6>24
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
Tus
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[
deku`oiteP
O[K_OCB ^VEGO[MEIBC DO MIHOIMOVMB DO BCM@OITE[
TOKIECEHÀB DO WOHOTBCO[ M TOKIECEHÀB DO WOHOTBCO[ M CBFEVBTEVME I¼ 2 CBFEVBTEVME I¼ 2
OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[ Mitohrbitos< KB[TMCCE DOC ^E\E, Domvo DO CB KV_\ @ECMIB, Lesí Cums GCEVO[ KB^E, Gbfrmzzme @brtmi HBVKÀB WBCCOLE[, Cums Kbcof VEDB[ [BCO\, Kb`mcb Bcossbidrb VE@ÂI IECO, Vessbib
6>24
2>>8=>D 2>>8:>M >=6>?;L
Gokjb do olokukmûi< Gokjb do oitrohb< = do @bye doc 6>24
^regoser< Mih.Vedecge Kísbr Fbmcûi Iomrb
2
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
MM. MITVED_KKMÛI MM. Cbs grutbs y cbs jertbcmzbs dofoi ger`br pbrto do cb dmotb ketmdmbib perquo sei guoito m`pertbito do vmtb`mibs, `miorbcos, gmfrb krudb, âkmdes erhâimkes y oi bchuibs ekbsmeios, tb`fmíi preperkmeibi kbrfejmdrbtes. Cbs keisorvbs do grutb keistmtuyoi ui hrupe ke`pcotb`oito dmgoroikmbde oitro ces preduktes keisorvbdes, tbite per su bcte vbcer bcm`oitmkme quo oi cb `byer pbrto do ces kbses os bu`oitbde per bzükbr bòbdmde, ke`e per su pbrtmkucbr keitoimde oi sbcos `miorbcos, âkmdes erhâimkes y vmtb`mibs quo vmoioi do cbs grutbs usbdbs Oc prosoito trbfble tmoio ke`e eflotmve dosbrreccbr uib do cbs huàbs do cbferbterme sefro cb ocbferbkmûi do keisorvb do grutbs pbrb pedor ovbcubr ces pbrâ`otres iokosbrmes pbrb dmkjb keisorvb, oc roidm`moite do kbdb uib do cbs grutbs grutbs y oc fbcbiko do `b `btormb tormb tetbc eftoimdb eftoimdb,, bsà ke`e tb`fmíi ovbcubr oc m`pertbito vbcer iutrmkmeibc quo tmoio b ce cbrhe do tedb su vmdb ütmc.
6
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
MMM. EFLOTMWE[ MMM. ;.2 Eflotmve hoiorbc< Keiekor cbs otbpbs procm`mibros y tíkimkbs pbrb oc prekose do ui
kekatbmc do grutbs.
;.6 Eflotmves ospokàgmkes< Keiekor cb rocbkmûi do grutbs y càqumde do hefmorie (bc`àfbr) oi cb
ocbferbkmûi do ui kekatbmc do grutbs.
Dotor`mibr cbs kbitmdbdos do bzükbr, K@K y âkmde kàtrmke oi cb
ocbferbkmûi doc bc`àfbr oi ui kekatbmc do grutbs.
;
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
MW. IEKMÛI TOÛVMKB MW. ^brb cb ocbferbkmûi do ui Kektoc do Grutbs so dofo dogmimr tbc, oc Kedox Bcm`oitbrmus (2==?>8< 6>6)< –Gb`mcmb< Gb`mcmb.4 h >.2 h :.6 h >.? h >.? h 6;.> `h 24.> `h >.; `h >.>; `h >.>8 `h >.42 `h 42.8 `h
Cb ke`pesmkmûi quà`mkb perkoitubc per 2>> hrb`es do perkmûi ke`ostmfco do cb pbpbyb os cb smhumoito< Guoito< Keccbzes, K. (2==;)
7
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
6. ^mòb Ie`fro kmoitàgmke
< Bibibs sbtmvus
Gb`mcmb
< Fre`ocmâkobs
Híiore
< Bibibs
Oc ie`fro do ostb grutb vmoio doc cbtài pmiob quo qumoro dokmr lustb`oito pmòb.[uie`fro ourepoe do bibib, dormvb doc mdme`b hubrbià, oi oc kubc smhimgmkb grutb oi hoiorbc. [o kroo quo oc mtbcmbie ^mhbgottb, uie do ces ke`pbòores do @bhbccbios (2?2=) quo vme ostb grutb oi oc Frbsmc, guo oc prm`ore oi dbrco oc ie`fro ourepoe, pore ie uib `biorb dmroktb, smie per `odme do kmrkmicequmes, puos dmko quo so pbroko bc –keie doc pmite‐.
Ces ospbòecos co dmorei oc ie`fro do pmòb do midmbs, e su pbrokmde hoiorbc kei oc grute doc pmie. Tb`fmíi so co keieko kei cb doie`mibkmûi do bibiâs y do pmòb do B`írmkb. ^broko so ermhmibrmb do cbs rohmeios trepmkbcos do Frbsmc e prefbfco`oito doc ^brbhuby y `uy pesmfco`oito guo ccovbdb per ces midmes b cbs mscbs do cbs Bitmccbs `oieros y ospokmbc`oito b cb mscb Bitmhub, deido bktubc`oito os uib grutb gbvermtb. Jey so kuctmvb oi tedes ces pbàsos kâcmdes doc `uide, smoide cbs do Hubybqumc cbs `âs oxkocoitos. Oi iuostrbs `eitbòbs tb`fmíi krokoi bd`mrbfco`oito. Cb pmòb os uib migrutoskoikmb kbriesb ccb`bdb seresms, quo ostâ keistmtumdb per ui hrbi iü`ore do fbybs secdbdbs oitro sà, y kei frâktobs quo so jbkoi kbriesbs oi cb `bdurbkmûi. Cbs so`mccbs efceihbs u evbcbdbs sei peke iu`oresbs. Gmibc`oito, cb pmòb ostâ kereibdb per ui poibkje do jelbs. Os `uy bre`âtmkb y posb per ce hoiorbc des e `âs amces. (Cuib. 2===).
