INFORME FINAL Lizet Gonzales

 

 

HGT\H\^\@ LN NL^DBDHÔG T^]NZH@Z \NCG@KÔCHD@ ]ÙJKHD@ ‛TBG BC^T\ÅG― 

]Z@CZBEB LN NT\^LH@T ]Z@L^DDHÔG BCZ@]ND^BZHB ]Z@XND\@ LN HGQNT\HCBDHÔG \NDG@KÔCHDB ‛Lntnrehgbdhôg ln k`s pbrâentr`s pr`ludthv`s ng kb drhbgzb ln pbv`s ln rbzb r bzb gncrb  Enknbcrhs cbkk`pbv` ) ng nk dngtr` nxpnrhengtbk Tbgtb Druz lnk HNT\]. Tbg eni`rblb ( Enknbcrhs

Bcuståg, lhstrht` ln Jnkkbvhstb, pr`vhgdhb ln Ibèg —  Dbibebrdb.  Dbibebrdb. Bò` :=28― 

But`r. Khznt C`gzbkns Dbep`s

IBÈG —  ]NZÙ  ]NZÙ :=:2

 

 

]r`yndt` ln Hgvnsthcbdhôg \ndg`kôchdb

‛Lntnrehgbdhôg ln k`s pbrâentr`s pr`ludthv`s ng kb drhbgzb ln pbv`s ln rbzb gncrb eni`rblb ( Enknbcrhs  Enknbcrhs cbkk`pbv` ) ng nk dngtr` nxpnrhengtbk Tbgtb Druz lnk HNT\]. Tbg Bcuståg, lhstrht` ln Jnkkbvhstb, pr`vhgdhb ln Ibèg - Dbibebrdb―  ]brb `ptbr nk tåtuk` ln ]r`ansh`gbk \èdghd` ng ]r`luddhôg Bcr`pndubrhb

Bpr`jbdhôg lnk pr`yndt`

Hgc. E.Td. Anrgbgl` Dâdnrns Qbrcbs Bsns`r

Lr. Kuhs Bgt`gh` Bjbl Brrhbcb ]rnshlngtn lnk iurbl` ln pr`yndt`

Hgc. Cbjrhnk Kôpnz Zhsd` Tndrntbrh` lnk iurbl` ln ]r`yndt`

Ibèg, eby` lnk bò` :=:2

Hgc. Lhebs Obr`kl` Tbgt`s ]nktr`don Q`dbk lnk iurbl` ln ]r`yndt`

 

 

LNLHDB\@ZHB B Lh`s, p`r snr nk hgsphrbl`r y lbren aunrzb pbrb d`gthgubr ng nstn pr`dns` ln `jtngnr ug` ln ehs bgonk`s eâs lnsnbl`s. B ehs pblrns, p`r su be`r, trbjbi` y sbdrhahdh` ng t`l`s nst`s bò`s, crbdhbs b nkk`s on k`crbl` kkncbr obstb bqu å̂. B t`lbs kbs pnrs`gbs qun en obg bp`ybl` y obg ondo` qun nk trbjbi` sn rnbkhdn d`g èxht`, ng nspndhbk b bqunkk`s qun g`s bjrhnr`g kbs punrtbs y d`epbrthnr`g sus d`g`dhehngt`s.

 

 

BCZBLNDHEHNG\@ Bcrblnzd` b Lh`s p`r jnglndhren kb vhlb, p`r cuhbren b k` kbrc` ln eh nxhstngdhb y snr nk bp`y` y a`rtbknzb ng bqunkk`s e`engt`s ln lhahduktbl y ln lnjhkhlbl. Crbdhbs b ehs pblrns, p`r snr k`s prhgdhpbkns pr`e`t`rns ln ehs sunò`s,  p`r d`gahbr y drnnr ng ehs nxpndtbthvbs, nxpndtbthvbs, p`r k`s d`gsni`s, vbk`rns y  prhgdhph`s qun g`s obg obg hgdukdbl`. Bcrblnzd` b k`s l`dngtns lnk Hgsthtut` Tupnrh`r \ndg`kôchd` ]ùjkhd` Tbg Bcuståg, p`r objnr d`epbrthl` sus d`g`dhehngt`s b k` kbrc` ln eh  prnpbrbdhôg pr`ansh`gbk, ln ebgnrb nspndhbk, bk Hgc. E.Td. Anrgbgl` Dâdnrns Qbrcbs, bsns`r lnk pr`yndt` p`r sus d`gsni`s y su d`gstbgtn bp`y` hgd`glhdh`gbk y lnshgtnrnsblb lhsp`shdhôg lurbgtn nk lnsbrr`kk` lnk prnsngtn nstulh`,

 

 

ÅGLHDN ]âc.

H. 

HGA@ZEBDHÔG CNGNZBK .................................................................................................. 2 2.2.  2.:. 

G`ejrn lnk pr`yndt` ........................................................................................................... 2 ]r`crbeb ln Nstulh`s ......................................................................................................... 2

2.4. 

K`dbkhzbdhôg  ......................................................................................................................... 2

2.. 

]r`jkneb ln kb hgvnsthcbdhôg. ............................................................................................. 2

2.1. 

Bsns`r ................................................................................................................................... 2

HH. 

BG\NDNLNG\NT  .................................................................................................................... :

:.2. 

Ln k`s jngnahdhbrh`s .............................................................................................................. :

:.:. 

Ln kb hgvnsthcbdhôg ............................................................................................................... <

HHH.  I^T\HAHDBDHÔG \ÈDGHDB .................................................................................................. 1 ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ................ ? HQ.  @JIN\HQ@T ........................... .:. 

Hglhrndt`s..............................................................................................................................

?

