr, hai gs`cighàibs .

eb kgs darmgs mçs gebhugpgs bs gs`cigr prbsupubsta bs eb ghubrea hai kg e`str` nuh`øi eb rbspaisgn`kègebs bi kgs mbtgs eb ìiavgh`øi Ugkkbr 8]

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qub bi bk

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Vrbsupubsta eb ìiavgh ìiavgh`øi `øi kk br < sb

yg bst nkbh ` ea s . Vg r g. bkka , bi kg Ugn Ugnkkg 8 76

eb ìiav h ` øi y bi b k Ugkkbr

sb ebnb ebd` i ` r b k p r bsupub st a ckan k eb

0 sb e`str ` nuyø k g rbspais n`kè e eb bst

` iiav h `.øi p r

mbt , bi bstb sb prapaib e ` s t r `nu`r k as r b-

parhbit ob eb k gs vbit s a ui vg k a r ebtbr

hu r sas eb ìiav h`øi us iea kas h r ` tb r às

mì ea p a r kg e ` rbht ` vg .

Ugnkg 8-76. Vrbsupubsta eb ` iiavgh`øi G÷a 7

bk

÷a , pubeb sbr hama

Q praybhtgea

Vrbsupubsta tatgk eb ìiav h`øi E`strtnuh`øi ebk pr b.supubsta supubsta Hr`tbrà

Varhbitgob gs`cigea

Tgkar prbsupubstgea ³ g÷a 7

Varhbitgob Varhbi tgob prbsupubsta g÷a 7

Iubvas hgigkbs Iubvgs cbacrgdígs ............................................................................... ³³³³³³³³³³³

³³³³³³ ³³³ •³³³³ ³ ³ ³ • ³ ³

[ 7

-27-

Vrbsupubsta tatgk eb ìiavgh`øi E`str`nuh`ø E`str `nuh`øi i ebk prbsupu bsta

d 3

Varhbitgob gs`cigea tgkkbr <

Hr`tbrà

Tgkar Tgk ar prbsup prbsupubstge ubstgea a g÷a 7 ³

Varhbitgob prbsupubsta g÷a 7

Iubvgs pgsas hgebig eb vgkar

Iubvas prahbsas

Hukturg eb kg ìiavgh`øi Uatgk

766%

sb ebnb ebtgkkgr bk prbsupubsta par hr`tbrà y par ght`v` ght`v ègebs. Bi bstb mambita bk prbsupubsta gÿi bs ckangk, par ka qub ebitra eb kg arcgi`zgh`øi sb ebnb lghbr ui ebtgk ebtgkQ Qb ebk prbsupubsta. Bi kg

gnkg 8 77

Ugnkg 8- .

rbsupubsta eb ìi ìiavgh`øi avgh`øi G÷a 7

praybhtgea par hr`tbrà.

Vrbsÿpubsta Vrbsÿpu bsta tatgk eb e b ìiavgh`øi? ìiavgh`øi? E`strínuhoøi ebkebk -prbsupubsta Hr`tbrà

T`c`kgih`g y praspbht`vg

Cbibrgh`øi eb èbgs

Hukturg eb ìiavgh`øi

Lbrrgm`bitgs eb sapartb

bstrgtàc`hg

@ivbrs`øi bi praybhtas eb ìiavgh`øi

Bstruhturg eb

@mprbv`stas . [

ìiavgh`øi

Iubvas

praeuhtas

Iubvgs cbacrgdígs Iub vgs pgsas hgebig eb

vgkar

Iubvas prahbsas

Hukturg eb kg ìiavgh`øi Uatgk

-

2> -

GNH EB KG @IIAT H@ØI

8.4 EBIU@D@H ^ T

EBD@I@^ MÀU^@H X ³ B @IIAT H@ØI Bk prahbsa eb ìiavgh`øi bs duiegmbitgk

Kg hkgvb eb kg èbit`d`hgh`øi eb kg s m à 

pgrg bk àx`ta bi kg `mpkbmbitgh`øi .eb ui s`stbmg eb ìiavgh`øi, par bstg rgzøi kgs

tr`hgs gsah`gegs g kas ìe`hgearbs bstç bi tamgr ui haiouita pbqub÷a qub nrìeb ui

arcgi`zghàibs ibhbs`tgi mbe`r bk prahbsa nushgiea qub sb lgcg v`s`nkb su `mpghta `mpghta.. Vgrg hgeg s`stbmg eb cbst`øi bs ibhbsg rà ebdì`r ui crRpa eb ìe`hgearbs qub pbr m`tgi mbe`r kg ght`vège ìiavgearg bi uig bmprbsg gn kg 8- 7> : bstas ìe`hgearbs sb gcrupgi bi trbs hgtbcarígs? ìe`hgearbs eb bitrgeg qub rbprbsbitgi bk bsdubrza qub rbgk`zg kg bmprbsg bi kgs ght`vègeàs eb ìiavgh`øi: ìe`hgearbs eb prahbsa qub pbrm`tbi bvgkugr ka qub pgsg bi bk prahb prahb sa eb ìiavgh`øi: b ìe`hgearbs eb sgkèg

gmpkà rgica eb mbeègs y qub g kg vbz dg h`k`tb g kg arcgi`zgh`øi su mgiboa. Ka rbha mbiegnkb bs èbit`d`hgr gkrbebear eb e`bz ìe`hgearbs e`vèèas bi kas trbs crupas, ebdì`r uig mbtç b ì`h`gr hai uig kíibg ngsb qub rbprbsbitb bk bstgea ghtugk ebk prahbsa y uigs eas mbe`hàibs mgs pgrg bvèbih`gr bk gvgihb eb kg arcgi`zgh`øi. Kgs màtr`hgs sb ebnbi mgitbibr par ui pbràea míi`ma eb hìha g÷as, hai bk anobt`va eb hamprbiebr kg bvakuh`øi ebk s`stbmg eb ìiavgh`øi y gigk`zgr ghhàibs

qub s`rvbi pgrg mbe`r kas rbsuktgeas y bk ` mpghta ebk prqhbsa eb ìiavgh`øi Z>8] .

g bmprbebr pgrg mboargr a gc`k`zgr kas prahbsas eb ìiavgh`øi.

Ugnkg 8-7>. Bobmpkas

eb màtr`h s

eb bitrgeg, prahbsa y sgk èg pgrg kg.ìiavgh`øi .

³ 8 . Vrambeà eb eígs eb bitrbigm `bita bitaQ Q grg kas bmpkbgeas (

)

e`rbht`v vas ( ) 5. Vrambeà eb eígs eb bitrbigm`bita pgrg kas e`rbht` 2. E`rbhh`øi eb t`bmpa eb trgngoa bi ìia ìiav vgh`øi ( )

t`ø øi eb bs t`

e`sb÷a

eb ìiavgh`øi

7) Bvgkugh`øi eb .èbgs >) Vrubng eb haihbpta . 5) Bstrgtbc `g eb ìia vgh`øi ³ ³³³³³³³³³³³³ ³³ ³³ ³³³³ ³¡ ³ ³³³

2) Haistruhh`øi/ebsgrrakka Giçk`s`s bx-past bst `øi eb prayb ta y aitrak .............. . . .................. ... ... ........

7) Cbst`øi eb pra ybhtas eb kas bmpkbgeas >) Vra ybhta haitrak eb bmpkbgeas bi kg pgrt`h`pgh`øi eb prahbsas eb ³ mbrhgeba b ìia vgh`øi

-

2

Iavbege eb kg ìia vgh`øi 7) Iubva g kg bmprbsg

- >) Iubva g kg ìeustr`g ighàigk) ..........................................

8) Iub va g kg ìeustr`g ìtbrighàigk)

5) Kg ìia ìiav vgh`øi lg bstgnkbhèa ui iubva bstçiegr bi kg ìeustr`g

2) Kg ìia vgh`øi ia pubeb sbr `m`tgeg

Mbeíegs eb s kè

Bspbrgiea kgs vbitgs mçs `mpart itbs bi ìiavgh`øi eb k as ÿk t`mas . trbs g÷as

uatgs eb vbitgs eb ìiavgh`øi eb kas ÿk t`mas trbs g÷as 7) Huatgs eb vbitgs eb ìiavghàibs rge`hgkbs -

^bpgrta eb ut`kègebs eb ìia vgh`øi bi kas ÿkt`mas trbs g÷as 7)

^bpgrta eb ut`kègebs eb ìia vghàibs rge`hgkbs

7. Iÿmbra eb èbgs iubvgs

Mbeègs eà bit rgeg

~

Q

>.-@-~~~r.~`1~b.,seb uiège eb ibcahà par t`pa eb ìia vgh`øi

8. k+E -hama ui parhbitgob eb kgs vbitgs 5. Vbrsaigk tàhi`ha g t`bmpa hampkbta y høma y eøieb ) bs ut`k`zgea 7 @ebg eb t`bmpa eb ebh`s`øi

>. Ebh`s`øi eb t`bmpa eb kgizgm`bita Mbeègs eb prahbsas 8 QU`pa eb praybhta y dbhlg eb kgizgm`bita

5. Xumg ebk vgkar prbsbitb ibta praybhtgiea 7

Mbeègs eb Xgkègs

Vgtb itb haihbeèg

>. Kgizgm`bitas par sbcm ³bitas eb ³ ibcahàs

.................................... ..... . .... ..

. .

³³³³³³³

³ ³³ ³ ³³³ ³³ ³³³³ ³ ³³³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ •³ ³ ³ ³ ³

8 . Varhbitgob eb vbitgs 5. Â` ìiavgh`øi 7

Mbeíegs eb bitrgeg ------

Iÿmbra eb èbgs iub vgs

>. @i vbrsàibs eb ui`àkge eb ibcahà par t`pa eb ìia vgh`øi

5. Vbrsaigk tàhi`ha g t`bmpa hampkbt0 y høma y eøieb ) bs ut`k`zgea 7

@ebg eb t`bmpa eb ebh`s`øi

³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³

Mbeèg

>. Ebh`s`øi eb t`bmpa eb kgizgm`bita

eb prahbsas

8 QU`pa eb pra ybhta y dbhlg eb kgizgm`bita 5. Xumg ebk vgkar prbsbitb ibta praybhtgea

2

GNH

EB

KG @IIATGH@AI

7. Vgtbitb haihbeèg >. Kgizgm`bitas par sbcmbitas eb ibcahàs ibcahàsQ Q

³8. Varhbitgob eb vbitgs y nbibd`hàs eb iub vas praeuhtas

Â` @iia vgh`øi

Btgpg eb Ebsgrrakka eb @iia vgh`øi? 7

Tbkahège eb hrbgh`øi eb pratat`pas

>. Iÿmbra eb pratat`pas par iubva praybhta

8.U`bmpa prambeà bi quà sb tgreg bi kkbcgr eb btgpg 7 g btgpg 2 5. Iÿmbra eb pgtb itbs gpk`hgegs pgrg

2. Iÿmbra eb pgtbitbs haihbeègs 4. Varhbitgobs eb èbgs qub sai dìgih`gegs pgrg bk ebsgrrakka 3

Varhbitgobs eb èbgs qub mgtgi

>. Iÿmbra eb hk`bitbs iubvas ge`hàigeas

8. Ugsg eb hrbh`m`bita eb kg ngsb eb hk`bitbs

Ebdì`h`øi eb màtr`hgs ìiavgh`øi gh`øi pgrg kg bmprbsg bmprbsg   eb ìiav kk b r 76

Bi bstb mambita kg bmprbsg lg ebstìgea

rbprbsbitb kas ìe`hgearbs ebk prahbsa Ug ui prbsupubsta gk prahbsa eb ìiavgh`øi nkg 8 8 78 Hugiea bstgnkbzhg kgs màtr`hgs par tgita bs duiegmbitgk mbe`r bk `mpgh- ³ bs `mpartgitb èbit`d`hgr uig mbtg pgrg ta eb e`hla bsdubrza bsdubrza pgr pgrg g bkka bk bqu`pa hgeg uig eb bkkgs: g dì eb rbhaiahbr qub ebnb ebdì`r ngsgeas bi eb ìiavgh`øi ebnb su duihàigm`bita bs harrbhta y sb bstçi kg Ugn kg 8 7> ui crupa eb màtr`hgs qub rbgk`zgiea kgs ghhàibs gebhugegs.

Ugnkg 8 78 7 8 . @ebit`d`hgh`øi eb màtr`hgs ebk prahbsa eb ` iiavgh`øi .

MÀU^@H X EB @IIAT H@ØI d:tgpg

Màtr`hg

±WQuàmèb1

Drbhubih`g eb mbe`h`øi

Ngsbb Ngs

Vkgza

Bitrgeg Vrahbsa

³ Xgkèg

GNH EB KG @II 6~ GH@A

BIUBIE@BIE

³

BK

E B ³ HAIHBVUA ³ . -

.

.HRKUR^ EB K ³ . ³. IIAT H ø I ³ I K X . . .

A^C I@_ ~ AIBX .

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.

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@IAP N@N@

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OLAI D^BAP BXHAN ^ :

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OR I DBK@VB LB^^B^

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Mae`d`hg r kas -hampa hamparr tgm`bitas lumgias ia bs tg rbg d çh ` k y muhla mbias kg huktu huktu 

bk prahbsa eb eb kg arcgi`zgh`øi eurgitb bk haisakkègh`øi. haisa

.

³

b m prbsg qub bs bk rbsuktgea eb k rg eb uig bm hakgnargea rbs, ha hai i e`db e`db gpa r tb eb muhlas hakgnargear r bitbs è` è às ` ih ihrrgs`gs, h rbbih`gs rbbih`gs,, darmgh`øi y mbtgs mbtgs.. Bs par bkk bkka a qub kg haisa k` egh egh``øi ìiavgh avgh``øi bs praeuh praeuh eb uig hu kturg eb kg ìi ta eb ui prahbsa ar a rcgi`zgea cgi`zgea,, vìhu v ìhu..gitb y sanrb.. taea, q ub rbhaiazhg k gs pgrt`hu kgr sanrb gr` ` egebs eb taeas kas ghta ghtarrbs bmp bmprrbsgr bsgr``gkbs Ugnkkg 5 - . Kg gprap Ugn gprap`` gh`øi eb uig huktu hukturr g ³ tgrrbg eb mbe mbe`` gia eb k g ìiavgh`øi bs uig tg pkgza, par ka qub bs duiegmbitgk pr pr bsbitgr v`hta r`gs tbmp gigs bi taeas kas çmn` çmn `tas

Kg huktu hukturr g arcgi`zghàig k t `bib qu q ub vbr

hai bk ha hamp mpartgm artgm `blta eb kas ha kgna gnarr g earbs y sb hampaib eb bkbmb bmbi itas qub sb tarigi bi dghtarbs eb eb h `s `s`` øi g kg lar g arparr gr gprbie`zgo gprbie`zgo bs a ìhk ìh kusa ebs eb ìh arpa gp r bieb r. Bs ui bkbmbita qu q ub dgh`k` dgh `k`tg tg a bitarr p~hb kg gprap` bita gprap `gh`øi eb k as prahbsas eb ` iia iiav vgh` øi bi kgs arcg cgi i `zgh ài àibs bs y bi ÿk t`mgs lgn` k` tg k g hgp` hgp `tg k` zgh `ø `øi i eb k hai a h`m h` m `bit bita a eb mgib mgibrr g sast sas t bi ` eg bi bk t` bm pa D`cu rg .

Ugnkg 5-7. Ebdì`hàibs eb huktur g arcgi`z arcgi`zghàigk. ghàigk.

Xhlbì 700>)

VQtrøi eb supubstas nçs`has ìvbitgeas, ebshun`brtas y a ebsgrrakkgeas par. ui crupa crupa,, bi kg mbhdèg qub gprbieb g mgib o gr y rbsakvbr sus prankbmgs eb gegptgh`øi bxtbrias y eb ìtbcrgh`øi ìtbrig.

Nawbr 7002)

Bkbmbita ìv`s`nkb pgrg kgs pbrsaigs qu b pbrtbibhbi g kgs arcgi`zghàibs, gk puita eb kkbcgr g hai vbrt`rsb, gkcuigs vbhbs, bi kg darmg eb lghbr kgs hasgs . Xì bmng rca, bi kg rgíz eb hgeg hukturg bstçi kas vgkarbs bi kas qub sb ngsg kg Arcgi`zgh`øi.

Careai 7004)

X`stbmg hampgrtèa eb vgkarbs, hrbbih`gs y lçn`tas ebitra eb kg arcgi`zgh`øi qub ìtbrghtÿgi hai kg bstruhturg darmgk pgrg praeuh `r iarmgs eb Q ampartgm`bita ampartgm`bita..

Xtaibr (7004)

Xb r`b eb bitbieèas `mpartgitbs hama iarmgs, vgkarbs, ght` ght `tuebs y hrb bih`gs hampg hamp grtèas par kas m`bmnras eb kg arcgi `zgh`øi. Darmg ght ght``tuebs bi kas bmpkbgeas y ebtbrmìg kg mgibrg bi qub kg arcgi`zgh`øi ìtbrQ ìtbrQhtÿg hai su bitaria.

Xbrig 7003)

Mgibrg hama kgs arcgi` arcgi`z zghàibs lghbi kgs hasgs , hama bstgnk bstgn kbh bi ' pràrègebs y egi `mpartgih `mpartgih``g g kgs e`dbrbitbs tgrbgs bmprbsgr`gkbs.

Hg`hbea (>66>)

pbrsaigk`ège Q b kgs arcgi `zghàibs Z> 3] ^bprbsbitg kg èbitège y kg pbrsaigk

ânn ìs Ouecb >678, p. 27>) .

m`bmnras,, qub e`stìcub uig X`stbmg eb s`ci`d`hgeas hamÿi bitrb kas m`bmnras arcgi `z gh`øi eb atrgs, eaieb kas vgkarbs hampgrtèas sb haisbrvgi y hampgrtbi Z>0).

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.. 7

7. Bk

` ie ie``vèu a hama s` s` stbmg prahbsgear eb ` idarm idarmggh` h`øi øi.. Dubitb? t86]

Kg hukturg eb ` iiavg iiavg..h`øi bs bk bkbmbita hbitrgk bi kg hrbgh`øi eb uig arcgi`zgh`øi hgpgzz eb gpr hgpg gprbieb biebrr Z8 Z87] 7] . Bi bstb haitbQ haitbQta sb haisèbrg qub bk gprbie`zgob bs bk pra pra hbsa eb ìharpargh`øi eb haiah`m`bita bi kg mbitb ebk suobta a ìtbrigk`zgh`øi eb gqubk hai bk dì dì³³ eb ebsgrrakkgrka y paibrka bi prçht`hg Z8>] . Gsí . pubs pubs,, bk gprbie`zgob arcgi`zghàigk bs bk prahbsa eb trgisdar~ mgh`øi eb kg ìdarmgh`øi bi haiah`m ` bi  ta hai bk dì eb dgh`k`tgr bk ebsgrrakka eb

-

rutìgs arcgi`zgt`vg arcgi`zgt`vgss a eb pgutg pgutg,,s eb ghh`øi pgrg bk ebsbmpb÷a bObht`va eb kgs ght`vèg ght`vèg ebs eb kg arcgi`zgh`øi Z8>]. Ri pkgi eb hukturg eb kg ìiavgh`øi ebnb ìtbcrgr darmgh`øi, gprap`gh`øi y hamui` hamui` hgh`øi : bitrb atrgs ghhàibs Ugnkg 5-> , nushgiea bvèbih`gr. bvèbih`gr .kgs gpubstgs y kg gpra gpra p`gh`øi ebk prahbsa eb ìiavgh`øi, lgstg haisakègr uig hukturg gkrbebear ebk tbmg bi kg arcgi`zgh`øi.

20 -

Ugnkg 5->. Ght`vègebs pgrg ebd` i` r kg hukturg arcgi`zghàigk.

Ght`vège

³ Ebshr`ph`øi

Vkgi eb hgpgh`tgh`øi

Vkgi eb bitrbigm`bita g kas bqu`pas eb trgngoa pgrg ebsgrrakkgr ght`vège ght`vègebs bs eb ìiavgh`øi

Vkgi eb ebsgrrakka pbrsaigk

Vkgi eb hgrrbrg, pkgi eb pramah`øi y bstímukas

@mgcbi pgrg kg ìiavgh`øi

Ebsgrrakka eb uig èbitège harpargt`vg gkrbebear eb kg ìiavgh`øi

^bebs eb hakgnargh`øi ,

Ebdì`r rbebs eb hakgnargh`øi ìtbrigs y bxtbrigs. Hrbgr haitrgtas mgrha y bspbhíd`has pgrg hakgnarghàibs bi ìvbst`cgh`øi

Ugkkbrbs eb hrbgt`vège b ìiavgh`øi

Vbràe`hège y haitìuège bi ght`vègebs eb ìiavgh`øi ar`bitgegs g mgitbibr bk bqu`pa ght`va sanrb bk tbmg

Vunk`hège ìtbrig eb kg ìiavgh`øi

Hamui`hgh`øi haistgitb sanrb kas gvgihbs kacrgeas par kg ìiavgh`øi gsí hama hgmpg÷gs y rbtas

5.7BKBMBIUAX ARB HAMVAIBI RI

HRKUR^ @IIAT EA^ Kg ìiavgh`øi ia bs ui haihbpta purg purg 

eìbra . Kgs bmprbsgs vbregebrgmbitb ìia ìia vgeargs sb bsdubrzgi bi sbrka y ka ebhkgrgi Ugkkbr 8 . Ebhkgrgiea kg ìiavgh`øi). Bsta Eb-cbibrg rbsuktgeas tgic`nkbs Ugkkbr 76. Eb dì`h`øi eb màtr`hgs eb ìiavgh`øi pgrg kg bmprbsg) qub sb bvèbih`gi bi kas ìdarmbs

mbitb tàhi`ha: tgmn`ài t`bib. t`bib . ui praduiea hgrçhtbr hukturgk, bhaiøm`ha y sah`gk, bs ebh`r ebh `r bstç dubrtbmbitb gsah`geg hai bk suns`stbmg hukturgk qub pbrm`tb `• `•itraeu itraeu h`r iubvas hampartgm`bitas ebr`vgeas eb

y bk humpk`m`bita eb kgs mbtgs.

hgmnàs bstruhturgkbs y bstrgtàc`has Z88]. Vgrg ebsgrrakkgr uig hukturg ìiavgearg, ^ga y Sbìtrgun >678) prapaibi sb`s dgh dgh  tarbs gsah`geas gr prahbsa?

