Informe Proyecto Open Pit 17.docx
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Universidad de Antofagasta Facultad de Ingeniería Departamento de Ing. Industrial
DISEÑO OPEN PIT Proyecto Cielo Abierto
Profesor Responsable: Víctor Morales
Equipo de trabajo: Jordan Tapia Zea Andres Drix Rodríguez
Antofagasta de Chile Martes 18 de octubre de 2017
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
RESUMEN El proyecto denominado Open Pit se crea a partir de la necesidad de generar un diseño cuales dan resultado 3 fases mediante el software Minero Vulcan, utilizando el modelo de optimización de Spangler. El proyecto se realizó mediante parámetros entregados en clases los cuales fueron evaluados y criticados. La metodología de trabajo contempla solo el diseño de las fases.
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
INDICE RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................................. 2 CAPÍTULO CAPÍTUL O 1. INTRODUCCIÓN INTRODU CCIÓN GENERAL ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ...................... ....4 CAPÍTULO CAPÍTUL O 2. MARCO TEORICO .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ....................5 ECUACION DE SPANGLER ..................................................................................................................... 6 CAPITULO CAPITUL O 3. ANTECEDENTES ANTECEDENTE S DEL PROYECTO ................................... ................. .................................... ................................... ............................13 ...........13 PARAMETROS TECNICOS DE DISEÑO .................................................................................................15 Tabla 9: Parámetros Técnicos – Geométricos................................................................................17 CAPITULO CAPITUL O 4. METODOLOGIA DE TRABAJO .................................... .................. .................................... ................................... ...............................1 ..............19 9 DESARROLLO DE DISEÑO DE FASES ...................................................................................................20 DISEÑO DE FASES ...............................................................................................................................22 Pasos por seguir para el diseño de fase 1 ......................................................................................22 Pasos a seguir para el diseño de fase 2 ..........................................................................................27 CAPÍTULO CAPÍTUL O 6. DISCUSIÓNES Y CONCLUSIONES................. CONCLUSIONE S................................... .................................... ................................... ............................33 ...........33 CAPÍTULO CAPÍTUL O 8. ANEXOS ................................. ................ ................................... .................................... .................................... ................................... ...............................3 ..............34 4 CAPITULO CAPITUL O 9. BIBLIOGRAFIA BIBLIOGR AFIA ................................. ................ ................................... .................................... .................................... ................................... ......................35 .....35
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
CAPÍTULO 1. INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL Una mina a tajo abierto es una excavación superficial, cuyo objetivo es la extracción de mineral económico. Para alcanzar este tipo de mineral, usualmente es necesario excavar además, grandes cantidades de roca estéril. La selección de los parámetros de diseño, las condiciones de este mineral y la extracción de estéril, son decisiones bastante complejas desde el punto de vista de la ingeniería, ya que implica una considerable importancia en el ámbito económico. Para poder diseñar las fases es necesario realizar una
optimización del rajo para poder seleccionar un pit final optimo, es por este motivo que se utiliza el método denominado SPANGLER este método proporcionara un mayor beneficio. Para aplicar el método es necesario conocer los parámetros sujetos a este principio de diseño. Una vez disponible la información entramos a la etapa de diseño, la cual nos entregará como resultado los límites económicos de nuestra explotación denominado Pit final, a lo cual podemos agregar los límites de las distintas etapas de la explotación llamadas Fases, las cuales nos definen la secuencia de explotación del yacimiento.
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
CAPÍTULO 2. MARCO TEORICO El modelo de explotación a cielo abierto obedece a un modelo de explotación utilizado para pa ra distribuciones minerales ubicadas cerca de la superficie y generalmente emplazadas en grandes extensiones de terreno. Su desarrollo consiste en la formación de un anfiteatro que va alcanzando su mineral a través de rampas y bancos que permitan el buen funcionamiento de las operaciones mineras.
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
ECUACION DE SPANGLER Un yacimiento tiene las sgtes. car acterísticas acterísticas de diseño, técnicas y económicas: Figura 1: Parámetros de Diseño Parámetro Parámetro de roca
Sobrecarga
Mineral
Peso esp. In situ
2,5 (TMH/m3)
2,69 (TMH/m3)
Esponjamiento
29.87%
25%
Coef. Cohesión
4,921 (TMH/m2)
9,3802 (TMH/m2)
Ang fricción interna
33°
77.5°
Factor quebradura
0,5725 (mt/mt de h)
0,50 (mt/mt de h)
Parámetros de diseño: Bancada final con ancho de 9 mt en estéril y 7,87 mt en mineral. Profundidad max. del yacimiento 116 mt.
a
q
h θ
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
() ∗ . ( ) = =. ∗.( ) ∗ ° θ
f = 98.435
40°
86.235
39.5°
98.67
→ θ = 39.5° Angulo de trabajo
= ℎ → = = ℎ , = ℎ + + +∗′ 9+ℎ∗0.5725 39.5° 39.5° ∗ (9+0.5725∗ℎ) 9+0.5725∗ℎ) = ℎ 7.42+0.471∗ℎ=ℎ = . Mediante el método de optimización de Spangler, nuestra altura de banco optima, según los parámetros geomecánicas y de diseño entregados es de 14.0 metros, con lo cual utilizaremos una altura de banco de 15 metros , ya que, nuestro tamaño de bloques es de 5 x 5 x 5 metros, para que sea proporcional a este.