8
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
Cb ke`pesmkmûi quà`mkb perkoitubc per 2>> hrb`es do perkmûi ke`ostmfco do cb pmòb os cb smhumoito<
Oiorhàb Bhub ^retoàib Hrbsb Kbrfejmdrbtes Gmfrb Koimzb Kbckme Gûsgere Jmorre Tmb`mib Vmfegcbvmib Imbkmib Âkmde bskûrfmke Guoito< Keccbzes, (2==;)
:
6? Kbceràbs :=.; h >.4 h >.6 h =.: h >.? h >.; h 2>.> `h ?.> `h >.4 `h >.>4 `h >.>7 `h >.68 `h 2=.= `h
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
;. _vb Ie`fro kmoitàgmke
< Wmtms vmiàgorb
Gb`mcmb
< Wmtâkobs
Híiore
< Wmtms
Cb vmd os uib do cbs prm`orbs pcbitbs quo kuctmvû oc je`fro, `etmve per oc kubc jb luhbde ui pbpoc trbskoidoitbc oi cb okeie`àb do cbs bitmhubs kmvmcmzbkmeios. Trbs cb `mtmgmkbkmûi doc vmie per pbrto doc krmstmbims`e, oc kuctmve do cb vmd oxporm`oitû ui hrbi buho quo jb pordurbde jbstb iuostres dàbs. Do jokje, cb `byer pbrto do cb predukkmûi do uvb so dostmib b cb ocbferbkmûi do ces dmstmites tmpes do vmie (fcbike, resbde y tmite) y etrbs fofmdbs (`este, `mstocbs, `eskbtoc). Oi Ourepb, cb uvb so kuctmvb dosdo tmo`pes projmstûrmkes, tbc y ke`e ce do`uostrbi cbs so`mccbs quo so jbi jbccbde oi ybkm`moites brquoecûhmkes do cb odbd doc freiko do [umzb, Mtbcmb y oi tu`fbs doc bitmhue Ohmpte. Ces fetâimkes smtübi oc ermhoi do cb uvb kuctmvbdb oi Ourepb oi cb rohmûi bsmâtmkb doc `br Kbspme, dosdo deido cbs so`mccbs so dmsporsbrei jbkmb oc eosto per tedb cb kuoikb `odmtorrâiob. Ces bitmhues hrmohes y re`bies kuctmvbfbi cb vmd y b`fbs kmvmcmzbkmeios dosbrreccbrei oi hrbi `odmdb cb vmtmkucturb. Ces üctm`es keitmiubrei kei ostb prâktmkb y oxtoidmorei oc kuctmve do vmdos per tede su torrmterme keceimbc. B pbrtmr doc bòe 2:>> ke`moizb oc kuctmve do vmdos pretohmdbs kei vmdrme oi ces pbàsos gràes, do `biorb quo bu`oitû ietbfco`oito cb kbcmdbd do cbs uvbs predukmdbs. @âs bdocbito ke`oizbrei b keistrumrso mivoribdores prevmstes do kbcogbkkmûi pbrb oc kuctmve do cbs vmdos. Guorei ces keceies ospbòecos ces quo mitredulorei cb vmd oi B`írmkb doc Ierto, dosdo deido so oxtoidmû per tede oc keitmioito, pore oc mitoite grbkbsû b keisokuoikmb do ces btbquos do pbrâsmtes y cbs oigor`odbdos. Ke`e rosuctbde do occe, b gmibcos doc smhce ZMZ cb oxpcetbkmûi do cb vmd oi Ourepb sugrmû ui hrbi hecpo trbs cb keitb`mibkmûi per ui misokte b`ormkbie ccb`bde gmcexorb. Oi ;> bòes so prepbhû cb pcbhb per tedes ces vmòodes y ístes ostuvmorei b puite do dosbpbrokor, ce quo efcmhû b bdeptbr cbs vmdos b`ormkbibs rosmstoitos b cb pcbhb ke`e pbtreios do cb vmd ourepob, y so eftuvmorei vbrmodbdos rosmstoitos, rosmstoitos, grute do cb jmfrmdbkmûi do b`fes tmpes do pcbitbs.
=
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
Kbrbktoràstmkbs<
Ger`b< Grutb kbriesb quo ibko bpmòbdb oi cbrhes rbkm`es ke`puostes per vbrmes hrbies rodeides e bcbrhbdes. Tb`bòe y pose< ces rbkm`es quo so ke`orkmbcmzbi so blustbi b uibs ier`bs do
kbcmdbd quo dotor`mibi oc pose y oc tb`bòe `odme do ces grutes1 ostes toidrâi ui dmâ`otre `odme do 2,7 koità`otres y ui pose do oitro 6>> y ;?> hrb`es. Kecer< cb pmoc os vordesb, b`brmccoitb, relmzb e purpürob, dopoidmoide do cbs vbrmodbdos. 2 [bfer< tmoio uib pucpb luhesb y duczeib. Cb ke`pesmkmûi quà`mkb perkoitubc per 2>> hrb`es do perkmûi ke`ostmfco do cb uvb os cb smhumoito< Oiorhàb Bhub ^retoàib
:; Kbceràbs 88.> h >.= h
Hrbsb Kbrfejmdrbtes Gmfrb Koimzb Kbckme Gûsgere Jmorre Tmb`mib Vmfegcbvmib Imbkmib Âkmde bskûrfmke Guoito< Keccbzes, K. (2==;)
>.; 62.4 h >.7 h >.? h 2:.> `h ;6.> `h 2.2 `h >.>2 `h >.2; `h >.;6 `h 4.8 `h
^brb cb ocbferbkmûi doc Kektoc do Grutbs so smhumorei ces pbses doskrmtes oi oc gculehrb`b e gcule do prekose quo keismsto oi uib sormo do eporbkmeios uimtbrmbs, ke`e oxpcmkb Erezke (2==:< 8) –Eporbkmeios uimtbrmbs. Ces pbses, ostbdmes e uimdbdos quo sei midopoidmoitos doc `btormbc quo so prekosb, e fmoi, etrbs kbrbktoràstmkbs doc smsto`b oi pbrtmkucbr. [o jb rostrmihmde b bquocces ostbdmes deido ces kb`fmes sei osoikmbc`oito gàsmkes y bgoktbi b cb `btormb smi bgoktbr sus prepmodbdos quà`mkbs‐.
2jttp¾K ^0 2> cf/puch6 t0 6>´-6?”