5 7 > Hampartgm`bitas Kas hampartgm`bitas ebshr`nbi høma gh tÿg kg cbitb g hgusg eb kg ìiavgh`øi. Vgrg kas kíebrbs, bsas ghtas ìhkuybi kg vakui tge eb hgmn`gr kas praeuhtas bx`stbitbs hai praeuhtas iubvas y mboarbs: pgrg kas bmpkbgeas, kg darmg bi qub sai gpaygeas

5 7 7 Tgkarb Tgkarbss Kas vgkarbs `mpuksgi kgs pràrègebs y kgs ebh`sàibs ³ qub sb rbdkbogi bi kg mgibrg hama uig bQmprbsg bidahg su t`bmpa y su

4

GNH

bi sus prapubstgs: pgrg kas hk`bitbs sb bvèbih`g hugiea sus rbhambieghàibs eb mboarg sb ìtbcrgi gk prahbsa cbibrçi

B

KG @IIATGH@AI

hakgnargearbs bi kg haistruhh`øi ebk pra hbsa eb ìiavgh`øi).

eakbs mgyar sgt`sdghh`øi. Lghbr .pgrtíh`pb g taeas kas ghtarbs bmprbsgr`gkbs bs tgi s`mpkb hama ìv`tgrkas g gyuegr g gkìbgr kg bstrgtbc`Q bstrgtbc` Qg eb ìiavgh`øi (Ugkkbr 8. Ebhkg rgiea kg ìiavgh`øi) y tbibrkas bi hubitg .

5 7 8 Hk`mg Bk hk`mg bs bk tbiar eb kg vèg kgnargk. Ri

hk`mg ìiavgear dambitg bk hampram`sa y bk bitus`gsma, ebsgdíg g kgs pbrsaigs g gsum`r r`bscas bi ui bitaria sbcura, da mbitg bk gprbie`zgob y dambitg bk pbisg m`bita ìebpbie`bitb bk Hgpítuka 2 ar`bi tg kgs ghhàibs qub .ìvakuhrgi g taeas kas hakgnarge..arbs hakgnarge arbs bi kg haistruhh`øi ebk pra hbsa eb ìiavgh`øi).

àx`ta eb uig ìiavgh`øi pubeb hgptgr sb bi trbs trbs³³ i`vbkbs? bxtbria, bmprbsgr`gk y pbrsaigk. Bi pgrt`hukgr, bk rbhaiah`m`bita bxtbria `mpk`hg qub uig bmprbsg sbg hai ham m sèbrgeg ìiavgearg par sus hk`bitbs y ha pbtèarbs, gsí hama hugiea uig ìiavgh`øi lg egea sus drutas dìgih`bras. Bi tàrmìas mçs cbibrgkbs, bk àx`ta rbdubrzg kas vgkarbs, . kas hampartgm`bitas y kas prahbsas eb kg Qbmprbsg, qub g su vbz `mpuksgi muhlgs ghhàibs y ebh`sàibs pastbràrbs? qu`ài sbrç rbhampbisgea, quà pbrsaigs sbrçi haitrgtgegs y quà praybhtas antbierçi kuz vbreb (Ugkkbr 77 Ebdì`h`øi eb màtr`hgs eb ìiavgh`øi pgrg kg bmprbsg). Bstas dghtarbs ia rbqu`brbi mçs qub bk Bk

sbcu`m`bita eb kg bstrgtbc`g eb ìiavgh`øi ebsgrrakkgeg par kg arcgi`zgh`øi y sb vb rbdkbogeg bi ghhàibs haihrbtgs.

5 7 5 ^bhursas ^bhurs as Kas rbhursas hamprbiebi trbs dghtarbs prìh`pgkbs? pbrsaigs, s`stbmgs y praybh tas. Eb bstas, kg cbitb -bspbh`gkmbitb bk ham`tà eb ìiavgh`øi - bs kg mçs hrít`hg parqub t`bib ui `mpghta eb crgi gkhgihb bi kas vgkarbs y Qk hk`mg eb kg arcgi`zgh`øi (Ugkkbr   5. E`sb÷giea bk ham`tà eb ìiavg (Ugkkbr h`øi pgrg kg bmprbsg).

³

5 7 4 Àx`ta

5 7 2 Vrahbsas Vrahb sas

Kas prahbsas sai kg rutg qub s`cubi kgs ì iavghàibs g mQ mQ beèg. qub sb ebsgrrakkgi . beèg. Bstas pubebi ìhku`r bk dgm`k`gr bmnuea eb ìiavgh`øi ut`k`zgea pgrg hgpturgr y tgm`zgr èbgs a s`stbmgs eb pubrtgs eb bshbigrà pgrg rbv`sgr y pràr`zgr praybh praybh tas y pratat`pas bk Hgpítuka 2 ar`bitg kgs ghhàibs qub ìvakuhrgi g taeas kas

Ugkkbr

77

ukturg

eb kg ìiavgh`øi

Uamgiea hama rbdbrbih`g kg Ugnkg 5-> y kas sb`s dghtarbs gsah`geas gk gk prahbsa eb hukturg eb kg ìiavgh`øi, hgeg ham`tà eb nbrç lghbr v`s`nkbs kgs ghhàib ghhàibs s tbie`bitbs t bie`bitbs g haisakègr bk prahbsa. ~grg bkka, bi kg Ugnkg 55- 8 sb ebnbi e`k`cbih`gr kgs ght`v` egebs ebdìègs eb kg s`cu`bitb mgibrg? rbsgktb hai ui mgrhgear kgs ght`vègebs qub haisèbrbi `mpkbmbitgr eurgitb kas eas pr`mbras g÷as: èbit`d`qub ka kas s dghtarbs g kas qub gpuitgi e`hlgs ght`vège. ght`vège.bs bs hai uig \: y, dìgkmbitb, bstgnkbzhg uig mbtg hugk`tgt`vg a hugit`tgt`vg. Kg mbtg gyueg g iutr`r kas ìe`hgearbs ebk prahbsa.

4

Ugn k g 55- 8 Ght`vègebs pgrg k g haisa haisakkègh`øi eb uig hu kturg eb kg ìiavgh`øi

Vkgi eb hgpgh `tgh`øi

bitrbigm``bita Vkgi eb bitrbigm g kas bqu `pas eb trgngoa ebsgrrØ kk gr ³ ght``vègebs eb ght

gh`øi ìiavgh`øi ìiav

V gi eb hgrrbrg

Vkgi eb

pkgi eb p~amah`øi y bs tímuk as

ebsgrrakka

pbrsaigk

@mgcbi pgrg kg ìiavgh`øi

Ebsgrrak ka eb uig `mgcbi harpa rgt gt``vg gkr krbebear bebear eb kg ìi avgh `øi

Ght`vège

Ebshr`ph`øi

- ^bebs eb .ha kgnargh`øi

Ebdì`r rbebs eb ha kgnargh `øi ìtbrigs y bxtbrigs. Hrbgr haitrgtas mgrha y bspbhíd`has pgrg ha kgnarghàibs bi ìvbst `cgh `øi

Ugkkbrbs eb hrbgt`vège b ìiavgh`øi

Vbràe `hège y haitìuège bi , ght `vègebs eb ìiavgh`øi, ar`bitgegs g mgitbibr bk bqu `pa ght`va sanrb bk tbmg

Vun k` hège ìtbrig eb kg ìiavgh`øi

Hamui`hgh``øi Hamui`hgh haistgitb sanrb kas gvgihbs kacrgeas par kg iiavgh`øi, ~sí hama hgmpg÷gs y rbtas

Tgkarbs

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Kg ìiavgh`øi saka sb kacrg trgs kg ghbp

tgh`øi sah`gk a bhaiøm`hg eb kg iavbege, bi praeuhtas y sbrv`hàs, prahbsas, m rjbtìc y arcgi`zghàigkbs Z0]: guiqub tgm tgm  n`ài bs pas`nkb kg iavbege bi kgs dubitbs eb ³ mgtbr`g pr`mg y kg ebstruhh`øi a kg hrbgh`øi eb maiapakàs Z82]. Xì bmngr bmngr-- , ca, pgrg kkbcgr g mbrhgea a `mpghtgr kg sah`bege, bs ibhbsgrà ebdì`r ui prahbsa qub e`smìuyg bk r`bsca eb ìiavgr Z84],

ibhbsègebs, hama pubeb sbr ui maebka eb ebmgieg ebk mbrhgea 2• Xì `mpartgr kg rutg qub sb bshaog, kg ì iavgh`øi saka sb mgtbr`gk`zg hai kg geap h`øi y bstb prahbsa harrbspaieb g kas usugràs, kas hugkbs, bi muhlas hgsas, lg hbi kgs sbkbhhàibs eb praeuhtas eb mg ibrg bmahàigk b `rrghàigk, hama ka lgi ebmastrgea bi kas ÿkt`mas g÷as bk i ura m rjbtìc y kg kgs s iburah`bih`gs ib urah`bih`gs Z58], Z55O.

Vgrg cbrbih`gr bk prahbsa eb ìiavgh`øi,

pubs kg ìhbrtèumnrb sb cbibrg ebseb kg

mbe`rka y gprbiebr eb àk, sb k`gi ebdì` prahbs sas pgrg bk ebsgrrakka eb iubvas ea prahb praeuhtas4 hama bk eb btgpg pubrtg 3 Z57]  Z55], qub lg sèa gmpk`gmbitb ut`k`zgea par e`vbrsgs bmprbsgs bi bk çmn`ta ighà igkª y muie`gk, hai bk dì eb ìtraeuh`r ia vbegebs gk mbrhgea ìtbria y bxtbria eb kg bmprbsg. Ugk bs bk hgsa eb Grcas, Iutrbsg, Ngihakamn`g, Xum`hak y atrgs . ³ Rig rbv`s`øi k`tbrgr`g sanrb prahbsas eb ìiavgh`øi, hai ngsb bi eahb gutarbs rbhaiahèas 0 Z80], pbrm`t`ø sìtbt`zgr sb`s

³ ebdì`h`øi eb kg bstrgtbc`g eb ìiavgh`øi bmprbsgr`gk? adbis`vg, ebdbis`vg, `m`tgt` `m`tgt`  vg, ebpbie`bitb a trge`hàigk Z83], y bstQ bstQg ebnb sbr cbstàigeg pgr pgrg g pramavbr bk mg yar `mpghta y e`smìu`r kg ìhbrtèumnrb . eb kkbcgr gk pÿnk`ha anobt`va. Kas ìvbst`cgearbs lgi kacrgea hgrghtb hgrghtb r`zgr e`vbrsas t`pas eb maebkas eb ìiavg h`øi, hama kas maebkas kìbgkbs, bi rbe, kas eb hgebig y bskgnøi, kas sakgpgeas y sbhubih`gkbs, kas gn`brtas y atras Z8>], Z85] - Z83]: sì bmngrca, bstas maebkas gigk`zgeas rbsuktgi ìhgpghbs eb hgpturgr taeg kg hamp hampkkboège eà kg rbgkège qub trg trg tg eb ebshr ebshr`` n`r Z5>], y guiqub ia sb lgi pubsta eb ghubrea hai ui maebka cbiàr` cbiàr` ha Z57], bstas pbrm`tbi ar`bitgr kg cbst`øi eb kg ìiavgh`øi g kg mbeèg eb k gs ibhbs` egebs eb kg bmprbsg. Kg ìiavgh`øi pubeb surc`r eb e`dbrbitbs bsdubrzas,, par bobmpka, ebseb bk bmpu bsdubrzas o tbhiakøc`ha 5 qub ar`bitg kg ìiavgh`øi ebseb ght`vègebs eb @ivbst`cgh`øi y Ebsg rrakka k+E) hampkbogs, hastasgs y hai gkta

btgpgs cbibrgkbs?

5 Ubhliakacy Vusl .

2 Ebmgie pukk.

4 Ibw Vraeuht Ebvbkapmbit.

3 Xtgcb Cgtb.

< Xb bit bit`` bieb par ighàigk bk tbrr`tarà hakamn`gia y

r`bsca bi kg gegptgh`øi: a par bk haitrgrà, ì`h`gr bk prahbsa eb ìiavgh`øi bi bk hk`bitb adrbh`àieakb sa kuh` kuhàibs aibs g sus ibhbs`- . egebs par mbeà eb mboargs haitìugs y gprap`giea gkcuias gvgihbs tbhiakøc`has qub pubebi cbibrgr sgt`sdghh`øi g sus

kgs bmprbsgs ha kamn`gigs amn`gigs.. 0 Kas Kas gutarb gutarbs s gigk`zgeas dubrai? âcbrs 704> 704>O O, Haapbr 70667 , Mu kcgi >668 ), Tbrkaap ->605 , Hgrm`hgi >665 >665), ), Uè Uèe e >66 2 , Gierbw >664) >664 ) Lg Lgi i sbi >663 ) yOghans >66< ).

-

-

g Ght`vègebs pgrg kg cbibrgh`øi eb èbgs. n Xbkbhh`øi eb praybhtas gk gkìbgeas g k g bstrgtbc`g eb kg arcgi`zgh`øi y bk r `bsca gem`s`nkb par kg bmprbsg.

h Urgisdarmgh` Urgisdarmgh `øi eb èbgs bi praeuhtas tgic``nkbs, ,bs ka qub sb ebiamìg t r gtgic e`hàigkmbitb ebsgrrakka, ebsgrrakka , pratat`pa a rbgk`zgh`øi, ge`hàigkmbitb sb ebnb gc rbcgr kg prubng eb k ebsgrra ebsgrrakkka ka.. e @mpkbmbitgh`øi bi bk muiea rbgk: bs kkgmgeg kg btgpg eb. eb . gizgm`bita a `m

èbgs hai hr h r `tb `tbrràs eb bvg kugh ugh``øi pgrg `m pkbmbi pkbmb itg tgrr kgs, y mbias pg r g darm uk gr ui praybhta bspbhíd`ha gk gk rbspbhta r bspbhta.. Bs par bkk bkka a qub bstb hgpí hgp ítu ka prbsbitg gkcuigs lb r rgm ` bitgs ìe`spbisgn ie`spbisgnkkbs qub qub,, pgsa g pgsa, pbrm`tbi ` mpkb mpkb³³mbitgr ui par tgdak`à eb praybhtas ` iiavgea tgdak iiavgearrbs y, san sanrr b taea,, mb taea mbe e ` r bk `mpghta eb k g ì iavgh iavgh``øi bi kg bmprbsg D`curg 22- .

pkbmbitgh`øi, gpk`hgiea ght`v` ght`v ègb?kbs eb mbrhgeba. b Vaskgizgm`bita, gsah`gea g bshg kgm`bi ta y rb ìiavgh`øi iiavgh`øi.. d Gprbie`zgob, pbra ia eb k prahbsa eb pra euhh`øi sìa eb k prahbsa eb ìiavgh`ø ìiavgh`øi i.

2 7 @EBIU@D@HGH@ØI EBK ^BUA B @IIATGH@ØI

gkcuigs ìiavghàibs surcbi par gzgr a hg sugk`` eg sugk ege e , g trgvàs eb prahbsas bmpír` has,

Ri rbqu`s`ta duiegmbitgk pgrg qub kgs èbgs duih`àibi bs qub kas ìiavgearbs èbit`d` duih qubi kas pran prankkbmgs harrbhtas. Ri bm prbi  ebear ebnb haisuktgr g bx bx pbrtas pbrtas,, hgrghtb r`zg r pas`nkbs hk` bitbs bitbs,, èbit ebit``d`hgiea sus ibhbs`ègebs y rbhaiah `biea kas i`hlas eb ibhbs mbrhgea. Kg ìiavgh`øi pasbb eas hampa

ui prahbsa ka èbgk ybss`stbmçt`ha. haitgr hai Xì bst turgea bmngrca,bstr bir uh kg mgyaríg eb kgs arcgi `zg zghh àibs ia bx bx`` stb ui prahbsa hkgra pgrg kg prbsbitgh`øi eb

ibitbs pr`mare`g pr`mare`gk kbsr?bsiavbege mbrhgea. Rig eb kgs mboa mboar dubitbsy eb èbgs eb ìiavgh`øi sai iubstrgs prap`gs v`vbih ` gs , iubstra eí eíg g eíg: s` i bmng rca , sb ebnb

Kg ` iiavgh`øi sb hgrghtb r` r`zg zg par kg ` ihbr tèumnrb y par kg e`d`huktge eb haihrbtgr èbgs bi praeuhtas a sbrv` sbrv `hàs. Guiqub

D`curg 22- 7. û .tg eb `mpkbmbitgh` øi eb ui ui pa rtgdakà eb ìiavgh`øi

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D`curg 22- > . Mgpg eb bmpgtíg. Ugnkg 22-> Vrbcuitgs ar ` bitgeargs pgrg bk mgpg eb bmpgtíg

±Wuà hryb1

±Wuà vb1.

±Wuà p`bisg y s`bitb i rbgkège1

±Wuà e`hb y lghb1

- ±Wuà bsdubrzas lghb bk hk`bitb1

±Wuà rbsuktgea ant`bib bk hk`bitb1

. . .. . . . . . . Ebshr`nb qu q uà

: Ebshr`nb

vb bk h k` bit itb b bi su bitaria

@itbitg gv gv br`cugr

h øma gdbht gdbh t g : b k bita ri a gk gk

¡ quà pgsg bi b i kg

: m b it b eb k hk`b hk `bit itb b

? @m gc ìg q ~à

¡ e`r e`rííg a høma ¡ bk crg crgea ea e b : e `d` `d`h h ukt ge pgr grg g ¡ sb ha m pa rt gr grííg : b k hk` bit b bi bi

hk`` bi t b hk

? pÿn k` ha

-

Ha m pr bieb bk

Hamprbi Hamprb ieb

: an antt bibr kg

¡ sak sakuh uh``øi

vgkar qu b t` bib kg ? pra prap p ubs t g pg r g bk bk 7

[ hk `bit b

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±Wuà p`bisg y s`bitb bi rbgkège1

±Wuà e`hb y

• ±Wuà e`hbi

• ±Wuà bs ka mçs `mpartgitb pgrg bk hk`bitb ±guiqub .

• ±Huçk bs su ght`tue1 • ±Wuà paeríg bstgr haitgiea g kas ebmçs1 • Vrbstg bspbh`gk gtbih`øi g kgs pas`nkbs ìhaicrubih`gs bitrb ka qub e`hb ui hk`bitb

±Wuà

lghb1

±Wuà bsdubrzas lghb bk hk`bitb1

±Wuà rbsuktgea ant`bib bk hk`bitb1

•

• ±Wuà gspbhta

sus gm`cas pgrbog)1 ¡ • Wu`ài bs kg ia ka e`cg pbrsaig qub bxpkíh`tgmbitb1) mçs kb ìdkuyb1 ) • ±Wuà ka ±Høma kb haimubvb bi sus ? bmahàibs1 ìdkuyb1 ¡ ±Wßà hgigkbs o • ±Wuà kb qu`tg bk e`gr`gmbitb1 mukt`mbe`g kb sub÷a1 • ±G quà ìdkuybi1 ¡ • Huçkbs sai

t`bib1 • ±Wuà ka raebg1 • ±Wu`àibs sai sus gm`cas1 • ±G quà t`pa eb adbrtgs bstç bxpubsta

• ±Huçkbs sai

sus mgyarbs

drustrghàibs1 • ±Wuà anstçhukas sb ìtbrpaibi bitrb bk hk`bitb y sus ebsbas a

ibhbsègebs1 • ±Wuà r`bscas tbmb gsum`r1

? • ±Wuà ebsbg a ibhbs`tg .haisbcu`r bi

rbgkège1 ¡ • Wuà màtr`hgs pubea usgr pgrg mbe`r bk àx`ta1 ¡ • V`bisg bi gkcuigs bstrgtbc`gs qub paeríg ut`k`zgr

sus sub÷as y gsp`rghàibs1

prankbmg sb

bidrbitg1

³ y ka qub p`bisg a s`bitb bi

pg rg gkhgizgr sus anobt`vas.

rbgk è ge.

Ght`vège mgpg Ght`vège eb bmpgtíg

gkkbr 78

Vgrg rbgk`zgr uig ght`vège bi kg ` ebit`d` hgh`øi eb kas pbrd`kbs eb kas patbih`gkbs hk`bitbs, a eb kas hk`bitbs ghtugkbs, sb rb 

±quà bspbrg bk hk`bitb eb mí1: y eà rb rbs s pubstg g bkkgs sì bk hk`bitb. Bitrbv`stgr g hk`bitbs? rbgk`hb uig bitrbv`stg hai bstgs pbrsaigs bi eai

ham`bieg sbcu`r hgeg uia eb kas pgsas prbsbitgeas g haitìugh`øi. Bs `mpartgitb

gsa 8

hamprbiebr qub bstg bs uig ~b kgs ght`v` ght`v` egebs rbqubrègs pgrg ì`h`gr bk prahbsa eb ìiavgh`øi?

eb pubeg antbibr ìdarmgh`øi ebma ebma crçd`hg (bege, sbxa, dubitbs eb ìcrbsa y eb bcrbsa, mbeàs eb trgispartb, bitrb atras). Vrahurb rbgk`zgr uig hai vbrsgh`øi dkuèg, pbra antbicg ìdarmg h`øi rbkbvgitb rbspbhta g su çrbg eb apartuiège.