QH.  EBZD@ \NÔZHD@ ................................................................................................................. 8 QHH.  LNTDZH]DHÔG LN KBT BD\HQHLBLNT  ................................................... ........................ 22 dngtr`s  p`jkbl`s y su dbphtbk, Jnkkbvhstb, sn sn ngdungtrb ngdungtrb b obstb := pbv`s drh`kk`s p`r ughlbl abehkhbr, s`jrnt`l` ng èp`db ln ahgln bò`. Kb drhbgzb ns gntbengtn nepårhdb y g` sn d`gshlnrb pbrâentr`s sbghtbrh`s gh ln bkhengtbdhôg, lnibgl` su lnsbrr`kk` b lhsp`shdhôg nxtngshvb, k`crbgl` pns`s euy p`r lnjbi` ln k`s pr`enlh`s y ug thnep` ln sbdb b ug thnep` euy  pr`k`gcbl`. Kb drhbgzb nepårhdb vb bd`epbòblb ln ugb ebkb d`gstruddhôg lnk cbkpôg, yb qun d`e` sn engdh`gô bgtnrh`rengtn sn lnsd`g`dng kbs dbrbdtnråsthdbs  pr`ludthvbs pbrb ugb jungb drhbgzb, sus ntbpbs ln drndhehngt` y dbkhlbl ln dbrgn, k` qun obdn qun lnjhl` bk ebk ebgni` thnglng b lncngnrbrsn `dbsh`gbgl` jbi`s pns`s bk sbdrhahdh` prhgdhpbkengtn. Ng nk lhstrht` ln Jnkkbvhstb nk lnsbrr`kk` ln kb bvhdukturb bùg g` lneunstrb su vnrlblnrb dbpbdhlbl, yb qun g` oby rnchstr`s ahbjkns gh jhjkh`crâahd`s s`jrn ebgni` tèdghd` y rngtbjhkhlbl nd`gôehdb. nd`gôehdb.

Nk H.N.T.\.].― Tbg Bcuståg―, au n drnbl` enlhbgtn kb rns`kudhôg r ns`kudhôg ehghstnrhbk G½ ::3-8=-NL nk 2< ln anjrnr` ln 2888= d`g nk g`ejrn lnk Hgsthtut` Tupnrh`r

\ndg`kôchd` Nstbtbk ‛Qådt`r Zbùk Obyb ln kb \`rrn―, hghdhbgl` su augdh`gbehngt` d`g kb dbrrnrb pr`ansh`gbk ln Nganrenråb \èdghdb, Tndrntbrhbl` Ninduthv` y Blehghstrbdhôg Jbgdbrhb. Kb dbrrnrb ln Blehghstrbdhôg Jbgdbrhb augdh`g` obstb nk bò` 288>. D`g rns`kudhôg lhrndt`rbk G½ ==32-8>-NL lnk 2< ln anjrnr` ln 288> sn dbejhb ln lng`ehgbdhôg p`r nk Hgsthtut` Tupnrh`r \ndg`kôchd` ]ujkhd` Tbg Bcuståg. B pbrthr lnk bò` :=2>, nephnzb nk augdh`gbehngt` lnk ]r`crbeb ln Nstulh`s ln ]r`luddhôg Bcr`pndubrhb, shngl` nk Dngtr` Nxpnrhengtbk Tbgtb Druz, nk kucbr l`gln k`s bkueg`s rnbkhzbg sus prâdthdbs y k`s l`dngtns hepbrtng nk

2

 ottp9//www.pr`vhbslns.c`j.pn/pkbgns/dbibebrdb/pvpp/pvppPibng.pla  

4

 

 

d`g`dhehngt` a`rebthv`, tbejhèg ns nk kucbr qun dungtb d`g bejhngtns l`gln nk nstulhbgtn punln rnbkhzbr sus pr`yndt`s n hgvnsthcbdh`gns.

:.:. Ln kb hgvnsthcbdhôg Kb AB@ (:==:) sncùg dâkduk`s rndhngtns, kb bvhdukturb ln trbspbth` rnprnsngtb obstb ug 3=% ln kb pr`luddhôg ln ounv`s y dbrgn ln bvns ng k`s pbåsns d`g  jbi`s hgcrns`s y d`g lèahdht bkhengtbrh`. Ng kbs z`gbs rurbkns shtublbs ng ug bejhngtn arâchk y ebrchgbk nstn thp` ln bvhdukturb ns ug nknengt` d`eùg qun  prnsngtb kbs shcuhngtns dbrbdtnråsthdbs9 dbrbdtnråsthdbs9 d`eùg ng shstnebs bcråd`kbs ehxt`s, eh xt`s, ns pr`ph` lnk ehghauglh` ng nk dubk kbs bvns l`eèsthdbs sn rnpr`ludng d`g abdhkhlbl, g` nxhcng ugb crbg hgvnrshôg y pr`spnrbg d`g sujpr`ludt`s ln ensb, dnrnbkns qunjrbl`s, k`ejrhdns, dbrbd`kns, hgsndt`s y vncntbdhôg. Ng nstn thp` ln nxpk`tbdhôg kbs bvns s`g ugb nspndhn ln ‛tbrintb ln drèlht`

hgstbgtâgnb―, ng kbs s`dhnlblns l`gln g` bjuglb nk lhgnr` ng nandthv`, s`g usblbs pbrb vnglnr ` hgtnrdbejhbr hgsue`s ln kb dbgbstb abehkhbr6 tbejhèg lnsnepnòbg eudobs `trbs augdh`gns d`e` nk d`ejbthr bkcugbs pkbcbs ng k`s dukthv`s bcråd`kbs y pr`p`rdh`gbr bj`g`, sn uthkhzbg ng ahnstbs nspndhbkns, blneâs ln snr lndhshvbs ng eudobs dnrne`ghbs trblhdh`gbkns y pbrb nk trbtbehngt` ln bkcugbs nganrenlblns :. I^BZNY y d`k. (:,=28) engdh`gb qun, ng k`s pbåsns g` hglustrhbkhzbl`s, kb  p`jkbdhôg rurbk rurbk lnpngln lnpngln d`gshlnrbjkneng d`gshlnrbjknengtn tn ln kb bvhdukturb bvhdukturb rurbk, drh`kkb ` g` nspndhbkhzblb d`e` aungtn ln pr`tnågb ln bkt` vbk`r jh`kôchd`. Thg nejbrc`, sn obg `jsnrvbl` pr`dns`s ln susthtudhôg ln cng`thp`s bvåd`kbs, p`r `tr`s eni`rbl`s, pnr` bing`s bk nd`shstneb. ^g pr`jkneb rnkbdh`gbl` d`g kb  prnsnrvbdhôg ns kb hgnvhtbjkn hgnvhtbjkn pèrlhlb ln eudobs rbzbs rbzbs blbptblbs b bejhngtns euy k`dbkns, bugbl` b kb hcg`rbgdhb h cg`rbgdhb lnk vbk`r rnbk ln kb eby`råb ln kbs rbzbs butôdt`gbs ng su pr`ph` bejhngtn y d`e` d`ep`gngtn ln ug shstneb hgtncrbl` ln pr`luddhôg bghebk. Blneâs ln kb pèrlhlb ln cngns gbthv`s nxhstn tbejhèg ug pr`jkneb s`dh`kôchd`, l`gln nk pr`crns` y nk lnsbrr`kk` rnnepkbzbg pbrtn ln kb a`reb ètghdb ln kb dråb y nxpk`tbdhôg bgheb bghebk,k, bså d`e` bqunkkbs a`rebs prhehthvbs prh ehthvbs ln :

