. Bgtfvfhbh< Iu`hbje`tbc 4 Xejb< Tespuestb trb`sftarfb he sfstejbs he ga`trac Jbterfb< F`me`fer¸ F`me`fer¸IJb IJb he Ga`trac Gbtehr¸btfga< Hr. Ecfezer Mbrzb Ma`z¸bcez bcez 2. ^radcejb ^radcejb 2
Ga`sfhere Ga`sf here ec sfste sfstejb jb he cb flmurb. Hete Heterjf`e rjf`e ec vbc vbcar ar he k he jaha que ec ibgtar he bjartfmubjfe`ta ι seb >.5. Cuem Cuema a adte`mb ec tfejpa he cevb`tbj cevb`tbjfe`ta fe`ta t r r , ec tfejpa pfga t p jbxfja b¸ xfja J p % y ec tfejpa he p , ec sadrepbsa j¸ estbdfcfzbgf¸a a` ` t s , ga` u`b respuestb b u` esgbc¸a` a` u`ftbrfa. u`ftbrfa. Adte Adte`mb `mb tbjdf¸ee` ` ec vbcar fl`bc g (∐), ec `¸ujera ujera he pfgas @ pfgas y cbs jbm`ftuhes he esas pfgas.
4. ^radcejb ^radcejb 4
Ga`sfhere u` sfste Ga`sfhere sfstejb jb vfdrbtarfa vfdrbtarfa jeg¸bb`fga, `fga, cb iu`gf¸a a` ` he trb`sier trb`siere`gfb e`gfb es hbhb hbhb.. We ce bpcfgb u`b iuerzb he 4 cd 4 (e`trbhb esgbc¸a` a` ^ ( s) : s ). Heterjf`e j, d, y k hec hec sfstejb b pbrtfr he cas sfmufe`tes hbtas< J p % : 6 .5%, t p p : 4 sem, x(∐) : > .2 pfes. Cb iu`gf¸a` he trb`siere`gfb es< _ ( s) ^( s)
:
2 js 4 + ( )
s Wf cb gajpbrb ga` cb iu`gf¸a a` ` me`erbc he 4a arhe` ( _ : ^ ( s)
ds + k Mφ4` ) s4 +4ιφ ` s+φ4`
se hbr¸b gue` gue`tb tb he que exfste u`b mb`b`gfb
¸ ce byuhbr¸ M : 2k . Esb f`iarjbgf¸ f`iarjbgfa` byuhbrb¸ b resacver ec pradcejb. @AXB< pbrb adte`er ec resuctbha te`hr b¸ que adte`er tahas cas hbtas pasfdces usb`ha tahbs cbs i¸arjucbs arjucbs y tearejbs que se vfera` e` gcbse y u` paga he bbcmedrb ¸ cmedrb eceje`tbc. 7. Cfterbturb Cfterbturb usbhb F`me`fer¸ fer¸IJb IJb he h e Ga` Ga`trac trac. Butar< ]. Dacta` 4b Ehfgf¸ a` Ehftarfbc< Bcibajemb [2Z Cfd Cfdra< ra
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