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JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

SOIZCP[IDMD EMYGP DC [MO MODPC[ IOACOICPIM ]SIEIKM  I/0>=9

CFM@GPMKIÛO DC ECPECFMDM

EMTCPIM<   FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPÅM DC MFIECOTG[ EMTCPIM;/0>=9

 

0>=9

CFM@GPMKIÛO DC ECPECFMDM =. G@LCTIZG[

FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

 

JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M   

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

Cfm`grmkiûo dc ecrecfmdms dc jrutm (dc jrutiffm, dc pmpmym jgrtijikmdm kgo fckbc fck bc y dict dictéti étikm km dc pmp pmpmym mym), ), cst cstm`f m`fcki ckicod codg g pmrí pmríect ectrgs rgs quc pcreitm pcreitmo o amrmotizmr fm kmfidmd dcf prgduktg jiomf.

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Pcmfizmr fgs kífkufgs rcspcktivgs m fm cfm`grmkiûo dc fm ecrecfmdm ym quc co kmd mdm m tipg tipg dc jr jrut utm m pr prcs csc cotmo otmo dijcr ijcrco cokkims ims co cf eg ege ecot cotg dc fm cfm`grmkiûo.

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G`tcocr fgs kgogkieicotgs `ísikgs pmrm fm cfm`grmkiûo dc fm ecrecfmdm.

0. JS JSOD ODME MECO COTG TG TCGP TCGPIK IKG G Fm pmfm`rm "ecrecfmdm" prgvicoc dcf pgrtuaués emrecfmdm quc siaoijikm "kgojiturm dc ece`riffg" (ece`riffg sc dikc emrecfg co pgrtuaués), y éstm m su vcz dcf fmtåo ecfiecfue (uo tipg dc emozmom) quc ticoc su griaco co cf aricag ecfiecfgo (ecfi5eicf y ecfûo5emozmom). Co =0;2, cf eurkimog I`o Pmzio mf-Tuyi`ico su fi`rg dc amstrgogeåm Pcficvcs dc fms ecsms, mkcrkm dc fms dcfikims dc fm kgeidm y fgs dijc dijcrc rcot otcs cs pfmt pfmtgs gs sc rc rcjijicr crc c m fm ec ecre recf cfmd mdm m kgeg kgeg m uo uoms ms g` g`fc fcms ms qu quc c sc dcseiam`mo co eicf g sirgpc pmrm cfm`grmr dufkcs. [c dcjioc m fm ecrecfmdm dc jrutms kgeg uo prgduktg dc kgosistcokim pmstgsm g acfmtiogsm, g`tcoidm pgr kgkkiûo y kgokcotrmkiûo dc jrutms smoms, mdckumdmecotc prcpmrmdms, kgo mdikiûo dc cdufkgrmotcs, kgo g sio mdikiûo dc maum. Fm jrutm pucdc pu cdc ir co cotc tcrm rm,, co tr trgz gzgs, gs, titirm rmss g pm pmrt rtåk åkuf ufms ms jijiom omss y dc dc`co `co cst cstmr mr disp dispcr crsms sms uoijgrececotc co tgdg cf prgduktg. Fm cfm`grmkiûo dc ecrecfmdms siauc sicodg uog dc fgs eétgdgs eís pgpufmrcs pmrm fm kgoscrvmkiûo dc fms jrutmsco acocrmf. Fm ecrecfmdm kmscrm ticoc uo sm`gr cxkcfcotc quc cs euy supcrigr mf dc fms prgkcdcotcs dc uom prgdukkiûo emsivm. KMPMKTCPÅ[TIKM[<  Muoquc fm prgpgrkiûo dc jrutm y mzükmr vmråm co juokiûo dcf tipg dc ecrecfmdm, dcf puotg dc emdurmkiûo dc fm jrutm y gtrgs jmktgrcs, cf puotg dc pmrtidm bm`itumf cs quc scm co prgpgrkiûo = m = co pcsg. Kumodg fm eczkfm mfkmozm fgs =>4 ¾K, cf íkidg y fm pcktiom dc fm jrutm rcmkkigomo kgo cf mzükmr bmkicodg quc mf cojrimrsc qucdc sûfidm fm eczkfm. ^mrm quc sc jgrec fm ecrecfmdm cs iepgrtmotc quc fm FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

 

JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

jrutm kgotcoam pcktiom. pcktiom. Mfauo Mfauoms ms jrutms quc ticoco pcktiom sgo< fms emozmoms, fgs kåtrikgs, y ouecrgsms jrutms dcf `gsquc, cxkcptumodg fms jrcsms y fms zmrzmegrms, pgr clcepfg. ^mrm cfm`grmr ecrecfmdm dc cstms jrutms fm iodustrim mýmdc pcktiom purm, pcrg cf eétgdg kmscrg kgosiståm co mýmdir gtrm jrutm kgo m`uodmotc pcktiom mf dgs pgr kicotg (emozmoms g luag dc fieûo, pgr clcepfg). ^mrm fms ecrecfmdms vcodidms covmsmdms, fm fcaisfmkiûo dc fm Soiûo Curgpcm cstm`fckc quc dc`crío kgot kgotco cocr cr uo eå eåoi oieg eg dc ;3 ;3% % dc jr jrut utm m (0 (03% 3% pmrm pmrm mfau mfauom omss jr jrut utms ms rg rglm lmss y cf ece`riffg). ^mrm fm kmfidmd "cxtrm", cstgs pgrkcotmlcs sc cfcvmo rcspcktivmecotc m 43% y ;3%. Fms ecrecfmdms dc kåtrikgs ticoco quc kgotcocr uo eåoieg dc 0>% dc jrutm dcf quc uo 13% dc`crí prgkcdcr dc fm picf. Fm fcaisfmkiûo cspmýgfm cstm`fckc quc fms ecrecfmdms dc`crío kgotcocr uo eåoieg dc ;>% dc jrutm, cfcvmodg cstgs pgrkcotmlcs m 3>% pmrm fm kmfidmd "cxtrm" ;. EM EMTC TCPI PIMF MFC[ C[ Y C] C]SI SI^G ^G[ [ m) EMT MTCP CPIIMF MFC[ C[ 

Lmrrms

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Kukbiffgs

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Kukbmrms dc ecdidm

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^mfctms

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Ecsm dc trm`mlg

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Jrmskgs dc vidrig g pfístikg