@ebit`d`hgr bk prankbm prankbm³³g-apartui` g-apartui` ege?? kubca eb èbit`d`hgr ui prankbmg ege patbih`gk a mboargr ui praeuhta, hama . ka l`za bi bk Ugkkbr 7>, sbkbhhàib gkcu gkcu  igs pbrsaigs qub haisèbrb pubebi gpravbhlgr e`hlg apartuQiège.

gsa 7

gsa

>

Tgkègh `øi eb l`pøtbs`s? píegkb g kg Tgkègh` pbrsaig bitrbv`stgeg ìdarmgh`øi qub kb gyueb g hamprbiebr ka qub v g e`grà, ka . qub ayb, ka qub p`bisg y s`bitb, y ka qub

gsa 5

qbibrgr gkcuias supubstas sa

nrb kas hk`bitbs? èbit`d`qub gkcuigs l`pøtbs`s ì`h`gkbs rbspbhta gk h k `bitb, yg qub bs `mpartgitb kkbcgr g k gs bi trbv`stgs hai ³ èbgs ì`h`gkbs qub bkkas ebnbi vgkègr g mbeèg qub sb rbgk`zg kg ght`vège. Rt`k`hb kgs prbcuitgs? ±quà sbrv`hàs ibhbs`tg m` hk`bitb1, ±høma kb gyuea g kacrgr sus gsp`rghàibs1 a

e`hb y lghb, lgh`biea prbcuitgs hama kgs qub sb bihubitrgi bi kg Ugnkg >> . Tgkègh`øi eb ibhbsègebs?sak`h` tb g kg pbrsaig bitrbv`stgeg ì darmg h`øi pgrg hamprbiebr kg ibhbsège rbgk y kas bsdubrzas qub t`bib qub lghbr pgrg sgt`sdghbr sus ibhbsègebs ibhbsègebs..

gsa 2

3

NH

Vgsa 4. Tgkègh`øi eb apartuiège? apartuiège ? píegkb gk bitrbv`stgea qub kb hubitb kas nbibd`hàs eb rbgk`zgr bk bsdubrza bsdubrza.. Bit `bieg kgs rgzaibs qub ka k kbv1i g rbg k` zg r ght `v ` egebs pgrg sup supkk r k g ibhbsège qub t ` bib bk hk`bitb. Vgsa 3 Hampkbtgr mgpg eb bmpgtíg . Dìgkmbitb, rbhap` kb taeg k g ìdarmgh`øi eb mgibrg haihrbtg bi bk mgpg eb bmpgtííg hamprbie`biea taegs kgs bitrbpgt v`stgs rbg k `zgegs y antbi`biea haihku-

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sah`gkbs, ebsprbst`c`giea a pramav`biea bk praeuhta praeuhta,, gs í qub kgs bxpbr`bih gs ebnbi gcrgegnkbs. pas`nkb pgrg mgitbsb r ka mçs gcrgegnkbs. ibrr y gtrgbr g kas h k`bitbs Z27] . ib Bk Mgpg eb v`gob ebk hk`bitb Hustambr Oauriby Oaurib y Mgppìc) bs bk prahbsa eb rgstrbgr y ebshr ebsh r`n`r taegs kgs bxpbr`bih`gs qub bk h k`bitb t ` bib g mbeèg qub sb bihubitrg ui sbrv`h à a haiouita eb sbrv`hàs: y t`bib hama prapøs`ta hamprb³ hamprb³iebr sus rbspubs rbspubs-tgs bmahàigkbs Z26] nushgiea bitbiebr høma ìtbrghtÿgi kas h k `bitbs hai bk pra-

kkgi bs qub ouzcgmas mgk ka qub bk hk`bitb qu`brb.. Kg mbtaea qu`brb mbtaeakkac acííg qub gqu í sb prb prb-sbitg, pbrm`tb ebshunr ebshun r r mambitas qub

euhta y høma rbghhàigi bi hgeg ³pgsa pgrg haisbcu`r sgt`sdgh sgt`sdghbr br gkc gkcuig uig ibhbsège. nubig ig ut`k`zgh`øi ut`k`z gh`øi eb bstg bstg lbrrgm`bitg lbrrgm `bitg Kg nub pbrm`t`rç rbvb k gr apartui ègebs rbspbhta g praeuhtas iubvas a bx`stbitbs gk mboargm`bita eb kg bxpbr`bih`g ebk hk`bitb y g èbit`d`hgr gktbrigt`vgs gktbrigt` vgs pgrg pgrg nr n rìeg ìegrr mgyar mgyar sgt`sdghh`øi g kas haisumèa rbs hugiea ghhbegi g kas praeuhtas a sbrv`hàs qub kg bmprbsg adrbhb. Ugmn `ài praparh praparh`àig ìdarmgh`øi ebtgkkgeg pg r g gnaregr g kas hk `bitbs eb kg mgibrg harrbhtg,, gk ebtbrmìgr huçkbs sai kas puitas harrbhtg

ia sai sgt`sdghtar sgt`sdghtar`` as eurg eurgQ Qitb itb bk prahbsa eb gequ`s`h`øi ebk³ ebk³ praeuhta y bvèbih`gr sbrv`hàs supbrpubstas eurgitb bk prahbsa qub ia gcrbcgi vgkar Z26] . Kg bxpbr`bih`g eb kas hk`bitbs bi ìtb itbrr ghh`øi hai iubstras praeuhtas y sbrv sbrv`` h às pubeb dìg k`zg r hai uig nubig a mg kg rbdb rbih`g .bi kgs r bebs

eb haitghta qub rbqu`brbi mgyar gtbih`øi . Egea qub bstb giçk`s`s bs mçs p`htacrçd`ha qub ebmacrçd`ha y gyueg g gdraitgr rbtas duiegmbitgkbs pgrg kg bmprbsg bmprbsg,, bs ibhbsgrà vìhukgr g kas hk`bitbs rbgkbs a patbih` patbih `gkbs bi bk ebsgrrakka eb bstg lbrrgm`bitg, yg qub l`pøtbs`s . hai bkkas sb pae rçi vgkègr l`pøtbs`s.

sàibs haituiebitbs, pgrg bkk a ut`k ut` k `hb 2 > . kg D`curg 2

2 7 > Lbrrgm`bitg > Mgpg eb v`gob v`gob ebk eb k hk`bitb hustambr oauri y mgppìc) Bk mat`va pr` pr ` ih`pg k par bk qub k gs èbgs dg -

NBIBD@H@AX

Hk`bitb s Vuitas eb haitghta

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Bidaqub bi bk usugrà . Bstueà btiacrçd`ha . ^bkgh`øi e` rbhtg hai kas ÿs ÿsugràs . Hamprbiebr bk pgpbk eb kg bmprbsg bmprbsg.. Tbr ka qub bk hk`bitb ia pubeb mgi`dbstgr

sugr`` a . Vb rd`k ebk usugr Eakarbs. Eakarbs. ^bta tas s. E`d`huktge bs . Bmahài bs.

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Vgrg haistru`r bk ³mgpg eb v`gob ebk hk`bi hk`bi  tb pgrt`mas ebk haiah`m`bita qub ias lg nrìegea bk mgpg eb bmpgtíg (Ugkkbr 78 , qub ias pbrm`t`ø haiahbr gkcuigs hgrgh hgrgh  tbríst`hgs ebk hk`bitb. ³Var mbeà eb bstg sbcuieg lbrrgm`bitg sb kacrg, gebmçs, bitbiebr sus bmahàibs. Vgrg ebsgrrakkgr bstb bobrh`hà sb rbham`bieg pr`mbra kbbr kg ebshr`ph`øi y kubca e`k`cbih`gr bk bspg bspg

Bobmpka - Hgsa Lghb gkcuia~ g÷as kas usugràs eb ka~

ngihas tbiíg.m.as qub ebspkgzgrias lgstg kgs ad`hìgs pgrg lghbr hghkg uig eb

iubstrgs trgisghhàibs, pbre`biea t`bm pa, a eboçieaka eb gpravbhlgr iubstra

t`bmpa k`nrb, ahupgiea iubstras ma mbitas bi ght`vègebs qub

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ngi eb iubstrg dbk`hège. Ghtugkmbitb

hà bi nkgiha bi hgeg uia eb kas pgsas prapubstas.

kas ngihas bspbrgi qub kas usugràs

Xbkbhhàib bk crupa eb hk`bitbs. Vràr`hb gqubkkas hai kas qub qu`brg hamprbiebr a ebsgrrakkgr iubvgs bxpbr`bih`gs, pgrt`biea ebk crupa trgngogea bi bk Ugkkbr 78

yg qub lgi hamprbieèa qub sus hk`bi

ia tbicgi qub `r iuihg g sus ad`hìgs,

Vgsa 7

tbs ebnbi ca1gr eb su t`bmpa k`nrb y ia ìvbrt`rka bi trçm`tbs qub pubebi Q

sbr e`spbieàsas. Eb gkkí qub sb e`sb ÷gi haistg÷tbmbitb sbrv`hàs pgrg mboargr kg X1t`sdghh`øi eb bkkas. @i`

Xbkbhhàib bk crupa eb hk`bitbs

h`gkmbitb surcbi sbrv`hàs wbn pgrg haisuktgr bk sgkea sgkea,, rbgk rbgk`z `zgr gr-- pgcas g tgrobtgs eb hràe`ta pbrsaigkbs y ³bi gkcuigs ahgsàibs, muy rbmatgs, pg cgr gkcuigs ank`cghàibs, hama kas sbrv`hàs pÿnk`has. @ebit`d`hgr puitas eb haitghta a mambitas eQ eQb vbrege. ^bgk`hb ui v`gob l`patàt`ha qb prìh`pà g dì ebk prahb sa eb gequ`s`h`øi ebk n`bi a sbrv`hà eb ³ itbràs y rbc`strb taeas kas puitas bi

Vgsa >

kas qub pgrt`h`pg kg bmprbsg a kg saku h`øi. Bs ebh`r ebh`r,, bi bstb pgsa sb rbc`s rbc`s trgi kas puitas eb haitghta. Ugmn`ài sb pubebi èbit`d`hgr kas puitas qub bk hk`bitb pubeb a qu`s`brg bv`tgr eurgitb kg hamprg (uig hakg, dgktg eb pgrquba, sbisghàibs, prbahupghàibs, maea eb pgca, vgr`bege eb praeuhta, økarbs, gspbhta, hambitgràs, bth.).

3

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Vgsa 5. ^bgk`zgr bitrbv`stgs. bit rbv`stgs. Eb darmg p`kata, rbharrg s`stbmçt`hgmbitb hai bk hk`bitb su v`go b , pgrg bstgr sbcura eb hgpturgr kas mambitas sud`h`bitbs eb haitghta hai kg bmprbsg y kg ìdarmg ìdarmg-h`øi ibhbsgr`g . Vubeb tamgr gkcuias eígs, pbra bs muy `mpartgitb pgrg bk àx`ta eb ui praybhta ìiavgear. 2. @ebit`d`hgr crgea eb sgt`sdghh`øi. k ³ ìvbst`cgh`øi haitìÿg hai uig bitrbv`stg qub rbkghàib ka s gkt`ngoas bmahàigbmahàig-

Vgsa

kbs hai rbkgh`øi g kg bxpbr`bih`g. Bs rbhambiegnkb qub bk bihubitra sb rbgk`hb hai . eas bitrbv`stgearbs, uia eb bkkas lghb kgs prbcuitgs y bk atra tamg iatg. Vgsa 4. ^bc`stra ebk crgea eb sgt`sdghh`øi. Bstb pgsa hais`stb bi tbibr gn`brtas kas sbitèas y hamprbiebr ka qub bs `mpartgitb p'grg grg cbibrgr iubvas bidabida qubs pgrg kg ìiavgh`øi. Xb ebnb rbc`srbc`s trgr taea bi ui darmgta pgrg dgh`k`tgr bk giçk`s`s, hama bk prapubsta bi kg D`curg 2 8. Var hgeg bitrbv`stg bs pas`nkb rbgk`zgr ui e`gcrgmg y gk dìgk`zgr bs pas`nkb pas`n kb rbc`strgr r bc`strgr taea bi bk saka mgpg.

Vgsa 8. Xbkbhhàigr crupa pgrg bitrbv`stgr. @ebit`d`qub ui suncrupa eb hk`bitbs (bitrb e`bz y quìhb) qub hunrgi bk rgica eb ka kas s gtr`nutas gtr`nut as ebmacrçd`has eb ìtbràs. Crup Cr upa a pg rg bitrbv`stgr bitrbv`st gr

@ebit`d`hgh`øi eb puit puitas as par mboam boargr. Ebdì`r kas rbta s bi hgeg puita eb haitghta, yg ' qub taeg bxpbr`bih`g Q b cgt`vg ebnb sbr apartuiège eb mboa mboa-rg n`bi sbg bi praeuhtas, tbhiakací tbhiakacígs gs Q bxpbr`bih`ç. Var bkka bs `mpartgitb gigk`zgr taea bk mgpg y sanrb taea, kgs bmahàibs qub cbibrg kg ìtbrghh`øi ebk hk`bitb hai bk praeuhta, yg qub bi kas puitas eb haitghta bi eaieb kg sg sg-t`sdghh`øi sbg ngog bs eaieb sb ebnbi rbgk`zgr ghhàibs eb mboargm`~ita.

Vgsa

3

Dìgkmbitb, bk v`gob ebk hk`bitb pbrm`t`rç hamprbiebr kgs mat`vghàibs, kgs bmahàibs, kas prahbsas ìtbrias y kas anobtas qub ìtbrçhtÿgi hai bk usugrà: gsí qub

3

tamgiea hama hgsa eb eb Q bstueà kg bxpb bstueà bxpb r` bih`g bmahàigk ebk us usugrà, sb sb cbibrgi iu bvgs sakuhàib sakuhàibs s bi puit puita as eaieb sb èbit`d`qub qu b lghb dgktg mboargr kg bxpb bxpb-r` bih`g, gkkí sb hai hais st`tuyb ui iubv iubva a kucgr eb

³³

pgrtèg pgrg kg cbibrgh`øi eb rbtas eb ì iavgh`øi. Uaeas gqubkkas puitas bi eaieb bk haisumèar pasbg uig bxpbr`bih`g par mboargr, ìe`hgi rbtas eb ìiavgh`øi.

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2 7 8 Lbrrgm`bitg 8 K`biza eb tbiebih`gs ebkk haisumèar eb Kas haisumèarbs sai bk hargzøi eb hugk qu`br maebka eb ibcahà ìhkuybiea kas nusìbss ta nusìbss N>N). G kg vbz sai kgs dubitbs pr`mare`gkbs pgrg èbit`d`hgr kgs apartuiègebs eb ìiavgh`øi pgrg hugk qu`br bmprb bmprbsg. sg. Bstg lbrrgm`bitg pbrm`tb èbit`d`hgr kgs tbiebih`gs y prahurgr gpk`hgrkgs hal àx`ta bi bk mambita eb kgizgr iubvas praeuh

Ugkkb Ugkk br

Eb s r r akka ebk k`biza

eb tbi b i h`gs

7

Bk k`biza eb tbiebih`gs ia saka sb bidahg

bi kas gspbhtas ebk hk`bitb tgmn`ài gigk` zg kgs tbiebih`gs tbhiakøc`hgs y sah`gkbs

y kas pas`nkbs `mpghtas qub bstgs pubegi tbibr sanrb iubstra i`hla eb mbrhgea. QUgmn`ài kgs tbiebih`gs pubebi lghbr qub

tas gk mbrhgea. Ia saka pbrm`tb èbit`d` hgr tbiebih`gs ebk - haisu haisumèar mèar sìa qub tgmn`ài sb pubeb ut`k`zgr hama uig lbrrg m`bitg pgrg kg rbdbrbih`gh`øi h`bitíd`hg ³ y tbhiakøc`hg ebk hgmpa eb bstueà Z2>]. k hugera eb tbiebih`gs eb haisuma pa sbb eas crgiebs bidaqubs? kg èbit`d`hgh`øi eb kgs tbiebih`gs y kg gpk`hgh`øi eb bstgs tbiebih`gs. Bk pr`mbr bidaqub sb ar`bitg g rbsakvbr huçkbs sai kgs ibhbsègebs y kas ebsbas qub bk haisumèar sgt`sdghb hai kg iubvg tbiebih`g èbit`d`hgeg yg qub bs ibhbsgrà hamprbiebr kg rgzøi par kg hugk kg cbitb bstç hgmn`giea sus lçn`tas eb haisuma. Bi bstb gsp~hta tgmn`ài lgy bspghà pgrg lgnkgr eb kas hgusgitbs eb ³ hgmnà y huçkbs sa sai i kgs trgisdarmghàibs g crgi bshgkg sah`gk y tbhiakøc`hgmbitb. Ugmn`ài bs ibhbsgrà hamprbiebr kgs bxpbhtgt`vgs eb haisuma y gigk`zgrkgs g kg kuz Dìgkmbitb bs eb kg tbiebih`g sbkbhhàigeg. Dìgkmbitb ibhbsgrà èbit`d`hgr dubitbs eb ìsp`rgh`øi a rbdbrbitbs pgrg dartgkbhbr iubstr iubstrgs gs èbgs Z28]. Bi bk kgea eb kg gpk`hgh`øi sb bihubitrg kg ut`k`zgh`øi eb kg patbih`gk ìiavgh`øi egiea rbspubstg g kg mgibrg bi qub sb pubeb gpk`hgr bstg ìiavgh`øi g kg bmprbsg a sakuh`øi bxpkargeg. Bk anobt`va pr`mare` pr`mare`gk gk eb kg èbit`d`hgh`øi eb kgs tbiebih`gs bs hamprbiebr pgrg qu`ài sb -cbibrgrç vgkar taea bkka prapai`biea uig ìiavghài a ui rbta eb ìiavgh`øi pgrg kg tbiebih`g sbkbhhàigeg.

iubstrg apartuiège eb ibcahà sb vbg pa tbih`geg b ìcrbsb eb mgibrg gebhugeg bi ³ bk mbrhgea. Vgrg uig harrbhtg ut`k`zgh`øi eb bstg lb rrgm`bitg sb suc`brb sbcu`r hgeg uia eb bstas pgsas pgsas g dì eb hamprbiebr kgs tbi ebih`gs eb mbrhgea kgs mat`vghàibs y patbih`gkbs apartuiègebs qub nrìegi kas hgmnàs tbhiakøc`has y sah`gkbs . @ebit`d`hgr dubitbs eb ìdarmgh`øi eb tbiebih`gs y sbkbhhàigr uig. Vgrg ut`k`zgr bk k`biza eb tbiebih`gs bx`stb ui puita eb pgrtèg qub sai . kgs tbiebi tbiebi  h`gs kgtbitbs eb bst bstb b haiouita haioui ta sb ebnb sbkbhhàigr uig sanrb kg hugk sb trgng ogrç bstg ght`vège . Bs pas`nkb èbit` d`hgrr tbiebih`gs tbhiakøc`hgs rbcukg d`hg rbcukg tar`gs sah`gkbs ckangkbs ckangkb s bitrb atrgs. Rig mgibrg eb èbit`d`hgrkgs bs v`s`tgr gkcuig eb kas s`cu`bitbs s`tàs wbn?

gsa 7

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Ugmn`ài bs pas`nkb ut`k`zgr kg pgkgnrg trbie tbiebih`g) y bk tbmg eb nÿsqubeg. Kg pgkgnrg praspbht`vg, ragemgp, dutura a hug hu g kqu qu``br pgkgnrg pgkgnrg qub ìe`qub tbiebih`g tbiebih` g sb

qub k gs dubitbs sb sbgi gi dèbe `cigs cigs.. ^bc`strb k g tbiebih`g bi bk darmgta eb kg D`curg 2 5. 5. Vgsa > Ibhbsègebs nçs`hgs? Kubca eb ìì -

e. hgr kg tbiebih tbiebih`` g, bs `mpartgitb ham prbiebr quà ibhbsègebs y ebsbas ebk haisumèar gnareg bsg tbiebih`g. s  tas , r grg vbz hgmn`gi. s duiegmbitgk èbit`d`hgr bstgs ibhbsègebs ahu ktgs pgrg hamprbiebr hug kqu`br tbiebih`g eb haisuma. Kg Ugnkg 2 2 8 prbsbitg uig cuíg pgrg bk

pubeb ÿt`k `zgr bi kg nÿsqubeg eb ìdarmg- . giçk`s`s eb kgs ibhbsègebs lumgigs Z25]. h`øi, sì bmngrca, ebnb tbibr huègea hai

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Hamprbis`øi

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dubitb? Z25].

Hgusgitbs eb hgmnà. @ebit`d`hgr kas dghtarbs qub hgusgi bk hgmnà y rbspaiebr kgs rgzaibs par kg hugkbs bmbrcb bi bstb mambita bsg tbiebi h`g y quà bstç hgmn`giea bi kg mbitb ebk hk`bitb pgrg qub sb ' tbicg bi hubitg bi kg ghtugkège. Vgrg gigk`zgr kas hgmn'às lgy qub hai sèbrgr eas bkbmbitas, bkbmbitas , kgs trgisdarmg hàibs g crgi bshgkg y³ y³ kas ebsbihgeb ebsbihgeb igitbs. Kgs pr`mbrgs sb praeuhbi bi g÷as a eàhgegs, br`trb . bstgs bstçi kg

Vgsa

ìhbrtèumnrb , pakít`hg, bk surc`m`bita eb kg hkgsb mbe. mbe.g, kg crgi nrbhlg bitrb r`has y panrbs, bk hgmnà hk`mçt`ha y muhlas mçs. Var su pgrtb ,' [as ebsbi hgebigitbs ìe`hgi kas hgmn às ìmb e`gtas qub mat`vgi bk surc``?r,`bita eb bsgs tbiebih`gs.

