Inglês - Fascículo 03 - Clauses

Inglês

Fascículo 03 José Olavo de Amorim

Índice Clauses Resumo teórico ..................................................................................................................................1 Exercícios........................................................................................................................................... 4 Gabarito ............................................................................................................................................6

Clauses Na aula 3, vamos fazer uma revisão da estrutura de perguntas (uma das melhores formas de obter informação), assim como do uso dos relativos como ligação de duas clauses. Lembr Lembre-se e-se de de que uma clause contém sujeito e verbo, mas é dependente de uma outra para que tenha sentido.

 Asking / Making Questions  Yes / No

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Vão começar sempre por um verbo auxiliar (lembra-se da aula 1?), de acordo com o tempo verbal. Simple Present (do / does): Do you work here? Yes, I do. Does Pete come to schoo schooll by subway? No, he doesn doesn’t. ’t. He comes to school on foot foot.. Simple Past (did): Did you see “American Beauty?” No, I didn’t. Simple Future (will): Will the speaker tackle issues like corru corruption ption and bribery? bribery? Yes, he will / No, he won’t. Present Perfect (has, have): Have you ever been to Norway? No, never / No, I never have. Has the principal announced changes in the admission process? Yes, he has. Modals: Can you give some information on the bus schedule? Of course, I can. May I come in? Yes, you may. •

Perguntas começando Perguntas começando com uma palavr palavra a inter interrogat rogativa; iva; cada uma tem uma função específica. especí fica. Abaixo a lista das chamad chamadas as “ques “question tion words” e sua função correspondente: correspondente: 01. who → people (subject / object) subject: They  left for Warsaw, Poland last night. Who left for Warsaw, Poland last night?

object: Patricia bought her mother  a golden bracelet. Who did Patricia buy a golden bracelet?

02. what → things in general (subject / object) subject: Violence worries me. What  worries you?

object: I finished reading the daily newspaper. What  did you finish reading?

03. which → choice (subject / object) subject: This silk blou blouse se will look great on grandma. Which shirt  will look great on grandma?

object: I’ll buy  that striped shirt. Which shirt will you buy?

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04. when → time  A: When will the project be implemented? B: Next summer. 05. where → place  A: Where did the plane crash happen? B: Haven’t you heard? In France. 06. why → reason  A: Why  didn’t you hand in your paper yesterday? B: Because my printer was out of order (=broken). 07. whose → possession (ownership)  A: Whose father has just left hospital? B: Jane’s. That’s why she looks so relieved. 08. how → manner, way, physical / mental state  A: How  did your sister perform last night? B: She danced beautifully.  A: You must be proud of her . her . 09. how old → age  A: How  old is your grandfather? B: He’s seventy-five, but still young at heart. 10. how many → number  A: How many  runners participated in the race last Sunday? B: I’m not sure, but I think there were over 50. 11. how much → quantity  A: How much (money) will you invest in stocks? B: Not much really. You know, stocks are considered long-term and risky investments . 12. how long → length  A: How long have you been studying English? B: I’ve had English lessons since I was in middle school . school .  A: How long are the sessions? B: Each session is an hour long.  A: How long is the Nile? B: It’s 6,650 kilometers long. Isn’t it amazing? 13. how far → distance  A: How  far is it from Australia to New Zealand? B: Honestly speaking, I don’t have the slightest idea. 14. how deep → depth  A: How deep shoul should d I drill the holes? B: Drill five holes, each 10 cm deep. 15. how big → size  A: How big are your shoes? B: My size is 6 ½. 16. how heavy → height  A: How heavy  is the box you’re carrying? B: I’ve heard someone saying it is 10 kilos heavy. 17. how often → frequency  A: How often do you have your children vaccinated? B: At least once a year.