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Tm`fms dc pikmr

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Tioms dc pfístikg

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Kgkiom



Gffms

`) EMT EMTCPI CPIM M^ ^PIE PIEM M C IO[ IO[SEG SEG[ [ JPSTM[< Fg priecrg quc sc ticoc quc tcocr co kucotm cs fm jrutm quc sc vm m utifizmr y `uskmr fm eís jrcskm pgsi`fc. Ogremfecotc sc utifizm uom kge`iomkiûo dc jrutm emdurm kgo jrutm quc bm cepczmdg rckiéo su emdurmkiûo, ym quc si sc cskgac fm FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

 

JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

jrutm dcemsimdg emdurm fm ecrecfmdm og acfijikmrí `ico. Fms jrutms eís kgeuocs. Cfm`gr Cfm `grmki mkiûo ûo dc Ecre Ecrecfm cfmdms dms pmr pmrm m fm ecr ecrecf ecfmdm mdm sgo sgo hkmf /=>> a), pgr dc`mlg iokfusg dcf ecfûo (;3 hkmf) g fm smodåm (;0 hkmf). [u kgotcoidg co prgtcåoms, armsms y sgdig cs tme`iéo euy `mlg. Fgs outricotcs eís iepgrtmotcs dc fms jrcsms sgo fgs mzükmrcs, kgo uom kmotidmd egdcrmdm quc mpcoms ffcam mf 3% dc su pcsg, fm vitmeiom K, fgs jgfmtgs, cf pgtmsig y cf bicrrg. Cf kgfgr dc fm jrcsm cs dc`idg m uogs piaecotgs vcactmfcs kgogkidgs kgeg MOTGK=MOIOM[, sieifmrcs m fgs `igjfmvgogidcs. Fms motgkimoioms prcscotcs co kicrtms jrutms kgeg fm jrcsm, mktümo kgeg pgdcrgsgs motigxidmotcs. mdceís dc rcdukir fm såotcsis dc kgfcstcrgf co cf båamdg. Co uom iovcstiamkiûo ffcvmdm m km`g co fm Soivcrsidmd Tujts dc @gstgo (CC. SS.), sc kgeprg`û quc fms jrcsms sgo fm jrutm kgo emygr kmpmkidmd motigxidmotc,== scauidms pgr fms kirucfms, fms omrmolms y fm uvm. Cf cjcktg motigxidmotc dc fm jrutm sc vmfgrû pgr su kmpmkidmd pmrm ocutrmfizmr PMDIKMFC[ FI@PC[ gxidmotcs. Fm mkkiûo motigxidmotc dc fms jrcsms sc dc`c dc `c pri prioki okipm pmfe feco cotc tc m su kgotc kgotcoi oidg dg co vitm vitmei eiom om K, co `igj `igjfm fmvg vgog ogid idcs cs y co motgkimoioms. Fm kgepgsikiûo dc fms jrcsms, mså kgeg sus mkkigocs motigxidmotc y mfkmfi mfk mfioiz oizmot motc, c, fms bmkco bmkco csp cspcki ckimfe mfecot cotc c iod iodikm ikmdms dms co fgs siauic siauicotc otcss kms kmsgs< gs< •  Mrtcrigskfcrgsis< Fms jrcsms, mf pgsccr csm armo kmpmkidmd motigxidmotc, armkims m FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

 

JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

fm kumf ocutrmfizmo cf cjcktg dc fgs rmdikmfcs fi`rcs, kgostituyco uo ecdig cjikmz pmrm cvitmr fm mrtcrigskfcrgsis (dcpûsitg dc kgfcstcrgf co fms pmrcdcs dc fms mrtcrims, kgo pgstcrigr codurckieicotg y cstrckbmeicotg). M cffg kgotri`uyc mdceís su kmrcokim co armsm y co sgdig, fgs dgs priokipmfcs coceiags dc fm smfud mrtcrimf, mså kgeg su riquczm co pgtmsig, eiocrmf quc cvitm fm bipcrtcosiûo mrtcrimf. Cf kgosueg bm`itumf dc jrcsms durmotc fm priemvcrm y priecrgs ecscs dcf vcrmog kgotri`uyc m prcvcoir fm mrtcrigskfcrgsis y m cvitmr su prgarcsiûo. Og dc`co jmftmr co fm dictm dc fgs quc bmo sujridg uo iojmrtg dc eigkmrdig g pmdckco dc moaiom dc pckbg, mså kgeg kumodg bmy jmftm dc ricag co fms mrtcrims kcrc`rmfcs g co fms dc fgs eice`rgs iojcrigrcs.

FM ^M^MYM

FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

 

JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

^PG^ICDMDC[ ^PG^I CDMDC[ C IODIKMKIG IODIKMKIGOC[< OC[< Fm pmpm ym kgoti kgoticoc coc uo 22,2% dc maum, kmsi tmotm kgeg cf ecfûo (90%), pgr fg quc mfauogs fc ffmemo "ecfûo dcf trûpikg". [io ce`mrag, fm pmpmym y cf ecfûo pcrtcockco m distiotms jmeifims `gtíoikms, y sus kmrmktcråstikms sgo `ico dijcrcotcs. [u kgotcoidg co outricotcs cocraétikgs cs eís `ico rcdukidg, tmotg co bidrmtgs dc kmr`gog (2%), kgeg co prgtcåoms (>,:=%) g co armsms (>.=4%). Fm emygr pmrtc dc sus bidrmtgs dc kmr`gog cstí jgremdg pgr fgs mzükmrc mzü kmrcs< s< smk smkmrgs mrgsm. m. afu afukgsm kgsm y jru jruktg ktgsm. sm. Dcs Dcstmk tmkm, m, sio ce` ce`mra mrag, g, cf kgo kgotco tcoidg idg vitmeåoikg dc fm pmpmym< =>> a dc pufpm mpgrtmo cf =>;% dc fms ockcsidmdcs dimrims dc vitmeiom K, y cf =2% dc fms dc vitmeiom M (pmrm uo mduftg). Fmss vi Fm vitm tmei eiom omss dc dcff ar arupg upg @ cstí cstío o tm tme` e`ié iéo o pr prcsc cscot otcs, cs, mu muoqu oquc c co pc pcqu qucý cýms ms kmotidmdcs cxkcptg fgs jgfmtgs, dc fgs quc kgoticoc ;2 pa/=>> a tmotgs kgeg cf emoag (vcr pía. ;0:) g fm jcilgm (vcr pía. 030), fms jrutms jrcskms eís rikms co cstms sustmokims. Co kumotg m eiocrmfcs, fm pmpmym cs rikm co pgtmsig (031 oa/=>> a), y kgoticoc kmotidmdcs mprckim`fcs dc kmfkig, emaocsig, jûsjgrg y bicrrg. Fm pcktiom (ji`rm vcactmf dc tipg sgfu`fc) cstí prcscotc co fm prgpgrkiûo dc =,2%. Fm ^M^MÅOM cs uom coziem prgtcgfåtikm (quc dcsbmkc fms prgtcåoms), sieifmr m fm pcpsiom kgotcoidm co cf luag aístrikg. [c cokucotrm sg`rc tgdg co fms bglms dcf ír`gf y co cf luag `fmokg g fítcx quc emom dc fgs jrutgs vcrdcs, pcrg cs cskmsm co fm pmpmym emdurm. Fm pmpmym cs motc tgdg uom jrutm jíkif dc diacrir, y quc mdceís, kgotri`uyc m jmkifitmr cf pmsg dc gtrgs mfiecotgs pgr cf kgoduktg diacstivg. Cstms sgo sus priokipmfcs iodikmkigocs tcrmpéutikms< • Mjckkigocs dcf cstûemag< [c rckgeicodm co kmsg dc diacstiûo pcsmdm, ptgsis aístrikm (cstûemag kmådg), amstritis, y siceprc quc cxistm pcrczm diacstivm dc`idg m iojfmemkiûo dc fm eukgsm aístrikm. Fm pmpmym kgotri`uyc m ocutrmfizmr cf cxkcsg dc mkidcz aístrikm, y su kgosueg rcsuftm `cocjikigsg co kmsg dc üfkcrm amstrgdugdcomf, bcroim dc bimtg y pirgsis (mkidcz dc cstûemag). • Dispcpsim `ifimr y pmokrcmtitis krûoikm< Pcsuftm euy mkgosclm`fc pgr tgoijikmr  tgdgs fgs prgkcsgs diacstivgs y scr euy `mlm co armsms.

FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

 

JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

• Mjckkigocs iotcstiomfcs< [u mkkiûo sumvizmotc sg`rc fms eukgsms diacstivms y motiséptikm, fm bmkc ütif co kmsg dc amstrgcotcritis y dc kgfitis dc kumfquicr tipg< iojckkigsm, ufkcrgsm, cspístikm (kgfgo irritm`fc). Iovcstiamkigocs ffcvmdms m km`g co Lmpûo,4 eucstrmo quc fm pmpmym, cspckimfecotc kumodg og cstí kgepfctmecotc emdu em durm, rm, cl clcrk crkc c uo uom m mkki mkkiûo ûo `m `mkt ktcri crigs gstí títitikm km (q (quc uc ie iepi pidc dc su dcs dcsmrr mrrgf gffg fg)) sg`rc sg`rc eukbgs aérecocs cotcrgpmtûacogs, kmusmotcs dc iojckkigocs iotcstiomfcs. Cs, pucs, uo mfiecotg euy rckgecodm`fc co fgs kmsgs dc dimrrcm iojckkigsm. • ^mrísitgs iotcstiomfcs< Cf fítcx dc fm pmpmym,3 y co ecogr prgpgrkiûo su pufpm, clcrkco uom mkkiûo motibcfeåotikm y vcreåjuam kgotrm fgs pmrísitgs iotcstiomfcs, cspckimfecotc fms tcoims. • Mjckkigocs dc fm picf< ^gr su riquczm co prgvitmeiom M, fm pmpmym jgrem pmrtc dc fm dict dictm m rc rckg kgec ecod odmd mdm m pm pmrm rm fms fms co cojc jcre recd cdmd mdcs cs dc fm picf picf kgeg kgeg ckkc ckkcem ems, s, juruokufgsis y mkoé.  

FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

 

JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

 M\ÜKMP< Cf mzükmr cs uo ioarcdi ioarcdicotc cotc cscokimf. Dcsce Dcscepcým pcým uo pmpcf vitmf co fm acfijikmk acfijikmkiûo iûo dc fm ecrecfmdm mf kge`iomrsc kgo fm pcktiom. Cs iepgrtmotc scýmfmr quc fm kgokcotrmkiûo dc mzükmr co fm ecrecfmdm dc`c iepcdir tmotg fm jcrecotmkiûo kgeg fm kristmfizmkiûo. Pcsuftmo `mstmotc cstrckbgs fgs fåeitcs cotrc fm prg`m`ifidmd dc quc jcrecotc uom ecrecfmdm pgrquc kgoticoc pgkm kmotidmd dc mzükmr y mqucffgs co quc pucdc kristmfizmr pgrquc kgoticoc dcemsimdm mzükmr.  MKIDG KÅTPIKG< [i tgdms fms jrutms tuvicsco idéotikg kgotcoidg dc pcktiom y íkidg kåtrikg, fm prcpmrmkiûo dc ecrecfmdms scråm uom tmrcm siepfc, kgo pgkg ricsag dc iokurrir co jmffms, sio ce`mrag, cf kgotcoidg dc íkidg y dc pcktiom vmråm cotrc fms distiotms kfmscs dc jrutms. Cf íkidg kåtrikg cs iepgrtmotc og sgfmecotc pmrm fm acfijikmkiûo dc fm ecrecfmdm siog tme`iéo pmrm kgojcrir `riffg mf kgfgr dc fm ecrecfmdm, eclgrm cf sm`gr, myudm m cvitmr fm kristmfizmkiûo dcf mzükmr y prgfgoam su ticepg dc vidm ütif. Cf íkidg kåtrikg sc mýmdirí motcs dc kgkcr fm jrutm ym quc myudm m cxtrmcr fm pcktiom dc fm jrutm. ^CKTIOM< Fm jr jrut utm m kgo kgotitico coc c co fm fmss ec ece` e`rm rmom omss dc su suss ké kéfu fufm fmss uom uom sustm sustmoki okim m om omtu turm rmff acfijikmotc ffmemdm pcktiom, fm kmotidmd dcpcodc dc fm emdurmkiûo dc fm jrutm. Fm priecrm jmsc dc fm prcpmrmkiûo kgosistc co rc`fmodckcr fm jrutm pmrm pgdcr cxtrmcr  fm pcktiom. Fm jrutm vcrdc kgoticoc fm eíxiem kmotidmd dc pcktiom y fm jrutm emdurm ecogs. [i sc ockcsitmo sustitutgs pmrm fm pcktiom sc utifizm fm kmrrmacoiom y cf mfeidûo egdijikmdg. Fm priokipmf juokiûo quc sc fc dm m cstc prgduktg co cf ecrkmdg cs su kmpmkidmd pmrm jgremr acfcs. KGO[CPZMOTC<

FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

 

JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

Fgs kgoscrvmotcs kgoscrvmotcs sgo sustm sustmokims okims quc sc mýmdco m fgs mfieco mfiecotgs tgs pmrm prcvcoir su dctc dc tcri rigr grg, g, cv cvit itmo modg dg dc cs csttm em emoc ocrm rm cf dc dcsm smrr rrgf gfffg dc eikrg ikrggr gram amoi oise segs gs,, priokipmfecotc bgoags y fcvmdurms. Fgs kgoscrvmotcs quåeikgs eís usmdgs sgo cf sgr`mtg dc pgtmsig y cf `cozgmtg dc sgdig. 4. ^P ^PGK GKCD CDIE IEIC ICOT OTG G

3. KMFKSFG[ m. KG KGOT OTPG PGF FD DC C KM KMFI FIDM DMD D ÅODIKC DC PCJPMKKIÛO 

JPSTIFFM

Dmtgs<

T 5=9 ¾ K o(t ) 59 ¾@rix ,

FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

 

JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

o( t )5o( t ) + ( t , ∐t )∑ J  ,

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o( t )5 9 + ( 0>∐=9 )∑>,=; ,

o( t )52,21 ¾@rix ,

^M^MYM

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T 5=9 ¾ K o(t ) 52 ¾@rix

Dmtgs<

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o( t )5o( t ) + ( t , ∐t )∑ J  ,

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o( t )5 2 + ( 0>∐=9 )∑>,=; ,

o( t )51,21 ¾@rix ,

 MKIDÉ\ TGTMF 

JPSTIFFM

Dmtgs<

Z  OmGB 51,0 ef

 Mkidéz co Ík . eífikg5Z  OmGB ∑>,:1  Mkidéz co Ík . eífikg51,0∑>,:1 a  Mkidéz co Ík . eífikg5 4,30 (  ) f 

^M^MYM

Dmtgs<

Z  OmGB 5=3 ef

 Mkidéz co k . eífikg5Z  OmGB ∑>,:1  Mkidéz co k . eífikg5=3∑>,:1 a  Mkidéz co Ík . eífikg5=>,>3 (  ) f

IODIKC DC TBIMSFT 

^M^MYM

FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

 

JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

Kgo fm ckumkiûo<

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

 Mzükmrcz5 =>∑ IP ∐=3   Mzükmrcz5 =>∑2,21 ∐=3  a  Mzükmrcz5 1;,1 (  ) f  IT 5=>∑ Mkidcz+ Mzükmrcz  IT 5=>∑4,20 + 1;,1  IT 5=00

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JPSTIFFM

Kgo fm ckumkiûo<

 Mzükmrcz5 =>∑ IP ∐=3   Mzükmrcz5 =>∑1,21 ∐=3   Mzükmrcz5 :;,1 ( a ) f  IT 5=>∑ Mkidcz+ Mzükmrcz  IT 5=>∑=>,>3 + :;,1  IT 5=:4,0

`. CFM CFM@GP @GPMKI MKIGO GO DC ECPECF ECPECFMDM MDM 

ECPECFMDM DC JPSTIFFM

^rgpgrkiûo

3>

0 a dc pcktiom -------- ? =>>> a dc eczkfm

;3> a dc jrutiffm

x --------------------------------? 1>> a dc eczkfm

;3> a dc mzükmr

 x 5=,4 adc pcktiom

1>> a dc eczkfm =,4 a dc pcktiom

>,>3 a kgoscrvmotc ---? =>>> a dc eczkfm

>,>;3 a dc `cozgmtg dc sgdig >,>;3 a dc sgr`mtg dc pgtmsig

FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

x -----------------? 1>> a dc eczkfm  x 5>,>;3 adckgoscrvmotc

 

JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M   

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

ECPECFMDM DC ^M^MYM JGPTIJIKMDM KGO FCKBC

^rgpgrkiûo

3>

0 a dc pcktiom -------- ? =>>> a dc eczkfm

13> a dc pmpmym

x --------------------------------? =2>> a dc eczkfm

13> a dc mzükmr

 x 5; , : a dc pckt pcktiom iom

;>> a dc fckbc =2>> a eczkfm ;, : a dc pcktiom

>,>3 a kgoscrvmotc ---? =>>> a dc eczkfm

>,>9 a dc `cozgmtg dc sgdig

x -----------------? =2>> a dc eczkfm

>,>9 a dc sgr`mtg dc pgtmsig



 x 5>,>9 adckgoscrvmotc

ECPECFMDM DC ^M^MYM DICTÉTIKM

13> a dc pmpmym 0> a dc acfmtiom ocutrm 4 a dc cdufkgrmotc k. KM KMFKS FKSFG FG DC P PCO CODI DIEI EICO COTG TG[ [ 

ECPECFMDM DC JPSTIFFM >.>;3 a @cozgmtg dc sgdig >,>;3 a [gr`mtg dc pgtmsig

=,4 a pckom

;3> a jruffm

Kgkkiûo y eczkfmdg

;3> a dc mzükmr

%Pcodieicotg 5

  3=> 1>=,41

∑=>>510,1%

FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

3=> a dc ecrecfmdm dc jrutiffm

 

JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

IOACOICPIM ]SÅEIKM

ECPECFMDM DC ^M^MYM

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>.>9 a @cozgmtg dc sgdig >,>9 a [gr`mtg dc pgtmsig

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13> a pmpmym 13> a dc mzükmr ;>>

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Kgkkiûo y eczkfmdg

dc fckbc

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=0>> a dc ecrecfmdm dc pmpmym jgrtijikmdm

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ECPECFMDM DC ^M^MYM DICTÉTIKM 4 a dc cdufkgrmotc 13> a pmpmym

Kgkkiûo y eczkfmdg

0> a acfmom ocutrm

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:9> a dc ecrecfmdm dc pmpmym dictétikm

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:. MO MOMF MFI[ I[I[ I[ DC P PC[ C[SF SFTM TMDG DG[ [ Cf prgduktg g`tcoidg cs uom ecrecfmdm dc jrutiffm g`tcoicodg uo sm`gr üoikg dgodc og sc dijcrcokim cf mzükmr kgo uom mpmricokim `riffmotc, kgfgr rglg iotcosg, sm`gr fiacrmecotc fiacrmecotc íkidg y tcxtur tcxturm m viskgsm. Cf pgrkcot pgrkcotmlc mlc dc sgfid sgfidgs gs sgfu`fcs dc fm ecrecfmdm cfm`grmdm durmotc fm príktikm, juc dc :4 ¾@rix mså, cf prgduktg rcsuftg dc kgosis kgosistco tcokim kim kmrmkt kmrmktcrå cråsti stikm km dc fm ecr ecrecf ecfmdm, mdm, sio dcj dcjckt cktgs gs y mptm mptm pmr pmrm m su kgecrkimfizmkiûo y kgosueg buemog. Fg eiseg gkurriû kgo fm ecrecfmdm jgrtijikmdm dc pmpmym kgo fckbc, g`tcoicodg uo prgduktg `riffgsg, dc kgfgr y mrgem marmdm`fc dc sm`gr maridufkc, kgo :3¾@rix.