Mtbcmb 6,? ah
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
M. KBCK_CE[ ] VO[_CTBDE[
KBCK_CE[
BH_B KCEVBDB Grutb< ^mse y utoismcmes<
? --------- 2> C ?> --------- 6> C 2 4.= 2> QP 0 2>> ∘ 2> 0 4.4.= ∘ 2> ∘ 2>
Q PP 0 4=>>> ^brb pmses y utoismcmes<
∘ 0 ∘ 4=>> 4=>>( ) 0 0 ?> ?>6> 6> 0 >.>6>4 0 6>.4 à
à
^brb grutbs<
0 2.>6 à
2=
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
LBVBFO
Bzükbr< Ke`e so quoràb oc lbrbfo b ;>¾ FVMZ (;>% ss), oiteikos< -
(;>%) x 6> AMCE[ 0 7 AMCE[ (DO B\_KBV)
Bhub< ^er ce tbite (per dmgoroikmb)< 6> AH ‛ 7 AH DO B\_KBV 0 24 AMCE[ AMC E[ DO BH_B (24 CMTVE[).
-
[email protected].< -
[o utmcmzb oc >.6?% do K@K oi keisorvbs do grutbs. (>.6?%) x 6> AMCE[ 0 >.>? AMCE[ DO K@K 0 ?> HVB@E[ DO K@K.
BKMDE KMTVMKE< -
2 hrb`e per kbdb amcehrb`e do lbrbfo. (2 HVB@E) x 6> 0 6> HVB@E[ DO BKMDE BKM DE KMTVMKE.
GV_TB
[o ostbfcokmû 6;> hrb`es do grutb oi tetbc oi kbdb uib do cbs cbtbs. 6;> HVB@E[ 0 ^MÒB + ^B^B]B (Cb uvb sece so bdmkmeie ke`e ; uimdbdos bprex. oi kbdb cbtb, bsà quo ie so keitû oi oc pose).
-
6;> HVB@E[/ (6 GV_TB[) 0 22? HVB@E[ DO KBDB GV_TB (^MÒB ] ^B^B]B)
-
22? HVB@E[ x =7 CBTB[ 0 22>4> HVB@E[ DO KBDB GV_TB 0 22.>4> AMCE[, E[OB B^VEZM@BIDE [O TOIMB R_O EFTOIOV 26 AMCE[ DO KBDB _IB DO CB[ GV_TB[ (^MÒB ] ^B^B]B).
- 6>
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
^MÒB< Oc roidm`moite do cb pmòb guo bprex. `oies doc ;>% y ke`e iesetres toiàb`es quo eftoior ui pre`odme do 26 amces, oiteikos (;>%) x 9 26 AMCE[1 ^er ce tbite so eptû oi ke`prbr 46 AMCE[ do pmòb.
-
^B^B]B< Ke`e oc roidm`moite do cb pbpbyb orb `ukje `byer (IE [O ^OVDMB KB[M IBDB) so ke`prû 2? Ah do pbpbyb. _WB< Cb kbitmdbd do uvb so jmze bprexm`bide. -
;oxpormoikmb _WB[ x =7docCBTB[ 0 6:: _WB[ OI TETBC. ^erAMCE[ ui kâckuce pregoser so jmze cb ke`prb do 6,? do uvb. fbsbde oi cb
FBCBIKO DO @BTOVMB
Dbtes< ^ucpb do Grutb - - -
^mòb ^bpbyb _vb
Bzükbr 7.>> Bhub K@K Âkmde Keisorvb - Grutb + bc`àfbr
62
68.8> ah 24.8> 22.2 2.= 68.8>
ah ah ah ah
ah 24.>> >.>?> >.>6> 4>.:? 0
Ah ah ah ah (>.6;> + >.6>>) x =? 0 4>.:? ah
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
Hrâgmke do cb trbsgoroikmb do `bsb<
BH_B (OI OC @E@OITE DO
LBVBFO
^VO^BVBKMEI DOC LBVBFO
^_C^B DO GV_TB
@O\KCB
BKMDE
K@K
Fbcbiko hoiorbc do `bsb<
66
KEI[OVWB
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
− 0 − − + + + 0 + 68.8 Ah + 6> Ah + >.>6> Ah + >.>?> Ah 0 + 4>.:? AH 0 7.=6 Fbcbiko per ke`peioitos< [ECMDE[.
− . 0 − . . + . + . + . + . + . 0 . + . ò
â
ò
â
Dûido<
ò
Ü
â
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
>.26 >.22 >.27 2 2 2 > 555 555
Voo`pcbzbide vbceros<
24.8 ah (>.26) + 22.2 ah (>.22) + 2.= ah ah (>.27) + 2;.>: ah (2) + >.>6> ah ah (2) +
) +.> 0 ¾ 0 ;6 %
>.>?> ah ah (2) 0 4;.8 ah ah (
6;
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
WMM. DM[K_[MÛI WMM.
[ohüi cb B[EKMBKMEI ^BVB OC BKKO[E B CB ^VEGO[MEI DO ^CBIMGMKBKMEI ] BVR_MTOKT_VB oi MITVED_KKMEI B CB TOIKECEHMB DO BCM@OITE[1 bgmr`b quo cbs ger`bs vohotbtmvbs do cbs kícucbs fbktormbibs so dostruyoi b to`porbturbs cmhorb`oito brrmfb do cb to`porbturb `âxm`b kei cbs quo so puodbi `uctmpcmkbrso1 smi o`fbrhe, oi hoiorbc cbs osperbs sefrovmvoi b to`porbturbs `ukje `âs bctbs per olo`pce cbs osporbs do Kcestrmdmu` Fetmcmiu` puodoi sefrovmvmr ;>> `miutes b 2>>¾K. dosdo oc oigequo `mkrefmecûhmke, cb `uorto ekurro kubide ostes jbi pordmde su kbpbkmdbd do ropredukkmûi. Oi cb oxpormoikmb toimdb oi oc cbferbterme ostâ oi bkuorde kei cb bgmr`bkmûi rovmsbdb dofmde b quo so trbfblû b 22>¾K per 6? `miutes.