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18. how tall → height  A: How tall  are you? B: I’m five feet tall. 19. how high → height  A: How high is Mount Everest, Kathmandu, Nepal? B: It’s 8,848 meters (29,028 feet) high. As mesmas palavras interrogativas aparecem em perguntas indiretas (chamadas “embedded questions”) como palavras de ligação entre as duas partes; a ordem das palavras a seguir será a de uma sentença afirmativa; portanto, será diferente daquela usada na pergunta. Leia os seguintes exemplos: Pergunta direta: How many children does the new secretary have? have ? Pergunta indireta: Everybody in the office wants to know how many children the new secretary has . Pergunta direta: What time is it? it? Pergunta indireta: The cook wants to know what time it is. is . Pergunta direta: How many countries did you visit last year? Pergunta indireta: The reporter wants to know how many countries I visited  last year. Pergunta direta: What pleases you? Pergunta indireta: The teacher is asking what pleases me.

Relative Clauses As relative clauses são dependentes de uma idéia principal e são introduzidas basicamente pelos pronomes who, that, which, e whose. Eles vão fazer referência a um termo anteriormente mencionado. Isto é muito importante na compreensão de textos. Há dois tipos de relative clauses: •

defining Significa que essa clause é fundamental para identificar o termo antecedente. Exemplos: 01. The boy who is being examined now is her son. Sem a clause who is being examined now  não é possível identificar qual menino é o filho dela. 02. The lesson which was explained yesterday will be checked in a quiz tomorrow. Sem a clause which was explained yesterday  não é possível identificar qual lição fará parte da provinha amanhã. 03.. The girl whose doll is broken is crying a lot. 03 Sem a clause whose doll is broken não se identifica qual menina está chorando muito.

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•

non-defining Essa clause irá apenas acrescentar alguma informação e, portanto, pode ser retirada ou omitida, sem prejuízo de compreensão. Como características fundamentais, virá sempre entre vírgulas e nunca poderá começar com o pronome that that.. Exemplos: 01. Edson Arantes do Nascimento, who was born in Três Corações, is regarded as the athlete of the century. 02. São Paulo, which is one of the larges largestt cities in the worl world, d, attracts people from all over. 03.. Dave, whose ancestors came from Scotland, lives next-door. 03

Referência e Função sintática dos pronomes relativos 01. referência: pessoa – função: sujeito → who ou that O pronome nunca pode ser omitido. Exemplo: {The nurse is at the door. She wants to see the patient. →

The nurse who (that) is at the door wants to see the patient.        →

02. referência: pessoa – função: objeto O pronome pode ser omitido.

→

who ou that

Exemplo: {The man is my father. The manager is talking to him. →

The man (who, that) the manager is talking to is my father.        →

03. referência: coisas – função: sujeito → which ou that O pronome não pode ser omitido. Exemplo: {The dictionary belongs to the teacher. It is lying on the desk. →

The dictionary which (that) is lying on the desk belongs to the teacher.        →

04. referência: coisas – função: objeto O pronome pode ser omitido.

→

which ou that

Exemplo: {The chair is in the TV room. You bought the chair. →

The chair ( which, which, that) you bought is in the TV room.        →

Exercícios 01. _______________ do voters rate the candidates? a. What b. How c. Where d. Who e. How far

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02. For a guy ________ had his first heart attack at age 37 – and two more before his 48 Cheney has been pretty lucky. (TIME Magazine – August 7, 2000)

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birthday – Dick 

a. which b. whose c. omis omission sion of the pronoun pronoun d. who e. ,who

03. This is the new laptop __________ _______________ _____ low cost will make it attractive to anyone _________ ____________ ___ is nuts about computers. a. which - that b. who - which c. that - who d. omissão dos pronomes e. whose - who

04. _______________ has your father been working here? I see that he is still the store manager! a. How often b. How far c. When d. How much time e. How long

05. Believe it or not, the man to ________________ you have just given the prize is my uncle. a. whom b. who c. which d. whose e. omission of the pronoun

06. The question in the mini-dialog has been omitted. Based on the answer, what was asked? A: ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ____________________________________? _________________? B: He’s been sick. His doctor insisted that he stay in bed for three days at least. a. Where’s George? b. Why didn’t George attend classes this morning? c. Has George been sick? d. When didn’t George attend classes? e. Who stayed in bed for three days at least?