 ottp9//www.ab`.`rc/spbghso/gnwsr``e/gnws/: ottp9//www.ab`.`rc/spbghso/gnwsr``e/gnws/:==4/24:=2 ==4/24:=2-ns.otek -ns.otek   <

 

 

 pr`luddhôg ln bvns bvns k`dbkns, k`dbkns, dubgl` dubgl` èstbs èstbs lnsbpbrndng, lnsbpbrndng, tbejhèg k` obdng nstbs dukturbs ètghdbs 4. T@D]B (:==3) hglhdb qun kbs bvns drh`kkbs prnsngtbg dbrbdtnråsthdbs bgbt`e` ahsh`kôchdbs rnkbdh`gblb d`g sus bgtnpbsbl`s k`s rnpthkns, lngtr` ln kbs  prhgdhpbkns dbrbdtnråsthdbs nstâg nsdbebs ng kbs pbtbs, dk`bdb, e`kknib, sbd`s bèrn`s d`gndtbl`s b k`s puke`gns y `våpbr`s. Eudo`s ln sus ôrcbg`s y shstneb ng kbs bvns d`epbrblbs d`g `tr`s bghebkns obg suarhl` dbejh`s rnkbdh`gbl`s d`g kb dbpbdhlbl ln v`kbr tbkns d`e`9 ouns`s khcnr`s y rnshstngtns, rnluddhôg lnk bpbrbt` rnpr`ludthv` ng kb onejrb lnsbrr`kkâgl`sn lnsbrr`kkâgl`sn sôk` nk `vbrh` y nk `vhludt` hzquhnrl` pbrb pnsbr eng`s, kb j`db sn trbsa`reô ng phd` pbrb nvhtbr nk pns` nxdnshv` ln k`s lhngtns.  Ng pbrthdukbr, g` g`s d`gstb ln ghgcùg nstulh` rnbkhzbl` ng nk G`rtn lnk ]nrù qun obyb shl` nga`dbl` b k`crbr ugb eni`r drhbgzb ln pbv`s d`rr`j`rblb d`g åglhdns y rnsuktbl`s qun lneunstrng su jungb pr`luddhôg. K`s pr`jknebs ln d`gvnrshôg bkhengthdhb thngng ug hepbdt` nd`gôehd` shcghahdbthv`. Dubkquhnr abdt`r qun bandtn nk us` lnk bkhengt`, nk drndhehngt` ` kb sbkul lnk pbv` bandtbrâ blvnrsbengtn kb d`gvnrshôg bkhengthdhb, p`r k` qun kb d`rrnddhôg ln nstn thp` ln pr`jknebs rnquhnrn d`eughdbdhôg y d``rlhgbdhôg ng t`lb kb drhbgzb. Ns gndnsbrh` kknvbr rnchstr`s b t`l`s k`s ghvnkns y d`gtbr d`g ugb jungb rbstrnbjhkhlbl. 4

 ottp9//www.ab`.`rc/ ottp9//www.ab`.`rc/bc/bcb/bcbp/arc/krrl/krrl2: bc/bcb/bcbp/arc/krrl/krrl2:/2/iub2:2.ote /2/iub2:2.ote 

<

ottp9//www.bdtba.d`.du/hglnx.pop0`pth`g5d`ePetrnn&tbsf5bttPl`wgk`bl&khgfPhl518?&daPhl5:<    ottp9//www.ugnlht`rhbk.gnt/uakhp/Kb-cbkkhgb-drh`kkb d`k`ejhbgb/pujLbtb/s`urdn/Kb-cbkkhgb-drh`kkb-d`k`ejhbgb.pla    

>

>

 

 

Kb d`gvnrshôg bkhengthdhb ns ugb enlhlb ln kb pr`ludthvhlbl ln ug bghebk y sn lnahgn d`e` kb rnkbdhôg ngtrn nk bkhengt` qun d`gsuen d`g nk pns` qun cbgb. ]`r ninepk`, sh sn usbg dubtr` fhk`s ln bkhengt` pbrb pr`ludhr l`s fhk`s ln dbrgn, kb d`gvnrshôg bkhengthdhb ns :.== (< fhk`s lhvhlhl`s p`r : fhk`s). Ns nvhlngtn qun dubgt` eng`r snb kb d`gvnrshôg eâs nahdhngtn ns nk bghebk. K`s rnsuktbl`s ln nstn pr`yndt` pnrehthrâg d`g`dnr tbejhèg dubkns s`g k`s  prhgdhpbkns abdt`rns qun bandtbg b k`s pbrâentr`s pr`ludthv`s, p`r ninepk`9 tnepnrbturb bejhngtbk, kb vngthkbdhôg, dbkhlbl ln bcub, nganrenlblns, kuz y ebgni` ng cngnrbk.

HHH. 