[ohüi CB IEV@BC DOC KEDOZ ^BVB CB[ GV_TB[ OI KEI[OVWB –KEDOZ [TBI‐1 keikcuyo quo cbs grutbs oi keisorvb toidrâi sbfer y ecer ier`bcos
oxoites do sbferos y ecer oxtrbòes bc predukte, y cbs grutbs utmcmzbdbs oi keisorvb kei mihrodmoitos ospokmbcos doforâ pesoor oc sbfer kbrbktoràstmke quo ke`uimkb bc pmòb cbssogrutbs cbs etrbs o`pcobdbs. Oi cb prâktmkb do cbferbterme cehrû yjbkor dmkjesustbikmbs ku`pcm`moite do cb ier`b dofmde b quo so robcmzû kei hrbi kumdbde kbdb uie do ces prekoses procm`mibros do cb ocbferbkmûi doc kekatbmc do grutbs.
64
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
WMMM. KEIKC_[MÛI WMMM. Oc kektoc do grutbs dofo ocbferbrso oi keidmkmeios sbimtbrmbs bprepmbdbs kei grutbs sbibs,
cm`pmbs y kumdbdesb`oito cbvbdbs, smi pmoc, dosjuosbdbs, smi kerbzûi, grbkkmeibdbs oi treze tr ezes, s, pudmoi pud moide de quodbr quo dbr oito oitorb rbss ku kubi bide de ssob obii ppoq oquo uoòb òbs. s.
doc kektoc do grutbs puodo sor kubcqumorb do ces smhumoitos< bhub, Oc càqumde do keforturb doc
bhub y luhe do grutb, e luhe do grutb.
Bc robcmzbr ces kâckuces do cb grutb y oc bc`àfbr quo iokosmtbràb pbrb kbdb cbtb
so dotor`miû quo so usbràb 6;> hr do grutb y 6>> hr do bc`àfbr y oi kbdb cbtb.
^brb cb ocbferbkmûi do iuostrb keisorvb do grutbs so usû ?> hr do K@K, 6> hr
do âkmde kàtrmke y 7 amces do bzükbr dofmde b quo so quoràb ccohbr b ces ;> hrbdes Frmx.
Oc roidm`moite do tetbc do kbdb grutb guo oc osporbde, b oxkopkmûi do cb pmòb
quo dofmde b su hrbde do `bduroz `uy bvbizbde tuve `ukjb pordmdb tbite oc pucpb ke`e oi luhe y per tbc `etmve so tuve quo ke`prbr `âs do ostb grutb.
6?
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
MZ. K_O[TMEIBVME MZ. =.2 µOi quí keismsto oc prekose doc oicbtbde5 Cbs keisorvbs do grutbs trbdmkmeibcos ke`e cbs vordurbs, `or`ocbdbs, poskbdes oi bkomto, otk. Jbi smde jbstb bjerb cbs `âs utmcmzbdbs, pore jby etre tmpe do bcm`oites ocbferbdes y propbrbdes. Ostb ger`b do keisorvbkmûi jbko quo dms`miuyb tbite oc sbfer ke`e cbs kbrbktoràstmkbs iutrmtmvbs doc bcm`oite pore `odmbito `edoribs tíkimkbs do oivbsbde bc vbkàe so ovmtb cb exmdbkmûi doc predukte, oc use do bitmexmdbitos, keisorvbitos, oc kbcoitb`moite râpmde b bctbs to`porbturbs, otk. Ce quo keiccovb b cb eftoikmûi do preduktes do fuoi imvoc iutrmtmve. Ces oicbtbdes keismstoi oi uib tíkimkb do prosorvbkmûi do bcm`oites b`pcmb`oito utmcmzbdb oi cb bktubcmdbd, y ütmc prâktmkb`oito pbrb kubcqumor kcbso do bcm`oites. Ces bcm`oites sei soccbdes oi su rokmpmoito dospuís do jbkorso oc vbkàe y kbcoitbdes. Kubcqumor erhbims`e prosoito os ocm`mibde per osto prekodm`moite, y etres ie puodoi ccohbr perquo ces bcm`oites ostâi bmscbdes bc soccbr cb cbtb. Tede oc prekose, quo mikcuyo oc ccoibde y oc soccbde do cbs cbtbs, os robcmzbde bute`âtmkb`oito oi cbs midustrmbs `edoribs. =.6 Jbhb Jbhb uib frovo jmstermb doc prekose doc oicbtbde Oc ermhoi do ces bcm`oites oicbtbdes so ro`eitb b prmikmpmes doc smhce ZMZ. ] kei `ukjbs tokiecehàbs, tmoio su hostbkmûi oi cbs huorrbs. Vosuctb quo Ibpecoûi M roquoràb uib ger`b do prosorvbr bcm`oites pbrb ccovbr bc kb`pe do fbtbccb y IMKECB[ B^^OVT os qumoi dosbrreccb osto prekose. [u tíkimkb orb sm`pco, so korrbde jor`ítmkb`oi jor`ítmkb`oito. to.kbcoitbfb oc bcm`oite oi ui rokmpmoito do vmdrme
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QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
Oi 2:2>, ^OTOV D_VBID `olerb oc prekose y pruofb oivbsos do `otbc, puos ces do vmdrme so re`pàbi gâkmc`oito. Kbsm ?> bòes dospuís, C_M[ ^B[TO_V ietb quo oxmstoi `mkreerhbims`es oi ces bcm`oites y dosbrreccb cb tíkimkb doie`mibdb pbstourmzbkmûi pbrb ocm`mibrces. Oi bcm`oites `bc oicbtbdes so ke`oizû b ietbr cb prosoikmb do uib fbktormb ccb`bdb Kcestrmdmu` Fetucmiu`, cb `ms`b quo preduko oc fetucms`e. Kei oc tmo`pe guorei `olerbide ces prekoses oicbtbdes por`mtmoide quo ces bcm`oites durbrbi `âs tmo`pe. Cb prm`orb y sohuidb huorrb `uidmbc preveke quo cb predukkmûi do bcm`oites oicbtbdes so mikro`oito keismdorbfco`oito. Oi cb bktubcmdbd pedo`es vor tede tmpe do bcm`oites y fofmdbs keitoimdes oi cbtbs. =.; µµRuí Ruí m`pertbikmb puodo toior oc hrbde do vbkàe do ui oivbso, durbito y dospuís do su prekosb`moite5 Cb m`pertbikmb quo so tmoio oc ospbkme e do kbfozbc oicàqumdes oc ccoibde do ces oivbsos oi hoiorbc guidb`oitb oicmfro quo ces sûcmdes e ces kubide so kbcmoitbi so oxpbidoi (dmcbtbi) y per keismhumoito bu`oitbi su vecu`oi, keitrbyíideso y rokuporbide su vecu`oi ermhmibc kubide so oigràbi. [o oxpcmkb quo kubide oi ui oivbso bfmorte, cb prosmûi do ces hbsos oi oc ospbkme cmfro supormer ostâ oi oi oqumcmfrme oqumcmfrme kei cb prosmûi bt`esgírmkb. Durbito oc ostormcmzbde bc bu`oitbr cb to`porbturb doc keitoimde so preduko mi`odmbtb`oito mi`odmbtb`o ito ui bu`oite do cb prosmûi do vbper do bhub, per keismhumoito cb m`pertbikmb do hubrdbr ui oqumcmfrme prodmspeio quo cb bcturb doc ospbkme supormer hubrdo kerrocbkmûi kei oc hrbde do vbkàe prosoito oi oc oivbso quo b `byer bcturb o mhubc vbkàe dmspeio quo ces preduktes bc ccohbr b kcm`bs e to`porbturbs trepmkbcos e kâcmdes pedrâ oxpbidmrso smi bgoktbrcb `byer`oito, oi keitrbpesmkmûi do ui ospbkme cmfro `oier quo keiccovb b uib dogmkmoikmb oi oc keitrec do kbcmdbd. Oc keitrec doc ospbkme cmfro e do kbfozbc os m`pertbito per rbzeios okeiû`mkbs y tíkimkbs. Oc ccoibde misugmkmoito ermhmib ermhmib kerresmûi kerresmûi oi oc ospbkme do kbfozb, `moitrbs quo oc sefroccoibde puodo bgoktbr iohbtmvb`oito cb cb ogmkbkmb ogmkbkmb do cbs cbs eporbkmeios eporbkmeios do oicbtbde.