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
θ
f = 215.30
40°
86.235
83°
215.59
→ θ = 83° Angulo de trabajo
= ℎ → = = ℎ , = ℎ + + +∗′ 7.87+ℎ∗0.5 83° 83° ∗ (7.87+0.5∗ℎ) 7.87+0.5∗ℎ) = ℎ 64.1+4.072∗ℎ=ℎ = −. Como mediante la ecuación de Spangler obtuvimos una altura óptima para el mineral de menos 20.9 metros. a modo de comentario, consideramos consideramo s que el ángulo de fricción fricci ón interna para el material es muy alto, esto hace que el valor de nuestra altura optima no sea coherente, por lo que se recomienda usar aproximadamente entre 50 y 55°.
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
RAZO RAZON ESTERI L MI NERAL Razón existente entre la cantidad de material estéril que se retira de una mina a cielo abierto con respecto a la cantidad de mineral útil aprovechable que puede alcanzarce. Esta razón puede ser variable a la largo de la vida útil de la mina. Ej.: remoción de material estéril para llegar a la zona mineralizada en una etapa de preproducción, también etapas de expansión etc. Los resultados de un diseño de rajo determinarán las toneladas de lastre y de mineral que contiene el rajo. La razón lastre - mineral para el diseño, arrojará la razón de desp eje promedio para ese rajo. Este se diferencia de la razón de despeje de equilibrio o razón límite económica que se utilizara para diseñar el rajo.
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
fallas, los planos de falla, la presencia de agua y otros datos geológicos;. Se puede determinar un talud promedio global y simple para el rajo (por ejemplo 45º), pero un estudio más detallado podría demostrar que las características físicas del depósito hacen que el talud del rajo cambie de acuerdo con el tipo de roca, localización del sector, cota u orientación dentro del rajo. La correcta evaluación del talud arrojará los taludes que permitan que las paredes del rajo permanezcan estables. Las paredes del rajo se deben dejar lo más paradas posible, con el objeto de minimizar la razón de despeje. El análisis de taludes del rajo determina el ángulo que se utilizará entre los caminos del rajo. El talud global del rajo utilizado para el diseño debe ser más bajo, con el propósito de dar cabida al sistema de caminos en el rajo final. El ángulo de talud talud se clasifica en dos tipos: Angulo de Trabajo o cara del banco banco : Angulo que tienen los bancos en producción, determinado por las labores de tronadura y el ritmo de explotación diario, con el objeto de mantener la seguridad y rentabilidad del método. Angulo Final : Se pretende alcanzar una vez finalizada la explotación. Se observa una relación entre el ángulo de talud y la razón estéril mineral. A mayor ángulo de talud, menor razón estéril mineral y a mayor ángulo de talud, menor razón estéril mineral Variables de las cuales depende el ángulo de talud: Factores geológicos ( diaclasas, clivajes, fallas). •
•
•
•
•
•
•
Factores geotécnicos ( cohesión, angulo de fricción, resistencia a la compresión y tracción, densidad,etc) Factores relacionadas con las aguas subterráneas ( porosidad, índice de huecos, presión de poros ,etc) Factores geométricos ( altura y ancho de los bancos, etc) Factores de tronadura ( quebradura, precorte, efecto sismo, etc)
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
Cuanto más coherente y más bajo sea el banco, más vertical puede ser la cara del mismo y, por el contrario, cuanto más suelto y alto, más tendido será el banco; es función, pues, de las características estructurales y resistentes de los materiales y deberá ser determinado geomecánicamente. Otro factor que puede obligar a inclinar la cara de banco es el buen efecto que sobre las tronaduras ejerce el disparo con barrenos inclinados. Pero, en conjunto, puede afirmarse, con respecto a los taludes de cara de banco, la posibilidad de operar con dos, uno inclinado inclinado que puede coincidir con el ángulo ángulo de la cara del banco de trabajo y otro, más vertical, igual al ángulo final de la cara de banco, especialmente esp ecialmente si en las últimas tronaduras se utilizan barrenos de contorno para mejorar la estabilidad de los los macizos residuales y/o se unen varios bancos. Es habitual y recomendable utilizar, durante el trabajo en roca media, ángulos de cara de banco entre 60° y 75° y, al final, dejados casi verticales, incluso uniendo varios bancos para poder disponer de bermas de seguridad más prácticas. Esto último dependerá dependerá del plan de restauración previsto. La determinación del ángulo de talud busca encontrar un número que represente la estabilidad del talud, lo cual se conoce como factor de seguridad y que tiene los siguientes valores críticos: Factor de seguridad igual a 1.0, indica indiferencia. •
•
•
Factor de seguridad menor que 1.0, indica problemas de estabilidad y posibles colapsos. Factor de seguridad mayor que 1.0, corresponde a un valor óptimo de seguridad.
