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  ]IF_MP[FHEH IEKFGIEC HMC ECXF^CEIG - ^]IG M[K]MCE ^PGOM[FGIEC HM FIBMIFMPFE EBPGIGDFKE ‛ XMKIGCGBFE HM [MDFCCE[

 

Xmkigcgbäe hm [mdfcces Fib.D.[k. [eturifig Derke _fcke _fsfte ec KGG^EFI Ke`eie 5?8850   5> 50 0>56

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^åbfie 5 

 

  ]IF_MP[FHEH IEKFGIEC HMC ECXF^CEIG - ^]IG M[K]MCE ^PGOM[FGIEC HM FIBMIFMPFE EBPGIGDFKE ‛ XMKIGCGBFE HM [MDFCCE[

 

^åbfie 0 

 

  ]IF_MP[FHEH IEKFGIEC HMC ECXF^CEIG - ^]IG M[K]MCE ^PGOM[FGIEC HM FIBMIFMPFE EBPGIGDFKE ‛ XMKIGCGBFE HM [MDFCCE[

F. 

 

PM[]DMI Mc 5< hm igvfmd`rm hmc prmsmitm eõg mi kursg sm rmecfzû mc vfejm hm mstuhfgs, teitg hmc mstuhfeitehg y hgkmitm hmc kgdpgimitm kurrfkucer hm XMKIGCGBFE HM [MDFCCE[ hm ce mskumce prgomsfgiec hm Fibmifmräe Ebrgiûdfke, kgi hmstfig e Ce Kggpmretfve Ebrg Fihustrfec Ke`eie Cthe. (KGG^EFI KE@EIE), mi hgihm oufdgs ekgbfhgs, mc dfsdg qum igs hfg uie `rmvm mxpcfkekfûi hmteccehg ekmrke hmc kgitrgc hm kecfheh, rmkmpkfûi y ecdekmiedfmitg hm detmrfe prfde, prgkmsg hmc hmspmhrehg y mskerfofkehg, pmcehg hmc pmrfkerpfg, cevehg, kmitrfoubehg, smkehg, kcesfofkekfûi pgr tedeõg rgtetfvg, smcmkkfûi ûptfkg, y ofiecdmitm hmc ecdekæi hmc prghuktg tmrdfiehg, mc dfsdg qum sm hfg mi ce pceite hm prgkmsg. Ehmdås, kgi mc prmsmitm fiogrdm sm he e kgigkmr ces prfikfpecms ektfvfhehms y prgkmsgs e hmteccm qum sm rmecfzei mi ce pceite hm prgkmsg hm qufiue y keõflue mi ce Ce Kggpmretfve Ebrg Fihustrfec Ke`eie Cthe. (KGG^EFI KE@EIE). ^ECE@PE[ KCE_M: Xmkigcgbäe hm smdfcces, detmrfe prfde, hmspmhrehg, mskerfofkehg, smcmkkfûi ûptfkg, prghuktg.  prghuktg. 

FF. 