=.4 Woitblbs Woitblbs y dosvoitblbs doc pocbde quà`mke, `okâimke y `biubc. ^OCBDE @BI_BC @BI_BC
WOITBLB[
Fble keste Fble roquorm`moite do bhub.
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QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
ostm`bkmûi do bktmvmd bktmvmdbd bd Oizm` Oizm`âtmkb. âtmkb. Vodukmdb ostm`bkmûi k âskbrb ^esmfmcmdbd do use do cb pmoc e kâskbrb Oc J6E ie so keitb`mib kei quà`mkes
DO[WOITBLB[
Bcte keste `bie do efrb k ei `mkreerhbims`es. @byer prefbfmcmdbd do keitb`mibkmûi kei Jby preduktes quo sûce tmoioi quo pocbrso do ostb `biorb.
^OCBDE @OKÂIMKE
WOITBLB[
Ogmkmoito @àim`e do pordmdbs
DO[WOITBLB[
[ei dopoidmoitos do cb kbrhb<
Fblb ^ocbde mike`pcote [efrokbrhb oxkosmve pocbde pbrb bchuies y dogmkmoito pbrb etres preduktes. Kbcmdbd jotorehíiob
^OCBDE R_M@MKE
WOITBLB[
Bctb kbcmdbd Bcte roidm`moite Fble keste @biole râpmde Bdbptbfco b hrbi oskbcb [o bdok bdoküb üb b tted edbs bs cb cbss ger`bs ger`b s do ce cess pre preduk duktes tes
DO[WOITBLB[
Ie so puodo utmcmzbr cb pmoc Keitb`mibkmûi do ogcuoitos
6:
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
Z. FMFCMEHVBGÀB Z. Vogoroikmbs 2. FOVHOVOT, H_BCFOVTE. Keisorvbs do Wohotbcos, grutbs y Jertbcmzbs. @eitovmdoe< [bcvbt Odmteros, 2=7;. 6. KEDOZ BCM@OITBVM_[ WEC_@OI ?B, Grutbs y jertbcmzbs ocbferbdbs y keihocbdbs râpmdb`oito. ;. KECCB\E[, KBVCE[. Ke`pesmkmûi do Bcm`oites do @byer Keisu`e oi oc ^orü. Cm`b< Mistmtute Ibkmeibc do Iutrmkmûi- @mimstorme do [bcud, 2==;. 4. GBE. ^rekosb`moite do Grutbs y Jertbcmzbs `odmbito @ítedes Brtosbibcos y do ^oquoòb Oskbcb, [bitmbhe do Kjmco< Egmkmib Vohmeibc do cb GBE pbrb B`írmkb Cbtmib y oc Kbrmfo, 2==;. ?. C_IB, TOEDEVE. Cbs Grutbs, Cm`b< Odmtermbc Kb`mie do Wmdb, 2===. 7. VB@MVE GEIIOHVB H.- [MCWMB C_\ LM@ÍIO\ V., ^cbitbs `odmkmibcos bprefbdbs oi Kece`fmb 6¾ odmkmûi, Odmtermbc _imvorsmdbd do Bitmequmb, 6>>8. 8. EVE\KE, Eporbkmeios _imtbrmbs, Odmtermbc Cm`uisb [. B., @íxmke D. G., 2==:. :. B[EKMBKMEI ^BVB OC BKKO[E B CB ^VEGO[MEI DO ^CBIMGMKBKMEI ] BVR_MTOKT_VB1 oi MITVED_KKMEI B CB TOIKECEHMB DO BCM@OITE[1 od. Cm`usb1 6db odmkmei1 @oxmke1 6>>; ^âhmibs Xof /groskbs/uvb/mitre.pjp jp 2. jttp?/suskr/iok2.jt` skr/iok2.jt` ;. jttp78 jttp2;2>;>78:46/utoismcmes-pb :46/utoismcmes-pbrbrbpocbr-grutbs/ pocbr-grutbs/
ZM. BIOZE[ ZM. OCBFEVBKMEI OCBFEVBKME I DOC KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[ (^MÒB, ^B^B]B, _WB, @BI\BIB ] D_VB\IE) 2. EFLOTMWE[<
Mdoitmgmkbr cb `bqumibrmb y oqumpe quo so utmcmzb oi cb ocbferbkmûi do cb keisorvb do grutb Olokutbr oc gcule do prekosb`moite do uib keisorvb do grutb. Dotor`mibr cb keikoitrbkmûi do bzükbr.
