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Xlnvhrsnbkb Kustrkm bh Ednmh Ikeumtkb bh Enhlenks bh mk Nlahlnhræk Nlstntutc bh Enhlenks Lkvkmhs y Fkrætnfks

E CFJ CFJ XU R NCL NC L NLR NLRHH Z LK NE LK ::0 NELK ”Hm Kehnth mujrneklth pkrk fctcrhs bnhshm ” 

Nltharklths?

Bklnhm Ekrrnmmc Uthpdklnh Ecltrhrks Ekrmcs Inauhrck

Prcihscr?

Fkrnc Mcknzk

Ykmbnvnk, ;1 bh Hlhrc bh :0;:

  ~;~

 

Zhsufhl

Hm prhshlth trkjkoc tntumkbc ”Kehnth mujrneklth pkrk fctcrhs bnhshm ”ecrrhspclbnhlth  ”ecrrhspclbnhlth  k mk ksnalkturk bh Ecfjustnõl Nlthrlk, prhthlbh klkmnzkr bh icrfk enhltæinek y tîelnek hm thfk bh mcs kehnths mujrneklths hl mcs Fctcrhs Bnhshm, bklbc ul hsphenkm îliksns k mcs Fctcrhs Bnhshm Fkrnlcs, quh dkl snbc hstubnkbcs k mc mkrac bhm eursc. Hs pcr hstc quh sh ecfnhlzk bhsbh mk aîlhsns fnsfk bhm prcjmhfk quh mmhvk k mcs snsthfks fheëlnecs k shr mujrnekbcs, hm rczkfnhltc, hstubnkbc hl icrfk enhltæinek y hfpærnek, cjthlnhlbc eclemusnclhs bh arkl nfpcrtklenk prëetnek, pkrk muhac kjcrbkr bh icrfk fës tîelnek hm thfk bh mcs kehnths mujrneklths pkrk fctcrhs bnhshm, snaunhlbc ul crbhl mõanec bh hxpcsnenõl bhm thfk.

Uuffkry

Rdns wcrg hltntmhb ”Cnm Mujrneklt icr Bnhshm Hlanlhs‖ icr tdh ecursh ekmmhb ”Ecfjustncl Nlthrlk‖ try tc klkmyzh senhlt nine nine klb thedlnekmmy tdh tcpnes kjcut mujrneklt²s cnm²s cl Bnhshm Hlanlhs, anvnla k sphenkm hfpdksns cl Fkrnlh Bnhshm Hlanlhs, wdned dkvh jhhl stubnhb tdrcuadcut tdh ecursh. Rdkt`s wdy tdh wcrg stkrt icrf tdh ahlhsns ci tdh prcjmhf tdkt mhkbs tc fhedklnekm systhfs tc jh mujrnekthb, tdh irnetncl, stubnhb nl k senhltninekmmy wky cjtknlnla eclemusncls ci arhkt prketnekm nfpcrtkleh, tdhl stubynla fcrh thedlnekmmy tdh sujohet ci Mujrneklt²s Cnm²s icr Bnhshm Hlanlhs icmmcwnla k mcanekm crbhr nl tdh prhshltktncl ci tdh tcpne.

  ~:~

 

Nltrcbueenõl

Hl mc quh rhsphetk k mks fkqunlks y hmhfhltcs fheëlnecs hl ahlhrkm hs vntkm dkjmkr bh mk hinenhlenk bh bnedk fëqunlk, ksæ ecfc tkfjnîl bh mk vnbk ÿtnm bh mcs hmhfhltcs hl euhstnõl. Hl pkrtneumkr sn sh bhshk kjkrktkr ecstcs k eukmqunhr pmkzc, sh bhjh pclhr îliksns hl mks fhbnbks quh dkehl quh tcbk pkrth bhltrc bh ul snsthfk fheëlnec eufpmk su iulenõl bh fklhrk hinenhlth y akrkltnzklbc ulk vnbk ÿtnm prcmclakbk y bhskrrcmmc bh mk fëxnfk hinenhlenk pcsnjmh. Hstë emkrc hltclehs quh mk fklthlenõl prhvhltnvk y ecrrhetnvk bhltrc bh ul snsthfk eukmqunhrk hs vntkm pkrk hm iulenclkfnhltc kbheukbc bh mks pkrths nlvcmuerkbks y bnedks fklthlenclhs k su vhz eclmmhvkl k thlhr usc y eclcenfnhltcs prhvncs bh tîelneks y rheurscs quh bhl mõanek km ksultc hl euhstnõl. Hl pkrtneumkr sh entk quh bhltrc bh mk fklthlenõl prhvhltnvk pkrk ul snsthfk fheëlnec bclbh dkyk prhshlenk bh pnhzks hl fcvnfnhltc rhmktnvc ulks ecl ctrks bhskrrcmmklbc rczkfnhltc, bhjhrë hxnstnr ul usc y eclcenfnhltc scjrh mcs imunbcs (kehnths mujrneklths) , quh dkehl quh hm snsthfk iulenclh ecrrhetkfhlth, ecl ulk vnbk ÿtnm kehptkjmh y quh mcarh bkrmh km snsthfk fheëlnec hl euhstnõl mk fkycr hinenhlenk bh iulenclkfnhltc.  K ecltnlukenõl sh nlvntk km mhetcr k ikfnmnkrnzkrsh ecl mcs kehnths mujrneklths pkrk fctcrhs bnhshm dkenhlbc ul îliksns hl mcs fctcrhs bnhshm fkrnlcs.

  ~5~

 

Ælbneh

Pëa. Ekpntumc ; ”Hstubnc klkmætnec bhm rczkfnhltc y mk mujrnekenõl hl mks fëqunlks‖ 

;.;) Nltr cbueenõl……………………………………………………………………………. cbueenõl……………………………………………………………………………. 1  ;.:) Ihlõfhlcs bh rczkfnhltc…………………………………………………………... rczkfnhltc…………… ……………………………………………... 1 

;.5) Kpmnekenclhs bh mk thcræk bh rceh shec y imunbc ;.5.;) Zceh hltrh suphrinenhs snfpmh………………………………………… >  ;.5.:) Euûks (rceh shec y rceh imunbc i munbc)………………………………………. ;5  ;.5.5) Econlhths…………………………………………………………………. Econlhths………………………………………………… ………………. ;2 

;.2) Rnpcs bh rczkfnhltc hl ul fctcr bnhshm fkrnlc………………………………… ;>  Ekpntumc : ”Mujrneklths‖  

:.;) Emksninekenõl bh mujrneklths shaÿl su hstkbc iæsnec………………………………:0  :.:) Emksninekenõl bhm kehnth mujrneklth shaÿl su crnahl……………………………… ::  :.5) Kbntnvcs hl mcs kehnths mujrneklths…………………………………………………...:5  :.2) Mujrneklths snltîtnecs fkrnlcs………………………………………………………..:2 

  ~2~

 

:.8) Rnpcs bh mujrnekenõl. :.8.;) Mujrnekenõl bh phmæeumk ecfpmhtk……………………………………. :2 :.8.:) Mujrnekenõl fkranlkm c bh phmæeumk fnxtk …………………………….:1 :.8.5) Mujrnekenõl shek………………………………………………………… :4

Ekpætumc 5 ”Kehnth mujrneklth pkrk fctcr bnhshm‖ 

5.;) Fnsnclhs bhm kehnth mujrneklth hl mcs fctcrhs Bnhshm…………………………… :> 5.:) Prcpnhbkbhs quh bhjh eufpmnr ul kehnth………………………………………….. 50 bh mujrnekenõl pkrk fctcrhs Bnhshm? 5.5) Emksninekenõl bh mcs kehnths pkrk mujrnekenõl hl arkbcs UKH………………….. 5: 5.2) Kehnths mujrneklths rhecfhlbkbcs 5.2.;) Pcr hm ikjrneklth bhm fctcr …………………………………………….. …………………………………………….. 55 5.2.:) Pcr hm ikjrneklth bh kehnth mujrneklth ……………………………….. 55

Ekpætumc 2? ”Kpmnekenclhs bh mcs mujrneklths hl mcs fctcrhs bnhshm.‖

2.;) Emksninekenõl hl mk mujrnekenõl bh fctcrhs shaÿl mk icrfk bh kpmnekenõl bh mcs mujrneklths. 2.;.;) Mujrnekenõl pcr jkrjcthc c skmpnekburk………………………………….. 59  2.;.:) Mujrnekenõl pcr prhsnõl icrzkbk i crzkbk…………………………………………… 51  2.;.5) Mujrnekenõl pcr arkvhbkb…………………………………………………… 51  2,:) Emksninekenõl hl mk mujrnekenõl bh fctcrhs shaÿl eërthr shec y Ekrthr dÿfhbc. 2.:.;) Mujrnekenõl bh fctcrhs ecl eërthr shec………………………………. 54   2.:.:) Mujrnekenõl bh fctcrhs ecl eërthr dÿfhbc…………………………... 5>    ~8~

 

Ekpætumc 8 ? ”Bharkbkenõl, fklthlenõl y pruhjks bh kehnth.‖

8.;) Bharkbkenõl bhm kehnth bh mujrnekenõl……………………………………………… 20 8.:) Prhvhlenõl bh mk bharkbkenõl………………………………………………………..  2: 8.5) Zhhfpmkzc bh mcs kehnths mujrneklths………………………………………………. 28 8.2) Ntnlhrkrncs bh fklthlnfnhltc bh kehnths mujrneklths hl ul fctcr bnhshm Mhltc bh :R…………………………………………………………………………………… 21 8.8) Fklnpumkenõl bh mcs kehnths mujrneklths…………………………………………… 21

Eclemusnclhs Jnjmncarkiæk

  ~9~

 

Ekpætumc ; ? ”Hstubnc klkmætnec-hxphrnfhltkm bhm rczkfnhltc y mk mujrnekenõl hl mks fëqunlks‖  ;.;) Nltrcbueenõl Mks iuhrzks tklahlenkmhs ahlhrkbks hltrh suphrinenhs hl ecltketc sh eclcehl ecfc iuhrzks bh rczkfnhltc y sh prhshltkl, hl fkycr c fhlcr arkbc, hl tcbks mks nlthrkeenclhs bh suphrinenhs rhkmhs. Unhfprh quh hxnstk ulk thlbhlenk bh ulk suphrinenh k bhsmnzkr scjrh ctrk quh hsth hl ecltketc ecl hmmk, mks iuhrzks bh rczkfnhltc quh sh bhskrrcmmkl rhsumtkl thlhr snhfprh ul shltnbc quh sh cpclh k bnedk thlbhlenk Hl kmaulcs tnpcs bh fëqunlks eclvnhlh rhbuenr km fælnfc hm hihetc rhtkrbkbcr bh mks iuhrzks bh rczkfnhltc. Pcr hohfpmc hl mcs econlhths y hlarklkohs. Hl ctrcs ekscs sh prceurk kprcvhedkr hm rczkfnhltc, ecfc pcr hohfpmc hl mcs irhlcs, hfjrkauhs y euûks. Mk fëqunlk hl quh sh bhsprhenh hm rczkfnhltc sh bneh hs nbhkm. Mk fkqunlk bclbh sh tnhlh hl euhltk hm rczkfnhltc hs rhkm. Mk hinenhlenk bh ulk fëqunlk sh bhinlh ecfc mk bnvnsnõl hltrh hm trkjkoc ÿtnm rhkmnzkbc pcr mk fëqunlk y hm trkjkoc hltrhakbc. Unfjõmnekfhlth?  fhe 



Q utnm  Q hltrhakbc

 

Hl tcbcs mcs ekscs rhkmhs hl mcs quh dkyk rczkfnhltc pcr bhsmnzkfnhltc hltrh mks pkrths, mks iuhrzks bh rczkfnhltc bkl muakr k ulk pîrbnbk bh hlhraæk pcr bnsnpkenõl bh hstk hl icrfk bh ekmcr.  Kbhfës bh mk ahlhrkenõl bh ekmcr y bh mk eclsnaun eclsnaunhlth hlth phrbnbk bh hlhraæk, hm rczkfnhltc hltrh ûks suphrinenhs hl prhshlenk crnanlk ul bhsaksth quh tnhlh muakr burklth hm phrncbc bh fcvnfnhltc rhmktnvc hltrh hmmks. ;.:) Ihlõfhlcs bh rczkfnhltc k) Zczkfnhltc shec?  Hm rczkfnhltc shec sh prhshltk euklbc bcs suphrinenhs lc

mujrnekbks bh bcs sõmnbcs hstël hl ecltketc bhsmnzklbc c ecl thlbhlenk k bhsmnzkr. Hm shltnbc bh mk iuhrzk snhfprh hs hm cpuhstc km fcvnfnhltc c km fcvnfnhltc nlfnlhlth. Hsth tnpc bh rczkfnhltc sh eclceh ecfc rczkfnhltc bh Ecumcfj

  ~1~

 

 inaa . ;.;  sh bhthrfnlõ mc snaunhlth? K pkrtnr bhm snaunhlth hxphrnfhltc in

Ina . ;.; Zceh shec shec.. - 

Iuhrzk bh rczkfnhltc hstëtnec  i r   h L   

- 

Iuhrzk bh rczkfnhltc enlîtnek  i r   g L   

j) Zczkfnhltc imunbc

Uh prhshltk hm rczkfnhltc imunbc euklbc sh fuhvhl k bnstnltk vhmcenbkb ekpks ecltnauks bh ul imunbc.ina;.: Euklbc lc hxnsth hsk vhmcenbkb rhmktnvk , lc dkjrë rczkfnhltc imunbc. Hstc lc scmc bhphlbh bh mcs arkbnhlths bh vhmcenbkb hl hm nlthrncr bhm imunbc, snlc tkfjnîl bh mk vnsecsnbkb bhm imunbc, mk eukm hs ulk fhbnbk bh su rhsnsthlenk k mk keenõl ecrtklth hltrh ekpks imunbks. Pkrk ulk ekpk bh imunbc bh hsphscr by, sh lhehsntkrk ul hsiuhrzc ecrtklth pkrk fklthlhr hltrh mk suphrinenhs ulk bnihrhlenk bh vhmcenbkb bv. Hsth hsiuhrzc rhsumtk shr prcpcrenclkm km arkbnhlth bh vhmcenbkb, ecl mc quh pcbhfcs hsernjnr mk rhmkenõl?  I r   K



  bv  lhwtcl   by

  ~4~

 

Ina . ;.: Zceh im imunbc unbc..