8

Bxpbhtgt`vgs eb haisuma bmbr cbitbs .. . . Kgs bxpbhtgt`vgs bHU7brcbitbs eb kas haisumèarbs rbspaiebi g iu iubb  vgs ibhbsègebs, ebsbas y bxpbhtgt`vgs

Vgsa

5

-30-

Kg hgpghège eb ... / Ri mboar ghhb sa g .. / Kg k`nbrtge pgrg ... / Kg k`k` nbrgh`øi eb ... / Kg bxpbr`bih`g eb ... Ri sbrv sbrv`hà `hà qub ... / Ri ... mçs gsb-

Gk dìgk`zgr bstas pgsas pubeb rbc`strgr kg ìdarmgh`øi bi bk darmgta sumì`strgea bi kg D`curg 2-5: gkkí paerç hamprbiebr høma kgs tbiebih`gs eb hgmnà pubebi gktbrgr bk duihàigm`bita eb su bmprbsg, hrbgr iub vgs kíibgs eb ibcahà gkìbgegs g kgs qub sbgi tbhiakøc`hgs y sah`gkbs, y bitbiebr høma sus hk`bitbs sb vbi gdbhtgeas par bk surc`m`bita eb iubvgs gktbrigt`vgs. Hai bk giçk`s`s ebk hugera eb tbiebih `gs sb hamprbiebi kgs e`rbhtr`hbs tbhiakøc`hgs ckangkbs y eb mbrhgea qub pubebi lghbr

qu`nkb ... mçs / gcrgegnkb Ri .. . eb mbo mboar ar hgkège .. .... / Ri ... ... / Ri ... mçs

hgmn`gr kg s`tugh`øi ghtugk eb kg bmprbsg y, par tgita, kb ank`cg g rbebdì`r kas praeuhtas,

hrbgeas par kas hgusgitbs eb hgmnà. Bk haisumèar èbit`d`hg . gs nrbhlgs bitrb su bstgea ghtugk y kg tbiebih`g, nushgiea hbrrgrkg bitrb ka qub t`bibi y ka qub qu`brbi . Bs `mpartgitb ham ham  prbiebr ka qub qu`brbi y ka qub bspb rgi. Xb bspbrgi rbspubstg eb t`pa?

sah`gk. ..

kas sbrv`hàs, kas hgigkbs, kgs rbkghàibs hai hk`bitbs, gk`geas, pravbbearbs y, bi muhlgs apartuiègebs, kgs tbiebih`gs lghbi qub hgmn`b taeg kg arcgi`zgh`øi, bi m`rgs g ia ebsgpgrbhbr bi kg ansakbshbih`g. Dìgkmbitb, bstg ght`vège nrìeg ui bs pghà pgrg ebdì`r ui rbta eb ìiavgh`øi rbspbhta g kg ghtugk`zgh`øi eb kg bmprbsg a kg èbg eb ibcahà gkìbgeg g kgs tbiebi tbiebi h`gs y kas dghtarbs eb hgmnà. Bstb sb eb sgrrakkg bi bk Ugkkbr 74.

V¡7sa 2. @isp`rgh`øi. @ebit`d`hgr gkcuias

rbdbrbitbs eb ìsp`rgh`øi, tbhiakøc`has a bmprbsgr`gkbs, qub bstçi çnaregiea bstg tbiebih`g, y hamprbiebr høma kg bstçi `mpkbmbitgiea g su dgvar. Bi bstb hgmpa bs ibhbsgrà lghbr ui k`stgea eb bmprbsgs qub bstçi bi kg tbiebih`g. Vgsa 4. Vatbih`gk eb ìiavgh`øi. Kubca eb hamprbiebr kgs ibhbsègebs, k0s hgu sgitbs eb hgmnà, kgs bxpbhtgt`vgs y kas rbdbrbitbs bi bk çrbg, lgy qub pra paibr èbgs a rbtas pgrg uig patbih`gk ìiavgh`øi. Bi bstb puita bs `mpartgitb rbeghtg rbeghtgrr bk pa tbih`gk ìiavgear bi darmg eb prbcuitg a rbta. ±Cøma paebmas kgizgr uig pkg tgdarmg pgrg kg tbiebih`g tbhiakøc`hg a eb mbrhgea1 ±Høma paebmas bk`m` igr bk r`bsca bi ... sbcÿi kg tbiebih`g1

2 > K ^ UA

EB @IIAT H@ØI

Kg arcgi`zgh`øi yg lg ebdìèa hkgrgmbitb huçkbs ~ai kas anobt`vas arcgi`zghàigkbs qub ebsbg hai kg ìiavgh`øi, y sbkbhhàiø

gkcuigs kíibgs bstrgtàc`hgs, par tgita, kas rbtas ebnbi bstgr gkìbgeas hai kgs kíibgs bstrgtàc`hgs eb kg bmprbsg Hgpítuka >) >).. Ugmn`ài bs pas`nkb qub hgeg çrbg eb kg arcgi`zgh`øi ebsbb darmukgr rbtas qub pramubvgi kg ìiavgh`øi, bi huya hgsa ebnbmas ar`bitgr su ebdì`h`øi s`cu`biea kas s`cu`bitbs pgsas? Darmukgrka, egrkb hkg- . rège, èbit`d`hgr nbibd`hàs y nbibd`h`gràs, èbit`d`hgr gktbrigt`vgs y rbeghtgrka.

Vgsa 3 Vgrg qu`ài. Lgstg bstb puita bk bobrh`hà ebog eb kgea gk haisumèar y bs mambita eb rbtamgrka, bs `mpartgi tb ebdì`r pgrg qu`bibs pubeb sbr ÿt`k bstg tbiebih`g, bs ebh`r, sb èbit`d`hgi kas hk`bitbs ghtugkbs y kas patbih`gkbs.

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NH EB K @IIAT

2 > 7 Darmukgh`øi

@ØI

b u i rbta

Bk pr`mbr pgsa pgrg darmu kgr bk rbta bs

ì`h`gr hai uig prbcuitg. Xb rb rbh h³am`bieg lghbrkgQ lghbrkg Qbi kg pr`mbrg pbrsaig eb k pkur urg g k? ±høma paebmas1, y hait` hait ìu iug g r kg hai gkcu ias vbrnas qub mat`vbi gk bqu`pa eb t rg ngoa hama? mboargr, mboargr, ³ hgmn hgmn``gr, sa kuhàig r, r bebdì`r bebdì`r,, bihuge bihugerrgr, gt gtrr gb r, rbpb bpbkkbr, rbg k`zgr zgr,, rbgkzgr, bitr bit r b atras: atras : bi ui bo bm pk a tbibmas? ±høma pWebmas gtr gt r gb r iu bvas hk`bitbs g iubstras puitas eb vb itg 1 Bsta a r `bitg gk g k ham`tà eb ìiavgh ` øi

paebmas gtrgbr gtrgb r iubvas hk ` bitbs g iubstra iubst ras s pu itas eb vbitg ut` k` zgiea rbebs sah` sah `gkbs y mbe mb e às `mprbsas1: y tgmpaha pubeb sbr tgi gmn`cug qub ia sb hamp hamprrbieg bk gkhgihb eb kg èbg? ±høma gtrgb gtrgbrr iubvas hk h k`bitbs1 Gk mambita eb rbeghtgr bk bk rbta ì`h `gk lg y qub tbibr h u` egea eb ia darm uk grka tgi ³ btàrba qub kas ³ ha kgnargearbs ia kk bc ubi g k gs sa ku h ` aibs ebsbgegs, i` i` 'tgi hai ha ihrbta qub ia pbrm `tg kg hrbgt` hrbgt `vège. Rias bobmpk bobmp k as eb da r mu kgh`øi eb rbtas

pg r g trgngogr bi bk k acra eb ui anobt`va haihrbta,, gyu haihrbta gyueg eg g bidahgr bidahg r kas bsdubrzas ebk bqu`pa eb trgngoa y pbrm`tb qub k g bibr bib rcíg bstà ar` ar` bitgeg y ia sb e`spbrsb e`spbrsb.. Bs ibhbsgrà qub bi kg prbcuitg ia tbicg ìhkuèg kg rbspubstg, bobmpka? ±høma

Ugnkg 2 5. Bobmpka rbtas eb ìiavgh`øi

gpgrbhb i bi kg haivahgta r` g Hakh`bih` gpgrbhbi Hakh`bih ` gs @ebgs pgrg bk bk Hgmnà -N@A >6 >67 74, qub sb prbsbitg bi kg Ug Ugn n kg 2 5. lttp?

w .hakh`bih`gs hakh`bih`gs..cav .ha / s`t s`tb bs/ ebdgukt ebdgukt// d`

kbs / up k age / haivahgtar`g / gibxa 7-hgp ` tuka 7-rbtas. 7-rbtas.ped

>6 74¶ a kh`bih `gs . @ebgs pgrg bk hgmn à >67

Xakuhàibs cgigeCrgs

bta

±W uà tbh ia kacígs paebmas ebsg rrakk gr qub pbrm`tg i bk rb-usa rbh`hka ebk rbh ursa gcug bi kgs ha muièg ebs eb kg rbc `ø i hb hbitraar itraar``bitgk

hakk amn ha mn`` gig1

³

±Wuà gk t bri gt `vgs t bh iakø c` hgs paebmas ` mp kbm bit gr bi kg rbc bc`ø `ø i Hgr`nb pgrg gsbcurgr bk gngstbh`m`bita eb gc ug bi bi kgs ght `vè ge bs eb

sus ha hamui` egebs 1

±Høma paebmas usgr kg ho bih`g kg t bh iaka cíg pgrg ui usa sastbi`nkb eb kg nàe` nàe`v vbrsège par pgr t b eb kgs ham uiègebs rurg kbs bi kg ght`v` `vège ege turíst turíst``hg eb k Bob Hgdbtb ra hak am n`gia1

@mp mpkk bmbitgh`øi eb eb ui s`stbmg eb hgptgh`øi, pur`d`hgh`øi,, patgn`k`zgh`øi y rb -usa eb gcugs pur`d`hgh`øi kkuv` gs hasbhl giea y rbh`hk rbh`h kgiea gcug s kkuv kkuv``gs -s `st bmg XGOAG . Gktbrigt`v Gktbrigt` vg pgrg bk gprav bhlgm `bita eQb gcu g kkuv` g rbsèu gk bi kg kg vbrbeg \. Ebsgkì`zgear bøk `ha -s akgr pg pgrg praeuhh` praeuhh`..øi eb gcug ebsgkì` zg eg bi pa nkghàib s hastbrgs. Apt`m` zgh`øi ebk s`st bmg eb gn gstbh`m` bita eb gcug bi kg s hamu iègebs ègebs.. Vkgt gdarmg eb gv`stgm` gv`stgm` bita pgrg tartuc gs bi Ibhahkí hahkí,, ut`k`zgiea `kum ìgh`øi bspbh`gk y bibrc bibr cígs gktbrig gktbri gt`vg s. Gv`stgm`bita eb gvbs, bstrgtb bstrgtbc c`g hamui`tgr`g nàe`vb brsège bi pgrg kg prbsbrvgh`øi eb kg nàe`v Gitàqu` g. ³

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^bta ±Hø ma paebmas gpk`hg ³r kg tb hi aka cíg pgrg pkgitbgr ìia vghà ibs ar` bit itg gegs g kg haisbrvgh`øi eb bhas `stb mgs qub pbr m`tgi pratbcb r dub it bs eb gcug bi kg rbc `øi eb kas Kkgias Ar`bit gk gkbs1 bs1

Xakuhàibs cgigeargs Haisbrvgh`øi .y gpravbhlgm`bita sastbi`nkb ebk mar`hl b pgrg bk huè gea ebk gc gcug y kg nàe `vbrsège bi kg rbc `øi . . @mpkbmbitgh`øi eb lbrrgm`bitgs tbhiakøc`hgs y eb pgrt` h`p gh`øi hamui`tg r`g pg rg kg haisbrvgh`øi eb ui igh`m`bita líer`ha eb kg vbr beg kahgk.

±Wuà sak uhàibs tbhi ak øc `hgs paebmas `mpkbmbitgr pgrg ³apt`m`zgr bk bk usa eb quí m`ha s

Bvgkugh `øi ebk pakva eb rahg hama dbrt dbrt``k` zgitb eb sub kas pgrg kg praeuhh`øi gcríhakg . Hai t rak eb pgrç s`tas bxt brias hai gh b`tb s bsbih`gkbs bi gi`mgkbs eb crgiog .

bi³ ght` v` e¡¡ebs mì brg s gcr íha kgs y pbh ugr `gs eb kg zaig ebk Vgh íd`h d`ha a1

@mpkbmbitgh`øi eb nàdçnr nàdçnr``hg pg rg kg pra euh h`øi t bhi `d`h geg eb rb rbs` s` eu as eb

ha sb hl g bi dkarbs bi gnaias arc çi`ha s par kas dkar`huktarbs.. dkar`huktarbs

Ubhiaham past uig gpk `hgh`øi prçht`h g bi hukt`vas vb rt`hgk bs. E`sb÷a .b `mpk bmbitgh `øi eb ui s` stbmg p`kata eb mgiboa ì ìttbcrg k eb rbsèuas y gcugs . rbsèugkbs bi bk hg÷øi ebk ría Hamnb `mg. X`stbm g eb nàtr atrg gisdarm gh`øi eb muh`kgca rbs èug k pra euht uhta a eb kg dbrm bit gh `øi eb Qhghga eb kg³ rbe eb hgh gatbra s eb \.

±Wuà ebsg rra kkas tbhiakøc`has pubebi pbrm`t`r eà vbrt` rt`m m`bita s a r b sèua s bk trgtgm`bita eà søk`k` eas qub bstài gdbhtg iea bk bita ri a sø gmn`bitg k eb hamuiègebs rurg kbs ³eb kg rbc `øi

hbitra-s ur 1

2>>

gr hkgrège gk rbta

Kubca eb darmukgr ui rbta ì`h`gk sì muhla ebtgkkb bs ibhbsgrà amprbiebrka mboar. Var bkka lgy qub egrkb ui gkhgihb sud`h`bitb v`skumnrg r bk `mpgh `mpghta ta qub cbibcbibgigk`zgrr sus ìtbrrbkghàibs ìtbrrbkghàib s rg su sakuh`øi gigk`zg y s` bs pas`nkb pbrh ` n`r rbtas ebr`vgeas. ebr`vgeas . Bk mgpg eb bmpgtíg Ugkkbr 78 ), b k v` gob ebk hk`bitb Ug kk r 75 , y bk giçk`s`s eb tbitbi -

bmprbsgs lgi k acrgea ebsgrrakkgr sakuh àibs qub gnarebi kgs m`smgs ibhbs ègebs eb mgibrgs e`dbrbitbs. e`dbrbitbs . Vgrg gigk gigk``zgr ka qub lgi lbhla at r gs bmprbsgs sb suc`brb `mgcìg r taea bk prahbsa eb prae uhh`øi y bitbiebr k as prankbmgs qub pue `brai tbibr. tbibr. Gs`m `sma bs rbhambiegnkb gigk `zg r p r bh bh`` as gigk`zgr

ebih`gs 72),bk sai lbr r gm`bitgs qub pbrm`tbi Ugkkbr ebk`m`tgr rbta.lbrr

tb.biakac tb. biakacíígs y gig k`zgr atras sbhtarbs sbhtarbs pgrg ` isp`rg r kgs sakuh sakuh`àibs qub sb pubegi cb cb-ibrgr. Bk k`biza eb tbiebih`gs bs ui gpaya bi bstg btgpg yg qub bk b k ìsuma pr` ih`pgk sai kas gvgihbs tbhiakøc`has y kas rbdbrbitbs eb sa sakk uhàibs Ugkkbr 72). Bi bk prqhbsa eb cbibrgh`øi eb ` ebgs sb ebnb ` ie ` hgr bk b k t`pa eb sa ku hàibs qub sb nushgi a kgs qub k g bmprbsg bstç

2 > 8 Gigk`zgr gktbrigt`vgs Haisèbrgr gktbrigt`vgs y sus pgrçmbtras eb ebsbmpb÷a pubeb haikkbvgr g uig mboqr hamprbis`øi eb k g mgibrg bi qub atrgs

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^bta ±Høma pa bmas gpk`hgr kg tbhiakacíg pgrg pkgitbgr ìiav ìiavg ghà ibs ar`bitgegs g kg haisbrvgh`øi eb bhas`stbmgs qub pbrm`tgi pratbcbr dubitbs eb gcug bi kg rbc`øi eb kas Kkg ia s Ar `bitgkbs1

sakuhàibs tbhiakøc`hgs pa bmas ±Wuà sakuhàibs `mpkbmbitgr pgrg ³apt`m`zgr bk usa eb quím`has bi³ ght`vègebs mìbrg s, gc ríhakgs y pbhugr`g '9 eb kg zaig ebk Vghíd`ha1

Xakuhàibs cgigeargs Haisbrvgh`øi .y gpravbhlgm`bita sastbi`nkb Haisbrvgh`øi. ebk mar`hlb pgrg bk hu ègea ebk gcug y kg nàe`vbrsège bi kg rbc`øi . . @mpkbmbitgh`øi eb lbrrgm`bitgs tbhiakøc`hgs y eb pgrt`h`pgh`øi hamui`tgr`g pgrg kg haisbrvgh`øi eb ui igh`m`b~ta líer líer``ha eb kg vbrbeg kahgk. Bvgkugh `øi ebk pakva eb rahg hama dbrt`k`zgitb eb subkas pgrg kg praeuhh`øi gcríhakg . Haitrak eb pgrçs`tas bxtbrias hai ghb`tbs bsbih`gkbs bi gi`mgkbs eb crgiog. @mpkbmbitgh`øi eb nàdçnr`hg pgrg kg praeuhh`øi tbhi`d`hgeg eb rbsèuas eb

hasbhlg bi dkarbs bi gnaias arcçi`has par kas dkar`huktarbs.. dkar`huktarbs

Ubhiahampast uig gpk`hgh`øi prçht`hg bi hukt`vas vbrt`h gkbs. E`sb÷a b `mpkbmbitgh`øi eb ui s`stbmg p`kata eb mgiboa ìtbcrgk eb rbsèuas y gcugs . rbsèugkbs bi bk hg÷øi ebk ría Hamnb`mg. X`stbmg eb nàtrgisdarmgh`øi eb muh`kgca rbs` eugk praeuhta eb kg dbrmbitgh`øi eb .hghga eb kg³ rbe eb hghgatbras eb \.

±Wuà ebsgrrakkas tbhiakøc`has pub bi pbrm`t`r vbrt`m`bit `m`bitas a rb sèuas bk trgtgm`bita eb vbrt søkèas qub bstài gdbhtgiea bk bitaria gmn`bitgk eb hamuiègebs rurgk rurgkbs bs ³eb kg rbc`øi

hbitra-sur1

2 > > Egr hkgrège gk rbta Kubca eb darmukgr ui rbta ì`h`g k, sì mu  hla ebtgkkb bs ibhbsgrà hamprbiebrka mboar. Var bkka lgy qub egrk egr kb ui gkhgihb sud`h`bitb v`skumnrgr bk `mpghta qub cbib rg su sa k uh`øi gig k` zgr sus ìtbr ìtbrrr bkgh ` aibs y, s` bs pas`nkb pbrh`n`r pbrh`n `r rbtas ebr ebr``vgeas vgeas.. Bk mgpg eb bmpgtíg {Ugkkbr 78), bk v`gob ebk hk`bitb Ugkkbr 75), y bk giçk`s giçk`s``s eb tbi tbi

bmprbsgs lgi kacrgea ebsgrrakkgr sakuhà sakuhà ibs qub gnarebi kgs m`smgs ibhbsègebs eb mgibrgs e`dbrbitbs. Vgrg gig k` zgr ka qub lgi lbhla atrgs bmprr bsgs sb suc`brb `mgcìgr taea bk bmp prahbsa eb praeuhh`øi y bitbiebr kas pra nkbmgs qub pue`brai tbibr. Gs`m `sma sma   bs rbhambiegnkb gig k`zgr prbhàs gigk gigk``zg r

ebih`gs Ugkkbr 72), sai lbrrgm`bitgs qub pbrm`tbi pbrm`t bi ebk`m`tgr bk bk rbta.

tb.biakacígs y gigk`zgr atras sbhtarbs pg rg tb. ìsp`rgrr kgs sakuhàibs qub sb pubegi cb ìsp`rg ibrgr.. k k`biza eb tbiebih`gs bs ui gpaya ibrgr bi bstg btgpg yg qub bk ìsuma prìh`pgk sai kas gvg gvgihb ihbs s tbhiakøc tbhiakøc`has `has y kas rbdbrbi rbdbrbi  tbs eb sa ku h ` aibs Ugkkbr 72). Bi bk prahbsa eb cbibrgh`øi eb èbgs sb ebnb ` ie`hgr bk bk t`pa eb sak uh` aibs qub sb nushgi a kgs qub kg bmprbsg bstç

2 > 8 Gigk`zgr Gigk`zgr gktbrigt`vgs gktbrigt` vgs Haisèbrgr gktbrigt`vgs y sus pgrçmbtras eb ebsbmpb÷a pubeb haikkbvgr g uig m b  qr hamprbis`øi eb kg mgibrg bi qub atrgs

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...

GNH EB KG @ II AvG H ) ,

e`spubstg g pgtrahìgr par bobmpka bs . 2 > 5 K`biza pgrg kg `mpartgitb ghkgrgr qub ia saka sai kas gr gr prbsbitgh`øi eb rbtas tbdghtas a kas ³sbrv`hàs qub tgmn`à tgmn`ài i lg  hbi pgrtb eb kg sakuh`øi bkbmbitas hama Kas hakgnarg hakgnarg..earbs bi kg bmprbsg ebnbi e`sb÷as bi ebtgkkb mgiugkbs trgeuhhà trgeuhhà  tbibr hkgra quà bspbrg kg bmprbsg par bkka ibs bstueàs prbvàs grtíhukas grtíh ukas pgtbitbs: kg prbsbitgh`øi ebk rbta ebnb sbr ka mçs gsí hama bs `mpartgitb ìe`hgr gkcuigs haihrbtg y hkgrg pas`nkb? Bi kucgr eb cbib sakuhàibs s`m`kgrb s`m`kgrbs. s. ³ rgr ui eahumbita bxtbisa rbspbhta gk rbta sb prahurg prbsbitgr eb mgibrg rbsumèg D`curg 2- 2 . .

`BIkd `dÀs nBIB^~EAs

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Vß Nk`k< ANOdkk[ A

7 7 D`curr g 2-2. D`cu 2-2 . K`biza eb rbta s.

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Ugkkb Ugkk br grg

darmukgr

bk

sb

sbcu ` rçi kas s`cu`bQ s`cu`bQ itbs pgsas? itbs

ì`h`gk? Ebdìg ui rbta ì`h`g k 2 5 hama rbdbrbih`g.