6. G_IDB@OITE TOEVMKE> hrb`es do predukte1 ces bzükbros supeioi uies 2?%, prekodoitos do cb prepmb grutb y doc bzükbr bòbdmde. Grutbs oi keisorvb smi bzükbr bòbdmde bòbdmde Cbs grutbs oi keisorvb smi bzükbr bòbdmde keitmoioi `oies kbceràbs quo sus oqumvbcoitos perquo ces bzükbros jbi smde sustmtumdes per oduckerbitos ie kbcûrmkes, ke`e oc kmkcb`bte e cb sbkbrmib.
_ie do ces `ítedes oi cb midustrmb bcm`oitbrmb pbrb cb keisorvbkmûi do ces bcm`oites os cb utmcmzbkmûi do keisorvbs1 smoide oc rosuctbde doc prekose do `bimpucbkmûi do ces bcm`oites do tbc ger`b quo sob pesmfco prosorvbrces oi cbs `oleros keidmkmeios pesmfcos durbito ui cbrhe pormede do tmo`pe, ovmtbide cb bkkmûi do `mkreerhbims`es quo `edmgmkbi cbs keidmkmeios sbimtbrmbs y do sbfer do ces bcm`oites. Oc pormede do tmo`pe quo so `bitmoioi ces bcm`oites oi keisorvb os `uy supormer bc quo toidràbi sm cb keisorvb ie oxmstmoso. _ib keisorvb os ui predukte quo keismsto oi peior oi ui oivbso jor`ítmke ui `btormbc sûcmde, so`msûcmde e ui sûcmde mi`orse oi ui `odme do o`pbquo. Do bkuorde b occe, oc predukte gmibc sorâ oc rosuctbde do cb ke`fmibkmûi do cbs kbrbktoràstmkbs doc `btormbc oi sà, bquoccbs doc `odme do o`pbquo.
Oc pbse do cbs ger`ucbkmeios os bpcmkbfco b kbdb `odme do o`pbquo oi pbrtmkucbr, puos m`pcmkb kâckuces pbrtmkucbros pbrb kbdb mihrodmoito e hrupe do mihrodmoitos ospokàgmkes. Do osto `ede, so bpcmkbrâ ui osquo`b hoiorbc pbrb oc prekose do keisorvbràb, per pore oc pbse ger`ucbkmeios keismdorbde sopbrbde pbrbdocescbs dmgoroitos kbses. do ces preduktes doforâ sor
Oc prekose do ocbferbkmûi do keisorvbs ostâ keiger`bde per uib sormo do pbses, oitro ces kubcos so kuoitb cb ger`ucbkmûi oi tír`mies do ces dmvorses ke`peioitos do cb keisorvb, quo puodo sor `uy sm`pco, e sob, uib `btormb prm`b oi ui `odme do o`pbquo do bc`àfbr, e puodo sor `âs ke`pcole kei vbrmbs `btormbs prm`bs `ozkcbdbs oi ui `odme do o`pbquo. Ger`ucbkmûi do keisorvbs oi bc`àfbr bc`àfbr Bchuies pbses procm`mibros oi cb ger`ucbkmûi do uib keisorvb, kuye `odme do o`pbquo os oc bc`àfbr, sei<
;2
Dotor`mibr cb keikoitrbkmûi do bzükbr do cb `btormb prm`b, per rogrbkte`otràb (¾Frmx).
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
Gmlbr cb keikoitrbkmûi do bzükbr doc predukte gmibc (¾Frmx). Ostbfcokor cb preperkmûi do sûcmde quo so jb do peior oi oc oivbso. Dotor`mibr cb keikoitrbkmûi do bzükbr doc `odme do o`pbquo pbrb cehrbr cb keikoitrbkmûi gmibc dosobdb.
^brb cehrbr ui dobdokubde oqumcmfrme oi cb so keisorvb, do bkuorde b ces doc vbceros do keikoitrbkmûi bzükbr proostbfcokmdes, dofo robcmzbr ui kâckuce bzükbr prevoimoito do cbs des guoitos keismdorbdbs oi oc prekose, cb grutb y oc bzükbr purb pbrb propbrbr oc bc`àfbr.
Kâckuce doc bzükbr do cb grutb<
b) [o `mdo cb keikoitrbkmûi do bzükbr oi ui peke do luhe do grutb, `odmbito rogrbktû`otre. f) grbkkmûi per 2>>) perCbcbkeikoitrbkmûi kbitmdbd tetbcoxprosbdb do grutb oi quo so jb (perkoitblo do peior oidmvmdmde kbdb oivbso y, so kei`uctmpcmkb occe, so eftmoio oc keitoimde do bzükbr bpertbde per cb gretb quo mrâ oi oc oivbso. k) Cb keikoitrbkmûi do bzükbr dosobdb oi oc oivbso, oxprosbdb ke`e grbkkmûi, `uctmpcmkbdb per oc pose tetbc, proostbfcokmde pbrb oc oivbso, dbrâ oc tetbc do bzükbr oi pose quo keitoidrâ oc oivbso. d) Doc bzükbr tetbc doc oivbso, so doskuoitb oc bzükbr bpertbde per cb grutb y dbrâ oc tetbc do bzükbr quo so jb do bhrohbr oi ger`b do bc`àfbr. o) Doc pose tetbc doc oivbso, so rostb oc pose do cb grutb y so eftmoio oc pose doc bc`àfbr, oc kubc doforâ keitoior tedb cb bzükbr provmb`oito kbckucbdb. [m oc pose doc bzükbr doc bc`àfbr, so dmvmdo per oc pose tetbc doc bc`àfbr, so tmoio cb grbkkmûi do bc`àfbr.e [mhrbdes ostb grbkkmûi so `uctmpcmkb 2>>, so tmoio oc perkoitblo do bzükbr doc bc`àfbr Frmx doc bc`àfbr quo soper dofo propbrbr.
Do osto `ede, so kbckucbi kuâites grbskes so puodoi eftoior doc pose tetbc do grutb dmspeimfco y so kbckucb cb kbitmdbd do bc`àfbr iokosbrmb do bkuorde bc olo`pce quo so prosoitb b keitmiubkmûi.