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Co cf kmsg dc fm ecrecfmdm dictétikm, dc iaumf emocrm sc g`tuvg uo prgduktg `riffgsg y kgo kgosistcokim kmrmktcråstikm dc uom ecrecfmdm kgfgr omrmolm iotcosg, sm`gr fiacrmecotc íkidg y tcxturm viskgsm. Co fgs trcs kmsgs sc g`tuvicrgo rcodieicotgs rcfmtivmecotc mftgs, pcrg co fm ecrecfmdm co fm quc emygr rcodieicotg sc g`tuvg cs co fm ecrecfmdm dictétikm kgo uo 2:,9% cstg pudg scr dc`idg mf ecogr ticepg dc kgkkiûo pgr fm üoikm mdikiûo dc cdufkgrmotc, m dijcrcokim dc fms 4 mdikigocs dc mzükmr co fms gtrms ecrecfmdms kgo iotcrvmfgs dc => eio cotrc mdikiûo y mdikiûo dc mzükmr, quc prgfgoamrgo cf ticepg dc kgkkiûo dc fm ecrecfmdm. 1. KG KGOK OKFS FS[I [IGO GOC[ C[ Kgogkiegs cf prgkcsg dc cfm`grmkiûo ecrecfmdms y sus pmríectrgs dc kgotrgf fg pusiegs co príktikm.  Mprcodiegs kumfcs sgo fms juokigocs dc kmdm iosueg, pmrm quc sirvc sirvco, o, kûeg y co qué kgodikigocs mdikigomr kmdm uog dc cffgs, pudiegs g`scrvmr cf juokigomeicotg dc fm pmifm. [caüo fgs rcsuftmdgs pudiegs vcr quc g`tuviegs uom `ucom ecrecfmdm kgo sus kmrmktcråstikms acocrmfcs. [c fgarû kgogkcr cf juokigomeicotg kicotåjikg y tckogfûaikg dc fm jm`rikmkiûo dc ecrecfmdms. Mbgrm fm bcrrmeicotm dcf kgogkieicotg sg`rc cstc tipg dc kgoscrvms, ogs `riodm fm gpgrtuoidmd dc cfm`grmr `mlg fms ogrems dc kmfidmd c biaicoc, tcoicodg co kucotm fgs ticepgs dc kgkkiûo, fgs ¾@rix, ctk. 2. PC PCKG KGEC ECOD ODMK MKIG IGOC OC[ [ Og dclmr dc egvcr fm gffm, pucs sc kgrrc cf ricsag dc qucemrsc y quc sc pcauc co fm gffm. Stifizmr jrutm kgo åodikc dc emdurmkiûo g uom eczkfm dc jrutm emdurm y og emdurm8 cvitmr fm jrutm dcemsimdg emdurm.

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Eczkfmr `ico fm pcktiom kgo cf mzükmr, pmrm cvitmr fm acfijikmkiûo co jgrem dc `gfitms dc fm pckt pcktio iom m co fm ecre ecrecf cfmd mdm, m, fg quc quc pr prgd gduk ukir iråm åm dc dcjc jckt ktgs gs co cf pr prgd gduk uktg tg tcreiomdg.   ^ck ^cktio tiom, m, íkidg íkidg y mzükmr mzükmr sgo ioarcd ioarcdicot icotcs cs vitmfc vitmfcss pmrm pmrm uom ecr ecrecf ecfmdm mdm `ico acfijikmdm, y dc`co cstmr cquifi`rmdgs co fms prgpgrkigocs mdckumdms, scaüo cf tipg dc jrutg. Fm c`uffikiûo euy prgfgoamdm kgo mzükmr prgdukc fm kmrmecfizmråmo y gskurckc cf kgfgr, mftcrm cf sm`gr y pucdc dmr fuamr m uom ecrecfmdm pcamlgsm. Som kgkkiûo cskmsm pucdc dctcreiomr quc fm ecrecfmdm mpmrczkm euy sucftm g kgeg uo lmrm`c. Cstg pucdc scr kgosckucokim tme`iéo dc fm jmftm dc pcktiom g dc íkidg, g dc fm iokgrpgrmkiûo dc uom kmotidmd cxkcsivm dc mzükmr. Cojrimr rípidmecotc fm ecrecfmdm uom vcz covmsmdm pmrm cvitmr fm kristmfizmkiûo dcf mzükmr, prgdukicodg aruegs co cf prgduktg jiomf.  Mfemkcomr fm ecrecfmdm co uo fuamr jrcskg, gskurg, sckg y vcotifmdg. 9. KS KSC[ C[TI TIGO GOMP MPIG IG 9.=. Cfm`grc pmrm fm ecrecfmdm< m) Cf dimarmem dc jfulg dcf prgkcsg y su rcspcktivg `mfmokc dc emtcrim

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>.>;3 a @cozgmtg dc sgdig >,>;3 a [gr`mtg dc pgtmsig

=,4 a pckom

;3> a jruffm ;3> a dc mzükmr

Kgkkiûo y eczkfmdg

`) Cf kurs kursg ga arme rmem m sioû sioûpti ptikg kg

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3=> a dc ecrecfmdm dc jrutiffm

 

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k) Cf kkurs ursg g ar arme mem m mo momf mfåt åtik ikg g

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9.0. Iovcstiauc y cxpfiquc< m) Tgdg sg`rc fm pcktiom Fm pck pcktitiom om cs cf pr prio ioki kipmf pmf kg kgep epgo goco cotc tc cofm cofmzm zmot otc c dc fm pm pmrcd rcd kc kcfu fufm fmrr dc fg fgss vcactmfcs y jrutms, cstío prcscotc co emygr g ecogr armdg co tgdms fms jrutms, co mfauoms rmåkcs kgeg fm rcegfmkbm y zmombgrim, y co tu`érkufgs kgeg fms pmtmtms. Cstm Cs tm sus sustm tmok okim im titico coc c cj cjckt cktg g kge kgeco cotm tmdgr dgr g kg kgol oluo uotitivg vg io iotc tcrkc rkcfu fufm fmr, r, dc mb mbåå su priokipmf prgpicdmd dc prgdukir kgo maum acfcs cfístikgs, mdceís fm pcktiom cs bidrgjifim dc`idg m su armo oüecrg dc arupgs bidrgxifg pgfmrcs y arupgs kmr`gxifg kmramdgs co fm egfékufm C[TPSKTSPM Cs uo pgfismkíridg kgepucstg dc uom kmdcom fiocmr dc egfékufms dc íkidg Damfmkturûoikg, fms quc uoidms kgostituyco cf íkidg pgfiamfmkturûoikg. Fm kmdcom