Vgsa 7 ^bta kg Ugnkg

rbta

Darmukgh`øi ebk rbta

^bta ì`h`gk eb ìiavgh`øi ìiavgh`øi

eb

ìiavgh``øi ut ìiavgh ut`` k`zgiea

Bimgrqub bk rbta ebdì`biea bk hk`bit hk`bitb b ka qub bspbrg bk hk``bitb kas mambita hk mambitas s eb haitg haitghta hta y kgs tbiebih`gs ebk eb k sbhtar sbhtar..

Vgsa >.

^bta ì`h`gk

Vbrd`k ebk hk`bitb

Ubiebih`gs ebk sbhta sbhtarr

Nbibd`hàss cbibrgeas gk sakuhàigr bk rbta Nbibd`hà

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NH

Gspbhtas ìebsbgeas

Xakuhàibs bx`stbitbs bx`stbitbs

Hampaibitbs   Hampaibitbs

B

K

@IIAT H@ØI

Hr`tbràs eb bvgkugh`øi

8. Vgrgkbka g kg ebdì ` h`øi eb rbtas y gk rbhaiah`m`bita eb su `mpartgih`g pgrg kg bmprbsg bs duiegmbitgk ebdì`r kg rbhampbisg g kas hakgna rgearbs sakuh sakuhàige àigearbs arbs kgs hugkbs pubebi pubebi sbr bhaiøm `hgs bi bspbh`b bspbh`b   bi darmgh darmgh`` øi a hugkqu`brg eb kas mbhgi`smas qub kg arcgi`zgh`øi tbic tbicg g ebdì` ebdìèa ea . .

gsa

^bhampbisgs

5. Kg ìdarmgh`øi eahumbitgeg bi kas pgsas gitbrà gitbràrr bs kg ebnb ìcrbsgr gk k`biza eb rbtas D`curg 2-2) .

gsa

<

2 8 CBIB^GH@ØI B XAKRH@AIBX

@IIATGEA^GX Rig vbz sb t`bib bk rbta hkgrgmbitb ebdìèa sb pgsg g kg nÿsqubeg eb sakuhàibs qub ìvakuhrgi bk hampaibitb eb ìiavgìiavg h`øi bi kg arcgi`zgh`øi. G haitìugh `øi sb prbsbitg ui haiouita eb lbrrgm` lbrrgm `bitgs qub sapartgi bstb pgsa.

haiahbr sakuhàibs rbgkbs rbspbhta g prapra nkbmgs ghtugkbs y duturas tbhia k øc ` hg sb pubeb ebdì`r Kg v`c`kgih`g tbhiak hama ui prahbsa qub nrìeg gkbrtgs g kbrtgs y mgimgit`bib ìdarmgea gk gk ìtbrbsgea qub ka `mp k bmbitg Z2 tbi Z2< < ] Z24] . Kg èbit`d`hgh`øi eb tbiebih`gs y apartuiègebs pubeb surc`r eb dbr`gs a haicrbsas haicrbsas bi kgs ngsbs eb egtas

2 8 7 Lbrrgm`bitg 7 T`c`kgih`g T`c`kgi h`g tbhiakøc`hg tbhiak øc`hg Kg v`c`kgih`g h`bitíd`hg y tbhiakøc`hg bs uig

e`sh`pk ` ig muy ÿt`k bi bk prahbsa eb ìia ìia-vgh`øi yg qub pb r m`tb eb uig mgibrg bstruhturgeg y s`stbmçt`hg rbhap`kgr ìdarìdarmgh`øi pgrg mboargr a ebsgrrakkgr iubvas praeuhtas   sbrv`hàs maebk praeuhtas maeb k as eb ibcahà pQçht`hgs arcgi`zghàigkbs a ghhàibs eb mbrhgeba Z22]-Z23]. Var mbeà eb kg v `c`kgih`g tbhiakøc`hg bs pas`nkb èbit`d`hgr tbiebih`gs h`bitíd`hgs y tbhiakøc`hgs rb ebs eb t rgngoa bvgkugr bk crgea eb ìvbih`øi y darmgs eb pratbhh`øi eb kas praeuhpraeuh tas y ka mçs ` mpartgitb eb taea pbrm`tb

BIU^ E X

uit gs h kgvb g ³ Vrbcuit Vrbc rbs akv akvb br.

h `bitíd`hgs y Qbhiakøc`hgs bi kgs pgtbitbs kas mbeàs eb hamui`hgh` hamui`hgh`øi øi nushgearbs bspbh`gk`zgeas tbs`s eb pascrgea a bxpbrtas bi bk tbmg . Bstb prahbsa s`stbmçt`ha gngrhg bshbigbshbig ràs eb pkgibgh`øi nÿsqubeg y giçk`s`s eb kg ìdarmgh`øi D`curg 2-4 ) pgrg kg tamg eb ebh`sàibs Z23] su usa sb pubeb kkkkbvgr g hgna bi hugkqu `br haitbxta haitbxta sbg bk bmprbsgr`gk tbhiakøc tbhiakøc``ha pakít`ha sah`gk a ghgeàm``mpartgih``g rge`hg bi qub pbrm`tb ha: y su `mpartgih gpayg r prahbsas ìiavgearbs gebmçs eb nrìegr kgs lbrrgm`bit lbrrgm`bitgs gs ibhbsgr`g ibhbsgr`gs s pgrg rb ghhàigr drbitb g kg ckangk`zgh`øi ebtbrmèbtbrm` igiea kgs pas`nkbs rutgs bi kgs qub pubebi mgrhlgr kas anobt`vas eb kgs bmprbsgs pgrg bk humpk`m`bita eb sus mbtgs.

NBIBD@H@AX

X K@E X

aiahbr br praeuht praeuhta a s prat bc` ea eas s. ^bh aiah Haiahbr bk ghbrva h` h `bitíd`ha y tbhiakø c`ha .

Iubv gs è bgs. @ebit`d`hgh`øi eb haiah`m` bita eb gv gizgeg .

-

660. cur

<

kk

br

73

kg

Vkgi`d`hgr tbhiakøc`hg v`c`kgih`g

Vgrg ì`h`gr bk prahbsa eb v`c`kgih`g tbh iakøc`hg bs ibhbsg ibhbsgrà rà ebdì`r eb dì`r hkgrgmbitb h kgrgmbitb bk gkhgihb qub sb kb egrç gk bobrh`hà, par bkka, gitbs eb ì`h`gr kg nÿsqubeg eb sakuhàibs . lgy qub ebtbrmìgr kg ìtbihàigkège ebk Ugn kg

2 2 . Vrbcuitgs pgrg

~t -....................................... .......................... ............~

s

³ ³³³³³•³•³ ³³³³³•³•³³³³ ³³³

rbsa kvbr

bobrh`hà. Vgrg bkka, kg cbrbih`g eb kg bm prbsg y bk cbrbitb eb ìiavgh`øi ebnbi rbspaiebr g kgs prbcuitgs prapubstgs bi kg Ugnkg 2 2 .

gitbs

•³³³³³³³³³³³³³ ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

eb ì` h`gr ui ³prahbsa eb

³³³

³

³³³

³³

v`c`kgih`g kgih`g..

bspu~tgs .

........... ........ ...... . ... ³ ................... .....

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³••³³³³³³³³³

±Huçk bs bk anobta eb kg v`c`kgih`g1 git`h`pgrsb, rbeuh`r r`bsca,

7.

pracrbsgr, ìiavgr b ìtbcrgr).

>. ±Wuà ebnbmas v`c`kgr1 ±Øuà

ushgr1 duihàibs, ìdarmghàibs n. n.ushgr1 sust`tutas, hampbtèarbs .. .

8. ±Eøieb kahgk`zgrkgs1 ìtbria a bxtbria, ngsbs eb egtas, pgtbitbs, bitrbv`~tg, kbybs.,. .

GNH

Vrbcuitgs

.................................... ........... .

............. .......................... ... ..........

5. ±Hø ma trgtgr y arcgi`zg r kg kg ìdarmgh`øi1 bstgeíst`hg, mìbríg eb egtas, n`nkàmbtríg, h`bihàmbtríg) .

^bspubstk`

³ ³³³³³³ ³³³ ³³³³³³ ³³³³³³³³~ ³³ ³

³

EB

KG @ II6 TGH@AI

³³³³ ³³³³³ ³³³³³³³³³³³ ³³³³³³³³³³

³ 2. ±G qu`ài hamui`hgr kg ìdarmgh`øi bi kg bmprbsg1

4. ±Høma prama pramav vbr kg sakuh `øi bi taea bk pbrsaigk1

3.

±Wuà rbhursas vgmas g ebstì gr1

³ t`bmpa, t`bmpa , pbrsaigs, sushr`phàibs, hamprgs, ngsbs eb egtas, sadtwgrb bspbh`gk`zgea . ³

0

rbcuitgs

A^

Vbrm`tb bihaitrgr rbsuktgeas hai gk mbias uig eb kgs pgkgnrgs.

Igiatbhiakacíg A^ nàtbhia nàtbhiakkacíg

77.566.666

tbxta 7 tbxta > ..

Bihubitrg bk tbxta bxghta bitrbham`k kg ea

igiatbhiakacíg nàtbhiakacíg

Mbias - )

X`rvb pgrg bxh ku`r tàrmìas eb nÿsqubeg.

Igiatbhiakacíg - nàtbhiakacíg Igiatbhiakacíg-Igiatbhiakacíg nàtbhiakacíg - Igiatbhia Igiatbhiakkacíg - nàtbhiakacíg

488.666 0.080.666

a

igiatbh* nàtbh*. nàtbh*.

Bs ui hamaeíi pgrg hampkbtgr kg nÿsqubeg

702.666

(nushg igiatbhiakacíg, igiatbhliakacy igiatbhliakac y, igiatbh igiatbhiakaca iakaca))

Bs ui hamaeíi pgrg had Opkbtgr kg nÿsqubeg, s` ia sb sgnb bk haitbxta hampkbta

X`tb?urk

78.666

igiatbhiakacíg * ³nàtbhiakacíg nàtbhiakacígQ Q

Nushg bk tàrmìa eb nÿsqubeg bi uig wbn haihrbtg

24>..666 24>

s`tb?www.sbig.beu.ha nàtbhiakacíg igiatbhiakacíg

5>

s`tb ?www.hakh`bih`gs.cav.àa nàtbhiakacíg igiatbhiak igiatbhia kacíg

53

0

Apbrgear

D`kbtypb? ped

Duih`øi

Kahgk`zg pçcìgs qub haitbicgi grhl`vas .ped, .ppt, .xks, .eah, bth.

Iÿmbra eb

Bobmpka

rbsR?ktgeas

s`tb?www .sbig .beu.ha s`tb?www. nàtbhiakacíg igiatbhiak igiatbhia kacíg d`kbty d`kbt ypb?ped

2

s`tb ?www.hakh`bih`gs ww.hakh`bih`gs..cav.ha nàtbhiakacíg igiatbhiakacíg d`kbtypb??ped d`kbtypb

5>

Xb pubeb rbgk`zgr ui bobrh`hà s`m`kgr eb apbrgearbs duihàigkbs bi ngsbs eb egtas ghgeàm`hgs y h`bitíd`hgs, h`bitíd`hgs , hama Xh`bih Xh`bihb b E`  rbht, Xhapus Xhapus,, Sbn ad Xh`bihb, bitrb atrgs, bi eaieb sb ìe`hgi kgs pgkgnrgs hkgvb y sus rbspbht`vgs rbstr`hhàibs, tgkbs hama

hama kg qub sb ansbrvg bi kg Ugnkg 2-0. Bstg pbrm`tb gkmghbigr kgs nÿsqubegs rbgk`zgegs bi k gs ngsbs eb egtas hai bk anobt`va eb rbhupbrgr ìda ìdarm rm gh`øi b÷ b÷ apar tuiègebs pastbr pastb r àrbs. Hugiea sb ut`k`zgi s`stbmgs ìdarmçt`has gvgizgeas qub guta guta 

kas g÷as eb punk`hgh`øi eb kas grtíhukas, m gt gt``zgi kgs nÿsqubegs, sb pubebi cbibrgr kgs rbv`stgs bspbh`gk`zgegs, kas gutarbs, kgs s`stbmgs eb gkbrtg gutamçt`has hai bhug ìst`tuhàibs, kg t`pakacíg eb praeuhta, praeuhta , bk hàibs eb nÿsqubegs muy n`bi ebdìèas, tbmg, bitrb atras. e`smìuybiea ka kas s t`bmpas eb nÿsqubeg bi Kubca eb goustgr kgs bhughàibs eb nÿ nÿs s- . k gs ngsbs eb egtas y dgh` k`k`tt giea bk bobrh bobrh`hà `hà qubeg bs ibhbsgrà ebdì`r uig n`tçharg, eà nÿsqubeg eb kas v`cígs. Ugn k g 2-0. 2-0 . Bobmp Bobmpkk a n`tçharg eb nÿsqubeg.