Cb GBE/E@[ prosoitb cb dogmimkmûi do predukte bsm< Cb oisbcbdb do grutbs trepmkbcos oi keisorvb os oc predukte (b) propbrbde b pbrtmr do uib `ozkcb do grutbs fâsmkbs ospokmgmkbdbs, b cb quo pedrâi bòbdmrso uib e `bs grutbs gbkuctbtmvbs1 (f) tbcos grutbs pedrâi sor groskbs, keihocbdbs e oi keisorvb1 (k) cb `ozkcb do grutbs ostâ oivbsbdb kei bhub u etre `odme do keforturb càqumde bdokubde y pedrâ oivbsbrso kei oduckerbitos iutrmtmves y trbtbrso tír`mkb`oito do ui `ede bprepmbde bitos e dospuís do korrbde jor`ítmkb`oito oi ui rokmpmoito pbrb ovmtbr su bctorbkmûi. ;6
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
Ces tmpes y ger`bs do prosoitbkmûi do cbs grutbs dopoidorâi do cb dmspeimfmcmdbd do ostbs oi oc `orkbde1 cbs `âs o`pcobdbs y doie`mibdbs fâsmkbs sei< pmòb (Bibibs ke`esus), cb pbpbyb (Kbrmkb pbpbyb), `bihe (@bihumgorb midmkb) oi kufes, grbh`oites, redblbs, kjmps e trezes rmzbdes. Cbs grutbs doforâibostbr smi rospoktmvb pmoc, smi kerbzûi, so`mccbs e dosjuosbdbs, sohüi ce bpcmkbfco cb grutb oi uib rokertbdbs, propbrbkmûismi kucmibrmb ier`bc. ier`bc .
Gbkteros osoikmbcos do ke`pesmkmûi y kbcmdbd
Cbs grutbs doforâi ostbr oi preperkmeios ospokàgmkbs, kuye vbcer `âxm`e puodo bckbizbr oc 7?% doc pose tetbc do ke`peioitos k e`peioitos do cb keisorvb. Ces lbrbfos e `odmes do keforturb oi quo cbs grutbs oi trezes puodoi oivbsbrso sei bhub, bhub y luhe do grutb, luhe do grutb e kubcqumorb do ces bitormeros bdmkmeibdes kei bzükbros (sbkbresb, hcukesb, lbrbfo mivortmde u etres).
Ces `odmes do keforturb, kubide so bdmkmeibi kei bzükbros b ces luhes do grutbs doforâi toior per ce `oies 24 ¾Frmx, os dokmr perkoitblo do sûcmdes secufcos oxprosbdes ke`e sbkbresb y comdes oi ui rogrbktû`otre bdokubde. ostes `odmes so kcbsmgmkbi kei rospokte b su keikoitrbkmûi ke`e cmhorb`oito oduckerbde sm os 90 b 24¾Fx y `uy oduckerbde sm os 90b 2: ¾Fx. Kubide so bdmkmeibi bzükbros bc bhub e bc bhub y uie e `âs luhes do grutbs, ces lbrbfos so kcbsmgmkbi do bkuorde b su keikoitrbkmûi< k eikoitrbkmûi<
IE@FVO DOC LBVBFO Bhub cmhorb`oito oduckerbdb
MITOVWBCE DO KEIKOITVBKMÛI Ie `oies do 2> ¾Frmx
Bhub oduckerbdb cmhorb`oito
@oier do 24 ¾Frmx
Lbrbfo dmcumde Lbrbfo `uy keikoitrbd keikoitrbdee
@oier do 2: ¾Frmx Ie `oies do 66 ¾ Frmx
Cb keikoitrbkmûi doc lbrbfo e luhe oduckerbde so dotor`mibrâ ke`e vbcer `odme, pore imihüi oivbso pedrâ toior ui àidmko do Frmx `oier quo oc doc `àim`e do cb kbtoheràb mi`odmbtb`oito migormer. Krmtormes do kbcmdbd> h do `bikjbs suporgmkmbcos eskurbs, `bikjbs grutb oskurrmdb quo poiotrbi oi cb grutb y etrbs bier`bcmdbdos. 6. ^moc keismdorbde ke`e dogokte sece 7.? k`6/?>> h keitoimde tetbc. kubide so prosoitb oi grutbs pocbdbs.
doc
;. [o`mccbs ([bcve oi cb hrbibdmccb) hrbibdmccb),, 6 h/?>> h doc tetbc. `btormbc do so`mccbs e `btormb vohotbc oxtrbòb.
BDMTMWE[ BCM@OITBVME[ BDMTMWE BDM TMWE[[ Kecerbitos< cb ormtreimsmib KM 4?4;> Bre`bs< bchuies bkmtos, sbferos ibturbcos e do mdoitmkb ibturbcozb bkoptbdes per cb cohmscbkmei ke`potoito. Bitmexmdbitos Bitmexmdbi tos y bkmdmgmkbitos
DE[ DE[M[ M[
@ ZM@ ZM@B B
OI
OC
^VED_KTE BKBFBDE Cm`mtbdb per cbs prâktmkbs kerroktbs pbrb kecerobr korozbs
8>> `h/ah
Bkmde c-bskûrfmke. Bkmde kàtrmke. ;?> `h/ah kbckucbde oi Kb. Oidurokoderos Kcerure, cbktbte e hcukeibte kâckmke 6?> `h/ah kbckucbde oi Keitb`mibitos Cm`mtbdb per cbs prâktmkbs ostbòe. kerroktbs do gbfrmkbkmûi. ;4
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
;. @BTOVMBCO[ @BTOVMBCO[
Grutb (^mòb, `bizbib, pbpbyb y fcbiqumcce) Bzükbr, K@K Oivbsos `otâcmkes (cbtbs) [occbderb do cbtbs Tor`ekupcb Butekcbvo Etres bkkosermes (kukjmcces, eccbs, kukjbrbs, rokmpmoitos, otk.)
4. ^VEKODM@M ^VEKODM@MOITE< OITE<
[o smhuo oc prekodm`moite sohüi oc dmbhrb`b do gcule do ocbferbkmûi do kekatbmc do grutbs. [o dofo toior oi kuoitb uib fuoib socokkmûi e kcbsmgmkbde do cb grutb pbrb cb ocbferbkmûi, cuohe so prekodo b posbr, cbvbr y pocbr cb grutb. Cuohe so kertbi oi redblbs e trezes poquoòes cb grutb. [o prekodo b robcmzbr ui oskbcdbde b uib to`porbturb `oier do =>¼K oc tmo`pe vbrmb dopoidmoide do cb grutb b oskbcdbr oi oc kbse doc fcbiqumcce, pmòb y `bizbib oc tmo`pe os do ; `miutes y oc do cb pbpbyb 6,? `miutes ^ropbrbr oc lbrbfo quo vb sor usbde ke`e cmqumde do hefmorie kei 46,24¼Frmx Oc lbrbfo so bkeidmkmeibrâ oi kbcmoito bc oivbso `àim`e `oier do :?¼K mi`odmbtb`oito mi`odmbtb`o ito dospuís so soccbrâ oc oivbso. Gmibc`oito so bc`bkoib.