Altura de banco nco La altura de banco es la distancia vertical entre cada uno de los niveles horizontales del rajo. A menos que las condiciones geológicas especifiquen lo contrario, todos los bancos deben tener la misma altura. Ésta dependerá de las características físicas del depósito; el grado de selectividad requerida en la separación de minera y lastre con el equipo de carguío; el índice de producción; el tamaño y el tipo de equipamiento para lograr los requerimientos de producción; y las condiciones condic iones climáticas. La altura de banco debe fijarse lo más alto que sea posible, dentro de los límites del tamaño y tipo de equipamiento seleccionado para la producción deseada. El banco no debe presentar una altura tal que implique problemas de seguridad por caída de bancos de material material tronado y sin tronar o de placas congeladas congeladas en invierno. La altura del banco en las minas de rajo abierto oscila, normalmente, entre los 15 metros en las grandes minas de cobre e, incluso, 1 metro en otros yacimientos como los de uranio. La altura de banco tiene importancia la disposición estructural o morfológica del yacimiento, el control de la dilución durante la extracción, el alcance de los equipos, etc. La selección de alturas de banco grandes, presenta las siguientes ventajas: Mayor rendimiento de la perforación, al reducirse los tiempos muertos de cambio de posición. •
Mejora de los rendimientos de los equipos de carga, al reducirse los tiempos muertos por cambio de tajo, así como por desplazamientos del equipo dentro del mismo. Menor número de bancos y, por tanto, mayor concentración y eficiencia de la maquinaria. •
•
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
R ampas ampas y accesos accesos Las pistas son los caminos por los cuales se realiza el transporte habitual de materiales de la explotación, es decir, por los que circulan las unidades de acarreo. También existen rampas que se utilizan exclusivamente como acceso a los rajos de los equipos que realizan el arranque y su servicio esporádico. Ambas tienen distinto tratamiento y diseño, pues mientras que por las primeras la circulación puede ser continua en los dos sentidos y a marcha rápida, la utilización de las segundas es mínima y a velocidad mucho más lenta. En éstas últimas, la pendiente debe recomendarse por razones de seguridad pues, aunque la lubricación de los mecanismos de las máquinas que van a circular por ellas permita fuertes inclinaciones, en ningún caso debe sobrepasarse el 20%, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta que, en ocasiones, también circularán por ellas vehículos de mantenimiento y reparación. Con relación a su anchura, ésta debe superar, por lo menos, en dos metros el ancho de vía de la unidad más ancha que vaya a circular por ellas.
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
CAPITULO 3. ANTECEDENTES DEL PROYECTO
El modelo de bloques nos permite discretizar nuestra zona geológica de interés, en este están contenidas todas las variables a analizar; tales como cobre total (Cut3), densidad (ton/m3), banco, entre otras. El bloque comprende la unidad básica de cubicación y está relacionado a parámetros técnicos, mineros y geológicos. En la siguiente (Figura 2) se puede visualizar claramente los sectores de altas y bajas leyes con la correspondiente leyenda.
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
La siguiente imagen (Figura 3) muestra la topografía base utilizada.
Figura 3: Topografía Base
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
PARAMETROS TECNICOS DE DISEÑO
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
Figura 5: Esquema Dimensiones Camión en Vista Frontal DIMENSIONES en MM 3.500 A 7.815 L 1.495 C
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
Figura 6: Parámetros Técnicos – Geométricos – Geométricos
PARAMETROS TECNICOS - GEOMETRICOS Mina
Altura de Banco Angulo de Cara Banco Angulo de Pit Final Pendiente de Camino Berma de Seguridad
15 metros 39.5° 40° 10% 5 metros
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
El ancho de bermas es de 5 metros, el cual es un requisito de seguridad para toda la mina.
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
DESARROLLO DE DISEÑO DE FASES 1. Abrir Vulcan 9.0 2. Seleccionar base de datos correspondiente 3. Cargar modelo de bloques 4.
Comando: Block Viewing Load Dinamic Model Abrir triangulación triangulación del Sólido Mineral Mineral
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
Click en Variable: Seleccionar variable del Comodity a utilizar, en nuestro caso utilizamos la variable de cut3, debido a que poseia una mayor variacion en el rango de sus leyes En casilla Block Selection: Click en la opcion “Ignore block bellow cut -off”, para no visualizar las leyes que se encuenran bajo la ley de corte designada.
Visualización de Pits
PIT FASE 1
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MODULO VULCAN – DISEÑO OPEN PIT
En casilla Width of road: ingresar ancho de camino calculado previamente en
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Figura 15: Definición Fondo Mina Fase 1 (Cota 1478)
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