Dubitb eb

Bhugh`øi eb

~~~p`beg

0~~U?~1~

@itbrprbtgh`øi

^bsuktge s a tbièas ... . .

.

...

brtìbih`g .. - -. . .. .

Caacdb

Hgdà

Nushgr kg pgkgnrg hgdà bi Caackb

402 666 666

Ngog

Caackb

Hgdà Nàtbhiakacíg

Nushgr kg pgkgnrg hgdà y nàtbhiakacíg bi Caackb

228 666

Ngog

Caackb

hgdà +nàtbhiakacíg +hakamn`g*

Nushgr kg pgkgnrg hgdà y ank`cgtar`gm bitb kg pgkgnrg nàtbhiakacíg y hugkqu`br pgrgkgnrg qub ì`h`g hai Hakamn`g hakamn`gi a - g - as - gs .

>4

Mbeà

Caackb

hgdà +nàtbhiakac* +hakamn`g* d`kbtypb ?ped

Nushgr kg pgkgnrg hgdà y qub haitbicg bk ì `hà eb kg pgkgnrg nàtbhiakac y hakamn`g, pbra ebnb bitrbcgr rbsuktgeas bi ped

>6 .866

Mbeà

.

.. ......

..

.

0

GNH

Var ÿkt`ma,

bs ìe`spbisgnkb ebshgrcgr ³

taeas ka kas s eahumbitas eb vgkar bi kg nÿs qubeg y arcgi` zgrkas pgrg su pastbràr haisuktg. Bi bstb pgsa bs pas`nkb ut`k`zgr s`stbmgs pgrg kg cbst`øi eb grhl`vas, Kg lbrrgm`bitg rbhambiegeg pgrg -cbstàigr cbstàigr kg ìdarmgh`øi bs Mbiebkby, yg qub pbr m`tb gkmghbigr eahumbitas bi kg Iunb, hampgrt`rkas hai bqu ` pas eb trgngoa y rbgk`zgr uig harrbhtg h`tgh`øi. Atrgs eb sus vbitgogs sai qub duZ]Qhàig bi e`dbrbi tbs pkgtgdarmgs, t`bib kbhtar eb VED y bs crgtu`ta.. crgtu`ta

Ug kk r 7<

Nÿsqubeg y hgptgh`øi

B

KG @IIATGH@ØI

Kg nÿsqubeg y bk gkmghbigm`bita eb kg ìdarmgh`øi sb lghbi ìcrbsgiea kgs dubi dubi  tbs eb ìdarmgh`øi sumì`strgegs bi kg pkgi`d`hgh`øi eb kg v`c`kgih`g tbhiakøc`hg. ^bgk`hb kgs nÿsqubegs pbrtìbitbs y eahu mbitb bi bk sadtw rb Mbiebkby lttps?/ / www.mbiebkby.ham) taeas gqubkkas rbsuk rbsuk tgeas qub pbrm`tgi rbsakvbr kgs prbcuitgs pkgitbgegs. ^bhubreb ut`k`zgr apbrgearbs naakbgias prbsbitgeas bi kg Ugn Ugnkkg 2 < y gkmghbigr taea gqubkka qub pgrbzhg `mpartgitb. Vrangnkbmbitb ibhbs`tb ebk gpaya eb ui bxpbrta bi bk tbmg pgrg d`kt~gr taea gqubkka qub vgkb kg pbig kbbr. Bi bstb pgsa ia bs ibhbsgrà kbbr taea bk eahu eahu mbita,, saka d`ktrgr muy n`bi par mbeà eb mbita ui bshgiba eb kg ìdarmgh`øi y eahumbi eahumbi 

Vgrg bstruhturgr kg nÿsqubeg y kg hgptg h`øi eb ìdarmgh`øi sb ebnbi tamgr kas rbsuktgeas eb kg ebk`m`tgh`øi eb kgs prb prb

tgrka bi bk rbpas`tarà y bi bk darmgta

eb kg

Ugnkg 2 2 76.

cuitgs hkgvb y kas ebshr`ptarbs ebdìèas

bi bk

Ug kk

r

73

Ugnkg 22- 76 . N`tçharg eb nÿsqubeg pgrg kg bmprbsg.

³ Dubitb eb n ~ q Q` ~eg

Bhugh`øi eb nÿsq7?7~~~ - ,

^bsuktgeas

@itbrprbtgh`øi , Q

Q

Q,

Q

Vbrtìbih`g

antbièas

0

2 8 7 8 Giçk`s`s eb kg ìdarmgh`øi Ri pgsa duiegmbitgk bi kg v`c`kgih`g tbh iakøc`hg bs kg pkgibgh`øi, sì bmngrca, kas rbsuktgeas sb lghbi bvèbitbs hugiea kg ìdarmgh`øi sb gigk`zg eb mgibrg s`stbmç s`stbmç  t`hg y arcgi`zgeg . Ebseb kg pkgibgh`øi eb kg Qv`c`kgih`g tbh tbh iakøc`hg sb ebnb ìe`hgr eb quà mgibrg sb prbtbieb gigk`zgr kg ìdarmgh`øi? pubebi sbr giçk`s`s bstgeíst`has, giçk`s`s hugk`tgt`vas a bxpkargtaràs eb kg ìdgrmgh`øi èbit`d`hgeg. Kg mboar prçht`hg gk mambita eb gig  k`zgr kg ìdarmgh`øi bs rbv`sgr, eb eb-- mgibrg bxpkargtar`g, kas eahumbitas títukas, rb  sÿmbibs, tgnkgs y d`curgs) pgrg rbgk`zgr ui

kbhturg ebtgkkgeg eb kas eahumbitas rbkb vgitbs ebitra eb taeas kas bihaitrgeas.

Giçk`s`s eb kg ìdarmgh`øi

gkkbr 70

Kubca eb lgnbr rbhakb. rbhakb.htgea kg ìdarmg h`øi, bs larg eb kbbrkg hai huègea y ham prbiebr kas bkbmbitas hkgvb eb eb³³ kas eahu eahu mbitas èbit`d`hgeas. Kg d`hlg prapubstg bi kg Ugnkg 2 7> bs uig rbdbrbih`g sanrb høma arcgi`zgr kg ìdarmgh`øi ³bihait.rgeg pgrg rbspaiebr g kgs prbcuitgs rbgk`zgegs

d`ktra ì`h`gk hai rbspbhta g kg ìdarmgh`øi qub s`rvb y kg qub ia. Kubca sb lghb ³ uig

ì`h`gkmbitb y gsí bihaitrgr pas`nkbs saku hàibs ìiavgeargs.

Ugnkg 2 77 . D`hlg eb

a umbita.

Dghtar hrít`ha qub Dghtar rbspaieb

Iamnrb ebk

Rn`hgh`øi ebk grhl`v grhl` va .

0

GNH

B

KG @IIATGH@ØI

Hai kg hkgrège qub nrìegi kas eahumbi

eahumbita ut`k`zgiea kg Ugnkg 2-78, egi

tas èbit`d`hgeas sb pubebi arcgi`zgr taegs kgs haihkusàibs bi ui saka eahumbita eb haisuktg pgrg hampgrt`r hai gkcuias bqu` bqu`  pas eb trgngoa hai bk anobt`va eb rbh`n`r iubvgs èbgs . Dìgkmbitb sb bstruhturg ui

ea rbspubstg g hgeg uig eb kgs prbcuitgs hkgvb Ugnkg 2-4) . Ia bs kg sumgtar`g eb d`hlgs eb kbhturg sìa kg ìtbrprbtgh`øi ³eb kgs m`smgs y kgs haihkusàibs haihrbtgs eb kas gvgihbs èbit`d`hgeas.

Ugnkg 2-7>. ^bspubstgs g kgs prbcuitgs eb v`c`kgih`g.

1¡

0

2 8 > Lbrrgm`bitg Q XHGMVB^

W

6 ^btas. Vraeuhtas a sbrv`hàs g mboargr. uhàibs s bx`stbitbs Xak uhàib v`c `kgih`g tbhiakøc`hg

Bx`cb cbibrgr iu bvgs èbgs . çh` k eb `mpkbmbitgr. Hamprbis`nkb pgrg hugkqu`br pbrsaig.

Iubvgs èbgs. Vraeuhtas bx`stbitbs a mae`d`hgeas. @i vbih` aibs par dubrg eb kas ³ bstçiegrbs.

Xhgmpbr bs bQ ghrøi`ma eb kgs pgkgnrçs sust`tu`r, hamnìgr Ugnkg 2-72 gegptgr, ma e`d`hgr, paibr atras usas, bk`mìgr y rbareb igr, y sb usg pgrg ght`vgr kg hrbgt`vège y kgs lgn`kègebs pgrg rbsakvbr prankbmgs. Hrbg ea par Nan Bnbrkb > pgr g pramavbr bi kas i`÷as èbgs hrbgt`vgs y qub ka rbharegrgi eb mgibrg dçh`k, dub papukgr`zgea par M`hlgbk

ibhbsgrà tamgr ibhbsgrà tam gr taegs kgs ìe`hghàibs eb mgibr~ tbxtugk yg. qub ia ìtbrbsg bitrgr bi e`shusàibs sanrb bk usa eb uig pgkgnrg ght`vgearg u atrg, par bobmpka, bobmpka , gegptgr a mae`d`hgr. Ka qub sb nushg bs bst`mu k gr k g³ `mgc`` igh`øi y v`sugk`zgr bk prankbmg ebseb `mgc atrgs pbrspbht`vgs. Kg lbr lbrrr gm`bitg Xhgmpb Xhgmpbrr t`bib muy nubi

M`hlgkja bi su k`nra Ulìjbrtays Z47]. duih ` aigm`bita hugiea sb rbdkbxàig sa Kg lbrrgm`bitg kb pbrm`tb g hugkqu`br nrb tbhiakacígs bx`stbitbs y, s` sb . hamnìg pbrsaig dartgkbhbr su lgn`kège eb hubstà hubstà hai ui k`stgea eb duihàibs ÿt`kbs ÿt`kbsQ Q iah` igm`bita, `mgcìgh`øi Qb ` ihkusa eb gegptg vgs eb kg tbhiakacíg bx` bx` stbitb, hanrg mgyar h`øi g s`tughàibs bi kgs hugkbs kgs aphàdub rzg . Var bobmpka, hugiea sb lgnkg eb . ibs eb hrb hrbQ Qgh`øi gh`øi yg sb mubstrbi gcatgegs. kgs duihàibs iah`vgs eb uig hartgearg eb Duihàig hama uig k`stg eb hlbquba bi ³ hàspbe, k`stgmas bkbmbitas hama bk bspg eaieb, par mbeà eb prbcuitgs, prbcuitgs , sb pramub hà , kg haitgmìgh`øi hà, haitgmìgh`øi,, bk pbsa, bk va kum bi vb kg cbibrgh`øi eb èbgs iavbeasgs, hai qub ahupg bi bk bspghà, kg ibh ibhQ Qbsège eb iubvas bidaqubs y iubvas hampaibitbs. bibrcíg qub haisumb, bth. X` sb k`stgi k gs duihàibs ÿt` ÿt`kkbs tbierígmas gkca r bdb bdbrbit rbitb b Bk màtaea bs muy ÿt`k yg qub su .ibma tbhi`g pbrm`tb rbharegr dçh`kmbitb gkcuigs g qub .lghb vbr n`bi bk kucgr, mboarg bk gs eb kgs prbcuitgs qub sb ebnbi lghbr. lghbr. Ia bs

7> lttp lttp??

mì

wbrx.ham/l`stary-s-h-m-p ham/l`stary-s-h-m-p--b-r b-r..

pbhta ebk eb k tbrrbia, bitrb atras. Gs í, ut`k`zgi ut`k`zgi ea bk màtaea Xhgmpbr paebmas kkbcgr g sakuhàibs hama? hàspbe sìtàt`ha, sìtàt`ha , sbm` kkgs mae`d`hgegs cbiàt`hgmbitb pgrg qub ia hrbzhgi g muhlg gkturg a ui pbqub÷a ranat pgrg hartgr bk hàspbe.

0<

GNH EB KG @IIAT H@ØI

Bobmpka

Hgsa. Uamgea

b

UlìjbrUays

Z; .ík]

^gy Jrah Z44], eb hkgsb mbe`g qub sakíg tahgr p`gia y g qu`bi ia .kb `ng n`bi bi kas bstueàs. M`bitrgs vbieíg kas vgsas eb hgrtøi haia h`ø g Bgrk Vrìhb ui hk`bitb qub lgníg ìvbitgea uig mçquìg pgrg lghbr hìha mgktbgegs g kg vbz kkgmgeg Mukt`m`xbr. Jrah rbhaiah`ø uig apartuiège eb ibcahà m`bitrgs kg vbíg y qubeø dgshìgea par kg rgpèbz y tg bd`h`bih`g bd`h`bih`g--e~ kg mçquìg eb Vrìhb. Gsí g kas 83 g÷as gngieaiø kg bmprbsg eb vgsas y antuva kas ebrbhlas bxhkus`vas ebk m rjbtìc eb kg mçquìg. Vgsø kg s`cu`bitb eàhgeg y hruzø mbeà pgís pramav`biea g Mukd`m`xbr bi kas rbstgurgitbs y hai eub÷as eb dubitbs eb saegs.

Ri eíg bi 7025 ui pubsta eb lgmnurcu.bsgs bi Hgk`dari`g arebiø ahla Mukt`m`xbrs, par bsta haieuoa su hahlb ³pgrg ìvbst`cgr sanrb kg sb sarprbie`ø eb kgE`hj par bkbk ibcahà s`tugh`øi y Mgur`hb Mhmaebka eb rçpèg har` Eaigke. Hgs`ylgnígi ebsgrrnkkgea hamèg bkbmbitas lamacàibas prbebh`nkbs qub sai dgh`kbs y rçpèas eb

prbpgrgr. E`hj y Mgur`hà lgnígi s`mpk`d`hgea, gegptgea y mì`m`zgea bk pubsta eb lgmnurcubsgs g ka bsbih`gk.

Jrah rçpègmbitb hgkhukø kgs cgigih`gs qub antbieríg gk paibr h`bi tas eb bstas bstgnkbh`m`bitas g ka kgrca ebk pgís. Vbra hugiea sb ³ ghbrhø g kas MhEaigke hai kg èbg bkkas kb eòbrai qub ia bstgngi .ìtbrbsgeas bi lghbrka bkkas m`smas. Gsí qub Jrah sb adrbh`ø g lg.hbrà. Kas lbrmgias ghhbe`brai y kb e`brai g Jrah kas ebrbhlas bxhkus`vas pgrg vbiebr bk màtaea eb MhEaigke s. Ka qub s`cu`ø ia dub ui àx`ta ìmbe`gta pbra kas anstçhukas y ebsgdías dubrai gnaregeas hai kg tàhi`hç Xhgmpbr y pbrm`t`ø ³qub ^gy

Jrah sb haivbrt`rç bi ui mukt`m`kkaigrà, parqub èbit`d`hø kas eb eb-sgdías gebhugeas y ut`k`zø kg ìdarmgh`øi ³bx`stbitb bi iubvgs èbgs . pgrg rbsakvbrkas. ³ Bi kg eàhgeg eb kas 36 MhEaigke s brg .yg bk mgyar pravbbear eb

³ hamèg eb taea Bstgeas Rièas y sb mgituva bi bsb pubsta kas >6 , ³ .g÷as s`cu`bitbs. G su mubrtb bi bibra eb 70 eb Xhgmpbr, bk bqu`pa eb trgngoa tbierç uig hgitège hai sèbrgnkb eb èbgs pas`nkbs, ÿt`kbs y iub

vgs, pgrg prahbebr g kg bstruhturgh`øi eb praybhtas eb ìiavgh`øi y kg ebdì`h`øi eb maebkas eb ibcahà qub cbibrbicbibrbi -vgkar bi kgQbmprbs³g.

Bk màtaea Xhgmpbr bs èbgk bi bk prahb

sa eb cbibrgh`øi eb èbgs, tgmn`ài ut`k`zg ea bi haiouita hai kg kkuv`g eb èbgs, pbra sb ebnb tbibr huègea hai kgs rgzaibs qub pubebi lghbr qub dgkkb bQ bQ màtaea Ugnkg 2 - 78) .Z26].

Ugnkg 22- 8. ^gzaibs pgrg bk drghg sa eb Xhgmpbr. Xhgmpbr. -r.t?-Idk. 'O'.~ 'O'.~ • • 9 ...

• • 7- - •

Bi kgs ght`vègebs eb èbgh`øi

Kas prankbmgs bstçi mgk

bimgrhgeas

Kgs m`smgs

pbrsaigs t`bibi kgs m`smgs pasturgs.

bx`stbi eas t`pas eb pgrt`h`pgitbs pgrt`h`pgitbs,, kns bxtravbrtèas, qu`bibs gpartgi hai èbgs sì `mpartgr su rbkbvgih`g y kas ìtravbrtèas, qub ia pgrt`h`pgi eb kg sbs`øi . Xì bmngrca gmnas pubebi sbr mat`vgeas par ui rbta rbgk eb ìiavgh`øi. Bitrb mçs crgieb sbg bk crupa eb pbrsaigs qub pgrt`h`pgi eb kg ght`vège, pbar sbrç kg eìçm`hg eb h`brrb eb kg m`smg. Muhlas oust`d`hgrçi rbspbhta g kg bx`stbih`g ebk praybhta, kas drghgsas pgsgeas a darzgrçi sus pasturgs bi kgs rbuiàibs . X`bmprb sb prbsbitgrçi kgs m`smgs sakuhàibs qub sb lgi nrìegea bi b.@ pgsgea .

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Ia ìv`tb g kgs pbrsaigs g pbisgr par dubrg eb kg hgog. Ebdìg muy n`bi bk mgrha eb kas rbtas eb ìiavgh`øi, mbihàigr gspbhtas ebsbgeas b .ìebsbgeas bi kg sakuh`øi, ìvbst`cgr ui paha gitbs eb kgizgr kas rbtas y mboargr kgs prbcuitgs ebsgd`gitbs.

X`bmprb mgitbibr crupas mbiarbs g eahb ìtbcrgitbs y hai muhlg e`vbrsège.

,9?71?,

Rig ght`vège eb èbgh`øi sì rbckgs hkgrgs sb haiv`brtb rçpègmbitb bi uig ght`vège eb hgtgrs`s y hrít`hgs paha praeuht`vg. ³

Ia bs uig sbs`øi eb hgtgrs`s

Kg sbs`øi eb

èbgh`øi cbibrg mçs trgngoa

G mbiuea kg arcgi`zgh`øi rbgk `zg bstas tgkkbrbs eb èbgh`øi sì bmngrca ia sb bvèbih`gi ghhàibs haihrbtgs

kg bmprbsg y dìgkmbitb ia lgrç igeg hai kgs èbgs.

eb pgtrahìgr èbgspbqub÷gs cbibrgegs. Cbibrgkmbitb bx`stbi rbhampbisgs pgrt`h`pgr eb kas tgkkbrbs a pbigkègebs par ia gs`st`r gs`st`r..

Ugkkbr >6.

gs

Ebdì`r rbckgs hkgrgs pgrg bk bobrh`hà bobrh`hà,, tgkbs hama ia ouzcgr kgs èbgs . ^bspbtgr `g pgkgnrg y ia pgrt`h`pgr g`rgegmbitb sanrb ka qub yg bstç gprangea Ia rbgk`hb ght`vègebs eb ìia vgh`øi sì kg bx`stbih`g eb ui prbsupubsta

dìgih`gr sakuhàibs ìiavgeargs pgrg lghbr ypgrg ui pgtrahìgear sbcu`m`bita g kas praybhtas.

pk`hgh`øi eb Xhgmpbr

Vgsa 7. @ebit`d`hgr anobta eb mboa rg. Bk prahbsa eb cbibrgh`øi eb iubvgs èbgs ì`h`g hai Qg èbit`d`hgh`øi eb gkcuigs èbgs prbv`gs, pgrg bkka bs ÿt`k bk prahb. sa eb v`c`kgih`g tbhiakøc`hg (Ugkkbr 0 .

cbib rgr èbgs iu bvgs. Bs `mpar tgitbQ cbibr ia sgktgrsb iìcuig eb kgs tgnkgs i` kgs prbcuitgs, egea qub bi uig eb bkkg kkgs s pubeb bihaitrgr uig `m partgitb sakuh`øi .

Vgsa >. Rsa eb prbcuitgs Xhgmpbr. Xhgmpbr. G pgrt`r eb kg èbit`d`hgh`øi eb kgs ` ebgs prbv`` gs , bs mambita eb cbibrgr iub prbv iub  vgs èbgs: pgrg bk ka sb ebnb `k`zgr `k` zgr,, bi bqu`pas a eb mgibrg ìe`vèugk, kas hubstàigm`bitas ebsgd`gitbs ebsgd`gitbs-- qub pravbb Xhgmpbr, Xhgmpbr, pgrg bx`c bx`c`rk `rk b gk h br b nra pbisgr par dub r g k as bstçiegrbs y

Bi hgeg tgnkg ebnbi kbbr kgs prbcuitgs, sb÷gkgr hai ui rbsgktgea r gqubkkgs g `gs

hugkbs sb bs pubeg egr rbspubstg y bi kg hbkeg bi nkgiha, rbspaiebr. Bs ibhbsgrà qub taegs kgs èbgs qubebi rbc`strgegs, ia bs mambita eb d`ktrgr èbgs par su hgkège. Bk prahbsa eb èbgh`øi sb hgrghtb r` zg par kg gnuiegih`g y ia par kg pgrt`hukgrège.

7

GNH EB KG @IIATGH@ØI

Guiqub bi bi bstb mambita kgs èbgs ia

kgQ èbgs y sb pràr`zgrçi gqubkkg~ hai

sai ibhbsgr`gmbitb kgs sakuh sakuh`àibs bstrí bstr íb- ³ tgs g kas prankbmgs sí nrìegi ìdarmgh`øi pgrg lghbrsb uig èbg eb kg sakuh`øi. Var bkka bi ui pgsa pastbràr sb rbarebigrçi

mgyar patbih`gk eb saku0àigr bk prankbmg pkgitbgea. Xb ì`h`g hai sust`tu`r (Ugnkg 2- 75) y sb dìgk`zg hai rbarebigr (Ugnkg 2- >6).

Ugnkg 2-75 . Vrbcuitgs ebsgd`gitbs pgrg sust`tu sust`tu``r.

XRXU@UR@^ ±Xb pubeb sust`tu`r a hgmn`gr gkcuig ³p`bzg1 ±Xb pubeb ³sust`tu`r g gkcu`bi ìvakuhrg ivakuhrg--ea1 ±Xb pubebi hgmn`gr kgs rbckgs1 ±Xb pubebi ut`k`zgr atras ìcrbe`bitbs a mgtbr`gkbs1 ±Xb pubebi ut`k`zgr atras prahbsas a prahbe`m`bitas1

±Xb pubeb hgmn`gr eb darmg1 ±Xb pubeb hgmn`gr bk hakar, kg rucasège: bk saièa a bk

akar1 ±Wuà pgsg s` sb hgmn`g bk iamnrb1 ±Xb pubeb sust sust``tu `r uig pgrt pgrtb b g atra1

±Xb pubebi h~mn`g r kas sbit`m`bitas a kgs ght`tuebs lgh`g bk prankbmg ebdìèa1

± trg dubrzg1 ±Rig gprax`mgh`øi e`dbrbitb1 ±Wu`ài mçs pubeb sbr sust`tuèa1 Ugnkg 2-72 ? Vrbcuitgs ebsgd`gitbs pgrg hamnìgr hamnìgr..

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HAMN@IG^ Mbzhkgr hampaibitbs Hamnìgr > bi : ¡ . ¡9:.

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±Xb pubebi hamnìgr prapøs`tas a ìtbihàibs1 ±Xb pubeb lghbr uig hakbhh `øi1 ±Rig mbzhkg, uig gkbgh`øi

uig gcrupgh`øi1 ±Hamnìgr uiègebs1 ±Wuà atras grtíhukas paerígi mbzhkgrsb hai bstb1 ±Høma paeríg bmpgqubtgrsb uig hamnìgh`øi1 ±Wuà sb pubeb hamn ìgr pgrg mukt`pk`hgr kas pas `nkbs usas1 ±Wuà mgtbr`gk bs paerígi hamnìgrsb1 ±Xb pubebi hamnìgr gtrght`vas1 ±Wuà èbgs a p`bzgs sb pubebi hamnìgr1 ±Xb pube bi hamnìgr a rbhamnìgr prapøs`tas pgrtbs1 ±Xb pube bi hamnìgr a dusàigr hai atras anobtas1 ±Xb pubebi hamnìgr pgrg mgx`m`zgr bk iÿmbra eb usas1 ±Wuà mgtbr`gkbs sb paerígi hamnìgr1 ±Xb pubebi hamnìgr e`dbrbitbs tgkbitas pgrg mboargrka1 ±Wuà atras sbrv`hàs sb pubebi mbzhkgr hai bstb1

-

767 -

Ugnkg 2 74. 74 . Vrbcuitgs ebsgd`gitbs pgrg gegptgr.

GEGVUG^

Uamgr b.~?O1.~k?k~1.2. .1.~ . 1 ~2 . ~~?71 ~~ . P. .V1.k??r.7~~ - 7 ? .7~ .2.1.~7?7?~ .1.77?³ ±Wuà mçs ³ bs hama bsta1 ±Wuà atrg èbg suc`brb bsta1 k pgsgea adrbhb gkcÿi pgrgkbk`sma1 ±Wuà paeríg hap`grsb1 ±Wuà paeríg bmukgrsb1 ±Wuà èbg paeríg ìharpargrsb1 ±Wuà atra prahbsa sb paeríg gegptgr1 ±Wuà mçs sb paeríg gegptgr1 ±Bi quà e`dbrbitbs haitbxtas sb pubeb ìhku`r bk haihbpta1 ±Wuà èbgs eb atras hgmpas e`dbrbitbs pubebi