07. “The soccer player sprained his left ankle” is an answer to a. What does the soccer player sprain? b. What has the soccer player sprained? c. What did the soccer player sprain? d. When did the soccer player sprain his left ankle? e. How did the soccer player sprain his left ankle?

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08. (FUVEST 1999) Choose the question for the statement: “ The spirit lives on.” on .” a. Where does the spirit live? b. What does the spirit live on? c. Which lives on? d. Who lives on the spirit? e. What lives on?

09. Assinale a alternativa que apresente a ordem correta das palavras: a. The passenger wants to know what time does the bus leave. b. The supervisor said, “What time it is?” c. I have no idea why is the girl yelling. d. Could you please tell me what time the secretary arrives? e. Do you know how many children does the new Physics teacher have?

10. The question in the mini-dialog has been omitted. Based on the answer, what was asked? A: ___________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________________________? ________________? B: To increase alertness, lower blood pressure and sharpen eyesight. a. What scientists think that tea drinking is good for? b. What is tea drinking believed to do? c. When should you drink tea? d. How often should you drink tea? e. Why people drink tea?

Gabarito 01. Answer b. Lembre-se das funções de cada ‘question word’ . Na sentença dada, a pergunta feita é sobre a forma que os eleitores avaliam os candidatos; daí, a question word correta deve ser how .

02. Answer d. O termo antecedente é guy  guy (=man) (=man) e a função sintática é a de sujeito; daí, o uso de who who.. O pronome nunca pode ser omitido quando for sujeito. A alternativa e está errada pois há necessidade de identificação de quem é esse guy  guy de de que a sentença fala, portanto não pode haver vírgulas.

03. Answer e. O novo laptop tem custo baixo e seu custo baixo vai torná-lo atrativo a qualquer pessoa que seja “louca” por computadores. Daí, o uso de whose (=cujo) no primeiro espaço (idéia do que pertence a alguém ou alguma coisa) e who como sujeito da segunda clause.

04. Answer e. O foco da pergunta está na extensão do tempo da ação (que é a de trabalhar neste lugar). O uso do Present Perfect Progressive é justificado pelo fato de que a ação começou no passado e continua sendo feita no tempo presente.

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05. Answer a. O pronome ‘whom ‘whom‘‘ deve ser usado sempre depois de preposição: to whom, about whom, for  wh whom, om, to whom, with whom. A sentença acima poderia também apresentar uma outra estruturação, com a preposição sendo colocada depois do objeto direto e a consequente omissão do pronome: The man  you have just given the parcel to is my uncle.

06. Answer b. Apesar da resposta não começar pela palavra ‘ because because‘, ‘, está claro que a resposta apresenta uma  justificativa ou motivo. A pergunta apresentada apresentada pela alternativa alternativa c não pode ser feita por exigir que a resposta seja Yes ou No No..

07. Answer c. A resposta não está centrada nem em quando (when) nem em como (how) o jogador de futebol torceu seu tornozelo esquerdo, mas o que ele torceu. Daí, a alternativa c, usando adequadamente o auxiliar did  did para para indicar tempo passado.

08. Answer e. A pergunta é feita sobre o sujeito da resposta; como não se refere a uma pessoa, usa-se ‘what ‘what‘. ‘. Perguntas sobre o sujeito ( who ou what what)) são sempre feitas na 3.a pessoa do singular. Exemplos: They know the answer to question 5.

→

Who knows the answer to question 5?

Finances always worry me. → What always worries you? My friends visited France last year. → Who visited France last year?

09. Answer d. Como há a pergunta introdutória, a segunda pergunta tem que manter a ordem de uma sentença afirmativa. Para corrigir as demais sentenças, você dirá: The passenger wants to know what time the bus leaves. The supervisor supervisor said, “What time is it?”  I have no idea why the girl is yelling (=shouting). Do you know how many children the new Physics teacher has?

10. Answer b. As perguntas a e e estão gramaticalmente erradas. Para corrigí-las, você dirá: What do scientists think that tea drinking is good for? Why do peop people le drink tea? A pergunta c quer saber sobre tempo, o que não faz sentido com a resposta. A pergunta d quer saber sobre frequência enquanto a resposta lista três benefícios de se tomar chá.

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