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prio prioki kipm pmff qu quc c kgoj kgojgr grem em fm pc pckt ktio iom m pu pucd cdc c kgot kgotco cocr cr rc rcai aigo gocs cs kgo kgo eu eukb kbms ms rmeijikmkigocs g kmdcoms fmtcrmfcs, dcogeiomdms ‖rcaigocs dcosms―, y rcaigocs kgo pgkms kmdcoms fmtcrmfcs ffmemdms ‖rcaigocs fisms―.   Fms uoidmd uoidmdcs cs dc íkidg íkidg amfmkt amfmkturgo urgoikg ikg quc puc pucdco dco cokgot cokgotrmrs rmrsc c kgo cf aru arupg pg kmr`gxifg kmr`gxi fg fi`rc g kgo cf kmr`gxi kmr`gxifg fg cstcrijikm cstcrijikmdg dg pgr ectmogf. [caüo kuíotgs arupgs kmr`gxåfikgs cstío cstcrijikmdgs co fm kmdcom g pgfåecrg, Hcrtcsz fgs kfmsijikû díodg dí odgfc fc di dijc jcrc rcot otcs cs og oge` e`rcs rcs%, ticoco fm emygråm dc arupgs kmr`gxifgs fi`rcs y myudmo co fm acfijikmkiûo kgo fm sgfm prcscokim dc igocs kmfkig sio prcscokim dc mzükmr g mkidg ^CKTIOM[ DC MFTG ECTGRIFG< pgscco arupgs kmr`gxifgs cstcrijikmdgs co ems dcf 3>%, ticoco uom cfcvmdm cfcvmdm prgpgrk prgpgrkiûo iûo dc arupgs kmr`gxif kmr`gxifgs gs cstcrijik cstcrijikmdgs, mdgs, pgr fg tmotg og cstío dispgoi`fcs pmrm jgremr acfcs kgo igocs divmfcotc, sio ce`mrag pucdc acfijikmr kgo fm mdikiûo dc mzükmr y mkidg. G@TCOKIGO

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Cf eétgdg ems utifizmdg pmrm su g`tcokiûo cs fm bidrgfisis mkidm, fm kumf kgosistc co sgectcr m fms kmskmrms m uom kgkkiûo co ecdig mkidg, fucag sc prgkcdcs m jiftrmr y purijikmr kgo fg kumf sc fgarm scpmrmr fm pcktiom dcf rcstg dc kgepucstgs dc fms fms km kmsk skmr mrms ms,, pmrm pmrm sc sckm kmrrfm y egfcr gfcrfm fm bmst bmstm m g` g`tc tcoc ocrr uo pgfvg gfvg cf kum umff cs kgecrkimfizmdg. Fm pcktiom cs euy sukcpti`fc m fm dcarmdmkiûo ym scm pgr fms coziems dc fm kmskmrm buecdm g pgr cf kmfgr durmotc cf sckmdg y dikbm pcrdidm dc kmfidmd dc`c scr kgotrgfmdms kumotg scm pgsi`fc. EMTCPIM[ ^PIEM[< ^mrm fm g`tc g` tcok okiû iûo o dc pck pcktitiom omss sc su sucfc cfco o cepf cepfcmr cmr jr jrut utgs gs kå kåtr trik ikgs gs dc km kmfifidm dmd d ec ecogs ogs mdckumdm pmrm kgosueg dircktg g fgs cxkcdcotcs dc prgdukkiûo kgeg sgo cf kmsg dc fms kmskmrms dc fgs kåtrikgs y fgs rcsidugs dc fm cxtrmkkiûo dcf luag dc fms jrutms. CRTPMKKIGO< [c usm maum mkidufmdms co kgodikigocs tåpikms dc pB< = m ;, tcepcrmturm 3> m 9>¾K, pgr uo pcrigdg dc ; m =0 bgrms8 cstc prgkcsg kmusm uom rcdukkiûo co cf armdg dc pgfiecrizmkiûo, mså kgeg co cf armdg dc cstcrijikmkiûo dcf arupg ectgxifg. ^PG^ICDMDC[ DC FM[ ^CKTIOM[ Fms pcktioms sgo bidrgkgfgidcs quc co sgfukiûo mkugsm prcscotmo prgpicdmdcs cspcsmotcs, cstm`ifizmotcs y sg`rc tgdg acfijikmotcs. [go iosgfu`fcs co mfkgbgfcs y disgfv dis gfvcot cotcs cs graíoi graíoikgs kgs kgrr kgrrico icotcs tcs y pmr pmrkim kimfec fecotc otc sgf sgfu`f u`fcs cs co lmr lmrm`cs m`cs rik rikgs gs co mzükmrcs. [GFS@IFIDMD< M tcepcrmturm me`icotc y m su prgpig pB, (0,2-;,0) fms pcktioms sgo tmotg eís sgfu`fcs co maum kumotg emygr cs su armdg dc cstcrijikmkiûo. Fms disgfukigocs quc sc g`ticoco prcscotmo uo kmríktcr moiûoikg (kmram ocamtivm) quc pucdc pucd c kge kgepgrt pgrtmr mr iok iokgep gepmti mti`if `ifidm idmdcs dcs co fm jgr jgreuf eufmki mkiûo ûo dc mfa mfauog uogss prg prgdukt duktgs gs mfiecotikigs. ZI[KGKIDMD< co sgfukigocs dcpcodc dc fm kgokcotrmkiûo, tcepcrmturm, pcsg egfckufmr y cf armdg dc cstcrijikmkiûo dc fm pcktiom, fm prcscokim dc cfcktrgfitgs y fm durczm dcf maum (`mlg ectgxifg) `) Cf kkgok gokcpt cptg g dc a armdg rmdg dc pc pckti ktiom om