ìharpargrsb1

Ugnkg 2 73. 73. Vrbcuitgs ebsgd`gitbs pgrg mae`d`hgr. mae`d`hgr.

MAE7D@HG^

MGCI@D@HG^

2.~ .17?7??1.? .~kQ~~ ;17?7?b. .2.~ ~~~ ~ 1 ~ ~ r

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±Wuà pubeb. mgci`d`hgrsb, gmpk`grsb a bxtbiebrsb1 ±Wuà sb pubeb bxgcbrgr1 ±Wuà sb pubeb sanrbe`mbisàigr1 ±Xb pubeb g÷ge`r gkca1 ±Mçs t`bmpa1 ±Mçs dubrtb1 ±Mçs gkta 1 ±Mçs Qrca1 ±Wuà tgk hai mçs drbhubih`g1 ±Hgrghtbr.íst`hgs ge`hàigkbs1 ±Wuà pubeb egr vgkar g÷geèa1 ±Xb pubeb eupk`hgr1 ±Høma sb paeríg kkbvgr g ui bxtrbma gnsakuta1 ±Høma sb

pubeb gktbrgr pgrg mboargrka1 ±Xb pubeb mae`d`hgr1 ±Lgy gkcuig pbhuk`grège1 ±Hgmn`gr bk s`ci`d`hgea, bk hakar bk mav`m`bita, bk saièa bk akar . g darmg kg mbeèg1 ±Hgmn`gr kb bk iamnrb1 ±Wuà hgmnàs sb pubebi lghbr bi kas pkgibs1 ±Bi bk prahbsa1 ±Bi bk mbrhgeba1 ±Wuà atrg darmg paeríg tamgr bsta1 ±Wuà atra bmngkgob1 ±Vaeríg hamnìgrsb bk bmngkgob hai kg darmg1 ±Atras hgmnàs1 Ugnkg 2 7

GNH

EB

KG @IIATGH@ØI

Ugnkg 2 70 . Vrbcuitg Vrbcuitgs s ebsgd`gitb s pgrg bk`mìgr.

BK@M@I ^ s`stbmg s`mpk`d`hgrkas a rbeuh`rkas Wu`tgr bkbmbitas ebk s`stbmg

±Wuà pgsgríg s` dubsb mçs pbqub÷a1 ±Wuà lgnríg qub am`t`r1 ³ ±Ka tbieríg qub e`vè`r1 ±Xb pubeb trahbgr1 ±^beuh `r ±Lghbr mçs bd`h`bitb1 ±X b paerç lghbr bi mì`gturg1 ±Xb pubeb haiebisgr1 ±Xb pubeb hampghtgr1 ±Xb kb pube b rbstgr rbstgr gk gkca 3 ±Xb kb pubeb bk`mìgr gkca1 ±Xb pubebi bk`mìgr kgs rbckgs1 ±Wuà lgy qub ia sbg ibhbsgrà1 ±Wuà ias rbvbkgríg ui e`gcrgmg ebk prahbsa1

Ugnkg 2->6. 2->6 . Vrbcuitgs ebsgd`gitbs pgrg rbarebigr. rbarebigr. ^BAÊBI ^

Arebigr eb. mgibrg e`dbrbitb kas hampaibitbs ebk s`stb d`g. ^barebigr Qa ìv

rt`r

pas`hàibs,

••

•

bkbmbitas, hgmn`gr rakbs gs`cigeas, rbarcgi`zgr prahbsas, ghhàibs ghhàibs..

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±Wuà at rgs arcgi`zgh ài bs paerígi sbr mboarbs1 ±@itbrhgmn`g ±@itbrhgmn` gr haí)7paibitbs1 ±Ri maeb ka e` e`dbr dbrb bitb1 ±Rig e`str`nuh`øi e`dbrb e`dbrbitb1 ±Atrg sbhubih`g1 ±Hgmn`gr bk arebi1 ±Urgispaibr hgusg y bd bhta1 ±Hgmn`gr kg vbkah ège1 ±Bk r`tma1 kg pkgi`d`hgh`øi1 ±Hgmn`gr pas`t `va y ibc gt`va1 ±Vubeb trgispaibrsb pas`t` ±Huçkbs sai kas apubstas1 ±Huçk bs sai kas ibcg t`va t`vas s1 ±Xb pubeb c`rgr1 ±Xb kb pubeb egr kg vubktg1 ±Ka eb grr`ng bi vbz eb ka eb gngoa1 ±Ka eb gngoa bi vbz eb ka eb grr`ng1 ±Haisèbrgr aisèbrgrkka rbtraspb rbtrasp bht`vgmbitb1 ±@i vbrt brt``r kas pgpbkbs1 ±Lghbr ka qub ia sb bspb rg 1 ±Wuà bkb Qmbitas pubebi gequ`r` r uig da rmg tatg kmbitb e`stìtg1

2 5 ^BC@XUÂ B @EBGX Kubca eb gpk`hg r kgs lbrrgm`bitgs prbsbi prbsbi tgegs, bk bq bquu `pa eb trgngoa ebnb bstgr bi hgpghège eb cbibrgr iubvgs èbgs ebgs.. Bk rbc`stra ebnb lghbr lghb rsb eb mgibrg arcgi`zgeg y s`stbmçt stbmçt``hg , par ka qub bs eb ut `k ège haitgr hai ha i ui mbhgi `sma pgrg arcgi `zgr kgs èbgs bi bstruhturgs ebdìègs Ugn kg 2 2 >7 )

7

Bk pr pr`` mbr hampaibitb pgrg rbc`strgr uig èbg bs bitrbcgr ìdarm gh `øi pbrsaigk ebk kíebr a rbspaisgn k b eb kg èbg cbibrgeg, pubeb haitbibr eà tas hama çrbg eb trg ngoa,, iamnrb, iÿmbra eb haitghta, harrba, ngoa hgrca y dbhlg eb prbsbitgh`øi eb kg èbg .

8

Bi sbcuieg ìstgih`g sb sumì`strg ì 

èbgs s`m`kgrbs y ebdì`r s` kg èbg bs iubvg

darmgh`øi eb kg èbg sb rbc`strg ui títuka gtrght`va gtrght `va pgr pgrg g bstg tbi`bie tbi`biea a bi hubitg qub sbg kkgmgt`va pgrg ui ham` ham`tà tà bvgk bvgkugea ugear. r. Vastbràrmbitb sb ebshr`nb bk prankbmg a kg apartuiège qub sb bspbrg rbsakvbr hai kg . prapubstg: cbibrgkmbitb kg prankb prankb mçt`hg kg sumì`strg bk rbta eb ìiavgh`øi . Dìgkmbitb sb ebshr`nb kg èbg. Bstg ia e~nb cbibrgr mçs hubstàigm`bQ hubstàigm`bQitas sanrb kç prankbmçt`hg a egr p`b g mgkgs ìtbrprbtghà ìtbrp rbtghàibs ibs y ebnb pkgitbgr uig uig sa  kuh`øi haihrbtg mastrgi mastrgiea ea høma pubeb pubeb

pgrg bk çrbg pgrg kg bmprbsg pgrg bk pgís a bs iubvg pgrg bk muiea. Kubca sb ebnbi gpartgr sapartbs sud`h`bitbs sanrb bk crgea eb ar`cìgkège eb kg èbg. Bi bstg btgpg kgs èbgs sai gkca sunobt`vgs sì bmngrca bs pas`nkb ebdì`r gkcuias hastas ì`h`gkbs pgrg su `mpkbmbitgh`øi par bkka bs rbhambiegnkb tbibr bi hubitg hastas dòas y vgr`gnkbs gsah`geas hai kg `mpkbmbitgh`øi eb kg èbg bi hubst`øi. Ugmn`ài pubeb bst`mgrsb kg àpahg a bk pkgza míi`ma v`gnkb pgrg bk kgizgm`bita eb ebkk praeuh praeuhta ta a sbrv`hà.

mboargr kas pgrçmbtras eb ebsbmpb÷a ebk prankbmg a ìhrbmbitgr bk usa eb kg tbhiakacíg prapubstg . Kubca eb ebshr`n`r kg èbg sb ebnbi prb sbitgr kas nbibd`hàs qub t`bib ìtbràr a

Ug kk kkbb r 7 ^bc`stra eb èbgs E`k`cbih`b kg Ugnkg 2 2 >

giatgiea hai bk

bxtbràrmbitb dg bmprbsg: ìe`hgiea kgs çrbgs eb ìdkubih`g y ebshr`n`biea høma gdbhtg g kgs m`smgs. Vgrg hamprbiebr kg ar`cìgkège eb kg èbg bs ibhbsgrà rbgk`zgr ui rgstrba eb

mgyar crgea eb ebtg k kb pas`nkb taeg kg ì  darmgh`øi sak`h`tgeg.

Ugnkg 22- >7 Darmgta pgrg bk rbc`stra eb ` ebg ebg³³s eb ` iiavgh`øi . 6w º9w ..

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tb Egta: eb prøpaibi

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>.8 Ebshr`ph`øi eb kg èbg

7 65

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GNH EB KG @IIATGH@ØI Nbibd`hàs eb kg sakuh`øi

8.7 Nbibd`hàs

Eøieb Kg bmprbsg

8.> Gkhgihb eb kg èbg Ighàigk @itbrighàigk

Høma

Bi kg

bmprbsg

Bi bk çrbg

5.7 ±Bi eøieb sb lg ebsgrrakkgea bstg èbg1

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Uatgkmbitb ar`cìgk Bshr`ng sus dubitbs eb haisuktg

Hastas ³:

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2.7 Hastas bst`mgeas pgrg ebsgrrakkgr kg èbg

2 > Huçita sb ebmarg bk kgizgm`bita eb ui pratat`pa duihàigk m íi`ma v`gnkb

7

2

, BK 2MAEBKA 2 EBD@I@BIEA E B IBCAH@A G VGÛ@^ E B K @EBG .E B @IIATGH@ØI ³

Bi³ kg

bstrgtbc`g eb ìiavghài ³sb ebdìbi kíibgs bi kgs qub kg bmprbsg bmprbsg   bstç ìtbrb ìtbrb sgeg bi bidahgrsb Ugkkbr 7 gk 77 , kubca sb prbsbitgi lbrrgm`bitgs pgrg ebdì`r kas rbtas eb ³ìiavgh`øi {Ugkkbr 7> gk .74

y dìg kmbitb sb lgi cbibrgea sud`h`bitbs

èbgs Ugkkbr 73 gk >6) qub vgkb kg pbig haivbrQQ`r bi bstruh haivbr bstruhturgs turgs eb ibcahà pg pgrg rg kg bmprbsg: bs par bkka qub g haitìugh`øi sb prbsbitg ebtgkkgegmbitb uig lbrrgm`bitg

èbit`d`hgr kas eakarbs - s`tug~ hàibs a hastbs ia ebsbgeas qub bxpb r-`mbitgi tus hk`bitbs gk rbgk`zgr kgs ght` ght` vègebs vège bs gitbràrbs gitbràr bs-- ebnbmas rbspaiebr míi`ma trbs eb kgs s`cu`bitbs prbcui prbcui

Vgsa > Vgrg

pgrg bk maebka eb ibcahàs. ibcahàs . Vgrg lghbrka sb rbgk`zgr~i kas Ugkkbrbs >> y >8.

tgs? ±bs hastasa1 ±ta ±tamg mg muhla t`b t`bmpa mpa lghbrka1 ±rbqu`brb eb muhlas bs bsdubrzas pgrg sgt`sdghbr kg ibhb~ège1 ±bi quà dgkkgi kgs atrgs sakuhàibs ebk mbrhgea1 ±prìh`pgkbs rbtas pgrg bk hk`bitb1 ±bx`stb pàreèg eb gkca sah`gk bha bhaiøm iøm`ha `ha a

>> Vbrd`kgiea kg sakuh`øi kkbb r >> kk g pgrt`r pgr t`r eb kg èbg

bmahàig k 1, ±quà r`bscas kas hk`bitbs1 ±quà paeríg sgk`r mgk1tbmbi y ±huçkbs sai kgs crgiebs prbahupghàibs1

Bk . Ugkkbr 78

ias nrìeg pbrd `k cbiàr`hØ ebk hk`~itb. Glarg ebnbmas praduie`zgr bi àk pgrg hgeg èbg eb sakuh`øi: bs par bkka qub drbitb g 70 èbg puitugk puitug k ebnbmas èbit`d` èbit`d` hgr kgs ght`vègebs e`gr`gs Ugkkbr 72), kas bsdubrzas y kas nbibd`hàs. Haiahbr kgs kgs ght`vègebs lgn`tugkbs a e`gr`gs eb kas hk`bitbs ias pbrm`tb v` . sugk`zgr kgs qub bstçi rbkgà`;:mgegs hai kg èbg praeuhta sbrv`hà qub bstçi

Vgsa 7.

ìtbitgQ ìtbitg Q ea rbgk`zgr lgn`tugkmbitb lgn`tugkmbitb bkka èbit`d`hg míi`ma trbs pgrg kg pgrg èbg gigk``zgeg . gigk

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EB

K

@IIAT H@ØI

bxpkíh`tgmbitb kg èbg bi ui praeuhta a sbrv`hà y e`k`cbih`g bk hgmpa hai bstg ìdarmgh`øi. Kas nbibd`hàs sai kas bkbmbitas qub³³bspbrgi antbibr ka qub kas s hk`bitbs gk rbgk`zgr bsgs ght`vègebs, par tgita ebnb rbspaiebr míi`ma trbs eb kgs s`cu`bitbs prbcuitgs ? ±glarrgr kas lgríg dbk`hbs1, ±quà glarras vgkarg mçs1 ±huçk bs bk i`vbk eb hgkège bspbrgea, ebsbgea y sarprbiebitb1, ±eb huçk kb custgríg mçs a mbias1, ±quà lgríg kg vèg mçs dçh`k ebk hk`bitb1, ³±huçkbs sai kgs haisbhubih`gs sah`gkbs . pas`t`vgs1, ±quà gumbitg bk bstgtus1 bstgtus1,, ±quà mçs nushgi kas hk`bitbs1, ±quà sub÷gi kas hk`bitbs1 y ±høma mèa bk àx`ta a drghgsa1

Vgsa 8

@ebit`d`hg kas gigkcàs`has . @mpk`hg . bxpk`hgr høma rbsubdvbs kas prankbmgs a kg s ibhbsègebs eakarb eakarbs s gitbs rbkgrbkg hàigeas) eb tus hk`bitbs glarra eb t`bmpa, hamaeège, dçh`k ghhbs ghhb sa g ì darmgh`øi, hastbs) hai kg èbg prapubsprapubs tg. Bxpràsgka bi trbs drgsbs.

Vgs Vg s a 2

@ebit`d`hgh`øi eb praeuhtas y sbrv`hàs. Bs bstb puita sb ebnb gkìbgr kg èbg hai kas pgsas 7 > y 8 . Vgrg bkka sb ebnb lghbr bvèbitb høma kg sa kuh`øi eb kg èbg rbspaieb gk hk`bitb y bkka `m `m-pk`hg hkgrège bi kg sakuh`øi. Haiv`brtb

Vgsa 5

7

3

Vgs a 4 . @ebit`d`hgr kg s v`tgmìgs. @mpk`hg bi -

Vg sa 3 H ai kg ìdarmgh`øi gitbràr (pgsa

tbiebr høma høm a bstç bstçs s gpartgiea nbibd`hàs g tu tus s hk`bitbs hai ngsb bi kg s bxpbhtgt` bxpbhtgt`-vgs qu b bkka bkkas s t`bibi bi bk pgsa 8

7 gk 4) y hai gyueg eb ui mgrhgear a pgpbkbs gelbs`vas paicg sanrb k g D`  curg 22- < vbr bi kg prøx`mg pçcìg) pçcìg) kgs rbspubstgs qub ìe`hø bi hgeg uig . eb kas pgsas pgsa s 7 g 4 eb eb kg prapubstg ÿi`hg eb vgkar, bsta kb pbrm`t`rç hamprbiebr s` bihgogi gmngs pgrtbs ebk mgpg .

2 2 7 Lbrrgm`bitg k`biz k` biza a pgrg pg rg maeb maebkas kas eb ibcahà ib cahà Rig prapubstg eb vgkar vgka r sì ui maebka eb ibcahà pubeb supaibr ui àx`ta dìgih`bra par ebngoa eb ka bspbrgea. Bs par bkka qub sb prapaib ut`k`zgr bk k`biza pgrg ebdì`r maebkas eb ibcahà, lbrrgm`bitg hrbgeg eb mgibrg hakgnargt`vg par Astbrwg k ebr y

V`cibur bi >676 Z50] . Vb r m`tb v`sugk`zgr kas mbhgi`smas pgrg hgptgr nbibd`hàs ebseb kgs saku~àibs prapubstgs Z50], g pgrt`r uig pbrspbht`vg eà kas bkbmbitas hkgvb ebk maebka eb ibcahà eb uig bmprbsg . Bstç hampub sta eb eb iubvb nkaqubs D`cu  rg 2-0. Vçcìg 776 ) qub ebnbi rbdkbogr kg køc`hg bi qub uig bmprbsg kacrg haisbcu`r ìcrbsas,, hunr`biea hugtra gspbhtas pr ìcrbsas p rì ì-h`pgkbs? kas hk`bitbs hk`bitb s, kg adbrtg , k g ` idrgbs idrgbs-truhtu r g y kg v`gn`kège bhaiøm`hgZ50].

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D`curg 22-0 . K` biza pgrg maebkas eb ibcahà. Dubitb?? Z50 Dubitb

NH

Ugkk br >8 >8

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@IIA TGH@ØI

Haistruhh`øi

ebk maebka eb ibcahàs

Bk maebka eb ibcahà bs praeuhta eb daeg

kg pkgibgh`øi y kas tgkkgrbs bobhutgeas lgstg bk mambita, bs par bkka qub ³bi kas iubvb pgsas pgsa s ias bitraigrbm bitr aigrbmas as hai uig ght`vège eb hamp`kgh`øi, ebtgkkb y haistruhh` haistruhh ` øi.

Ebdì`h`øi eb kas sbcmbitas eb hk`bitbs eb kg èbg a sa kuh`øi. Uamb kg ìdarmgh`øi ebk Ugkkbr >> puitas 7, > ³ y 8, y e`cg bxpkíh`tgmbitb qu`àibs sai iubstras hk`bitbs.

Vgsa 7

puitas 5, 2 y k, y e`cg bxp bxp kíh`tgmbitb huçk bs kg prapubstg eb vgka vgkarr eb kg èbg.

S

8. keàit`d`hgh`øi eb hgigdbs. Kas hgigkbs t`biài hama duih`øi egr g haiahbr kas praeuhtas y kas sbrv`hàs, gyuegr g kas hk`bitbs bi kg vgkargh`øi eb kg prapubstg eb vg kar, ³pbrm`t`r kg hamprg ebk praeuhta/sbrv`hà, praeuhta/sbrv`hà , y adrbhbr sbrv`hà pasvbitg. pasvbitg . Kas hgigkbs pubebi sbr eb eas ~`pas ? e`rbhta a ìe`rbhta. Eb e` e`-vbrsgs maegkègebs? bqu`pa hambr hamb rh`g k, ³ vbitgs Qpar ìtbribt, ìtbribt , t`biegs prap` prap `gs, t`bieg s eb sahàs y mgyar`stgs.

Vgsa

Ebdì`h`øi eb kg prapubstg eb vg kar. Uamb kg ìdarmgh`øi ebk Ugkkbr >> kar.

Vgsa >

. ?Q

Hai duiegmbita bi ka gitbràr bi kg Ugnkg 2 2 >> k`stb kas hgigkbs g ut`k`zgr kas puitas eb haitghta ebdìèas y kgs vbitgogs

pubeb bstgr duiegmbitgeg bi? hgptgr iubvû s hk`bitbs dèbk`zgrkas a bst`mukgr vbitgs. PP -g rbkgh`øi pubeb sbr eb gs`sQ?

y ebsvbitgogs ebk m`sma.

tbih`g gutasbrv`;::à, sbrv`hàs gutamçt` has hamuiègebs y hrbgh`øi hakbht`vg.

gsa

5. Ebdì`r bk rbkghàigm`bita hai bk

hk`bitb ? Bs kg darmg bi qub kg bmprbsg hk`bitb? haisbrvg kgs rbkghàibs hai ebtbrmìg ea sbcmbita eb mbrhgea. Kg rbkgh`øi

. Vgrg egr hkgrège gk rbkghàigm`bita eb kg èbg hai bk hk`bitb rbspaieg bi kg Ugnkg 2 >8. kgs hìha prbcuitgs.

Ugnkg 2->>. @ebit`d`hgh`øi ebk hgigk. Vuit-6

eb haitghta

Ugnkg 2->8. Mbhgi`smas eb rbkghàigm`bita hai bk hk`bitb . .

@idarmgh`øi ±Høma egmas g haiahbr kas praeuhtas y kas

sbrv`hàs1

Bvgkugh`øi ±Høma gyuegmas g kas

hk`bitbs g bvgkugr iubstrg prapubstg eb -vgkar1 Hamprg ±Høma pubebi hamprgr kas

hk`bitbs iubstras praeuhtas y sbrv`hàs1 Bitrbcg ±Høma bitrbcgmas iubstrg prapubstg eb vgkar1

Vasvbitg ±Wuà sbrv`hà eb gtbih`øi

pasvbitg adrbhbmas1

>

GNH

B

KG @IIATGH@ØI

eb ìcrbsa. Ri m?aebka eb ibcahàs bs bx`tasa s` t`b ib hkgrège bi kg maibt`zgh`øi eb kg

e`vbrsg par trgisghh`øi a hamprg a e`vbrsg par ìcrbsas rbhurrbitbs hama sushr`p sushr`p  hàibs a sbrv`hàs pasvbidg.

èbg prae praeuhta uhta a sbrv`hà bs par bkka qub sb ibhbs`tg ebdì`r ui mbhgi`sma ³ eb dògh`øi eb prbhàs sbcÿi sbcmbita eb mbrhgea par bobmp bobmpka ka kg s k`stgs eb prbhà ibcah`ghàibs sungstgs sbcÿi mbrhgea sbcÿi vakumb vakumbi i u atras . Ugm  n`ài k g dubitb eb ìcrbsas pubeb sbr

Kg Ugnkg 2 5 prbsbitg gkcuias bobm pka kas s eb dubitbs eb ìcrbsø. Hai duiegmbita bi kg Ugnkg 2 5 e`k` cbih`b kg Ugnkg 2~>2 èbit`d`hgiea míi`ma eas dubitbs eb ` icrbsa y kgs bst`mghàibs eb kg s m`smgs.

Vgsa 2. Ebdì`r dubitbs

.

Ugnkg 2->5. 2->5 . Bobmp Bobmpka ka eb d ub it bs eb e b ìc icrr bsa

.... ... .... ~ ~ ~

bshr`ph`øi

~ ~ a

Tbitg eb ght`vas

Tbitg eb kas ebrbhlas eb prap`bege . Tbitg eb n`bibs.

Huatg par usa

Tgkargh`øi sbcÿi bk usa eb ui sb rvèa ebtbrmìgea.

Huatg par sushr`ph`øi

Ghhbsa g ui sbrv`hà sbcÿi mbmnrbsíg gequ`règ.

Vrbstgma gkqu`kbr, kb sìc

Dubitb eb ìcr -ksa par haihbs`øi tbmpargk h:gmnàs eb tgr`dg a ui ebrbhla bxhkus`va pgrg ut`k `zgr par ui pbràea bstgnkbhèa kg prapubstg eb vgkar.

Haihbebr k`hbih`gs.

Egr pbrm`sa eb ut`k`zgr kg prap`bege ìtbkbhtugk g hgmnà eb ui pgca eb k`Qhbih`g, pubeb sbr pbrpbtug a tbmpargk gsah`gea g vbrsàibs.

Cgstas eb ìtbrmbe`gh`øi.

Hastas par ìtbrmbe`gr bitrb eas a mgs pgrtbs.

Vunk`hège

Antbibr ìcrbsas a mgrhg.

par huatgs eb punk`hège eb ui praeuhta sbrv`hà

Ugnkg 22->2 >2.. Ebdì`h Ebdì`h`` øi eb pas`nkbs

eb dub dub..itbs itbs eb ìcrbs y. y. bst`mgh`øi eb vgkarbs vgkarbs mbisugkbs

.. icrbsas icrbsas..bst`mgeas bst`mgeas..mb²sugkbs ³³³³³³³³ ³³³³³ - • •³³

8

Ebdì`r kas rbhursas hkgvb. Kas r bhursas hkgvb sai taeas gqubkkas ght`vas rb k bvgitbs pg rg bk duih ` aigm`bita ebk maebkka eb ibcahà. Bitrb bstas pub maeb ebi d`cu rgr kas rbhursas ebshr`tas bi kg

Vgsa 4.

?Ght`vège

^bhursa

Dís `has