I^T\HAHDBDHÔG \ÈDGHDB Tn lnjn rnd`g`dnr qun k`s d`g`dhehngt`s ln pr`luddhôg bcr`pndubrhb bgdnstrbk ` d`eùgengtn kkbeblbs ln pr`luddhôg dbepnshgb, ng kb enlhlb ng qun bvbgzbg kbs tndg`k`cåbs sn nstâg pnrlhngl`, bkcugbs ln nstbs tèdghdbs ln drhbgzb y ln bkhengtbdhôg hgdkushvn p`lråbg sncuhr bpkhdâgl`sn ng kb bdtubkhlbl6 ln kb ehseb ebgnrb nxhstn p`d` d`g`dhehngt` pbrb nk ebgni` y bpr`vndobehngt` ln k`s rndurs`s nxhstngtns ng kbs d`eughlblns pbrb kb bkhengtbdhôg ln kbs bvns. ]brb engdh`gbr ug`s ninepk`s, p`lne`s objkbr ln9 prnvngdhôg ln nganrenlblns d`g  prnpbrbl`s ln ln pkbgtbs enlhdhgbkns, us` ln pkbgtbs a`rrbinrbs ng kb bkhengtbdhôg ln bvns, uthkhzbdhôg ln suj pr`ludt`s d`e` sbgcrn, ouns`s, dbsdbr`gns, dnghzbs, ntd., drhbgzb ln nspndhns bghebkns gntbengtn drh`kk`s, ngtrn `trbs. K`s pr`ludt`rns k`dbkns, dungtbg d`g kbs d`glhdh`gns gndnsbrhbs pbrb kb  pr`luddhôg pndubrhb, g` `jstbgtn, oby ugb lnahdhngtn a`rebdhôg dukturbk ng k`s  p`jkbl`rns qun khehtb nk neprnglnlurhse` neprnglnlurhse` y kb hgg`vbdhôg, shcuhngl` shneprn nnkk dbehg` d`stuejrhstb lnk e`g`dukthv`. Kb crbg eby`råb ln kb p`jkbdhôg g` uthkhzb bk eâxhe` k`s rndurs`s qun thngng b su bkdbgdn pbrb hghdhbr ugb drhbgzb y obdnrkb s`stnghjkn. Kbs drhbgzbs ln bghebkns eng`rns sn rnbkhzbg shg drhtnrh` tèdghd`, bpkhdbgl`  pr`dnlhehngt`s `js`knt`s shg trbgsanrngdhb tndg`kôchdb y shg d`gtr`k gh rnchstr`s ln pr`luddhôg. Ng dubgt` b kb bkhengtbdhôg ng kb eby`råb ln k`s dbs`s, k`s  pr`ludt`rns rurbkns shneprn thngng kb d`stuejrn ln usbr pr`ludt`s nxtnrg`s yb nkbj`rbl`s, qun g` nstâg bk bkdbgdn lnk pnqunò` pr`ludt`r bvåd`kb yb qun thngng 1

 

 

ug d`st` supnrh`r6 nst` drnb lnpnglngdhb n hephln qun nxhstb ug bprnglhzbin eâs d`eughtbrh`. Kb pr`luddhôg pndubrhb iuncb ug pbpnk hep`rtbgtn ng nk dhdk` pr`ludthv` lnk dbepnshg`6 låcbsn pbrb kb pr`luddhôg ln d`ehlb sbgb, pr`luddhôg ln nsthèrd`kns d`e` aungtn prhebrhb ln bj`g`s, cngnrbdhôg ln hgcrns`s, ngtrn `tr`s jngnahdh`s. ]`r nkk`, kb pr`luddhôg pndubrhb bdtubk lnjn ln tngnr ug d`gtr`k ahgbgdhnr` prndhs` ln kb hgvnrshôg bgtns lnk hghdh` ln kb drhbgzb qun pnrehtbg jusdbr nk ahgbgdhbehngt` nd`gôehd` pbrb hghdhbr nk pr`yndt`. Ns p`r su crbg blbptbjhkhlbl y rnshstngdhb qun ns d`gvnghngtn rnbkhzbr nvbkubdh`gns ln k`s pbrâentr`s pr`ludthv`s ln su nxpk`tbdhôg y lhauglhr sus rnsuktbl`s ng gunstrb pr`vhgdhb pbrb nstheukbr su drhbgzb. \nghngl` ng dungtb qun kb bdthvhlbl bcrbrhb qun sn prbdthdb ns nxdkushvbengtn ln sujshstngdhb, d`e` sn hglhdô bgtnrh`rengtn, lnjhl` b kbs d`glhdh`gns tt`p`crâahdbs `p`crâahdbs ln k`s tnrrng`s y nk thp` ln sunk`, ns enrbengtn ln v`dbdhôg brr`dnrb, shg lhvnrshahdbdhôg ln dukthv`s d`e` arutbkns6 y eudo` eng`s ng drhbgzbs, p`r k` qun ugb drhbgzb ln pbv`s eni`rbl`s snråb lnstbdblb y ln rnknvbgdhb ng nk lhstrht`. Thngl` gunstr` pbås lnahdhtbrh` ng dubgt` b kb pr`luddhôg ln pr`tnågb ln `rhcng bghebk, shngl` su d`gsue` ug åglhdn ln lnsbrr`kk` ln k`s punjk`s, ns euy hep`rtbgtn jusdbr bktnrgbthvbs vhbjkns y nahdhngtns qun g`s pnrehtbg hgdrnengtbr kb pr`luddhôg y pr`ludthvhlbl ln nspndhns qun punlbg d`gtrhjuhr b lhsehguhr nstn lèahdht y bshehse` p`shjhkhtbr su bkdbgdn p`r kb p`jkbdhôg. Kb dhulbl ln Ibèg, ns euy dbkur`sb k` qun obdn lhaådhk kb drhbgzb ln bvns, nspndhbkengtn ngtrn k`s ensns ln iugh` b `dtujrn, qun ns dubgl` kbs kkuvhbs lhsehguyng g`tbjknengtn. Nk dbk`r `dbsh`gb jbib pr`luddhôg ng kbs bvns, p`r k` qun nk d`rrndt` ebgni` ln kb bkhengtbdhôg punln lntnrehgbr nk èxht` ` nk arbdbs` ng ugb drhbgzb y sn ebghahnstb ahgbkengtn nk rnglhehngt` dârghd` pnrehthngl` qun sn punlb `anrtbr bk pùjkhd` pbv` ln eni`r dbkhlbl y dbgthlbl b prndh`s eâs d`epnththv`s. D`g nstb hgvnsthcbdhôg tbejhèg sn k`crbrâ `jtngnr lbt`s prâdthd`s s`jrn drhbgzb y ebgni` ln pbv`s6 bså d`e` enlhr su ghvnk ln bkhengtbdhôg pbrb kb `jtngdhôg ln åglhdns ln d`gvnrshôg bkhengthdhb p`r ntbpbs ln drndhehngt`, k` qun pr`phdhbrb y bkngtbrb b k`s pr`ludt`rns bvåd`kbs b hghdhbr n hgtngshahdbr kb drhbgzb ln nstb bvn qun thngn crbg lnebglb s`jrnt`l` ng èp`db ln Gbvhlbl. 3

 

 

Ln bkkå kb hep`rtbgdhb ln nstn trbjbi` qun pnrehthrâ `rhngtbr b k`s pr`ludt`rns bvåd`kbs rurbkns ln kb z`gb pbrb `jtngnr eni`r pr`ludthvhlbl ng kb drhbgzb.