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Fms pcktioms cstío kfmsijikmdms kgeg dc mftg ectûxifg (BE) y `mlg ectûxifg (FE) pcktioms, dcpcodicodg dcf armdg dc cstcrijikmkiûo. Fm scpmrmkiûo cotrc BE y FE csmr`itrmrim dcf 4> mf 3>% dc DC. m. ^cktioms dc Mftg Ectûxifg.-  ^gscc uo armdg ectgxif dc mf ecogs 1>%, jgremo

acfcsmf mdikigomrf acfcsmf mdikigomrfcs cs íkidgs y mzukmrcs cotrc uo pB dc ;.> m ;.4 y m tcepcrmtur tcepcrmturms ms rcfmtivmecotc cfcvmdms. Fm kmotidmd dc íkidg cs prgpgrkigomf mf pgrkcotmlc dc kmr`gxifgs. `. ^cktioms dc @mlg Ectûxifg.-  Mqucffms quc pgscco uo armdg ectgxif dc mf ecogs

dc3>%. Og jgremo acfcs co prcscokim dc mzükmr y íkidg pcrg si kgo igocs dc kmfkig y gtrgs kmtigocs pgfivmfcotc, fm jucrzm dc fgs acfcs fiamdgs dc cstcrijikmkiûo. k) quc jrutms sgo pg`rcs co pcktiom emdurms, egrms, kcrczms, Jrutms Jrutm s kgo kmotidmd dc pcktiom pcktiom ecdim< Emozmoms euy emdurms, pgecfg, uvms, biags, pcrms, piým y omrmolms euy dufkcs. Ecfgkg gkgtgo tgocs, cs, mf` mf`mri mrikgq kgqucs, ucs, ock ocktmr tmrioms ioms,, jrc jrcsms sms y Jr Jrut utms ms kgo cskms cskmsm m pckt pcktio iom m< Ecf jrme`ucsms, sc dc`c dc mýmdir pcktiom siceprc si qucrcegs uom ecrecfmdm cspcsm. 9.;. Ecokigom fms kmusms dc fgs siauicotcs dcjcktgs< m) Ecrecfmdm pgkg jirec - Kgkkiûo prgfgoamdm quc griaiom bidrûfisis dc fm pcktiom. - Mkidcz dcemsimdg cfcvmdm quc rgepc cf sistcem dc rcdcs g cstrukturm co jgremkiûo. - Mkidcz dcemsimdg `mlm quc pcrludikm m fm kmpmkidmd dcacfijikmkiûo. - Cfcvmdm kmotidmd dc smfcs eiocrmfcs g tmepgocs prcscotcs co fm jrutm, quc rctrmsmo g iepidco fm kgepfctm acfijikmkiûo. - Kmrcokim dc pcktiom co fm jrutm. - Cfcvmdm kmotidmd dc mzükmr co rcfmkiûo m fm kmotidmd dc pcktiom.

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- So cxkcsivg cojrimeicotg quc griaiom fm rupturm dcf acf durmotc cf covmsmdg. `) [ioércsis - Mkidcz dcemsimdg cfcvmdm. - Dcjikicokim co pcktiom. - Cxkcsg dc mzükmr iovcrtidg. - Kgokcotrmkiûo dcjikicotc, cxkcsg dc maum (dcemsimdg `mlg co sûfidgs) k) Kme`ig dc kgfgr  - Kgkkiûo prgfgoamdm, dm fuamr m fm kmrmecfizmkiûo dcf mzükmr. - Dcjikicotc cojrimeicotg dcspués dcf covmsmdg. - Kgotmeiomkiûo Kgotmeiomkiûo kgo ectmfcs< cf cstmýg y cf bicrrg y sus smfcs pucdco griaiomr uo kgfgr gskurg. Fgs jgsjmtgs dc emaocsig y pgtmsig, fgs gxmfmtgs y gtrms smfcs dc cstgs ectmfcs prgdukco cotur`imeicotg. d) Kristmfizmkiûo - Cfcvmdm kmotidmd dc mzükmr. - Mkidcz dcemsimdg cfcvmdm quc gkmsigom fm mftm iovcrsiûo dc fgs mzükmrcs, dmodg fuamr m fm armoufmkiûo dc fm ecrecfmdm. - Mkidcz dcemsimdg `mlm quc griaiom fm kristmfizmkiûo dc fm smkmrgsm. - Cxkcsg dc kgkkiûo quc dm uom iovcrsiûo cxkcsivm. - Fm pcremocokim dc fm ecrecfmdm co fms pmifms dc kgkkiûo u gffms, dcspués dcf bm`crsc bcrvidg tme`iéo dm m fuamr m uom iovcrsiûo cxkcsivm. c) Dcsmrrgffg dc bgoags - Buecdmd cxkcsivm co cf mfemkcomeicotg. - Kgotmeiomkiûo motcrigr mf kicrrc dc fgs covmscs. - Covmscs pgkg bcreétikgs. FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

 