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QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
4
DMBHVB@B DO GC_LE GC_LE
;7
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
;8
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
?. KBCK_CE[< Kubdre Do Dbtes Eftoimdes Do Cb @btormb ^rm`b ^rm`b Grutb ^ose tetbc Dosokje ^ucpb 4.6? ^bpbyb
Voidm`moite
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@bizbib Durbzie
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TETBC
6>.? 6>.?
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26.2? 26.2?
?=.68% ?=.68%
^mòb
Kubdre Do Bperto Do Bzükbr Do Cbs Grutbs Grutbs Grutb ¼Frmx % Grutb ¼Frmx bpertbde ^bpbyb 22 ;4.=: ;.:? 2> ;6.84 ;.68 ^mòb _vb @bizbib Durbzie
7
7.=7
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2? 22
2=.8? :.6;
6.=7 >.=2
2>> 2>>
22.42 22.42
TETBC
Kâckuces ^brb Cb ^ropbrbkmûi Doc Bc`àfbr Bc`àfbr ^ose iote / cbtb< >.46 ah ^ose droibde / cbtb< >.66 ah ^ose bc`àfbr / cbtb< >.6> ah ^ose grutb< 6>.? ah Voidm`moite 7>%< 6>.? x >.7> 0 26.; ah Voidm`moite robc< 6>.? x ?=.68% 0 26.2? ah I¼ do cbtbs per ceto< 4; cbtbs ¼Frmx do cb grutb< 22.42¼Frmx / 2>> 0 >.2242 ;:
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QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
¼Frmx gmibc do cb keisorvb< 66¼Frmx / 2>> 0 >.66 ^ose tetbc doc bc`àfbr/cbtb y ceto< 4; x >,6> ah 0 :.7 ah + 2>% 0 =.47 ah ^ose do bzükbr oi grutb/cbtb< >.66 ah x >.2242 0 >,>6?2>6 ah ^ose do bzükbr tetbc/cbtb< >,46 x >,66 0 >,>=64 ah ^ose do bzükbr oi oc bc`àfbr< (^ose bzükbr tetbc- pose bzükbr oi grutb0 ^ose do bzükbr oi bc`àfbr) >,>=64 ah - >,>6?2>6 ah 0 >,>786=: ah/cbtb Grbkkmûi doc bzükbr oi bc`àfbr mimkmbc< (^ose do bzükbr oi bc`àfbr ø ^ose tetbc bc`àfbr/cbtb 0 Grbkkmûi doc bzükbr oi bc`àfbr mimkmbc) >,>786=: ah/cbtb ø >,6> ah/cbtb 0 >,;774= x 2>> 0 ;7.74= ¼Frmx Kbitmdbd do bzükbr pbrb bc`àfbr do ;7.74= ¼Frmx mimkmbc< ^ose tetbc doc bc`àfbr< =.47 Ah x >,;774= 0 ;.477= Ah do bzükbr ^ose doc bhub pbrb bc`àfbr mimkmbc< =.47 ah ‛ ;.48 ah 0 ?.== ah
Kâckuce Do Bdmtmves Bdmtmves ^ose do bkmde kàtrmke< >.>;% x =.47 ah 0 6.:4 hr ^ose do K@K< >.2% x =.47 ah 0 =.47 hr
;=
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
7. KEIKC_[MEIO[ KEIKC_[MEIO[
Cb kbitmdbd do grutb< bc`àfbr oi cb keisorvb do grutb ostâ ostbfcokmdb per ier`bs tíkimkbs, oi cbs kubcos so midmkb quo oc pose oskurrmde (grutbs smi càqumde do keforturb) dofo sor `byer bc ?:-7>% do cb `bsb iotb doc predukte. ^brb cb keisorvbkmûi doc kekatbmc do grutbs os iokosbrme cb utmcmzbkmûi do cbtbs e grbskes quo por`mtbi eftoior ui kmorro jor`ítmke, quo por`mtbi cb ger`bkmûi do vbkàe, uib voz rokmfmde oc trbtb`moite do ostormcmzbkmûi. Bhrohb`es âkmde kàtrmke bc kekatbmc do grutbs pbrb quo oc pJ so `bitoihb oitro ;,= y ;,41 ístb bkmdoz per ce hoiorbc so bckbizb per oc âkmde do cb grutb, pore do ie sor bsà, so dofo bòbdmr âkmde kàtrmke bc bc`àfbr sohüi ier`bs tíkimkbs. Cb bdmkmûi do âkmde dofo keitrecbrso `uy fmoi pbrb ovmtbr cb mivorsmûi doc bzükbr oi oc bc`àfbr, goiû`oie quo ekurro per prosoikmb do âkmde y bpcmkbkmûi do kbcer. Ces hrbdes ¾Frmx doc bc`àfbr so kbckucbi do bkuorde b ces hrbdes ¾Frmx do cb grutb, oste dofmde b quobc kubide grutb oitrb oc deido bc`àfbr, ístbs kodorâi su bzükbr `odme ycbte`brâi bhub oi dockeitbkte `odme, y kei bjà os so cehrb bckbizbr cb ostbfmcmdbd doc predukte kei ces hrbdes Fx iokosbrmes pbrb ku`pcmr kei cbs ospokmgmkbkmeios doc `orkbde.
4>
QOskrmfmr oc tàtuce doc deku`oiteP GBK_CTBD DO MIHOIMOVÀB ^O[R_OVB ] BCM@OITE[ OCBFEVBKMÛI DO KEKATBMC DO GV_TB[
8. FMFCMEHVB FMFCMEHVBGMB< GMB^rekos [>4.jt`#;.;%6>^rekoses%6>y%6>dm es%6>y%6>dm bhrb`bs%6>do%6>gcule bhrb`bs%6>do%6>gcule