HQ. 

@JIN\HQ@T .:. Hglhrndt`s D`enrdhbgtns hgtnrenlhbrh`s. h gtnrenlhbrh`s. ]r`ludt`rns b ghvnk abehkhbr. ]`jkbdhôg ng cngnrbk.

?

 

 

QH. 

EBZD@ \NÔZHD@ Nk `rhcng ln nstn bghebk pr`vhngn ln Beèrhdb lnk G`rtn, eâs nxbdtbengtn ln Eèxhd` y ln k`s Nstbl`s ^ghl`s. Nk pbv` pbsô b snr ug bghebk l`eèsthd` ng nk bò` 2,>==, dubgl` nk gbvncbl`r nspbò`k ]nlr` Bka`gs` Ghò` d`eprô, d`g pnrkbs ln vhlrh`, b k`s hglh`s ln Beèrhdb Dngtrbk, bkcug`s ninepkbrns pbrb kknvbrkbs b Nspbòb, l`gln kkncbr`g ng 2,>==. Nk pbv` prnsngtb ugb dbjnzb d`g phnk lnsgulb, r`ib pâkhlb d`g vbrhbdh`gns bzukblbs, rndujhnrtb ln vnrrucbs y dbrùgdukbs ln lhanrngtns tbebò`s ln d`k`r r`i` eâs ` eng`s hgtngs`. T`jrn kb arngtn, ug bpèglhdn dbrg`s` nrèdthk (e`d`), vbråb su k`gchtul ln bdunrl` bk nstbl` ln nxdhtbdhôg, pbrthdukbrengtn lnsbrr`kkbl` ng nk ebdo`. Ng kb pbrtn supnrh`r lnk pndo` prnsngtb ug pngbdo`, pngbdo`, ln obstb 2> de ng nk ebdo`, eng`r ng kb onejrb. Nk d`k`r lnk pkuebin vbråb ngtrn gncr` y ebrrôg d`g thgtns entâkhd`s ng k`s l`eèsthd`s, shngl` eâs dkbr`s ` jkbgd`s ng kbs kågnbs d`enrdhbkns. Ng kbs nxpk`tbdh`gns, lblb kb abktb ln nståeuk`s dkbvn y e`thvbdh`gns ebtnrgbs, k`s pbvht`s sn eunstrbg eâs bturlhl`s n hgeblur`s qun k`s qun sn dråbg d`g kb  pbvb. Bgtn kb busngdhb ln nstb rnanrngdhb n hehtbdhôg s`g kngt`s ng kb blbptbdhôg bk enlh` y ng kb lnangsb, sn eunstrbg lns`rhngtbl`s, rnbddh`gbgl` y lnpnglhngl` ln dubkquhnr nstheuk`, nspndhbkengtn s`g`r` ` kuehg`s` qun sn prnsngtn ng èstn gunv` shth`. Bk d`ehngz` bprnglng d`g lhahduktbl k`s kucbrns l`gln shtube`s nk bkhengt` y nk bcub. Arndungtnengtn thnglng b d`gdngtrbrsn ng ugb lntnrehgblb z`gb dubgl`  pnrdhjng ruhl`s, p`r kb prnsngdhb prnsngdhb lnk o`ejrn o`ejrn ` p`r `tr`s `tr`s nståeuk`s lhanrngtns. lhanrngtns. ]`r ns` ns gndnsbrh` dnrdbrk`s bkrnlnl`r ln d`enlnr`s y ln kb aungtn ln dbk`r, hgstbkbgl` blneâs ugb kuz hgtngsb qun k`s btrbn, nvhtbgl` qun sn bkning. Kb hgohjhdhôg y nk rntrbs` ng kb t`eb ln bkhengt`s lurbgtn kb prhenrb snebgb ln vhlb  punlng e`lhahdbrsn d`k`dbgl` nk bkhengt` dnrdb ln ugb kuz hgtngsb. \bejhèg usbgl` d`enlnr`s ln d`k`rns kkbebthv`s ` jhng phgtbl`s ln a`reb qun rnakning kb kuz. Kb nknddhôg ln k`s k `s bkhengt`s nstâ d`glhdh`gblb p`r kbs dbrbdtnråsthdbs vhshjkns ln nst`s (a`reb y d`k`r), bgtns qun p`r kbs `kabthvbs ` custbthvbs qun s`g ln eng`r hep`rtbgdhb pbrb nk pbv`. Nkk`s rncukbg p`r sh ehse`s kb dbgthlbl ln bkhengt` 8

 

 

d`gsuehl` ln bdunrl` bk d`gtnghl` ngnrcèthd`. Ng a`reb ln obrhgb, sn buengtb kb dbgthlbl hgcnrhlb obstb ug 3>%, pnr` nk thnep` qun uthkhzb pbrb obdnrk` ns nk trhpkn rnspndt` lnk crbgukbl`. Bk hghdh` ln kb drhbgzb, k`s pbvht`s g` sunkng kudobr ngtrn så, b g` snr qun sn lng shtubdh`gns ln d`epntngdhb p`r k`s bkhengt`s. Eâs tbrln d`ehngzbg kbs kudobs qun lhsehguyng ugb vnz nstbjkndhlb kb kkbeblb inrbrquåb s`dhbk lnk k`tn. Nstbs lhsputbs sn pr`ludng tbgt` ng onejrbs d`e` ng ebdo`s, sh jhng ln a`reb eâs vh`kngtb ngtrn nst`s d`e` d`gsndungdhb ln sus pbrthdukbrhlblns bgbtôehdbs. ]rnsngtbg kb dbjnzb nrcuhlb d`g kb ehrblb ahib punstb ng nk d`gtnglhngtn, ngr`indhngl` nk dunkk`, btbdbgl` bcrnshvbengtn d`g nk phd` y snpbrbgl` kbs bkbs lnk dunrp` pbrb lbr  p`tngtns bkntbz`s. bkntbz`s.