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- @mlg kgotcoidg dc sûfidgs sgfu`fcs dcf prgduktg, dc`mlg dcf :;%. - Kgot Kgotme meio iomk mkiûo iûo dc dc`id `idg g m fm em emfm fm cs cstc tcri rififizmk zmkiû iûo o dc co covm vmsc scss y dc fm fmss tmpms tmpms utifizmdms. - [ioércsis dc fm ecrecfmdm. - Ffcomdg dc fgs covmscs m tcepcrmturm dcemsimdg `mlm, ecogr m 23¾K. - Ffcomdg dc fgs covmscs m tcepcrmturm dcemsimdg mftm, emygr m 9>¾K. 9.4 Co vcz dc utifizmr íkidg kåtrikg, sc pgdrí utifizmr íkidg tmrtírikg y jgsjûrikg, pgrquc cxpfiquc< Cf Íkidg Kåtrikg cs uo mditivg dc mepfig cspcktrg, prcscotc co fm omturmfczm co fgs kåtrikgs, prcpmrmdg pgr jcrecotmkiûo dc ecfmzms. [c utifizm eukbg kgeg íkidg co cf qu qucs csg, g, fgs fgs pr prgd gduk uktg tgss dc kmkm kmkmg g y kbgk kbgkgf gfmt mtc, c, zueg zuegss dc jr jrut utms ms,, vcrd vcrdur urms ms kgoacfmdms, kgoacf mdms, ecrecfmdms ecrecfmdms,, `c`idm `c`idmss rcjrcsk rcjrcskmotcs, motcs, vcrdurms cofmtmdms y viog8 kgeg kgoscrvmotc co fgs viogs8 kgeg sckucstrmotc y sioéraikg dc fgs motigxidmotcs co pcskm pc skmdg dgss y di divc vcrs rsgs gs pr prgdu gdukt ktgs gs kí kíro roik ikgs, gs, pm pmtm tmtm tmss kbi kbips, ps, jr jrut utms ms y vc vcrd rdurm urmss cofmtmdms, y mkcitcs vcactmfcs8 y kgeg mrgemtizmotc co smfsms íkidms, qucsg, rcpgstcråm, `c`idms rcjrcskmotcs, viog y ygaur. Cf íkidg tmrtírikg sc kgepgrtm kgeg íkidg, motigxidmotc, mrgemtizmotc, macotc acfijikmotc co fms pcktioms, sckucstrmotc y sioéraikg dc fgs motigxidmotcs prcscotcs co fm fmss uv uvms. ms. Ti Tico coc c sm`g sm`grr marig marig kge kgepmt pmti` i`fc fc kg kgo o fg fgss mrg mrgem emtitizm zmot otcs cs dc jr jrut utms, ms, cspckimfecotc fms uvms. [c utifizm co cf viog pmrm prgpgrkigomr uo ecdig íkidg pmrm fm jcrecotmkiûo pmrm eclgrmr cf mrgem dc fgs viogs pgkg íkidgs, mså kgeg sus prgpicdmdcs dc kgoscrvmotcs. Tme`iéo sc utifizm co fgs dcrivmdgs dcf kmkmg y kbgkgfmtc, ecrecfmdms, lmfcms, kgepgtms, `c`idms rcjrcskmotcs, jrutms, vcrdurms y sgpms cofmtmdms Cf íkidg jgsjûrikg cs uo íkidg mrgemtizmotc y sm`grizmotc, sckucstrmotc y sioéraikg dc fgs motigxidmotcs. [c cepfcm kgeg rcaufmdgr dc fm mkidcz y sm`grizmotc co cf kbgkgf kbg kgfmtc mtc,, quc qucsgs sgs prgk prgkcsm csmdgs, dgs, `c` `c`idms idms rcj rcjrcsk rcskmot motcs, cs, csp cspckim ckimfec fecotc otc kgf kgfms, ms, FM@GPMTGPIG DC IOACOICPIM DC MFIECOTG[

 

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emriskgs cofmtmdgs y kgeg sckucstrmotc y siocraistm dc fgs motigxidmotcs co prgduktgs kíroikgs, armsms moiemfcs y mkcitcs vcactmfcs. 9.1. Kmfkufc Kmfkufc cf kgstg dc fm prgdukk prgdukkiûo iûo dcf prgduktg quc cfm`grû cfm`grû,, y mvcriaumr mvcriaumr cf prckig dc vcotm dc prgduktgs sieifmrcs co cf ecrkmdg (sieifmrcs sc coticodc dc fm eisem jrutm, cf eiseg kgotcoidg y fm eisem kmotidmd). Cf kgstg dc vcotm dctcreiomdg dcf prgduktg kgo uo covmsc quc kgoticoc 4>> a dc ecrecfmdm dc jrutiffm co cstc kmsg ogs diû uo kgstg dc prgdukkiûo mprgxiemodg dc @s 2,3> y cf kgstg dcf prgduktg sieifmr co cf ecrkmdg cs dc @s =0 m =3 dcpcodicodg dcf covmsc y fm ceprcsm quc fg cfm`grm. 9.2. Co quc prgduktgs c pucdc utifizmr utifizmr pufpms dc jrutm. Fm pufpm dc jrutm ticoc uo prgkcdieicotg dc prgdukkiûo sieifmr m fm dc fm jrutm pmrm fm ecrecfmdm, y cstm cs utifizmdm pmrm divcrsgs prgduktgs priokipmfecotc pgstrcs y ygaurt jrutmdg. 9.9. Cxpfiquc co cf prgkcsg dc cfm`grmkiûo dc ecrecfmdm fms pruc`ms dc< m) ^uotg dc bifg. Cstm pruc`m kgosist kgosistc c co trmtmr trmtmr dc lmfmr uo bifg dc ecrecfmdm kgo uom kukbmrm g fm pmfctm kgo fm quc sc rcmfizm fm maitmkiûo, dc jgremrsc iodikm quc fm ecrecfmdm cstm fistm. `) Fm agtm< kgosistc co dclmr kmcr uom agtm dc ecrecfmdm co uo vmsg trmospmrcotc trmosp mrcotc kgo maum, y cstm dc`c ffcamr mf jgodg dcf vmsg sio dcsiotcarmrsc, dcsiotcarmrsc, sicodg cstc uo `uco iodikmdgr. k) Kukbiffg jrig< [c tgem uom eucstrm dc ecrecfmdm co uo pfmtiffg y sc fg ffcvm m cojrimr, cojrimr, pmrm pgstcrigre pgstcrigrecotc cotc rcmfizmr fms pruc`ms dc `riff `riffmotcs motcs y buotm buotm`ifid `ifidmd md dcf prgduktg tcreiomdg. 9.=>. Cxpfiquc< m) Iepgrtmokim dc cojrimr fm ecrecfmdm co jgrem rípidm uom vcz covmsmdm.

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JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

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Fm ecrecfmdm sc dc`c cojrimr rípidmecotc pmrm cvitmr fm kristmfizmkiûo dcf mzükmr  co cf prgd prgduk uktg tg tcre tcreio iomd mdg, g, y qu quc c cstc cstc og tcoa tcoam m uo uom m tcxt tcxtur urm m iodc iodcsc scmd mdm m c iomarmdm`fc. `) Cfm`grc cf FMY GST dc uom pfmotm dc ecrecfmdm

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JMKSFTMD DC IOACOICPIM ‛ SE[M  

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=>. @I@FIGAPMJIM - Kcotrg dc Iovcstiamkiûo, Cdukmkiûo y Dcsmrrgffg. (0>>=). Cfm`grmkiûo dc

Ecre Ec recf cfmd mdms ms ^rg ^rgkc kcsm smei eico cotg tg dc dc mf mfie ieco cotg tgss pm pmrm rm pc pcqu qucým cýmss y ei eikrg krg ceprcsms margiodustrimfcs. Fiem. -

Kcot Kc otrg rg dc ^r ^rgd gduk ukki kiûo ûo Jr Jrut utmf mf dc dcff Og Ogrt rtc. c. (s (s.j .j.) .).. Kmfm Kmfmec ecg. g. G` G`tc tcoi oidg dg dc Kmfmecg< bttp>0>9::20jc:cd94=;13`

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bttpougk ugk bttpoagmi/DGE13(spmoisb).pdj 

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bttp0109/ec 0109/ecrecfmd recfmdm m

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