;.5) Kpmnekenclhs bh mk thcræk bh rceh shec y imunbc ;.5.;)) Z ceh hlt ;.5.; hltrh rh s uph uphrinenhs rinenhs s nfp nfpmh mh

Eclsnbhrhfcs mcs snaunhlths sn snsthfks sthfks fheëlnecs Eksc k) Unsthfk fheëlnec snfpmh bh ul pkrkmhmhpæphbc hl rhpcsc hl ul pmklc nlemnlkbc hl ulk suphrinenh snl mujrneklth (rceh shec) ina . ;. ;.5 5 

In a . ;.5 sn s thfk thfk fh fheëlnec eëlnec hl rhpcsc hl rceh shec.

Zhlbnfnhltc bhm snsthfk fheëlnec  fhe rceh she c



Q utnm  Qhltrhakbc

0 

fa snl  x



0 

Eksc j) Unsthfk fheëlnec snfpmh bhm fnsfc pkrkmhmhpæphbc vnstc hl k) (fnsfk eclinaurkenõl ahcfîtrnek) ekyhlbc bhsbh ul pmklc nlemnlkbc hl ulk suphrinenh ecl mujrneklth (rceh imunbc) in  inaa . ;.2 

In a . ;.2 ssns ns thfk thfk fh fheëlnec eëlnec muj mujrn rnekb ekbc c 

Zhlbnfnhltc bhm snsthfk fheëlnec

  ~>~

 

fhe muj rnekbc

 ;

 lhwt lhwtcl cl KY ph phmn mneu eumk mk fab 

ese    0  

 K ecl ecltnlu tnlukenõl kenõl u ul l jcs jcsquhoc quhoc,, h nfëa hlhs bh bned bnedc c hxphr hxphrnfhltc nfhltc 

In a ;.8 jcsquhoc bhm h hxphrnfhlt xphrnfhltc. c.

Ina . ;.9 Pr nfh nfhrr hs pîenfh pîenfhl l hl rhp rhpcsc csc hl s uph uphrinenh rinenh s hek hek..   ~ ;0 ~

 

Ina . ;.1 Nlbnek Nlbnekenõl enõl bh s uph uphrinen rinen hs.

In a . ;.4. Ecmcekenõl bh bhmm hs hs pîenfh pîenfhl l quh s h bh bhss mnzk mnzk..

  ~ ;; ~

 

In a . ;.>. U ha ulbc h hss pîenfh pîenfhl l s h bh bhss mnzk bhskrrcmmk bhskrrcmmklbc lbc ttrkjk rkjkoc. oc.

In a . ;.>. U ha ulbc h hss pîenfh pîenfhl l mm mmha ha k k mk mk jk jkss h. Eclemus nõl bhm hxphrnfhlt hxphrnfhltc. c.

  ~ ;: ~

 

Pcr eclemusnõl sh cjtnhlh quh mcs mujrneklths bnsfnluyhl hm pcbhr pkrk vhlehr mk irneenõl y kufhlthl hm rhlbnfnhltc fheëlnec bh mcs snsthfks fheëlnecs ecfpuhstcs pcr pkrths hl ecltketc ulcs ecl ctrcs y quh bhskrrcmmhl irneenõl.  Ksæ, sh bhfuhstrkl thõrnek y hxphrnfhl hxphrnfhltkmfhlth tkmfhlth (pkrk hsth eksc pkrtneumk pkrtneumkr, r, phrc vkmnbc pkrk eukmqunhr snsthfk fheëlnec bclbh hxnstk rczkfnhltc hltrh bcs pnhzks) mcs snaunhlths pcstumkbcs bhm kpulth bh Fkqunlks Fkrnlks :10? ”Xlk juhlk mujrnekenõl bhjh sktnsikehr mcs snaunhlths rhqunsntcs?

k) Bnsfnlunr hm pcbhr quh sh l lhehsntk hehsntk pkrk vvhlehr hlehr mk iirneenõl rneenõl j) Zhbuenr hm bhsaksth hltrh mks p pnhzks nhzks quh tnhlhl rceh, ecl hstc sh cjtnhlh ul kufhltc bhm pcbhr (hinenhlenk) quh hltrhak mk fëqunlk y ulk prcmclakenõl bh mk vnbk ÿtnm bhm fctcr.

 fhe rceh she c



0 

fhe

 ;

muj rnekbc

 lhwt lhwtcl cl KY phmn phmneu eumk mk fab 

ese    0

 

;.5.:) Euûks (rc (rceh eh shec y rrceh ceh imunbc imunbc)) Mk euûk hs ulk bh mks fëqunlks fës shlenmmks y sh hfpmhk pkrk rhkmnzkr phquhûcs kousths bh mk pcsnenõl bh ul euhrpc c ecfc fhbnc pkrk kpmnekr arklbhs iuhrzks. Mk keenõl bh mks euûks sh jksk hl hm rczkfnhltc.  K ecltnluken ecltnlukenõl õl sh vhrël bcs tnpcs bh euûks, bh rceh shec y rceh imunbc. Hstk ÿmtnfk tnhlh ulk kpmnekenõl hsphenkm hl mcs fctcrhs fkrnlcs pkrtneumkrfhlth hl mcs bhseklscs y sh mh suhmh mmkfkr Euûk bh kehnth. k) Euûk hstëtnek (rceh shec) in  inaa .;. .;.;0. ;0.  

  ~ ;5 ~

 

In a . ;.;0 euûk hstët hstëtnek nek (rceh s hec).   inaa . ;.;;   j) Euûk bh kehn kehnth th (rceh imunbc) in

In Inaa . ;.;; E uûk bh k kehnth ehnth (rceh imunbc).

Bh mcs kpulths bh fëqunlks fkrnlks, ekpntumc bh mujrnekenõl? - 

”Un mks suphrinenhs iuhrkl pkrkmhmks c lc tuvnhrkl ul fcvnfnhltc rhmktnvc hltrh hmmks lc bhskrrcmmkrækl lnlaulk prhsnõl hl mk phmæeumk bh mujrneklth y lc sh pcbræk scpcrtkr lnlaulk ekrak.  ekrak.  ” Mk rkzõl hs bhjnbk k quh v60 pcr mc tkltc lc dky arkbnhlth bh vhmcenbkb quh nfpmnek quh lc hxnstk irneenõl, eclbnenõl pkrk quh cphrh mk euûk km naukm quh mk euûk hstëtnek), -  Euklbc mk mujrnekenõl sh mmhvk k ekjc pcr ulk phmæeumk aruhsk c phrihetk sh puhbhl scpcrtkr ekraks bh ;;:2 Jkr

;.5.5) Econlhths(shec c mujrnekbc pkrenkmfhlth y mujrnekbc tctkmfhlth) Xl econlhth bh scpcrth hs ul econlhth quh prcpcrenclk scpcrth mkthrkm k ul ërjcm. k) Uhec c Mujrnekbc pkrenkmfhlth Hl mk ina ;.;: puhbh vhrsh ul econlhth bh scpcrth ecl ecltketc c eksn ecltketc hltrh hm ërjcm y hm econlhth. Euklbc hfpnhzk k anrkr hm ërjcm hl mk bnrheenõl nlbnekbk sujh rcbklbc pcr hm econlhth dkstk quh sh crnanlk hm bhsmnzkfnhltc. Hltclehs phrfklheh hl ulk eclbnenõl fks c fhlcs inok burklth mk rctkenõl. Hm pkr F lhehskrnc pkrk fklthlhr mk rctkenõl y mk ekrak rkbnk M scjrh hm ërjcm crnanlkl ulk rhkeenõl Z hl hm pultc bh ecltketc. K pkrtnr bh mk ina ;.;: naukmklbc k ehrc hm hqunmnjrnc bh fcfhltcs hl tcrlc k C sh cjtnhlh

  ~ ;2 ~

 

Ina ;.; ;.;:. :.

 F



 Zr snl 



 Zr     

Hsth fcfhltc hs lhehskrnc suphrkr hl ul econlhth pkrenkmfhlth mujrnekbc. Hl hm eksc rhkm, hstk nbhkmnzkenõl snrvh pkrk ecfprhlbhr hm ecfpcrtkfnhltc bhm ërjcm y hm econlhth hl eclbnenõl bh rhpcsc (lc dky phmæeumk bh kehnth) y euklbc rhenîl ecfnhlzk hm ërjcm k anrkr. Bh mcs kpulths bh Fkqunlks Fkrnlks :10 sh :10 sh hxtrkh hm snaunhlth përrkic quh trktk hm eksc bh mk pkrtnbk bhm anrc bh ul ërjcm (hoh) kpcykbc hl ul econlhth mujrnekbc? k) Rkl prcltc ecfc ecfnhlzk k anrkr hm hoh, hl hm shltnbc bh mks kauo kauoks ks bhm rhmco, ecfc sh nlbnek hl mk inaurk ;.;5 hm hoh trktk bh sujnr pcr hm bhseklsc y sh bhspmkzk dkenk mk bhrhedk. j) Ecfc hm kehnth muj mujrneklth rneklth sh kbdnhrh k mks suphrinenhs, sh icrf icrfkk ulk phmæeumk bhmakbk c pkrenkm. K fhbnbk quh mk vhmcenbkb kufhltk, sh prcbueh ulk keenõl bh jcfjhc k mk vnsecsnbkb bhm kehnth, hm eukm hs mmhvkbc bhsbh hm ërhk bh fhlcr prhsnõl icrfklbc ulk euûk jkoc hm hoh, quh mc bhspmkzk dkenk mk nzqunhrbk, ecfc nlbnek mk inaurk ;.;2 e) Muhac ceurrh quh mk rctkenõl kufhltk k nnlinlntc. linlntc. Mcs ehltrcs bh mcs hohs y hm econlhth ecnlenbhl pkrk prcbuenr ul enreumc ecleîltrnec. Ina ;.;8

  ~ ;8 ~

 

In a . ;.;5 ë ërjcm rjcm ecf ecfnhlzk nhlzk k a nrkr y bhs mnzk mnzk..

In a . ;.;2 U h icrfk euûk bh kehnth hl mk nzqun hrbk

Euklbc ceurrh e) hs bclbh hl hm mujrneklth sh icrfk ul arkbnhlth bh vhmcenbkbhs hl su phmæeumk bh kehnth, quh puhbh kprcxnfkrsh mnlhkm, y mk thcræk quh lcs eukltninekræk hl prnfhrk kprcxnfkenõl hm fcfhltc k vhlehr pcr mk irneenõl shræk mk snaunhlth?  j) Mujrnekbc tctkmfhlth Hstk nbhkmnzkenõl snrvh pkrk euklbc hm ërjcm yk hstë iulenclklbc y hstë ehltrkbc ecl rhsphetc km econlhth. Hm ecfpcrtkfnhltc bh ul econlhth mujrnekbc tctkmfhlth hl bclbh hm mujrneklth puhbh icrfkr ulk euûk ecfpmhtk bh imunbc jkoc hm ërjcm hs ecfpmhtkfhlth bnihrhlth bhm ecfpcrtkfnhltc bh ul econlhth shec c pkrenkmfhlth mujrnekbc. Un scl phquhûks mks ekraks mkthrkmhs quh sh hohrehl scjrh ul econlhth mujrnekbc tctkmfhlth puhbh bhskrrcmm bhskrrcmmkrsh krsh ulk prnfhrk kprcxnfkenõl bhm fcvnfnhlt fcvnfnhltc c bh rczkfnhltc supclnhlbc hm ërjcm ehltrkbc hl hm econlhth, ecfc nlbnek mk ina.;.1  bclbh  bclbh sh dk hxkahrkbc hm tkfkûc bhm duhmac rkbnkm e. Mk bnstrnjuenõl bh vhmcenbkbhs hltrh mks bnstnltks ekpks imunbks bhm duhmac puhbh eclsnbhrkrsh mnlhkm.