\rbs kb d`gthnglb sn nvhlngdhbg k`s pbv`s ‛l`ehgbgtns― nstbjkndhègl`sn bså ugb dhnrtb inrbrquåb s`dhbk, tbgt` ng ebdo`s d`e` ng onejrbs. Ngtrn nstbs ùkthebs, ùkt hebs, ugb vnz qun sn k`crb, k`s crup`s pnrebgndng eâs nstbjkns qun ng nk dbs` ln k`s ebdo`s. K`s ebdo`s ln ‛rbgc` supnrh`r― sunkng snr eâs durh`s`s y btrnvhl`s, shngl` arndungtn qun sn bpr`xheng b k` nxtrbò`, snb pnrs`gb u `jint`. Dubgl` k`s ebdo`s vng ug `jint` gunv`, ` shngtng ruhl`s s`rprnshv`s, sn nxdhtbg nehthngl` s`ghl`s dbrbdtnråsthd`s, d`g dhnrt` shgdr`ghse` ng nk d`giugt`, pnrdnpthjkns lnsln kni`s. Kbs pbvbs eâs lèjhkns sunkng snr bcrnlhlbs b phd`tbz`s p`r sus d`epbònrbs,  pnrlhngl` nspndhbkengtn nspndhbkengtn kbs pkuebs pkuebs l`rsbkns. D`e` d`ep`rtbehngt` bgôebk` punln d`epr`jbrsn ng kbs nxpk`tbdh`gns hgtngshvbs, ugb d`stuejrn eâs ` eng`s d`kndthvb qun d`gshstn ng phdbr kbs bkbs ln

sus d`gcègnrns (‛phdb―). ]unlng kkncbr b pr`ludhr onrhlbs ng phnk, lbgl` kucbr b one`rrbchbs y kkncbr b dbs`s ln dbghjbkhse`. Ng cngnrbk, k`s prhenr`s btbdbl`s s`g k`s eâs lèjhkns ` nganre`s. NZ@TFH (:=24) ng su ebgubk wnj ‛Dbrgn ln pbv`― hglhdb qun kb dbrgn ln pbv` ns ugb dbrgn jkbgdb y ln jbi` d`gtnghl` ln crbsb (shg phnk), euy s`khdhtblb p`r k`s d`gsuehl`rns d`e` pbrtn ln pr`crbebs pbrb jbibr ln pns`, p`r sus d`gtnghl`s bkt`s ng pr`tnågb, pnr` jbi`s ng crbsb. Nk pbv` sn tnrdhb d`e` ugb ln kbs dbrgns ln nknddhôg sh shcun ugb lhntb jbib ng crbsbs sbturblbs y d`knstnr`k. Znsuktb ug bkhengt` aâdhk ln lhcnrhr, p`r k` tbgt`, t bgt`, sn 2=

 

 

rnd`ehnglb hgdkuhrk` ng kb lhntb hgabgthk y ng kb ln kbs pnrs`gbs qun tngcbg trbst`rg`s nst`ebdbkns. ^gb ln kbs vngtbibs lnk pbv`, iugt` d`g nk p`kk`, ns p`lnr hgdkuhrsn ng lhntbs ohp`bknrcèghdbs. Ngtrn k`s bkèrcng`s bkhengthdh`s, k`s eâs arndungtns s`g k`s ounv`s, kb kndon, nk pnsdbl`, bkcugbs arutbs y arut`s snd`s. Ng k`s ùkthe`s lhnz bò`s, g` sn obg rnchstrbl`, ng kb khtnrbturb eèlhdb, hglhdbdh`gns s`jrn s`jrn bknrchbs p`r nk d`gsue` ln dbrgn ln pbv`. DBG\BZ@ (:=2=) ng su ebgubk s`jrn Gutrhdhôg y Bkhengtbdhôg ln pbv`s hglhdb qun kb dbkhlbl gutrhdh`gbk ln nstn pr`ludt` ns supnrh`r b `tr`s, enlhlb p`r su eng`r d`gtnghl` ln crbsb y d`knstnr`k. Kb eby`r pbrtn crbsb sn ngdungtrb lnjbi` ln kb phnk (g` ngtrnvnrblb) y sn punln rnthrbr aâdhkengtn. D`gthngn =,1 - 2,1 % ln crbsb y 21 - :? ec ln d`knstnr`k p`r 2== cr ln dbrgn ln  pndoucb y eusk`, rnspndthvbengtn. rnspndthvbengtn. Nst`s vbk`rns s`g hganrh`rns b k`s d`gtnghl`s  p`r kbs dbrgns r`ibs, r`ibs, ln crbg d` d`gsue` gsue` ng nk nk ]nrù. Ng dubgt` b pr`tnågbs, sn punln nquhpbrbr tbgt` ng dbgthlbl d`e` ng dbkhlbl d`g kb lnk rnst` ln dbrgns (:= b :> p`r dhngt` ln pr`tnågbs sncùg kb p`rdhôg). Blneâs, su jbi` d`gtnghl` ng d`kâcng` abdhkhtb kb lhcnsthjhkhlbl. D`e` ng t`lbs kbs dbrgns, su d`gtnghl` ln ohnrr` sn bjs`rjn jhng, y ns bjuglbgtn ng p`tbsh` y ebcgnsh`. D`g rnspndt` bk d`gtnghl` ng vhtbehgbs, sn lnstbdb kb vhtbehgb J4 ` ghbdhgb. Nk drndhehngt` ln neprnsbs lnlhdblbs bk snrvhdh` ln d`ehlbs râphlbs, qun vbk`rbg kb dbrgn ln pbvhtb d`e` susthtut` ln k`s ahbejrns ln dnrl` ln bktb cbeb, bjrng ugb gunvb pnrspndthvb pbrb nk hgdrnengt` ln su d`gsue`, d`e` yb `durrhô ng k`s N^B y Nur`pb. J@GHKKB X LHBY (:==?) Ng su khjr`9 Nknengt`s Jâshd`s ng nk Ebgni` ln bvns engdh`gb qun nk pbv` rbzb gncr` eni`rbl` p`snn ug pkuebin gncr` entâkhd` d`g rnakni`s vnrl`s`s, tbgt` ng ebdo`s d`e` ng onejrbs. Nk phd` ns crhs `sdur`6 nk Hrhs ln d`k`r euy `sdur`6 k`s tbrs`s d`g ln t`gbkhlbl `sdurb (iôvngns) y r`i` dkbr` (blukt`s)6 kb phnk ns jkbgdb. K`s pbvhp`kk`s, s`g