Ebshr`ph`øi ìstg gkgh àibs Ght`vas hama ìst pgrg dgnr`hgr be`d` hàs, vblíhu kas mç quìgs s`stbmgs, puita s eb vbitg y rbebs eb e`str`nuh`øi.. e`str`nuh`øi

^bhur sas ha ma mg mgrhgs ìdarmgh`øi pr`v geg, ebrbhlas ³ @itb @it bkbht ugkbs . gutar   gsah`gh àib s y ngsbs eb gutar eb egtas eb hk`bitbs.

Lumgia s

Bhaiøm` has

Vb rsaigs `mpart gi tbs. ^b hu rsas bhaiøm `ha s y cgrgitígs d` igih `brg s kíi bgs

eb hràe `ta hgrtbrg eb aphài bs sanrb ghh ài bs .

Kg prbcuitg mçs `mpa r tgitb qub sb

ebnb rbsakvbr bi bstb møeuka bs ±quà

Ebshr`ph`øi r

^bs akuh`ø kuh`øi i eb pran kbmg s

Gh t `vègebs qub `mpk `hgi kg sakuh`øi eb prank prankb bmgs ebk hk `b itb, kg cbst`øi eb kg ìdarmgh`øi y kg darmgh darmgh``øi.

Vkgt gdarmgs rbe bs

Vrapubstgs eb vgkar sapartgeg s bi bi rb rbebs rbqu`brb rbqu`br bi ght`v` ght`v ègebs eb sapar apartt b bi kç rbe. Cbst`øi eb pk gtgdarmgs prbstgh`øi eb sbrv`hàs y pramah`øi eb kg pkg t gdarmg.

Ugnkg 2 >4. Ugnkg 2->4 Gkcuias rbhursas hkgvb.

r

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Kg prbcuitg mçs `mpartgitb g r bsakvbr

bs? ±quà gh ghtt `vègebs hkgvb rbqu `brb iubstra maebka eb ibcahà1 ibcahà1 y pkgsmg rkgs bi kg Ugnkg 2 2 0 vbr bi kg prøx`mg pçcìg .

@ebit`d`hgr kgs gsah gsah``ghàibs hkgvb hkgvb haist`tuègs par kgs rbebs eb pravbbea rbs y sahàs qub haitr` haitr` nuyb nuybi i hai bk dui hàigm `bita eb ui maebka eb. eb . ibcahà ibcahà.. Ebnb rbspaiebr tgmn`ài g kas rbhursas qub sb an antt `bibi eb kas sahàs y kgs gh t`vègebs qub rbg k` za hai bk kas. Bx`st bi trbs gspbhtas qub kkbvgi g bstgnkbhbr gsah`ghàibs hk hkgvb?

gsa 3 vbr bi kg prøx`mg pçcìg)? Ebdì`r kgs ght ght``vègebs hkgvb hkgvb.. Xai kgs duihàibs ìe`spbisgnkbs Qpgrg kg apbrg apbrg h `øi eb kg bmprbsg y qub grt` grt `hukb kas iubvb møeu kas ebk maebka eb ibcah` ibcah à . Hama bo~mpka kg Ugnkg 2 2 < prbsbitg gkcuigs ght`v` ght`v` egebs y su ebshr`ph`øi ebshr`ph`øi..

•

Apt`m `zgh`øi y bhai bha iam amíígs eb bshg k g? t`bib hama an bt``va ap aptt ` m`zgr kg gs`c gs`c anoo bt igh ig h `øi eb rbhu bhurr sas y ght`v` ght`v ` e~ebs e~ebs   pa hgs vbhbs uig bmprbsg bs eub÷g eb taeas kas rbhursas . ^beuhh`øi eb r ` bsca b ìhbrtèumnrb? sai gsah`ghàibs qub e` e `sm sm`` iuybi k g ` ihbrtèumnrb a kg hampgrtbi . Vubeb sbr muy ÿt`k bi prahbsa eb ebsgrra kkkka a eb iubvgs sa k uhàibs uhàibs.. Hamprg Hampr g eb rbhursas y ght`vègebs? bs

Vgsa 3.

•

• gnkg

hamÿi ghbrhgrsb g atrgs ar a rcgi`zghà ibs pgrg antbibr antbib r rbhursas a rbg k`k`zgr zgr ght`vègebs qub bstçi par dubrg eb su ibcah`` a, nushgiea ` ihrbmbitgr kg ³hgibcah . pgh pgh`` ege eb kg bmprbsg .

2->< Bobmpka ght`vègebs hkgvb.

ht`vège

Ebshr`ph`øi Gh t `vègebs rbkgh ài geg s hai ³ bk e` e`sb÷a, kg dgnr`h dgnr`hg gh`øi y kg kg bitr itrb bcg ebk praeuh t a.

Vrae uhh` øi

5

NH EB K Ugnkg 2 2 >3 ^bhursas hkgvb pgrg k g ³èbg èbg.. .•

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^bhursa ~

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u`ài ka pravbb .

Ugnkg 2 10 Ght`vègebs hkgvb. hkgvb .

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@IIAT H@ØI

2

G haitìtOgh`øi bi k Ug Ugnk nkg g 2 86 ³èbi èbi t`d`qub trbs gk`geas hai qu`bibs rbgk`zgríg gsah`ghàibs pgrg bk àx`ta eb k èbg p r

eb ibcahàs rbqu`brb ebstìgh`øi eb rbhursas lumgia lumgias s tàhi tàhi`has `has a kíquèas bs par bkka qub sb rbqu`brb ebdì`r kas

quà kgs ebsgrrakkgrç y par quà.

hastas mçs `mpartgitbs gsah`geas k maebka eb ibcahà: pgrg lghbrka sb ebnb e`k`cbih`gr k Ugnkg 2 87 vbr bi kg prøx`mg pçcìg .

Ebdì`r k bstruhturg eb hastas. Ebitra eb ui bmprbsg hgeg ght`vège ebnb sbr vgkargeg y par bkka bk maebka

Vgsa 0.

Ugnkg 22- 86 @ebit`d`hgh`øi eb gsah`ghàibs hkgvb y ght`vègebs hkgvb hkgvb..

Wu`bi

arquà

4

NH EB

K

@IIAT H@ØI

Ugnkg 22- 87 Ebdì`h`øi eb kas hastas mbisugkbs ebk maebka eb ibca ibcah h à. ...

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Vgsa 76. Vgrg haisakègr bk maebka eb ibcahà e`sb÷gea, sb e`spaib bk k`biza eaieb ebnbi pkgsmgr taeg kg ìdarmg h`øi eahumbitgeg D`curg 2-0).

2 4 EBX ^ÂKKA EB A IHBVUAX T VÂUAU@VA X

Bcrbsa Bcr bsass bst`mgeas mbisugkb mbi sugkbss

........... .. .... .. . . .. . .. . .. ........... . ............

xh

•••••• , ........... . ...... •••••• . ~ ••••

Hugiea kg èbg lg bvakuhàigea g maebka eb ibcahàs sb ³pubeb pubeb gvgizgr lgh`g bk ebsgrra kka ebk haihbpta y rbgk`zgr gkcuias pratat`pas. pratat`pas . Bk prahbsa eb ìiavgh`øi hais`stb bi dgkk k gr rçpèa , ng rgta . y eb mgibrg ` itbk ` dg cbitbmbitb Z48], ia bs pas pas`` nkb haihbn` haihbn ` r ìiavghàibs s` s` i kg vgkègh `øi tàhi`hg y hambrh `gk ebk praeuhta, par bsta pgrg qub gkca sbg k k gmgea ìiavgh`øi rbqu`brb kg ìtraeuhh`øi gk mbrhgea, gsí qub bs ib hbsgrà kkkk bvgr gk hk`bitb gk gkcuias praeuh tas ìtbrmbeàs, ia tbrmdigeas, pbra hai hgrghtbríst`hgs duihàigkbs pgrg su usa y hamprbis`øi,, pbrm`t`biea bk`mìgr bkb hamprbis`øi mbitas ia ìe`spbisgn k bs eb kg sakuh`øi, gsí lgygi sèa èbit`d`hgegs bi kg prapubs tg ÿQ i`hg eb vgkar Z45]. i`hg

Vastbràr g kg haistruhh`øi eb ui maebka eb ibcahà qub lgrç sastbi`nkb kg èbg , bs larg eb vgkègr hgeg uia eb kas supubstas qub bsta ` mpk`hg y sanrb taea, kas supubstas rbspbhta gk gk e`sb÷a y bk ebsgrrakka ebk praeuh ta dìgk: par bsta bk pratat`pa bs uig vbrs`øi prbk`mìgr eb kg prapubstg eb vg kar qu~ sb adrbhbrç gk hk`bitb y bs , bi haisbhubih`g, `mpartgitb vgkègr kas rbqubr`m`bitas dui hàigkbs y eb bxpbr`bih`g hai bk usugrà. Kas pratat`pas pasbbi kgs s`cu`bitbs hgrghtbríst`hgs? • •

prbk`m ìgr qub Xai ui ebsgrrakka prbk`mìgr duihàig. Vbrm`tbi Vbrm`tb i prang prangrr kgs duihàigkègebs par bk usugrà y gprbiebr eb ka qub e`hbi .

3

• •

t`bibi qub hrbgr hai rgpèbz. U`bibi U`bib i qub bvaku bvakuhàig hàigrr hai ui prahbsa `tbrgt`va.

•

Ebnbi Ebnb i tbi tbibr br ui hasta ngoa eb ebsgrrakka

Xb

cbibrgk kas pratat pas ia hait`bibi taegs kgs hgrghtbrís hgrghtbríst`hgs t`hgs y tgmpaha t gmpaha ìharpa rgi taegs kgs duihàibs i` kgs bxpbr`bih`gs ebk s`stbmg dìgk, pbra sí sí ìhkuybi bkbm bkbm³³bi bi tas sud`h`bitbs pgrg pbrm`t`r g kgs pbrsaigs ut`k`zgr k g sakuh`øi prapubstg y ebtbrmìgr bk i`vbk eb gdìège hai bstb, hai bk anob t`va eb gprbiebr rçpèa y kgizgr ui nubi praeuhta do d o igk. Gkcuigs btgpgs pgrg bk ebsgrrakka eb pra

•

^bv`sgr bk pratat`pa hai bk usugrà pgrg gigk`zgr kas gprbie`zgobs.

Ugkkb Ugkk b r >5

Bi

tat`pas • •

•

sa i?

@ebit`d`hgh`øi eb rbqubro rbqubro m`bitas. Vràr`zgr kas bkbmbitas ìe`spbisgnkbs qub ebnb tbibr bk pr`mbr praeuhta mí i`ma v`gnkb hai bk qub tbierçi haitgh ta kas usugràs dìgkbs. Maebkgr bk pr pr``mbr praeuhta míi`ma v`gnkb .

Ebsgrrakka b haihbpta y pratat`pas

tgkkbr sb ngsg bi sbcu`r hugtra pgsas qub pbrm`t`rçi tbibr uig èbg tgic`nkb ebk pra euhta a sbrv`hà. Bk

Vgsa

7 @ebit`d`hgh`øi eb kgs hgrghtbríst`hgs

ebk e`sb÷a? Vgrg bstb pgsa bs ibhbsgrà lghbr rbdbrbih`g g kas gspbhtas qub sb ebnbi tbibr bi hubitg pgrg bk e`sb÷a eb ui praeuhta a sbrv`hà, tgita ebseb ka tbhiakøc`ha hama ebseb ka bxpbr`bih`gs pgrg bk usugrà. Eb kg D`curg 2 76 sbkbh h àib kas bkbmbitas qub sai ebtbrm` igitbs bi kg rbsakuh`øi eb su prankbmg e`sb÷a,, s` ia bihubitrg kgs hgrghtb eb e`sb÷a ríst`hgs eb su praeuhta, bs ibhbsgrà -gcrbcgr bi su k`stg gqubkkgs qub hais` ebrb ìe`spbisg ìe`spbisgQ Qnkbs.

HGK@EGE P HA I í k

N k k kE

A

D`curg

2 76 .

Hgrghtbríst`hgs pgrg bk e`sb÷a eb sakuhàibs ìiavgear ìiavgeargs gs.. Dubitb? Mbtaeakacdg Ubhi a pgrqub >67 >6 7>.

<

GNH

Kubca eb sbkbhhàigr kgs hgrghtbríst`hgs: areàib eàibkkgs bi kg Ugnkg 2-8> bmpbzgiea ebs mbias s `mpa rtgitb. eB: bk mç ³s ` mpartgitb gk mbia Ebshr `n`r kgs hgrghtbríst`hgs ìEbshr` e`spbisgnkbs qub ebnb tbibr bk pr`mbr praeuhta míi`ma v`gnkb. Eb kg ìdarm ìdarmg g h`øi antbièg bi bk pgsa ui a sb sb kbh hàig gqubkkg ha i hg k`d`h gh gh`øi `øi eb muy pr`àr`tgr`g 0 y sb ebdìbi kas pgrçmb pr tras eb ebsbmpb÷a. Xb pubeb ansbrvgr bi kg Ugnkg 2-88 ui bob mpka?

Vgsa > .

•

•

-Hgrghtbr Hgrghtbrííst`hg? bi bstg hakumig sb pa pa ibi bi arebi eb `mpartgih`g kgs hgrgh hgrgh tbríst`hgs sb k bhhàigegs. Ebshr`ph`øi eb kas bkbmbitas tàhi`has ibhbsgràs y su ebsbmpb÷a? sb ìtbrprb tg kg ibhbsège bi tàrmìas tàhi`has. Ri

EB

KG @IIATGH@ØI

rbqubr`m`bita ebnb ìhku`r uig màtr`hg, ui vgkar g gkhgizgr y uig uiège eb mb eèg. Bi hgs hgsa a eb ia tbibr tbib r bstas vgkarbs, vgkarbs, •

sb ebnb bstgnkbhbr uig haie`h`øi hkgrg . Wuà bs ibhbsgrà bi bstb bkbmbita? sb bsh r`n b k gQ bhbs bhbs`` ege ebk usugr` usugrà qub sb rbkghàig hai bk bkbmb bkbmb³³ita ita eb kg hakum ig g kg `zqu`breg. Ri bkbmbita pubeb

haitb ibr vgr`gs ibhbsègebs. haitbibr • Bs ìe`spbisgnkb a bs ui sub÷a? ìe`s ìe`s pbisgnkb bs ka qub bk praeuhta t`bib qub ³ lghbr a tbibr, ia sai gspbhtas ibcah`g ibcah`g  nkbs, sai ìe` ìe`spbisgn spbisgnkkbs: kas sub÷as sai ibcah`gnkbs, sai vgkarbs gcrbcgeas, ia sb t`bibi qub humpk`r ibhbsgr`gmbitb. •

`mpkbmbitgrç pgrg bk praeuhta mí Xb i`ma v`gnk v`gn kb? sb ebnb ìe`hgr s` bs ank`

cgtarà e`spaibr eb bstb bkbmbita bi br praeuhta míi`ma v`gnkb.

Ugnkg 2-8>. Vràr` Vr àr` zgh`øi .eb hgrghtbríst`hgs eb e`sb÷a.

0

Ugnkg 2-88 Bobmpka eb eb ebshr`ph`øi eb kgs hgrghtbríst`hgs ` ie`spbisgnkbs eb kg sakuh`øi .

Hgrghtbríst`hg

. . . . . I ,:-. r. . d

li ,..

EBX BMV B×A

~~ . , ,

Ebshr`ph`øi eb ka s bkbmbitas. tàhi`has ibhbsgràs y su ebsbmpb÷a .. . •, • • • .• ,

³ .,..,.Q .,..,.Q

,

QQ

r`'r

.

. .

:

..

.

..... . .

ìe`spbisgnkb a bs bs³ ui sub÷a

s

b `mpkbmbitgrç pgrg bk praeuhta míi`ma v` nkb

,

? Ubmpbrgturg • Wub sb pubeg ³ crgeugnkb bitrb 766 • gou.stgr kg ¿H y >66 ¿H ? tbmpbrgturg ? @ihku`r míi`ma • eas ar`d`hàs eb • vbit`kgh`øi bi kg • hgrhgsg

XBCR^@EGE

Wuà bs ibhbsgrà bi bstb bkbmbita

@ie`spbisgnkb

Xí

• Ia ? Wub kgs

o

• Xub÷a • gcgrrb gískbi bk • • hgkar ³ .

? Ubmpbrgturg • pbrm`tèg bi kgs ? supbrd`h`bs eb ³gcgrrb mçx`ma 56

supbrd`h`bs eb

Xí

¿H

• Rt`k`zgr símnakas ? ui`vbrsgkbs

B^CAIAMÍG

³

³ Ugmg÷³a eb kbtrg • míi`ma eb < • puitas .

Bi kg

n kg 2 2 5

³

? Wub sb .: bit`bieg høma : duihàig bk • @ie`spbisgnkb • praeuhta

Xí

Xí

rbc ` st strr gr k g ebshr`p ebsh r`p h `ø i eb k gs hg r gh t br brííst st`hg `hgs s eb kg saku sakuh h ` øi. sb ebnb rbc`

Ugnkg 2- 85 Ebshr`ph`øi eb kgs hgrghtbríst`hgs ìe`spbisgnkbs eb kg sakuh`øi .

Hgrghtbríst`hg Hgrghtbríst `hg

Ebshr`ph`øi eb kas Ebshr`ph`øi bkbmbitas tàhi`has ibhbsgràs y su

Wuà bs ibhbsgrà bi bstb bkbmbita

ìe`spbisgnkb a bs bs.. ui sub÷a

`mpkbmbit grç `mpkbmbit pgrg bk praeuhta. praeuhta. míi`ma v`gnkb

Xb

s

7>

GNH

Hgrghtbríst` Hgrghtbr íst`hg hg

Ebshr`ph`øi eb kas bkbmbitas tàhi`has ibhbsgràs y su ebsbmpb÷a

Wuà bs

ibbbsgrà bi ibbbsgrà bstb bkbmbit bkbmbita a

s ìe`spbisgnkb

a bs

u

sub÷a

B

KG @IIATGH@ØI

Xb `mpkbmbitgrç

pgr g bk praeuhta pgrg míi`ma v`gnkb

Maebkgr bk pr`mbr praeuhta míi` míi`-m a v`gnkb v`gnkb.. Gitbs eb ì`h`gr kg haistruh haistruh-h`øi eb praeuhtas sb rbgk`zgi pratat`pas qub humpkgi hai taeas kas rbqubr`m`birbqubr`m`bi tas duihàigkbs y pgrg bk ka bx`stbi mÿkt`pkbs lbrrgm`bitgs ebseb maebkas gs`stèas par hamputgear HGE lgstg maebkas bi mgtbr`gkbs mgkbgnkbs hama kg pkgst`kìg y Qbk ngrra. Vgrg bk

hgsa eb pratat`pas eb sbrv`h às sai ÿt`kbs bstrgtb bstrgtbc`gs c`gs hama haitgr hai tgr l`star`gs. l`star`gs .

gsa 8.

Ri rbsumbi eb lbrrgm`bitgs sb prbsbitg bi kç Ugnkg 2 2 2 y nrìegi gkcuigs gyuegs pgrg bmpbzgr g ebdì`r bk gspbhta qub tbierç bk pratat`pa dìg dìgk. k. Kg Ugnkg 2 84 prbsbitg gkcuias bobmpkas eb pratat`pa.

>

2- 82 Lbrrgm`bitgs pgrg maebkgr sakuhàibs • Ugn k g 2-

. ,, U`pa eb maebkgea

.

.

......... Gkcuigs gyuegs

Mgtbr`gkbs mgkbgnkbs Maebkas gs`stèas par Maebkas 8E

Maebkas sbrv`hàs wbn møv`k

.~ .1Q igs lbrr~`?7.7 lbrr~`?7.7   ~

Vkgst`kìg ngrra bxtruèas eb pkçst`ha maebkas eb s`k`haig bitrb atras. HGE - HGM @mprbsargs 8E HIH

³ hamputgear. ~bca.

X`mukgearbs eb sakuhàibs wbn wb n - møv`k . Vkgit`kkgs `mprbsgs y s`mukgr ghhàibs

kiT`sài dkuè oustìmìe bgsbk sakè`dy   prataslgrb sakè`dy Laogs eb pgpbk hai pkgit`kkgs wbn Kbicugobs eb pracrgmg Q`øi pracrgmgQ

KBCA

Haitgr l`star`gs Vrubngs eb usgn`kège X`mukgr bxpbr`bih`gs kidacrgdígs Maebkas eb -sbrv`hà~

KBCA

E`sb÷a bkbhtrøi`ha

Maebkgh`øi bkbhtrøi`hg

Xtarynagres Tèbas pgrg prangr kg bxpbr`bih`g -Va wUaai Gi`mgjbr Sèba Hgivg

GÊR@IA Kbic ugobs eb pracrgmgh`øi

Ugnkg 2-84 Bobmpkas eb pratat`pas. pratat`pas .

U`pa eb . kkkAebkgea

bobmpka

HE

Maebkas 8E

lttp?? //8e-prìtìc-bxpbrt.ham/wp-haitbit/ upkages/ >672 lttp ebvbkapmbit-pratatypbs-rbs`zbe.opc

6>

praeuht

>>

NH

i

U`pa eb maebkgea

...

•

,.,,,

,.,.~.-,. • ,. . . .

~

:? . G~ Q..Q.,,~?Q,,., ,,.,,

1 ¡.,,o9,.,, . . . . . ..

.

..

.

,-.

EB K

@IIAT H@ØI

...

Maebkas sbrv`hàs wbn møv`k

lttp?//cr`ddììtbrght`vb ibt/`mgcbs/ prata / pratatypbsa.pic

Maebkas Xbrv`hàs

b

mbe`g   hghlb gj6. pì`mc ham/ ar`cìg @s/ e2 / / lttps?/ / s mbe`g

e28>0nhhdb>5d3hb577>8e3648nd.opc ³

Maebkgh `øi bkbhtrøi`hg

lttps?? / /wbgtlbrlbkcb .d`kbs.wareprbss lttps d`kbs.wareprbss..ham/>675/67 / `mcQ8

^bv`sgr bk pratat`pa hai bk usugrà pgrg gigk`zgr kas gprbie`zgobs. Bk anob t`va eb kgizgr pratat`pas eb mgibrg rç pèg bs gprbiebr eb bkkas y gigk`zgr bk hampartgm`bita ebk hk`bitb rbspbhta g kg sakuh`øi nrìegeg. nrìegeg . Gsí qub sb bspbrg rbv`sgr huègeasgmbitb ka kas s gprbie ` zgobs qub bstas cbibrgi . grg bkka sb

gsa 5.

e`spaib eb kg Ugnkg 2 3 qub prbsbitg ui bobmpka eb rbc`stra eb kgs kbhhàibs gprbie ègs y nubigs prçht`hgs ebk kgi zgm`bita ebk pratat`pa y kg Ugnkg 2 8< eaieb ebnb rbc`strgr gk gk mbias uig eb kgs kbhhàibs qub kb eboø kg `mpkbmbitg h `øi eb taeas ka kas s tg kk brbs ebk eb k k`nra Z 26] .

k bhhàib hhàibs s gpr gprb bieègs . Ugnkg 2-83 Bobmpkas kb

Anobt`va

. Huçkàs sai kas supubstas g sbr hamprangeas •

Ebshr`n`r bi eas a trbs drgsbs ka qub bstb praybhta prbtbieb kacrgr, tgita pgrg bk haisumèar hama pgrg kg arcgi`zgh`øi . ^bgk`hb uig k`st `stg g eb kas supubstas hkgvb qub gÿi ia lg paeèa prangr hai kas egtas rbhakbhtgeas lgstg bk mambita Ebdìg kas supubstas mçs `mpartgitbs g rbspaiebr eurgitb bk prahbsa eb prubngs hai bk mbrhgea mbrhgea..

Vkgi p r prubngs bi bk mbrhgea

Xupubsta ia prangea

Høma vgkègr bstb supubsta

Ebshr`ng bk supubsta ia prangea

Ebdìg kg mgibrg pgrg rbhakbhtgr kas egtas ibhbsgràs.

Harrbhhàibs k maebka eb ibcahà.

Wuà bkbmbitas sai ibhbsgràs hgmn`gr bi kg sakuh`øi prapubstg

Wuà sb ebn ebnb b mgitb ibr qub

@ie`qub ³kas bkbmbitas qub sb t`bibi qub haisbrvgr pgrg cbibrgr

, rbgkmbitb cbibrg v kar

vgkar

. Ugnkg 2- 8< Eahumbitgh`øi eb kbhhàibs gprbieègs.

Anobt`va

>5

NH

Huçkbs sai kas kas supubstas supub stas g s r hamprangeas

Vkgi pgrg prubngs mbrhgea

i

bk

Harrbhhàibs gk maebka eb ibcahà

EB

K

@IIAT H@ØI

Wuà sb ebnb mgitbibr Wuà mgi tbibr qub rbgkmbitb cbibrg vgkar

>2

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