  ~ ;9 ~

 

Ina . ;.; ;.;8 8

Xsklbc mk thcræk bhm rceh imunbc

 Ir   K



 lhwtcl

bv br   

Arkbnhlth bh vhmcenbkb ecl rhsphetc k mk jksh bh mk phmæeumk bh kehnth?

bv br



r e

 I r 



K



 lhwtcl

 r e

 

 

 

^ hm fcfhltc quh hohreh mk iuhrzk bh rceh nltharkbk hl tcbk mk ekrk bhm ërjcm prcbuetc bh mk mujrnekenõl hs?

r  F



Ir r



lhwtcl

  lhwtcl e K

5

: r 

 

e

  ~ ;1 ~

 

Hl rhsufhl Hxtrkæbc bh mcs kpulths bh fëqunlks :10 k) Euklbc sh trkjko trkjkokk ecl ul fctcr lcrfk lcrfkmfhlth, mfhlth, mk eclb eclbnenõl nenõl bh mujrne mujrnekenõl kenõl hs bh phmæeumk aruhsk y mk irneenõl y bhsaksth scl fælnfcs7 snl hfjkrac k mk pkrtnbk bh mk fëqunlk, mk eclbnenõl bh mujrnekenõl hs bh phmæeumk bhmakbk. j) Eclicrfh k mc hxpuhs hxpuhstc, tc, sh tnhlh quh hm f fkycr kycr bhsaksth hl ul bhseklsc bhseklsc,, sh prcbueh hl mk pkrtnbk bhm fctcr7 fctcr7 pcr hsth fctn fctnvc vc mcs fctcrhs bhjhl dkehrsh pkrtnr snl ekrak c ecl ekraks mnvnklks y k jkok vhmcenbkb. e) Hl ul fctcr bh kutcfõvnm, ulk ulk pkrtnbk rëpnbk ecl mk fkqunlk iræk kufhltk hm bhsaksth bh mcs bhseklscs‖  Mk snaunhlth inaurk ;.;1 hxpclh ecfc vkræk hm tnpc bh klëmnsns y mcs hihetcs k fhbnbk quh ecfnhlzk k rctkr ul ërjcm (hoh)

Ina. ;.;9 Hvcmuenõl bhm rczkfnhltc hl ul ërjcm (hoh) k fhbnbk quh kufhltk su vhmcenbkb.

  ~ ;4 ~

 

;.2 Rnpcs bh rczkfnhltc hl ul fctcr bnhshm fkrnlc Fcvnfnhltc Zctktcrnc -  Unsthfks fheëlnecs sh ecfpcrtkl bh keuhrbc k mks thcræks bh econlhth pkrenkmfhlth mujrnekbc y tctkmfhlth mujrnekbc.

Rnpc bh suphrinenh -  Bhseklsc bh Enaýhûkm -  Hoh enaýhûkm - 

Hoh bh ekfclhs Fheklnsfc bh vëmvumks

Csenmklth -  Ucpcrth bh arklbhs ekraks bhjnbc k quh km kprcxnfkrsh mks suphrinenhs, bhskrrcmmkl hl hm mujrneklth ulk kmtk prhsnõl km trktkr bh kprnsnclkrmc hltrh kfjks. -  Mujrneklth hseurrh k ërhk bh fhlcr prhsnõl fklthlnhlbc ulk phmæeumk

-  -  -  - 

Bhseklscs Pkskbcrhs bh mcs îfjcmcs Krtneumkenclhs Bhseklscs bh mcs jkmklenlhs

mnstk euklbc mk ekrak sh nlvnhrtk. Zheæprcecs -  Rhcræk bhm rceh hltrh suphrinenhs snfpmh.

-  -  -  -  -  -  -  - 

Ecrrhbhrks Îfjcmcs Klnmmcs bh ecfprhsnõl Yëstkacs bh vëmvumks Eruehtks tcrlnmmcs snl inl pnûclhs hlarklkohs dhmnecnbkmhs.

- 

rcbkfnhltc bh jkmnlhs y bh rcmhths.

Ecltketc bh hlarklkoh

Ecltketc bh rcbkfnhltc

Rkjmk Rkjm k ;.; Rnpcs bh rczkf rczkfnhltc nhltc hl ul fct fctcr cr B Bnhs nhs hm Fk Fkrn rn lc.

  ~ ;> ~

 

Ekpntumc : ”Mujrneklths‖  :.; Emksninekenõl bh mu mujrneklths jrneklths shaÿ shaÿl l su hstkbc iæsnec Pcbhfcs lcfjrkr y bhsernjnr jrhvhfhlth mks 5 arklbhs ikfnmnks bh mujrneklths shaÿl su hstkbc iæsnec. k) Mujrneklths sõmnbcs j) Mujrneklths shfnsõmnbcs e) Mujrneklths mæqunbcs k) Mujrneklths sõmnbcs? Mcs mujrneklths sõmnbcs scl utnmnzkbcs euklbc arklbhs

ekraks ahlhrkl hxtrhfcs rhaæfhlhs bh thfphrkturk y prhsnõl. Hstcs mujrneklths tkfjnîl sh shpkrkl hl ulk akfk bh bnstnltcs mujrneklths sõmnbcs, bcs hohfpmcs bh hmmcs sh lcfjrkl k ecltnlukenõl? .-Rkmec .-Arkintc j) Mujrneklths shfnsõmnbcs? Mcs mujrneklths shfnsõmnbcs ecfprhlbhl fkthrnks

pkstcsks y okjclcsks, sh uskl hl rhanclhs bclbh hm kehnth mujrneklth lc eufpmh mk iulenõl bhshkbk. K su vhz mcs mujrneklths shfnsõmnbcs scl mujrneklths mmkfkbcs arksks mujrneklths, mks eukmhs tkfjnîl hstël bnvnbnbks hl ulk kfpmnk vkrnhbkb, pcr hohfpmc sh tnhlhl?

.

-Arksks Uõbneks

.

-Arksks km Kmufnlnc

.

-Arksks km Mntnc

.

-Arksks km Jkrnc e) Mujrneklths Mæqunbcs ?  Hstcs mujrneklths scl mæqunbcs ecfc mc bneh su lcfjrh y

sh trktkl iulbkfhltkmfhlth bh kehnths mujrneklths, mcs eukmhs k su vhz tnhlhl ul bhsamcsh hl mcs snaunhlths?

.

-Kehnths fnlhrkmhs .-Kehnths bh crnahl vhahtkm y klnfkm .-Kehnths ecfpuhstcs

.

-Kehnths snltîtnecs

  ~ :0 ~

 

Hsquhfk bh mk emksninekenõl bh mujrneklths shaÿl su hstkbc iæsnec.

Mujrneklths

Uõmnbcs

Rkmec,arkintc,hte.

Uhfn-sõmnbcs

Arksks Ucbneks,Arksks Ucbneks,Ar ksks km Mntnc,hte.

Mæqunbcs(Kehnths)

Fnlhrkmhs,ecfpu hstcs,snltîtnecs

In Inaa . :.; Emksn Emksninekenõl inekenõl mujrneklt mujrneklths hs bh k keuhrbc euhrbc k hstkb hstkbc c iæs nec

:.: Emksninekenõl bhm kehnth mujrneklth shaÿl su crnahl  Klths bh dkehr mk emksninekenõl bhm kehnth bh keuhrbc k su crnahl ekjh bhstkekr quh mcs prnfhrcs kehnths mujrneklths utnmnzkbcs hl mks pnhzks fheëlneks y fctcrhs, hrkl bh crnahl vhahtkm y klnfkm. Phrc emkrc hstë quh ecl hm tnhfpc quhbõ hl bhsusc pcr mcs lnvhmhs bh hxnahlenk hl mk nlbustrnk, hs ksæ quh sh eclsnbhrkrcl fhocrhs y ecfc jksh mcs kehnths k jksh bhm phtrõmhc. Bhspuîs bh hsth jrhvh rhsufhl hxpclhfcs km mhetcr mk emksninekenõl bh mcs kehnths bh keuhrbc k su crnahl quh jësnekfhlth sh trkbueh hl mcs snaunhlths tnpcs? .- Kehnths craëlnecs .- Kehnths fnlhrkmhs .- Kehnths snltîtnecs

  ~ :; ~

 

:.5.; Kehnths craëlnecs Hstcs sh trktkl bh kehnths vhahtkmhs c klnfkmhs, mcs eukmhs iuhrcl pnclhrcs hl mk mujrnekenõl, hltrh hstcs bhstkekl hm kehnth bh jkmmhlk y hm bh anrkscm hsth umtnfc utnmnzkbc nlemusc pkrk dkehr ecfjustnjmhs bh jkok ekmnbkb. Rkfjnîl sh tnhlh kehnth bh cmnvk y bh rnenlc, mcs eukmhs rhsnsthl jnhl prhsnclhs bh trkjkoc phrc jkoc mcs 500°E y sh eclahmkl k thfphrkturks lc rhecfhlbkjmhs. :.5.: Kehnths fnlhrkmhs Mcs kehnths fnlhrkmhs sh cjtnhlhl k jksh bhm phtrõmhc erubc, pcr hlbh mk ekmnbkb bhm kehnth fnlhrkm bhphlbhrë bhm phtrõmhc erubc hsecanbc y bh sus ekrkethræstneks iæsnecquæfneks, hs nfpcrtklth bhenr prnlenpkmfhlth quh hm phtrõmhc vkræk bh keuhrbc k su eclthlnbc pkrkiælnec, lkitîlnec h dnbrcekrjurcs krcfëtnecs. Mk cjthlenõl bh hstcs kehnths fnlhrkmhs sh prcbuehl hl bnstnltks htkpks bh mk bhstnmkenõl bhm phtrõmhc, ecfc mc hs hm eksc bh mcs kehnths mujrneklths bhstnmkbcs y mcs kehnths mujrneklths rhsnbukmhs. :.5.5 Kehnths snltîtnecs Hstcs scl kehnths mujrneklths prcyhetkbcs y hmkjcrkbcs pkrk eufpmnr bh fhocr fklhrk k mcs prcpõsntcs prhvnkfhlth hstkjmhenbcs hl mks bnihrhlths kpmnekenclhs bh snsthfks fheëlnecs. Ucl bnshûkbcs pkrk fhocrkr mks iulenclhs quh tnhlhl mcs prcbuetcs bnrhetkfhlth cjthlnbcs bhm phtrõmhc ecfc hm prcpnmhlc y hm pcmnjutklc, mcs eukmhs k su vhz scl mks jkshs bhm kehnth mujrneklth snltîtnec. Rkfjnîl scl jkshs bhm kehnth snltîtnec mks dhedks bh aks htnmhlc.

Rhlnhlbc hstc hl euhltk, hltclehs, hm kehnth mujrneklth snltîtnec sh puhbh emksninekr hl mks snaunhlths ikfnmnks? .- ”Pcmy Kmpdk Cmhinlhs‖? scl fumtnarkbcs shaÿl mk emksninekenõl UKH bh usc pkrk fctcr y ekoks bh ekfjnc y tnhlhl ul pultc jkoc bh eclahmkenõl Craëlnecs? Lkehl bh mk rhkeenõl quæfnek bh prcbuetcs bh crnahl vhahtkm, scl .- Îsthrhs Craëlnecs? fumtnarkbcs y tnhlhl ulk ekpkenbkb mujrneklth hxtrkcrbnlkrnk. .- Îsthrhs icsiõrnecs?  icsiõrnecs?  Ucl prcbuetcs bh õxnbcs icsiõrnecs y kmecdcmhs craëlnecs, scl hxehmhlths mujrneklths y ecltrcmkl fuy jnhl hm bhsaksth.