22

 

 

gncr`s d`g ebgdobs bebrhkkbs ng kbs bkbs, y ng `dbsh`gns, tbejhèg ng kb rnchôg bjl`ehgbk Nk ebdo` sn rnd`g`dn p`r kb dbjnzb, kb pbpblb y kb cbrcbgtb r`ibs6 nk pnsdunz`  jr`gdn jrhkkbgtn dbejhb b jkbgd` bzukbl`6 kbs bkbs jr`gdn jrhkkbgtn, qun tnrehgbg ng ugb jbglb gncrb bepkhb6 kb d`kb gncrb ebtn6 nk l`rs`, lnsln nk pnsdunz` obstb enlh` dunrp`, b jr`gdn jrhkkbgtn6 dblb pkueb tnrehgb ng ugb jbglb gncrb bgc`stb. Nk pndo` ns jr`gdn jrhkkbgtn, kbs pkuebs, ng su pbrtn hganrh`r, tnrehgbg ng ugb  jbglb gncrb. Kb onejrb thngn nk pkuebin dbsh ln k`s ehse`s d`k`rns, sbkv` ug  j`rln jkbgd` jkbgd` ng kbs pkuebs lnk l`rs`, l`rs`, nk brd` ng kbs duj dujhnrtbs hnrtbs ln kbs bkbs, bså d`e` ng nk pndo` y nk dunrp`. Nst`s j`rlns s`g bgc`st`s ng nk arngtn y sn ngsbgdobg ug  p`d` obdhb kb pbrtn tnrehgbk. Cngnrbkengtn, sn rnpr`ludn p`r enlh` ln kb hgdujbdhôg gbturbk. Nstn thp` ln  pbv`s, dbsh shneprn sn d`gshcun ng d`glhdh`gns ln khjnrtbl ng nk dbep`6 bkhengtbl`s hgdkushvn gbturbkengtn bk pbst`rn`. K`s bghebkns ln nstn crup`, p`r su d`glhdhôg ln ebgni` rùsthd`, s`g r`just`s y rnkbthvbengtn khvhbg`s, d`g ugb eby`r rnshstngdhb b k`s nrr`rns d`eugns ln ebgni` y dbejh`s lnk enlh`. ]`r supunst`, sn d`epbrbg d`g k`s drhbl`s ng ugb pkbgtb  pr`ludt`rb ` ln bejhngtn bejhngtn d`gtr`kbl`. Blneâs, Blneâs, nstn thp` ln pbv`s dbsh dbsh g` sn usbg ng ngc`rln gh d`g ahgns a hgns d`enrdhbkns, yb qun rnsuktb kngt` y p`d` rngtbjkn.

NT]HG@YB (:==?) ng su a`kknt` ‛D`eughdbdhôg pnrs`gbk d`g Tupnrvhs`r ln kbs crbgibs ln pbv`s― hglhdb qun nk abdt`r bejhngtbk ng kb drhbgzb bejhngtbk hgv`kudrb bspndt`s nstrudturbkns, bejhngtbkns y ln ebgni` ng cngnrbk. Kb sueb ln nst`s abdt`rns lntnrehgb kb rngtbjhkhlbl lnk pr`yndt`. Ngtrn nkk`s, tngne`s k`s shcuhngtns9 \nepnrbturb9 Ng kb dråb ln pbv`s, d`e` yb sn ob hglhdbl`, sn lnjn pbrthr ln ug l`jkn d`gdnpt` ng rnkbdhôg d`g kb tnepnrbturb9 nk dbk`r k`dbk y nk dbk`r bejhngtbk. Bej`s sn lnjng crblubr pbrb d`gsncuhr kb d`e`lhlbl lnsnblb. Kb drhbgzb ln pbv`s shg dbk`r a`dbk (k`dbkhzbl`) ns ug rhnsc` ln pr`p`rdh`gns hgs`spndoblbs. ]`r `trb pbrtn, thngng nk hgsthgt` crncbrh`, k` qun pr`v`db qun sn bcrupng. Nstn hgsthgt` punln `dbsh`gbr qun, bugqun nk cbkpôg tngcb ugb

tnepnrbturb ln 4> ½D b == b >=== fdbk, sn rnd`ehnglb ugb bkturb ngtrn 2 y 2,2> e. Kb bkturb lnkhehtb ârnbs ln eby`r b eng`r tnepnrbturb y kns pnrehtn b kbs bvns lnspkbzbrsn lnk dngtr` lnk runl` b kb pnrhanrhb. Ng nk dngtr`, oby ug ârnb ln rnauch` ng kb qun nk pbv` sn punln d`k`dbr ng dbs` ln tngnr arå`. Ng kb pnrhanrhb, qunlb ugb snddhôg eâs arnsdb. Nk eni`r hglhdbthv` ln qun kb k b tnepnrbturb lnk cbkpôg ns kb hlôgnb, ns kb lhsp`shdhôg ln k`s pbv`s lngtr` ln kbs dhrdukhgbs dh rdukhgbs ` runl`s. Th k`s pbv`s nstâg dôe`l`s, ustnl k`s vnrâ rnpbrthl`s ln a`reb o`e`cègnb p`r t`lb kb supnrahdhn lnk runl`. Th thngng arå`, kb tnglngdhb snrâ b d`gdngtrbrsn ng nk br` dngtrbk, ehngtrbs qun, sh thngng dbk`r, sn be`gt`gbrâg ng kbs pbrnlns lnk runl`. Th k`s pbvht`s sn d`gdngtrbg ng ugb pbrtn, nst` punln lnjnrsn b ugb d`rrhngtn ln bhrn, bk ‛nandt` s`ejrb―, p`r ugb ebkb rncukbdhôg ln kb bkturb ln kb kuz ` b qun, shepknengtn, oby bkcugb d`sb ng nsn kbl` qun kns btrbn. Ng nk e`engt` lnk hgcrns` ln k`s pbv`s, kb tnepnrbturb lnjn `sdhkbr ngtrn 4> y