  ~ :: ~

 

:.5 Kbntnvcs hl mcs kehnths mujrneklths Mcs kbntnvcs hl mcs kehnths mujrneklths scl lhehskrncs yk quh mcs kehnths fnlhrkmhs lc scl ekpkehs bh fklthlhr sus prcpnhbkbhs jhlhinencsks fuedcmkstnhfpc puhbhl prhshltkr ekrkethræstneks phroubnenkmhs pkrk mcs pcr fctcrhs, eukmhshshnaukmfhlth trktkl bh lhutrkmnzkr c bhskpkrhehr ecl mcs kbntnvcs. Mcs kbntnvcs sh bnvnbhl hl bcs arklbhs arupcs shaÿl mcs hihetcs quh prcbuehl. k) Mcs nldnjnbcrhs quh rhtkrbkl mk bharkbkenõl bhm kehnth j) Kbntnvcs fhocrkbcrhs bh mks eukmnbkbhs iæsneks jësneks. Nfpcrtklth hs shûkmkr quh hl mk ketukmnbkb hm pcrehltkoh bh kbntnvcs quh puhbh mmhvkr ul kehnth hs bh 0,8 k ;8% Bhsernpenõl bh mcs prnlenpkmhs kbntnvcs k mcs kehnths mujrneklths? (eukbrc)

Rnpc Bnsphrsklth jësnec

Bnsphrsklth bh ehlnzks  Kltncxnbklth  Kltncxnb klth

ecfpcsnenõl quæfnek iulenõl Ekmenc,Jkrn Ekmenc,Jkrnc, c, Pdhlktc bh Lhutrkmnzk ëenbcs, prhvnhlh Fkalhsnc c Unmnektc icrfkenõl bh mkeks y bh bhpõsntcs, bnsphrsk mcs scmujmhs. Pcmn-nscjuthlc Pcmn-nscjuthlcmm Uueenfnbh Bnsphrsk hm Dcmmæl, prhvnhlh mk icrfkenõl bh mkeks y jkrlnz Bnicsiktc bh _nle, Dnlbhrhb Prhvhlenõl bh cxnbkenõl y Pdhrrcm, Cmhiæl vkrnkenõl bh mk bhlsnbkb. Icsicsumicrnzkbc, Unmnektc

Fhtëmnec. Bntncicsiktc bh _nle, icsiktc craëlnec, Uumiurc craëlnec y ecfpuhstc emcrnlnlh  Kbntnvc kltnecrrcsnvc kltnecrrcsnvc Ekmenc thõrnec, c Uumiclktc bh Ucbnc, Kfnlc Craëlnec Fhocrkbcr bhm Ælbneh bh Ecfpuhstc Pcmnfîrnec, vnsecsnbkb Pcmnhsthr c Dnbrcekrjclhs.

 Kbntnvc bh bh prhsnõl h hxtrhfk xtrhfk

Prhvhlenõl bhm bhsaksth (ekfclhs y fhtkmhs) Prhvhlenõl mk ecrrcsnõl Zhbueenõl bh pîrbnbk bh Ynsecsnbkb pcr kufhltc bh Rhfphrkturk

Zhjkok bhm pultc pcjrh Fhtkernmktc Pcmnfîrnec Fhocrk mks prcpnhbkbhs bh  Kbntnvc Kltnhspufk. Kltnhspufk. Ecfpuhstc bh Unmneclk. imuoc k jkoks thfphrkturks Prhvhlenõl bh hspufk jkoc eclbnenclhs   ~ :5 ~

 

:.2 Mujrneklths snltîtnecs fkrnlcs. Bhspuîs bh hstubncs hl mks nlbustrnks kutcfcvnmæstneks y khrclëutneks sh mmhaõ k mk kpmnekenõl bh mcs mujrneklths snltîtnecs k fctcrhs fkrnlcs y ctrcs snsthfks fheëlnecs. Mc nfpcrtklth scjrh mcs mujrneklths snltîtnecs fkrnlcs hs quh km utnmnzkrmcs sh cjtnhlhl jkocs echinenhlths bh irneenõl hm eukm nlimuyh hl mcs ecstcs pcr fklthlenõl, hltrh ctrcs. Dky quh shûkmkr quh mcs mujrneklths snltîtnecs lc prhthlbhl rhhfpmkzkr k mcs fnlhrkmhs hl tcbks sus kpmnekenclhs, scmc hl mcs hqunpcs hl mcs eukmhs sh dk bhfcstrkbc jhlhinencs rhkmhs, shkl hstcs tîelnecs, heclõfnecs c kfjcs. Mcs prnlenpkmhs jhlhinencs bh mcs mujrneklths snltîtnecs fkrnlcs sh puhbhl rhsufnr hl mcs snaunhlths? -  -  -  -  - 

Fkycr imunbhz y jcfjhkjnmnbkb k jkoks thfphrkturks. Fkycr Ynsecsnbkb y rhthlenõl bh mk phmæeumk bh kehnth k kmtks thfphrkturks thfphrkturks.. Fhlcr ahlhrkenõl bh ekmcr hl mk zclk bh ecltketc y fhlcr phrbnbk bh hlhraæk. Fkycr prctheenõl klth bhpõsntcs k kmtks thfphrkturks. Uhaurnbkb irhlth k kmtks thfphrkturks thfphrkturks..

:.8 Rnpcs bh Mujrnekenõl. Mcs tnpcs bh mujrnekenõl lkehl bh keuhrbc k mk shpkrkenõl bh mcs hmhfhltcs fhtëmnecs hl fcvnfnhltc, c shk mk rhanõl bclbh ketÿk hm mujrneklth. Hstc ecloultkfhlth ecl mk prhsnõl, mk vhmcenbkb rhmktnvk hltrh mcs ecfpclhlths y mk vnsecsnbkb pcr hohfpmc, bkl crnahl k mk emksninekenõl bh mk mujrnekenõl.  Ksæ hltclehs hltclehs shaÿl mcs bnstnl bnstnltcs tcs tnpcs bh ecltk ecltketc etc quh sh bhshkl bhshkl mujrnekr p pcbhfcs cbhfcs bh bhinlnr inlnr mcs snaunhlths tnpcs bh Mujrnekenõl? Mujrnekenõl bh phmæeumk ecfpmhtk Mujrnekenõl fkranlkm c bh phmæeumk fnxtk Mujrnekenõl shek. :.8.; Mujrnekenõl bh phmæeumk ecfpmhtk Hstk mujrnekenõl trktk bh mcs hmhfhltcs fheëlnecs ecl ulk ekpk mujrneklth hl fhbnc quh hvntk hm ecltketc hltrh hmmcs. Hsth tnpc bh mujrnekenõl puhbh shr sujbnvnbnbc hltrh mcs snaunhlths hstkbcs? k) Mujrnekenõl dnbrcstëtnek j) Mujrnekenõl dnbrcbnlëfnek e) Hmkstc-dnbrcbnlëfnek   ~ :2 ~

 

k) Mujrn ekenõl dnbrcs të tëtnek tnek

Hsth hstkbc sh trktk jësnekfhlth bh ulk shpkrkenõl tctkm bh mks pkrths fheëlneks hl  ouhac arkenks k ul sufnlnstrc ecltnluc bh mujrneklth y k prhsnclhs hmhvkbks hl hm rklac bh? {;0:  ― ― ;02} Psn, fklthlnhlbc ulk phmæeumk bh mujrneklth bh hsphscr nlihrncr k ;0 -2 ff. Pcr mc ahlhrkm sh tnhlh quh hm echinenhlth bh irneenõl hl hm hstkbc bh mujrnekenõl dnbrcstëtnek hs bh 0,00: k 0,0;0. j) Mujrn ekenõl dnbrcbnlëf dnbrcbnlëfnek. nek.

Hsth hstkbc bh mujrnekenõl trktk prnlenpkmfhlth bhm sufnlnstrc bh mujrneklth (kehnth pcr mc ahlhrkm) hl mk zclk bh bhsmnzkfnhltc bh mks pnhzks fheëlneks pkrk ksæ erhkr ulk ekpk bnlëfnek bh mujrneklth. Hl hsth eksc snhfprh hm hsphscr bh mk phmæeumk bh kehnth hs fkycr quh hm hsphscr bh mk ruacsnbkb c ksphrhzk bh mks suphrinenhs quh sh bhshkl shpkrkr. Hl hsth tnpc bh mujrnekenõl suhmh kpkrhehr mk mmkfkbk euûk bh mujrneklth hl tkmhs ekscs mks suphrinenhs quhbkl shpkrkbks pcr ul hsphscr bh phmæeumk mujrneklth fkycr k 9,58x;0-2  ff, y ecl ul echinenhlth bh irneenõl hltrh {0,00:-0,0;0}

Ina. :.: Zhprhshltkenõl bhm hstkbc bh mujrnekenõl dnbrcbnlëfnek bh ul hoh y su bhseklsc

  ~ :8 ~

 

Mcs pultcs quh rhspclbhl k mk kmthrkenõl bhm hsphscr bh hqunmnjrnc bh mk ekpk bh kehnth scl? .-Nlerhfhltc bh mk ekrak quh hxpumsk kehnth. .-nlerhfhltc bh thfphrkturk, quh kufhltk mk phrbnbk bh kehnth .-ekfjnc k kehnth bh fhlcr vnsecsnbkb, mc eukm bnsfnluyh hm hsphscr bh mk ekpk. .-rhbueenõl bh mk vhmcenbkb bh jcfjhc, mc eukm bnsfnluyh hm hsphscr bh mk ekpk.

 K ecltnlukenõl sh nmustrkl mks prhsnclhs ketuklbc hl ul econlhth, ecl su hoh rhsphetnvc y mk ekpk bh kehnth ecl ul hsphscr bh phmæeumk bnlëfnek.

  ~ :9 ~

 

In a . :.5) Pr hsn clhs ket ketuk uklbc lbc h hl l ul econlht econlhth h e) Mujrn ekenõl hmk hmks tc-d tc-dnbrcbnlëf nbrcbnlëfnek nek

Hsth tnpc bh mujrnekenõl sh kpmnek hl suphrinenhs scfhtnbks k kmtks ekraks, ecfc pcr hohfpmc? hlarklkohs, rcbnmmcs. Hl hsthsuphrinenhs hstkbc bhhl mujrnekenõl sh eclsnbhrk k fhbnbk quh mkerheh. ekrak c prhsnõl kufhltk hl mks ouhac mk vnsecsnbkb bhmquh mujrneklth tkfjnîl Hm ihlõfhlc pkrk hsth eksc rkbnek prnlenpkmfhlth hl mk bhicrfkenõl hmëstnek bh mks suphrinenhs fhtëmneks arkenks k mk arkl prhsnõl quh rkbnek hl hm mujrneklth.

:.:.: Mujrnekenõl fkranlkm c bh phmæeumk fnxtk. Hsth tnpc bh mujrnekenõl hvntk hm nlnenc bh ul hstkbc dnbrcbnlëfnec c dnbrcstëtnec, euklbc sh prhshltkl kmtks kpmnekenclhs bh ekrak, jkok vhmcenbkb c nlsuinenhlenk bh mujrneklth Hl hsth hstkbc hs fuy nfpcrtklth mk ultucsnbkb bhm mujrneklth c fës jnhl su kbdhrhlenk hl sus fcmîeumks ecl mks suphrinenhs fhtëmneks, yk quh shrëmkhstk ekrkethræstnek mk quh akrkltneh mk mujrnekenõl mæfnth. Hstk ÿmtnfk sh prcbueh euklbc phmæeumk yk lc pcshh mks suinenhlths bnfhlsnclhs pkrk mcarkr mk shpkrkenõl bh mks pnhzks, bh fklhrk quh mks erhstks fnercseõpneks hltrkl hl ecltketc kufhltëlbcsh ksæ hm echinenhlth bh rceh y kmaulks vhehs prcbuenîlbcsh scmbkburk bh mks ruacsnbkbhs bh suphrinenh. ”Hsth hstkbc bh mujrnekenõl hs mk fhlcs bhshkjmh pcrquh phrfnth quh mks suphrinenhs k mujrnekr hltrhl ecltketc, prcjklbc hm bhsaksth ecl rkpnbhz‖ 

Xl hohfpmc bh hsth tnpc bh mujrnekenõl shræk euklbc hm pnstõl bhltrc bhm enmnlbrc kmeklzk hm JBE ^ hm RBE bclbh dky ul ekfjnc bh vhmcenbkb kprcxnfëlbcsh k ehrc (ulk pkusk) y sh prcbueh ulk mujrnekenõl mæfnth.

Ina. :.2) Zhprhshltkenõl bh mujrnekenõl fkranlkm (hxnsth ecltketc hltrh mks  s uphr uphrininen enhs hs k mujrn ekr)   ~ :1 ~

 

 :.:.5  :.:. 5 Muj Mujrn rneken eken õl s hek

Hsth tnpc bh mujrnekenõl sh jksk hl uskr mujrneklths sõmnbcs, yk quh mks suphrinenhs k mujrnekr y mks pnhzks hl sæ hstël scfhtnbks k hxtrhfks thfphrkturks, ekraks y k csenmkenclhs c vnjrkenclhs jkoks y fuedks vhehs ecl mk prhshlenk bh akshs y ëenbcs bnscmvhlths, mc quh lc phrfntnræk hm usc bh kehnth. Pkrkmhmkfhlth hm mujrneklth scmnbc tnhlh mk vhltkok quh puhbh mujrnekr pnhzks scfhtnbks k fkthrnkm kjrksnvc. Mcs ecfpuhstcs uskbcs hl hsth tnpc bh mujrnekenclhs scl pcr mc ahlhrkm? Arkintc c hm jnsumiurc bh fcmnjbhlc. Hm iulenclkfnhltc bh hstcs hs hl icrfk bh phmctks hltrh mks suphrinenhs k mujrnekr. Mk phmæeumk quh sh icrfk hs bh kmtk rhsnsthlenk k mks thfphrkturks dkstk mcs 2;0°E kbhfës lc sh ekrjclnzk y scpcrtk ekraks bh dkstk 50.000 ga/ef:

In a . :.8) Z Zhprhshltk hprhshltkenõl enõl bh mujrnekenõl shek.

  ~ :4 ~

 

Ekpætumc 5? ”Kehnth mujrneklth pkrk fctcr bnhshm‖ 

5.;) Fnsnclhs bhm kehnth mujrneklth hl mcs fctcrhs Bnhshm Hl ahlhrkm mcs mujrneklths hl mcs fctcrhs bnhshm bhjhl eufpmnr mks snaunhlths fnsnclhs?

k) Mujrnekr -  Hm kehnth bh mujrnekenõl sh utnmnzk pkrk? prhvhlnr bhsaksth bh mk ekfnsk bhm enmnlbrc y klnmmcs bhm pnstõl y bhsaksth bh mcs fhtkmhs bh econlhths rhsphetnvcs j) Uhmmkr - 

Hl hm tnhfpc bh hxpmcsnõl, bhjh fklthlhrsh mk hstklquhnbkb pkrk hvntkr quh mcs rhsnbucs pkshl km eërthr. Rkfjnîl bhjh shmmkr hm hspkenc hltrh hm pnstõl y hm enmnlbrc, rhsphtklbc mk mõanek dcmaurk y ikenmntklbc su fcvnfnhltc.

e) Hlirnkr - 

Zhirnahrkr k trkvîs bh ul prcehsc bh enreumkenõl pcr hm nlthrncr bhm fctcr, hvntklbc quh k ekusk bhm rczkfnhltc sh prcbuzekl karnpkfnhltcs, phrfntnhlbc fklthlhr hstkjmhs mks thfphrkturks, oultc ecl hm kauk bhm enreuntc bh rhirnahrkenõl.

b) Mnfpnkr -  Prhvhlnr mk kbdhsnõl bh ekrjõl hl hm nlthrncr bhm fctcr. h) Ecltrcm bh ëenbc ëenbcss bh mk ec ecfjustnõl. fjustnõl. - 

Lhutrkmnzkr ecfjustnõl. mks ecfjnlkenclhs ëenbks bh kzuirh quh sh icrfkl burklth mk

Hs pcr hstc quh tcbc mujrneklth bhjh eufpmnr mks snaunhlths prcpnhbkbhs (hxtrknbc bhm mnjrc ”Fkrnlh Mcw Uphhb Bnhshm Hlanlhs‖ )

  ~ :> ~

 

5.:) Prcpnhbkbhs quh bhjh eufpmnr ul kehnth bh mujrnekenõl pkrk fctcrhs Bnhshm?

k) Bnsphrskenõl? Hstc Bnsphrskenõl? Hstc phrfnth km kehnth fklthlhr ecltkfnlklths hl susphlsnõl, mc eukm k su vhz phrfnth tkfjnîl quh mks nfpurhzks shkl trklspcrtkbks k mcs inmtrcs. Juhlk bnsphrskenõl prhvnhlh bhpõsntcs bh iklac hl hm iclbc bh mcs brknl tklgs.

j) Bhthrahlenk? Hm Bhthrahlenk? Hm usc bh bhthrahlths kyubk k rhfcvhr bhpõsntcs bh mks suphrinenhs pkrk fklthlhr suphrinenhs ecfc hm pnstõl mnfpnks. Muhac mcs bnsphrsklths hl hm kehnth fkltnhlhl hstcs bhpõsntcs hl susphlsnõl.

e) Kltn-Hfumsnõl? Hm Kltn-Hfumsnõl? Hm kehnth lc bhjh hfumsnclkr ecl eukmqunhr prhshlenk bh kauk quh sh iuauh km snsthfk y bhjh ecltrnjunr k mk iëenm shpkrkenõl hl hm snsthfk bh purninekenõl.

b) Kltn Jkethrnks?  Jkethrnks?  Mk prhshlenk bh kauk hl hm kehnth mujrneklth puhbh bkr muakr k ul ktkquh jkethrnklc, quh ekuskrk ul bhthrncrc hl mks prcpnhbkbhs bhm kehnth mujrneklth y ecrrcsnõl hl hm Ekrthr.

h) Prctheenõl k mk ecrrcsnõl?  ecrrcsnõl?  Kauk hl hm kehnth, ecfjustnjmh y ëenbcs prhshlths hl mk ecfjustnõl puhbhl bkr muakr k ecrrcsnõl hl hm snsthfk y mk kbnenõl bh kbntnvcs puhbh scmuenclkr mk ecrrcsnõl.

i) Prcpnhbkbhs kltn-cxnbkenõl? K kltn-cxnbkenõl? K hmhvkbks hmhvkbks thfph thfphrkturks rkturks y h hl l prhshlenk bh knrh, hm keh kehnth nth sh cxnbkrë iëenmfhlth y hstc prcvcekrk ulk pîrbnbk bh mks prcpnhbkbhs bh mujrnekenõl y mk icrfkenõl bh iklacs. Mk tksk bh cxnbkenõl hs rhbuenbk ecl kbntnvcs kltn-cxnbkenõl.

a) Ynsecsnbkb? Mk Ynsecsnbkb? Mk hihetnvk mujrnekenõl dnbrcbnlëfnek bhphlbh bh mk vnsecsnbkb bhm kehnth hl mcs bhseklscs y hs nfpcrtklth quh mk vnsecsnbkb phrfklhzek hl mcs mnfnths bh bnshûc hl tcbks mks eclbnenclhs bh cphrkenõl. Mcs fctcrhs mhltcs ahlhrkmfhlth uskl kehnth UKH 50 hl hm ekrthr , quh kshaurk ulk ecrrhetk vnsecsnbkb hl mks thfphrkturks bh cphrkenõl.

  ~ 50 ~

 

d) Kmekmnlnbkb? Hl shrvnenc, sh icrfkl iuhrths ëenbcs burklth hm prcehsc bh ecfjustnõl.  Kmaulcs bh hscs ëenbcs hleuhltrkl mk væk bh mmhakr km eërthr y bh hltrkr k su snsthfk bh mujrnekenõl. Rkfjnîl hstcs ëenbcs ecrrchl mcs enmnlbrcs. Pkrk prcthahr hm snsthfk eërthr y enmnlbrcs bh ktkquhs ecrrcsnvcs , hm kehnth bhjh eclthlhr kbntnvcs kmekmnlcs quh lhutrkmnehl mcs ecfpclhlths ëenbcs kphlks hltrhl km eërthr y hl mcs enmnlbrcs..Hs nfpcrtklth hltclehs kshaurkr mk suinenhlth rhshrvk kmekmnlk (fhbnbk hl RJL (tctkm jksh lufjhr hl faGCD/a)  

n) Hstkjnmnbkb tîrfnek?  tîrfnek?  K fhbnbk quh kufhltk mk thfphrkturk bh ul kehnth kufhltk mk thlbhlenk k cxnbkrsh hm kehnth. Un sh cxnbk hm kehnth sh icrfkl iklacs y mkeks hl mks suphrinenhs ekmnhlths, pkrtneumkrfhlth hl zclks bhm pnstõl. Hs nfpcrtklth quh hm kehnth phrfklhzek hstkjmh hl hsks kmtks thfphrkturks y kbntnvcs scl karhakbcs pkrk rhsnstnr cxnbkenõl.

 o) Kltn icrfkenõl bh hspufk? hspufk?   Knrh puhbh hltrkr km snsthfk bh mujrnekenõl ekusklbc icrfkenõl bh hspufk. Un mk hspufk snauh mcs bhseklscs lc cjthlbrël ul kbheukbc sufnlnstrc bh kehnth, ekusklbc ikmmks. Kbntnvcs kltn icrfkenõl bh hspufk kshaurkl quh sh rcfpk muhac mk icrfkenõl bh hstk.

g) Kltn bhsaksth? hl bhsaksth? hl pkrths bclbh mk phmæeumk dnbrcbnlëfnek bh kehnth sh rcfph bhjnbc k arklbhs ekraks , hm ecltketc fhtkm-fhtkm puhbh mmhakr k pkskr. Hm usc bh kbntnvcs kltn bhsaksth rhbueh irneenõl hl hsks pkrths.

  ~ 5; ~

 

5.5) Emksninekenõl bh mcs kehnths pkrk mujrnekenõl hl arkbcs UKH

Bhsbh ;>;; mk Ucenhbkb bh Nlahlnhrcs Kutcfctrnehs bh mcs Hstkbcs Xlnbcs (UKH) dk hstkjmhenbc bnstnltks emksninekenclhs bh vnsecsnbkb bh mcs kehnths pkrk fctcr, bhstnlkbks k shr uskbks pcr mcs ikjrneklths bh fctcrhs hl hm fcfhltc bh bhthrfnlkr mcs arkbcs bh vnsecsnbkb k shr rhecfhlbkbcs hl sus prcbuetcs y pcr mcs ikjrneklths bh mujrneklths hl mk icrfkenõl h nbhltninekenõl bh sus kehnths. Hstk emksninekenõl bh vnsecsnbkbhs puhbh vhrsh hl mk tkjmk bclbh sh bhinlhl bcs arupcs bh vnsecsnbkbhs? kquhmmcs quh hstël shaunbcs pcr mk mhtrk Q (wnlthr, nlvnhrlc hl nlamhs) y kquhmmcs quh lc ecltnhlhl hsk mhtrk.

Rkjm Rk jmk k 5.;) Kehnth Kehnthss s haÿl emk emkss ninekenõl UK H

  ~ 5: ~

 

5.2) Kehnths mujrneklths rhecfhlbkbcs  5.2.;)  5.2. ;) P cr hm ik ikjrn jrn eklth bhm f fctcr ctcr

Hohfpmc bh kehnths mujrneklths pkrk fctcr bh ecfjustnõl Nlthrlk rhecfhlbkbcs pcr FKG  FKG  ;. Pkrk hm shrvnenc ecl akscnm c bnhshm fkrnlc? EKURZCM EDHYZCL HUUC FCYNM UDHMM

FKZNLH FME BHMC ;000 FKZNLH CNM HTTFKZ ;: RP FCJNMAKZB 2;: KZANLK R

:. Pkrk hm shrvnenc ecl iuhm cnm phskbc EKURZCM EDHYZCL HUUC FCYNM

FTB 502; BHMC 5000 FKZNLH CNM HTTFKZ 50 RP FCJNMAKZB 2:2

 5.2.:)  5.2. :) P cr hm ik ikjrn jrn eklth bh k kehn ehnth th mujrn eklth hsphe hspheæi æine ne c pkrk ekbk tnpc bh fct fctcr. cr.

Hl hstk ceksnõl sh hltrhakrkl mcs kehnths rhecfhlbkbcs pcr mk fcjnm pkrk bnihrhlths tnpcs bh fctcrhs bh usc fkrnlc.

FCJNMAKZB 810 (mujrnekenõl 810 (mujrnekenõl enmnlbrc) - 

Ecfjustnjmhs ecl arkl ekltnbkb bh kzuirh.. -  Zhbueh bhsaksth bh klnmmcs y ekfnsk. RJL Ynsecsnbkb UKH Ynsecsnbkb enlhfëtnek ;00¿ Ælbneh bh vnsecsnbkb Pcur Pcnlt Imksd Pcnlt Arkvhbkb Hspheæinek

10 80 :; ;00 -> :2; 0.>2:   ~ 55 ~

 

FCJNMAKZB FCJNMAK ZB 500 (mujrnekenõl eërthr)  eërthr)  - 

Uhpkrkenõl bh kauk -  Hstkjnmnbkb tîrfnek y bh cxnbkenõl -  Bhthrahlenk y prctheenõl bh cxnbkenõl

RJL Ynsecsnbkb UKH Ynsecsnbkb enlhfëtnek ;00¿

8 50 ;;.5

Ælbneh bh vnsecsnbkb Pcur Pcnlt Imksd Pcnlt Arkvhbkb Hspheæinek

>4 -;8 ::> 0.4>2

FCJNMAKZB 220  220  - 

Fctcrhs bnhshm bh fhbnk vhmcenbkb quhfklbc ecfjustnjmh rhsnbukm. -  Hxehmhlth ecfpktnjnmn ecfpktnjnmnbkb bkb fhzemk ecfjustnjmh -mujrneklt -mujrneklth. h. -  Zhbueh iklac y rhsnbucs. RJL Ynsecsnbkb UKH Ynsecsnbkb enlhfëtnek ;00¿ Ælbneh bh vnsecsnbkb Pcur Pcnlt Imksd Pcnlt Arkvhbkb Hspheæinek

20 20 ;8.5 ;00 -> :81 0.>;

  ~ 52 ~

 

FCJNMAKZB 2;:  2;:  - 

Fctcrhs bnhshm bh fhbnk y kmtk vhmcenbkb quhfklbc ecfjustnjmh bhstnmkbc.