 

 

•

  Nindudhôg lnk ]r`crbeb sbghtbrh`. - Nk ebgni` sbghtbrh` snrâ

 prnvngthv` d`g us` ln vbdugbs y bgthjhôthd`s `rbkns, bpkhdbgl` kbs g`rebs ln jh`-sncurhlbl (nvhtbr bddns` ln pnrs`gbs y bghebkns nxtrbò`s, auehcbdhôg pnrhôlhdb, dbejh`s ln dbeb oùenlb, ntd.). •

  D`gsue` ln bkhengt`. - Nk d`gsue` sn lntnrehgbrâ p`r lhanrngdhb

ngtrn kb dbgthlbl `arndhlb y k` g` d`gsuehl` ng a`reb lhbrhb, snebgbk y p`r ntbpbs ln vhlb. •

 ]brb nvbkubr nstn pbrâentr` sn obrâ us` ln ugb   Cbgbgdhb ln pns`. —  ]brb  jbkbgzb ln bktb prndhshôg l`gln sn pnsbrâg bk bzbr 2= pbvht`s snebgbkengtn obstb qun d`gdkuyb nk nstulh`.

•

  D`gvnrshôg bkhengthdhb. - Nstn ns ug åglhdn qun sn lntnrehgbrâ kb

nahdhngdhb lnk bkhengt` ng t`rg` b kb cbgbgdhb ln pns`. Tn dbkdukbrâ bk ahgbkhzbr dblb ntbpb ln drhbgzb.

:.

Nvbkubdhôg ahgbgdhnrb ln kb pr`luddhôg. —     Ebgni` ln jbsn ln lbt`s. - Tn usbrâg rnchstr`s heprns`s y ugb jbsn •

ln lbt`s ng nk pr`crbeb ln dôeput` Nxdnk. Kb jbsn ln lbt`s snrâ bdtubkhzblb snebgbkengtn. \bejhèg, sn lntnrehgbrâ t`l` nk  pr`dnlhehngt` ln kb drhbgzb pbrb d`gdkuhr sh sn k`crô duepkhr d`g nk pkbz` eâxhe` ln drhbgzb. •

  D`enrdhbkhzbdhôg. - ]brb kb vngtb ln k`s pbv`s sn hepknengtbrâ ug

 pr`crbeb ln vngtbs pnrs`gbkhzblb y crupbk pbrb k` dubk sn  pr`e`dh`gbrâ kb k b vngtb ln pbv`s b k`s nstulhbgtns y l`dngtns lnk HNT\]. Tbg Bcuståg y kb vngtb bk p`r eby`r b hgsthtudh`gns pùjkhdbs y prhvblbs ln kb pr`vhgdhb ln Ibèg. •

  Nvbkubdhôg ahgbgdhnrb. - Tn rnchstrbrâg t`l`s k`s cbst`s ng kb

drhbgzb n hgcrns`s `jtnghl`s p`r kb vngtb ln k`s pbv`s pbrb lntnrehgbr nk ebrcng ln uthkhlbl.

21

 

 

3.:. Dr`g`crbeb ln bdthvhlblns. Dublr` 2. Dr`g`crbeb ln bdthvhlblns. LHT\ LHT\ZH ZHJ^ J^DH DH G \NE] \NE]@Z @ZBK BK BD\HQHLBLNT

BÒ@ :=28 EBX. I^G.

Nkbj`rbdhôg lnk pnrahk ln pr`yndt`

I^K.

BC@ BC@.. TN\. @D\. G@Q.

Znvhshôg lnk pnrahk ln pr`yndt` Bpr`jbdhôg lnk pnrahk ln pr`yndt` Nindudhôg lnk pr`yndt`9

BD\.2.- Ebgni` tndghahdbl` ng kb drhbgzb ln pbv`s pbv`s9 b.  D`gstruddhôg ln bejhngtns j.  Lhsnò` y `rhngtbdhôg lnk cbkpôg. d.  D`eprb y rndnpdhôg ln pbvht`s. l.  Bkhengtbdhôg ln pbv`s n.  Nvbkubdhôg ln pbrâentr`s pr`ludthv`s a.  ]r`crbeb sbghtbrh` c.  D`enrdhbkhzbdhôg

BD\.:.- Nvbkubdhôg ahgbgdhnrb ln kb pr`luddhôg pr`luddhôg9  b.  Ebgni` ln jbsn ln lbt`s. j.  Nvbkubdhôg ahgbgdhnrb.

Znd`phkbdhôg ln lbt`s y rnsuktbl`s Nkbj`rbdhôg lnk Hga`ren ahgbk lnk pr`yndt` ]rnsngtbdhôg lnk Hga`ren ahgbk Znvhshôg lnk Hga`ren ahgbk Tustngtbdhôg lnk Hga`ren ahgbk

Aungtn9 Nkbj`rbdhôg pr`phb (:=28).

QHHH.  ]ZNT^]^NT\@ LNK ]Z@XND\@ Nk prnsupunst` nstâ ng jbsn b ugb drhbgzb ln 21= pbv`s rbzb gncrb eni`rblb k` qun d`gdkuhl` nk pr`yndt` sn vnglnrâg t`lbs kbs bvns b ug prndh` ughtbrh` ln T/. 2>=.==.

23

LHD.

 

 

Dublr` :. ]rnsupunst` lnk pr`yndt`. Bdthvhlbl

Lntbkkn

Dbgthlbl

]rndh` ughtbrh` T/.

JHNGNT

\`tbk T/. 24,>8 sbd` kt. 21 l`shs

4=.== >=.== 43.>=

4=.== >=.== 1==.==

Dbk y lnshgandtbgtns Qbdugbs

Dbk vhvb Qbg`lhgn \rhpkn, Dôknrb, D`rhzb

TNZQHDH@T \rbgsp`rtn D`ejusthjkn \nkna`gåb A`t`crbaåbs A`t`d`phbs Bghkkbl`s Bkhengtbdhôg

HE]ZNQHT\@T Heprnvhst`s

2,