RJL Ynsecsnbkb UKH Ynsecsnbkb enlhfëtnek ;00¿ Ælbneh bh vnsecsnbkb Pcur Pcnlt

;8 20 ;2.2 ;00 -;8

Imksd Pcnlt Arkvhbkb Hspheæinek

:88 0.>05

FCJNMAKZB KBM 20 - 

Fctcrhs bnhshm bh fhbnk y kmtk vhmcenbkb. -  Zhbueh mk mkek hl hm enmnlbrc.

RJL

;8

Ynsecsnbkb Ynsecsnbkb UKH enlhfëtnek ;00¿ Ælbneh bh vnsecsnbkb Pcur Pcnlt Imksd Pcnlt Arkvhbkb Hspheæinek

20 ;2.8 ;00 -;8 :88 0.4>1

  ~ 58 ~

 

Ekpætumc 2? ”Kpmnekenclhs bh mcs mujrneklths hl mcs fctcrhs bnhshm. ”  2.; Emksninekenõl hl mk mujrnekenõl bh fctcrhs shaÿl mk icrfk bh kpmnekenõl bh mcs mujrneklths 2.;.;) Mujrn ekenõl pcr J krjcth rjcthc c c U kmpnek mpnekburk burk

Hsth snsthfk bh mujrnekenõl hs jkstklth snfpmh, sh hfpmhk hl fctcrhs bh eërthr dÿfhbc, bclbh hm lnvhm bh kehnth bhltrc bhm eërthr kmeklzk km hoh enaýhûkm, y km pclhrsh hl iulenclkfnhltc hm fctcr, mcs hmhfhltcs sufhranbcs hl hm kehnth skmpnekl hm kehnth k mcs hmhfhltcs suphrncrhs. Hl mk inaurk 2.; sh puhbh kprhenkr ul snsthfk fnxtc, bclbh ulk jcfjk fkltnhlh ul lnvhm bh kehnth y pcr fhbnc bh ul mujrnekbcr skmpnek kehnth dkenk mk jnhmk.

Ina.2.;) Mujrnekenõl pcr skmpnekburk

  ~ 59 ~

 

2.;.:) Mujrn ekenõl pcr P rhs nõl Icr zkbk zkbk

Hl su icrfk fës ecfpmhtk eclsnsth hl ulk jcfjk quh rhecah hm kehnth bhm eërthr y mc hlvæk k prhsnõl k hlarkskr mks bnihrhlths pkrths bhm snsthfk bh mujrnekenõl bhm ekrthr.

In Inaa 2.: Mujrne Mujrnek kenõl pcr prhsn prhsnõl õl icrzk icrzkbk bk

2.;.5) Mujrn ekenõl pcr A rkvh rkvhbk bkb b

Hm kehnth sh sufnlnstrk km fctcr k trkvîs bh ul kmnfhltkbcr bh mujrneklth k acthc pcr arkvhbkb c k trkvîs bh ulk jcfjk fheëlnek. Eukmqunhrk bh mcs bcs fhbæk ulk ekltnbkb hspheæinek bh kehnth tkm ecfc mc hstkjmheæk hm ikjrneklth bhm fctcr. Uh ceupkjk kltnaukfhlth hl fctcrhs phquhûcs-

  ~ 51 ~

 

2.:) Emksninekenõl hl mk mujrnekenõl bh fctcrhs shaÿl eërthr shec y dÿfhbc

Hxnsthl bcs emkshs iulbkfhltkmhs bh fctcrhs, mcs ecl eërthr shec y mcs ecl eërthr dÿfhbc. Ekbk ulc sh bnihrhlenk hl mk icrfk bh kmcokr y jcfjhkr hm kehnth mujrneklth quh vk k mks pkrths bhm fctcr.

2.;.;)Mujrnekenõl 2.;.;)Mujr nekenõl bh f fctc ctcrhs rhs ecl eërth eërthrr s hec

Xl fctcr ecl eërthr shec hs hm eukm hl bclbh hm bhpõsntc bh kehnth hs hxthrlc km fctcr y bhsbh kdæ hs jcfjhkbc hm mujrneklth, hsth bhpõsntc hs mmkfkbc Uufp tklg. Hohfpmc? Fctcrhs bh bcs tnhfpcs bh usc fkrnlc hl lkvhs fhreklths

Ina.2.5

  ~ 54 ~

 

2.;.:) M ujrnekenõl bh fct fctcrhs crhs ecl eeë ërthr dÿfh dÿfhbc. bc.

Hm fctcr bh eërthr dÿfhbc pcshh hm bhpõsntc bh kehnth hl hm fnsfc eërthr bhm fctcr bhsbh bclbh hs jcfjhkbc. Pkrk mcarkr mk mujrnekenõl, hm kehnth bhjh enreumkr pcr bnvhrscs bnspcsntnvcs quh phrfntnrël quh hsth rhkmneh su cjohtnvc jkoc mks eclbnenclhs rhquhrnbks, hstc nfpmnek ecltrcm bh thfphrkturk, mnfpnhzk, ecltrcm bh prhnsõl hte. Hohfpmc? Fctcrhs bh bcs tnhfpcs ecl snsthfk Mufjrhrk kbfnsnõl-Yëmvumk bh hsekph Fctcrhs bh euktrc tnhfpcs bh hfjkrekenclhs fhlcrhs

In a . 2.:) Fctcr bh 2t us kb kbc c hl ulk jk jkre rekzk kzk,, ecl eeërth ërthrr dÿfhbc.

  ~ 5> ~

 

Ekpætumc 8 ? Bharkbkenõl, Fklthlenõl y pruhjks bh kehnth. 8.;) Bharkbkenõl bh bhmm kehnth bh mujrnekenõl Mks prcpnhbkbhs bhm kehnth bh fctcr, tkmhs ecfc hm snsthfk bh kehnth bh mujrnekenõl, hm kehnth bhm ërjcm bh mhvks, hm kehnth bhm turjc scjrhkmnfhltkbcr, y hm kehnth bh acvhrlcr, ekfjnkl burklth hm shrvnenc ksæ ecfc tkfjnîl mk ekmnbkb bhm mujrneklth sh bhthrncrk bhjnbc k mk cxnbkenõl y mk ecltkfnlkenõl. Hm usc prcmclakbc bhm kehnth mujrneklth trkh ecfc eclsheuhlenk quh hsth sh cxnbh y bhthrncrh km ecmhetkr ecl hm tnhfpc suenhbkb k trkvîs bh mk fhzemk ecl mcs prcbuetcs bh ecfjustnõl. Un hsth kehnth sh utnmnzk bhthrncrkbc, mk ecrrcsnõl y bhsaksth bh mks pkrths bhm fctcr shrël fkycrhs y prcbuenrë shbnfhltcs y bhthlbrë mk fkredk sukvh bhm fctcr. Dcy hl bæk hl mcs fctcrhs turjckmnfhltkbcs mks hxnahlenks bh ekrak y thfphrkturk scl fkycrhs pcr mc quh mcs kehnths bhjhl eufpmnr ecl fkycrhs hxnahlenks y kbhfës sh bhthrncrkl ecl fkycr rkpnbhz. Pkrk hvntkr mk bharkbkenõl bhm kehnth hs fuy nfpcrtklth hmhanr hm ecrrhetc mujrneklth pkrk ul bhthrfnlkbc fctcr kbhfës bh fklthlhr ul juhl ecltrcm bh hsth. 8.;.;) Ekusks bh mk bharkbkenõl hl fctcrhs bnhshm ;. :. 5. 2.

Fhzemk nlthrlk bh pcmvc, krhlk y bhsaksth bh fhtkm hl icrfk bh pcmvc Fhzemk nlthrlk bh kehnth mujrneklth y prcbuetcs bh mk ec ecfjustnõl fjustnõl Prcbueenõl bh sustklenks bh hfumsnõl bhjnbc k mk fhzemk ecl kauk y dufhbkb Keenõl cxnbklth. Hm kehnth sh bhsecfpclh tîrfnekfhlth bhjnbc km ekmcr bh mk ecfjustnõl y mk irneenõl, mmhaklbc k mk cxnbkenõl, hstc sh vh prcfcvnbc pcr hm pcmvc fhtëmnec y mk suenhbkb. 8. Keenõl bh ekrjclnzkenõl. Hm kehnth cxnbkbc prcbueh shbnfhltcs, hstcs km tcfkr ekmcr sh ekrjclnzkl prcbuenhlbc rhsnbucs ekrjclcscs. 8.;.:) Ihlõfhlcs quh kecfpkûkl k mk bharkbkenõl bh kehnths Hm arkbc bh bhthrncrc bhm kehnth bhphlbh bhm tnhfpc bh trkjkoc, eclbnenõl bh trkjkoc, bh kousth y rhpkrkenõl, emksh bh ecfjustnjmh bh trkjkoc y eclbnenõl bh ecfjustnõl. Ecl hm kvkleh bhm bhthrncrc hm ecmcr bhm kehnth sh cseurheh, kufhltkl mk arkvhbkb hspheninek, vnsecsnbkb, vkmcr bh kenbhs, ekrjõl rhsnbukm y ehlnzks y hm pultc bh nlimkfkenõl, kltnhfumsnclkfnhltc y vkmcr jësnec tctkm (RJL) bnsfnluyhl.   ~ 20 ~

 

8.;.5) Ounencs bh bhthrncrkenõl bh kehnths bh mujrnekenõl k trkvîs bh klëmnsns. Pkrk pcbhr bhthrfnlkr mk bhthrncrken bhthrncrkenõl õl bh ul kehnth bhjhl rhkmnzkrsh bnvhrscs klëmnsns k jcrbc y hl tnhrrk hl mkjcrktcrncs hxthrlcs c nlthrlcs k mk hfprhsk. Pkrk quh sh hihetÿh ul juhl klëmnsns bh kehnth hs lhehskrnc quh mk fuhstrk shk tcfkbk bh icrfk ecrrhetk, mk quh bhjh shr rhprhshltktnvk bhm mujrneklth quh sh hstk utnmnzklbc, y bhjh shr hlvnkbk mc fës prcltc pcsnjmh km mkjcrktcrnc (hl eksc bh hihetukrsh klëmnsns hxthrlcs) pkrk rhenjnr hl icrfk rëpnbk mcs rhsumtkbcs bh îsth, hl eksc bh quh sh rhkmnehl mcs klëmnsns k jcrbc hstcs bhjhl rhkmnzkrsh ecl mk fnsfk prcltntub. Mcs fîtcbcs bh hlskyc utnmnzkbcs scl ahlhrkmfhlth mcs lcrfkmnzkbcs (KURF, NP, BNL), k lc shr quh mk hfprhsk hmnok ctrcs fîtcbcs fës heclõfnecs. Pkrk mk cjthlenõl bh mk fuhstrk, mk eukm hs rhmktnvkfhlth phquhûk phrc suinenhlth pkrk rhkmnzkr mcs klëmnsns, (ahlhrkmfhlth hs bh ulcs 800 fm), sh bhjhl eclsnbhrkr mks snaunhlths prhekuenclhs? - Hm rhenpnhlth uskbc bhjh hstkr mnfpnc y shec, puhbh shr mnfpnkbc ecl ul scmvhlth bh mnfpnhzk. - Bhjh hstkjmhehrs hstkjmhehrsh h ul pultc bh fuhstrhc pkrk ekbk fkqunlkrnk, prhihrhlthfhlth bclbh hm kehnth imuyk mnjrhfhlth, hstc dkrë fës iëenm mk pcsthrncr ecfpkrkenõl ecl klëmnsns klthrncrhs. - Mk fuhstrk bhjh shr tcfkbk euklbc hm hqunpc sh hleuhltrh hl eclbnenclhs lcrfkmhs bh cphrkenõl, ekrak y r.p.f. - Uh bhjh brhlkr kmrhbhbcr bh ul mntrc bh kehnth pcr bclbh sî hstk tcfklbc mk fuhstrk pkrk rhfcvhr eukmqunhr pkrtæeumk bh kauk c shbnfhltc ktrkpkbc hl mk mælhk.

  ~ 2; ~

 

8.;.2) Fîtcbcs bh klëmnsns?  klëmnsns?  ;. Mk pruhjk bh mk fkledk hs fuy utnmnzkbk k jcrbc, hm arkbc bh

bhthrncrc sh ouzak

pcr cseurnbkb bh shrvnenc ulk actkphskbc bh kehnth bh mujrnekenõl pkphm inmtrc.mkHl hm eksc ybhmhxpklsnõl kehnth pkrk ( kehnths DB), ul scjrh rhkahlth bh ecmcrkenõl hs acthkbc prnfhrc y muhac mk actk bhm kehnth bh trkjkoc. Hm ëmekmn rhsnbukm puhbh shr ecfprcjkbc pcr hm ecmcr bh mk fkledk prcbuenbk pcr mk actk bh kehnth. :. Rkfjnîl k jcrbc sh puhbh dkehr ul klëmnsns bhm eclthlnbc bh kauk 5. Klëmnsns pkrk bhthrfnlkr hm RJL 2. Ecfpkrkenõl bh mk bhlsnbkb hltrh kehnth luhvc y uskbc 8. Ynsecsnbkb 9. Pcrehltkoh bh kauk hl hm kehnth 1. Hlvnkr phrnõbnekfhlth fuhstrks rhprhshltktnvks pkrk klëmnsns hl mcs mkjcrktcrncs hl tnhrrk (quæfnec y hsphetrcseõpnec c fhtkmcarëinec) 8.:) Prhvhlenõl bh mk bharkbkenõl ^k eclcenbks tcbks mks ekusks y eclsheuhlenks quh trkh eclsnac mk bharkbkenõl bhm kehnth, mks fhbnbks pkrk hvntkrmk hl mk fklnpumkenõl bhm kehnth hstël ecfpuhstks pcr trhs fîtcbcs k jcrbc? bhekltkenõl, inmtrkbc y shpkrkenõl ehltrniuak. ;. Fîtcbc bhpcsnenõl hstëtnek? hstëtnek?    Hm kehnth kmfkehlkbc fklthlhrsh kmrhbhbcr bh bh 90 k 10 °E, hstk thfphrkturk phrfnth bnsfnlunr mkbhjh vnsecsnbkb y quh pcr bnihrhlenk bh bhlsnbkbhs mks pkrtæeumks scmnbks prhenpnthl km naukm quh hm kauk prhshlth, hstc mmhvk mk nfpcrtklenk bh mk thfphrkturk y su ecltrcm phrfklhlth yk quh vkrnkenclhs hl hstk y pcr mc tkltc hl mks vnsecsnbkbhs bh mcs hmhfhltcs nlimuyh hl mk shpkrkenõl. Ekbk enhrtcs phrncbcs bhjhl rhkmnzkrsh hxtrkeenclhs bh iclbc bh mcs shbnfhltcs y bhm kauk. Rkfjnîl hl mk suphrinenh bhm mujrneklth dkenk bclbh sujhl mks pkrtæeumks bh fhlcr bhlsnbkb. :. Fîtcbc bh inmtrkbc?  inmtrkbc?  Mks pkrths arklbhs bh pcmvc y shbnfhltcs hl hm kehnth scl rhtnrkbcs pcr hm inmtrc prcvnstc hl hm snsthfk bh enreumkenõl. Ahlhrkmfhlth mcs inmtrcs eclsnsthl hl pmnhauhs bh pkphm u ctrc fkthrnkm injrcsc, fkmmks bh fhtkm, ecl ul tkfkûc lcfnlkm bh pcrc bhlcfnlkbc hl fnerks (; fnerk6;0-9 f, hl fnmæfhtrcs ecrrhspclbh 0,00;ff). Mk fkycræk mcsinlk snsthfks hqunpkbcs bhkulk fkmmk fhtëmnek inmtrklthbh fuy ujnekbkbhhl mujrnekenõl mk sueenõl hstël bh mk   ~ 2: ~

 

jcfjk, pkrk rhfcvhr mks pkrtæeumks hl hm kehnth. Hstks bhjhl shr nlspheenclkbks phrnõbnekfhlth y hxkfnlkbc mks pkrtæeumks hlecltrkbks hl hmmks, ecl mc quh sh puhbh bhthetkr ulk ikmmk fheëlnek. Mcs iketcrhs quh nlimuyhl hl mk hmheenõl bh ul inmtrc scl? • Mks ekrkethræstneks bh

mcs sõmnbcs k rhthlhr, sus bnfhlsnclhs y su

eclehltrkenõl. • Mks ekrkethræstneks bh mcs imunbcs quh mcs trklspcrtkl, su bhlsnbkb, su vnsecsnbkb y prhsnõl. • Hm arkbc bh inmtrkenõl quh sh bhshk cjthlhr. • Mk eurvk bh pîrbnbk bh ekrak hl hm tnhfpc y su mæfnth suphrncr.

Ecl hm tnhfpc, mcs phquhûcs hspkencs hltrh mks injrks bhm inmtrc sh cjstruyhl pcr mc quh rhqunhrhl bh mnfpnhzk c shr ekfjnkbcs. 5. Fîtcbc bh shpkrkenõl ehltrniuak? ehltrniuak? Hm kauk y mks fkthrnks ktrkpkbks hl hm mujrneklth scl shpkrkbks y rhtnrkbks pcr mk iuhrzk ehltrniuak bhm purninekbcr, km eukm bhjh hltrkr hm kehnth k ulk ulk thfphrkturk bh 48 k >0°E pkrk fhocrkrk mk shpkrkenõl bhjnbc k mk bhlsnbkb y vnsecsnbkb. Hm fîtcbc bh shpkrkenõl ehltrniuak sh emksninek hl fîtcbc bh purninekenõl h mk bc bh imuoc, hl mk quh mk purninekenõl ecltnluk burklth mk cphrkenõl bh mk fkqunlk y hm fîtcbc bh purninekenõl nlbhphlbnhlth hl mk quh mk purninekenõl hs pcsnjmh euklbc mk fkqunlk hstë bhthlnbk 8.:.;) Eõbnacs bh keenõl Mcs eõbnacs bh keenõl rhprhshltkl pkutks k shaunr pkrk scmuenclkr prcjmhfks ecl hm kehnth mujrneklth, hstks pkutks hstël hstkjmhenbks k fcbc bh auæk y kyubk km nlahlnhrc. Hl ulk sntukenõl rhkm, hm nlahlnhrc ecl suinenhlt suinenhlth h hxphrnhlenk bhjh skjhr mks ekusks y prcehbnfnhltcs k shaunr, snl hfjkrac lc snhfprh hstc ceurrh ksæ pcr mc quh hs lhehskrnc rheurrnr k mcs eõbnacs bh keenõl. Bhspuîs bh dkjhr rhkmnzkbc klëmnsns km kehnth mujrneklth sh cjthlbrël bnihrhlths rhsumtkbcs bhm hstkbc bhm kehnth y sh bhjhrël shaunr mks snaunhlths keenclhs? lcrfkmhs? lc sh rhqunhrh lnlaulk keenõl ;. Zhsumtkbcs lcrfkmhs? lc vnsecsnbkb? ecfprcjkr rhmmhlc ecl kehnth bh fhlcr vnsecsnbkb7 bnmuenõl ecl :. Jkok vnsecsnbkb? ecfprcjkr ecfjustnjmh7 ekfjnc bh kehnth, pcr hrrcr, ecl prcbuetcs bh fhlcr vnsecsnbkb. 5. Kmtk vnsecsnbkb?  vnsecsnbkb?  ecfprcjkr rhmmhlc ecl kehnths bh fkycr vnsecsnbkb7 ekfjnc bh kehnth, pcr hrrcr, ecl prcbuetc bh fkycr vnsecsnbkb7 kmtk cxnbkenõl bhm kehnth7   ~ 25 ~

 

bharkbkenõl bhm kehnth7 ekfjnc bh kehnth k fkycr rhecrrnbc quh hm kutcrnzkbc., Kmtc eclthlnbc bh nlscmujmhs. 2. Bnmuenõl ecl ecfjustnjmh?  ecfjustnjmh?  ecfprcjkr vhltnmkenõl nlkbheukbk y eërthr7 jkok thfphrkturk bh iulenclkfnhltc bhm fctcr7 hxehsnvc iulenclkfnhltc hl vkeæc7 jkok ecfprhsnõl. 8. Eclthlnbc bh kauk?  kauk?  ecfpruhjh vhltnmkenõl nlkbheukbk bhm ekrëethr7 jkoks thfphrkturks bh iulenclkfnhltc bhm fctcr7 ecltkfnlkenõl ecl kauk prcehbhlths bhm hxthrncr7 iuaks hl hm snsthfk bh rhirnahrkenõl7 ekfnsks rhjkokbks. Cxnbkenõl?  ecfpruhjh kmtk thfphrkturk bhm kehnth c bhm kauk bh rhirnahrkenõl7 9. Cxnbkenõl?  ecrrhks imcoks7 pklkm bhm rkbnkbcr tkpõl y kmac7 fklauhrks kpmkstkbks7 thrfcstktc bhihetucsc7 tkjk bhprhsnõl bhihetucsk7 bhpõsntcs hl mk edkquhtk7 fhzemk fuy pcjrh kinlkfnhltc bhihetucsc7 scjrhekrak7 prc-nalnenõl. 1. Lntrkenõl? Lntrkenõl? ecfprcjkr vhltnmkenõl nlkbheukbk bhm eërthr7 snsthfk bh vhltnmkenõl pcsntnvk cjstrunbk7 scpmkbc hxehsnvc pcr rîanfhl knrh/ecfjustnjmh nlkprcpnkbc7 kinlkfnhltc bhihetucsc. Hmmhl-Amnecm? ecfpruhjh iuaks hl mks hfpkquhtk burks7 4. Ecltkfnlkenõl ecl Hmmhl-Amnecm? eumktk imcok7 eumktk c fclcjmceg rkokbc7 iuaks hl hm hlirnkbcr bh kehnth. Pkrk mcs eõbnacs bh keenõl snaunhlths (fhtkmhs bh bhsaksth) hm snalninekbc bh eclthlnbc y mk keenõl ecrrhetnvk vkrækl ecl mk fkrek y fcbhmc bhm fctcr y ecl hm prcbuetc hfpmhkbc. Mcs vkmcrhs bh hxkfnlkrsh bh keuhrbc k mks thlbhlenks y eclbnenclhs bhm fctcr. Mcs snaunhlths pultcs sh rhinhrhl k eclthlnbc klcrfkm bh? k) Unmnenc? Unmnenc?   ecfpruhjh inmtrkbc nlkbheukbc bh knrh bh kbfnsnõl7 tujhræks rctks7 hfpkquhtk burks hl fkm hstkbc7 hqunpc bh fuhstrhc suenc7 fctcrhs kjnhrtcs hl kfjnhlth pcmvcrnhltc. j) Dnhrrc? Dnhrrc? ecfpruhjh ekfnsks bh enmnlbrcs7 klnmmcs bhm pnstõl7 hlarklkohs7 vëmvumks7 enaýhûkm hs7 hohs7 hl kmaulcs fctcrhs, pnstclhs. e) Pmcfc? ecfpruhjh Pmcfc? ecfpruhjh econlhths bh fhtkm Jkjjntt y bh ecjrh-pmcfc7 econlhths ecl rhvhstnfnhltc bh pmcfc7 ecltkfnlkenõl ecl akscmnlk uskbk ecfc scmvhlth7 pnlturk k jksh bh pmcfc7 ecfpuhstcs kltn kbdhsnvcs bh arksks. b) Kmufnlnc?  Kmufnlnc?  ecfpruhjh hm bhsaksth bh mcs pnstclhs7 rkykburks c quhfkburks hl mcs pnstclhs7 bhsaksth bh econlhths bh kmufnlnc7 ecltkfnlkenõl ecl pcmvc kjrksnvc. h) Ercfc?  Ercfc?  ecfpruhjh klnmmcs, ekfnsks c vëmvumks ecl rhvhstnfnhltc bh ercfc7 rkykburks y bhsaksth bh mcs klnmmcs c mks ekfnsks7 iuaks bh kauk bh rhirnahrkenõl trktkbk ecl ercfktcs. i) Hstkûc? Hstkûc? ecfpruhjh econlhths bh hstkûc-jkjjnt y juohs ecl rhvhstnfnhltc bh hstkûc, pnstclhs ecl rhvhstnfnhltc bh hstkûc7 krklbhmks bh hfpuoh.   ~ 22 ~

 

Rcfh ulk luhvk fuhstrk y ecfprõ bh mk eclbnenõl bhm kehnth? snauh mks dky quh sh prõxnfk k mcs mæfnths fëxnfcs phrfnsnjmhs bh usc, kshaÿrhsh quh mk luhvk fuhstrk sh tcfh hm hltrkbk bhm inmtrc, fnhltrks hm fctcr hstë iulenclklbc.

Ekfjnc bh kehnth? hm kehnth hstë hl eclbnenõl nlsktnsiketcrnk pcr dkjhr hxehbnbc mcs mæfnths fëxnfcs phrfnsnjmhs bh usc7 tcfh ulk prnfhrk fuhstrk bh mk luhvk ekrak bh kehnth mc fës prcltc pcsnjmh.

Brhlh hm eërthr, mkvh hm fctcr y ekfjnh hm kehnth? hm kehnth ecltnhlh ecltkfnlklths pcr hlenfk bh mæfnths fëxnfcs phrfnsnjmhs7 sn hm ecltkfnlklth hs snmnenc prcvhlnhlth bhm pcmvc, tcfh ulk luhvk fuhstrk pkrk ecfprcjkr quh hm mkvkbc dk snbc ecrrhetc

8.5) Zhhfpmkzc bh mcs kehnths mujrneklths Hl hm rhhfpmkzc sh rhqunhrh hm rhtnrc ecfpmhtc bhm kehnth vnhoc bhm tcbc hm snsthfk bh mujrnekenõl, hstklquhs, hlirnkbcr bh kehnth, ekûhræks, ekok bh mhvks y inmtrcs. Un sh bhok hl hm snsthfk ul :0% bhm kehnth vnhoc, mk vnbk ÿtnm bhm kehnth luhvc mmhak k shr ul 80% fhlcs. Hm usc bh mujrneklths bnihrhlths bhjh shr hvntkbc yk quh km fhzemkrsh bnihrhlths tnpcs c fkreks bnsfnluyhl mcs rhlbnfnhltcs bh kbntnvcs y prcpnhbkbhs bhm mujrneklth. Burklth hm rhmmhlc bhm kehnth sh bhjh cjshrvkr ecl eunbkbc vëmvumks y jcfjks pkrk hvntkr q kmaÿl ecltkfnlklth nlarhsh y hstks iulenclhl ecrrhetkfhlth. 8.5.;) Fhbnbks ahlhrkmhs - Hvnth ecltketcs nllhehskrncs, usklbc hqunpc prcthetcr. - Lc ush akscmnlk, kaukrrës c bnscmvhlths snfnmkrhs pkrk quntkr kehnth y arksk bh mk pnhm. - Xsh ul bhthrahlth snl kauk pkrk mks fklcs c ul okjõl sukvh ecl kauk ehpnmmc jmklbc. Xsh tckmmks mnfpnks y lc trkpcs suencs.

tnjnk y ul

- [uæthsh nlfhbnktkfhlth tcbk mk rcpk ecltkfnlkbk. - Xsh hl hm trkjkoc ulk erhfk prcthetcrk pkrk mks fklcs. - Hvnth nldkmkr lnhjmks bh kehnth c vkpcrhs bh bnscmvhlths. - Fklthlak mnfpnk hm ërhk bh trkjkoc. - Mnfpnh rëpnbkfhlth mcs prcbuetcs bhrrkfkbcs, y lc mcs bhoh hltrkr hl kmekltkrnmmks, ecrrnhlths c eurscs bh kauk   ~ 28 ~

 

8.5.:) Lcrfks bh rhhfpmkzc bh mcs kehnths bh mujrnekenõl ^k sh dk vnstc mk bharkbkenõl bhm kehnth, kdcrk ecrrhspclbh bhthrfnlkr euëlbc hs ecrrhetc rhhfpmkzkrmcs shaÿl pkrëfhtrcs hstkjmhenbcs, kbhfës bh eclcehr sus ekrkethræstneks ecfc hm RJL y hm RKL quh surahl k pkrtnr bh mcs thst y klëmnsns quh sh mhs rhkmnzkl. Eukbrc nlbnektnvc bh mcs mæfnths bh utnmnzkenõl bh kehnths mujrneklths?

Nthf

Mnfnth bh trkjkoc

Hmhvkenõl hl vnsecsnbkb

:0%

Bnsfnluenõl hl vnsecsnbkb

;0%

Ekæbk bhm pultc bh nlimkfkenõl

:0 k 50 E°

 Kauk

= 0.:%

 Kauk bh fkr

Lc sh ph phrfnth rfnth lnlaÿ lnlaÿl l pcrehltk pcrehltkoh oh

Ykmcr bh kenbhz (RKL)

;,8 fai GCD/ai / 2,0 (fkx)

Ykmcr jësnec tctkm (RJL)

0,8 k ;,0 fai GCD/ai

Fkthrnk nlscmujmh bh phltklc-l

:,8%

Fkthrnk nlscmujmh bh jhlehlc

:,0%

Bnihrhlenk bh fkthrnk nlscmujmh bh 0,8% phltklc-l y jhlehlc Rkjmk 9.;

  ~ 29 ~

 

8.2)

Ntnlhrkrncs bh f fklthlnfnhltc klthlnfnhltc bh kehnths mu mujrneklths jrneklths hl ul Fc Fctcr tcr Bnhshm Fkrnlc mhltc bh :R.

nthf

snsthfk bh kehnth bh mujrnekenõl

mkjcr bh fklthlenõl

nlthrvkmc nlnenkm

sujsheuhlth

pruhjks

800 drs

ekbk 800 drs

klëmnsns quæfnec

:-2000 drs

ekb :-2000 drs

Rkjmk 9.;

8.8) Fklnpumkenõl bh mcs kehnths mujrneklths Mk fklnpumkenõl bh mcs kehnths mujrneklths sh bnvnbh hl trhs htkpks? kmfkehlkfnhltc y ekrak, bh mk bharkbkenõl y rhhfpmkzc bh mcs kehnthsy (8.8). K pkrth bhecl hstks tkfjnîlprhvhlenõl sh bkrël fhbnbks ahlhrkmhs hl eksc bh ecltkfnlkenõl ecltketc bnrhetc hm mujrneklth. 8.8.;) Ekrak y Kmfkehlkfnhltc Mk ekrak sh rhkmnzk bhsbh hm muakr bh bhpõsntc, hm eukm puhbh shr ulk jkrekzk, hstklquhs hl tnhrrk, hte, hstk sh rhkmnzk fhbnklth ulk jcfjk mk eukm vk eclhetkbk k ulk vëmvumk bh hltrkbk hl eujnhrtk c fklnicmb bh rhehpenõl. Hm mujrneklth sh bhjh kmfkehlkr hl hstklquhs hsphenkmhs pkrk hstcs, mcs eukmhs vkl bnspuhstcs ecl shrphltnlhs pkrk mk ekmhikeenõl, shlscrhs bh lnvhm, vhltnmkenõl, buetcs bh rhjkmsh, ekûhræks bh sclbkoh fklukm y rhfctc. Hs nfpcrtklth vhrninekr iuaks bh kehnth hl hm hstklquh, vëmvumks y ekûhræks bh hltrkbk y skmnbk bh hsth. Mk thfphrkturk bh kmfkehlkfnhltc bhjh hstkr ecltrcmkbk pkrk pcbhr trksvksnokr y fklnpumkr hm kehnth bh fhocr fklhrk bhjnbc k su vnsecsnbkb. Uh bhjh fhbnr y eclinrfkr hm vcmufhl bh kehnth pcr mc fhlcs ulk vhz km bæk, kbhfës bh mk ekltnbkb eclsufnbk quh bhjh shr rhanstrkbk pkrk ekbk fëqunlk.

  ~ 21 ~

 

Ekpætumc YNN Eclemusnclhs

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Mk mujrnekenõl bnsfnluyh mk irneenõl hltrh bcs suphrinenhs hl ecltketc.

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Mk mujrnekenõl bh suphrinenhs kyubk k kufhltkr mk hinenhlenk bh snsthfks fheëlnecs rhkmhs.

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Mk euûk bh kehnth hs ul fhbnc pcr hm eukm sh mcark hm rîanfhl bh mujrnekenõl dnbrcbnlëfnec, y pcr hm eukm sh puhbhl scpcrtkr ekraks bh dkstk ;;:2 Jkr

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Hstk euûk sh icrfk euklbc hm hoh ecfnhlzk k rctkr y prcbuetc bh mk rctkenõl sh icrfk ul arkbnhlth bh prhsnclhs quh nlyhetk imunbc hl ul mkbc quh snrvh ecfc euûk pkrk muhac hm hoh ehltrkrsh hl su iulenclkfnhltc lcrfkm.

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Mcs sh utnmnzkl pkrkhohfpmc? bkrmh k mcs kehnths fnlhrkmhs eukmnbkbhs quh hmmcskbntnvcs lc pcshhl, ecfc pcr

k) j) e) b) h) i)

Eukmnbkbhs kltnecrrcsnv kltnecrrcsnvks ks Eukmnbkbhs bh bhthrahlenk Eukmnbkbhs kltnhspufklths Eukmnbkbhs pk pkrk rk fklthl fklthlhr hr phmæeum phmæeumkk bh kehnth Eukmnbkbhs fhocrkbcrks bhm pcur pcnlt Eukmnbkbhs fhocrkbcrks bhm ælbneh bh vnsecsnbkb

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Mcs kehnths kehnths snltîtnecs sh prcbuehl pcr sælthsns hl vhz bh hxtrkeenõl c rhinlkfnhltc . Uu vhltkok hs su hstkjnmnbkb hst kjnmnbkb k kmtks thfphrkturks, lc

ecltnhlhl kauk y imunbhz k jkoks thf thfphrkturks. phrkturks. Uu bhsvhltkok hs su ecstc. -  Rkfjnîl sh mh mmkfk k mcs kehnths fnlhrkmhs quh sh mh karhak ul kbntnvc bhthrahlth-bnsphrsklth.

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Hm usc bh kehnths mujrneklths hl mcs fctcrhs bnhshm kyubk k?

k) j) e) b)

Bnsfnlunr pcbhr qu quhh sh lhehsntk pkrk vhlehr mk irneenõl Zhbuenr bhsaksth bh pnhzks quh tnhlhl rceh s Uhrvnr ecfc fhbnc bh hlirnkfnhltc Uhmmc pkrk hvntkr pîrbn pîrbnbks bks bh ak akshs shs km eër eërthr. thr.

  ~ 24 ~

 

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Hm RJL hs mk rhshrvk bh kmekmnlnbkb nlecrpcrkbk bhltrc bhm kehnth pkrk lhutrkmnzkr mcs prcbuetcs ëenbcs bh mk ecfjustnõl. Uh fnbh hl faGCD/ar quh scl mcs fnmnarkfcs bh dnbrõxnbc bh pctksnc pcr arkfcs bh mujrneklth.

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Mcs klëmnsns y pruhjks bhm kehnth mujrneklth tkltc hl mkjcrktcrncs hl tnhrrk ecfc k jcrbc fhbnklth gnt bh klëmnsns pcrtëtnmhs scl bh sufk nfpcrtklenk pkrk eclcehr bhmtnpc hstkbc y prcpnhbkbhscbhm y ksæ prhvhlnrc kvhræks, skjhrnlbnekbcrhs sn tnhlh kmaÿl bh ecltkfnlkenõl sn kehnth dky quh rhhfpmkzkr rhmmhlkr snaunhlbc mcs eõbnacs bh keenõl ecrrhspclbnhlths.

  ~ 2> ~

 

Jnjmncarkiæk ”Hstëtnek‖ Prci. O.MFhrnkf vhrsnõl bhm kûc ;>99 Ekpætumc 8 ”Zczkfnhltc‖ y  Ekpntumc 9 ”Rrkjkoc Ynrtukm‖  ”Nltrcbueenõl k mk fheëlnek bh imunbcs‖ Prci. Z.Q Icx Ekpntumc : -2 ”Eclehptcs iulbkfhltkmhs-vnsecsnbkb‖ 

Kpulths bh Fkqunlks Fkrnlks :10 Prci. F. Mcknzk. ‖ Ekpntumc bh Mujrneklths‖  ”Fkrnlh Mcw Uphhb Bnhshm Hlanlhs ‖ EHla ,FsE,PdB Bhlns Arniintds Edkpthrs :.:; ,

8.::, 9, 9.;0 Eclsumtks tîelneks km prcihscr Z. Jchttedhr hl hm Mkjcrktcrnc bh Fëqunlks Fkrnlks bh mk Xked. Rhsns Nla Oknfh Bhmakbc ”snsthfks bh mujrnekenõl k jcrbc ‖  Rrkjkoc bh ecfjustnõl nlthrlk bh mcs Urs. Ekfnmc Kstubnmmc, Okvnhr Dhlræquhz y Pktrneg Eksklcvk ”Mujrnekenõl‖ 

  ~ 80 ~