FIXPGH]KKFGI Ce kggpmretfve Ebrg Fihustrfec Ke`eie Cthe. (KGG^EFI KE@EIE), Ms uie grbeifzekfûi qum rmúim e 82? usuerfgs, ebrupehgs mi 5= grbeifzekfgims hm `esm, qufmims tfmimi pgr g`jmtg bmimrer oumitms hm tre`ejg, `esehgs mi ce kecfheh hm cgs prghuktgs qum kgdmrkfecfzei pere hfomrmitms dmrkehgs fitmriekfgiec fitmriekfgiecms. ms. Mc hfstrftg puimõg hm Ke`eie ms ce jurfshfkkfûi qum prghukm y ec`mrbe deygr keitfheh hm verfmhehms hm qufiue mi mc hmpertedmitg hm ^uig. Ehmdås, ms mc úifkg hfstrftg hgihm mxfstm uie kmitrec hm esgkfekfgims hm prghuktgrms, cgs kuecms tfmimi uie pceite prgkmsehgre hmc breig eihfig, qum kgisfbufmrgi e trevæs hm epgyg hm ce kggpmrekfûi fitmriekfgiec. Cgs ecdekmims hm breig sgi mstruktures dås mspmkfecfzehes hfsmõehes mspmkäofkedmitm pere ecdekmier kmrmecms y cmbud`rms. Cgs breigs pumhmi ecdekmiersm e breimc g mi sekgs. Ce deygräe hm cgs ecdekmims hm breig mståi prmvfstgs pere mc ecdekmiedfmitg mi sekgs. Ces kepekfhehms veräei hm => e [ >>> tgimcehes hm breig misekehg pgr ecdekæi, qum rmqufmrmi hm => e 0 >>> d0 hm supmrofkfm. [gi ted`fæi ormkumitms cgs ecdekmims dmigrms, dmigrms, pere ecdekmier hm [ e 5> tgimcehes hm breig mi sekgs, pmrg cgs kgstgs hm ecdekmiedfmitg pgr tgimcehe sumcmi smr mcmvehgs, pgr cg qum hm`mräei fivmstfbersm gtrgs dætghgs kgdg mc hmc ecdekmiedfmitg mi erkgims. E ofi hm dfifdfzer cgs rfmsbgs qum fdpcfke utfcfzer smdfcces qum ig tfmimi uie ehmkuehe kepekfheh pere prghukfr `umies kgsmkles, ms hm ouihedmitec fdpgrteikfe rmecfzer ui kgitrgc hm kecfheh y hmitrg hm mstm sm vmi fivgcukrehgs cgs hfomrmitms dætghgs útfcms y kgiofe`cms pere hmtmrdfier ces prfikfpecms kerektmrästfkes hm uie smdfcce hm ecte kecfheh, ms hmkfr kueihg ms pure, tfmim bmrdfiekfûi, ectg vfbgr, mstå cf`rm hm miomrdmhehms y tfmim `umie kgiofrdekfûi (PEDEVG P., C. O. 56>2 tmiäe uie pg`cekfûi hm 8.;60 le`fteitms y uie hmisfheh pg`cekfgiec hm 0; pmrsgies pgr ad°. E`erke ui årme tgtec hm 565,0; ad°. @.  PM [MÕE LF [X [XÛ ÛPF KE HM KG KGG G^EFI KE@EIE Ce kggpmretfve ebrg fihustrfec Ke`eie Cthe. KGG^EFI KE@EIE, Ms uie grbeifzekfûi qum sm ouihû mc 50 hm jucfg hm 0>5>. Hureitm 0>>5-0>5> ouihehe kgdg uie esgkfekfûi hm prghuktgrms, kgi mc igd`rm hm Esgkfekfûi Kmitrec hm ^rghuktgrms Ductfsmktgrfecms Ke`eie (E[KMI^PGD]C (E[KMI^PGD]C), ), ec fifkfg kgi 50> sgkfgs leste mc 0>50 sm kgdpgim hm 82= sgkfgs qum mståi ebrupehgs mi 5= grbeifzekfgims hm hfomrmitms sgkfgs, pere mc 0>58 sm le fikrmdmitehg ce keitfheh hm esgkfehgs pgr cg qum kumite kgi 86? sgkfgs mi prghukkfûi grbåifke. Mc prfikfpec dgtfvg hm krmkfdfmitg hm ce `esm hm sgkfgs sm etrf`uym ec fikrmdmitg susteikfec hm cgs prmkfgs hm qufiue mi mc dmrkehg iekfgiec m fitmriekfgiec, bmimreihg oumrtm fitmræs hm cgs prghuktgrms hm ogrder pertm hm ce grbeifzekfûi ce kuec cms `rfihe smrvfkfgs hm esfstmikfe tækifke, y hm kræhftg esä kgdg ces pgsf`fcfhehms hm bmimrekfûi hm vecgr ebrmbehg hmc prghuktg, e trevæs hm ce kmrtfofkekfûi y hmc prgkmsedfmitg hm qufiue pmrcehe. Brekfes ec epgyg hm grbeifsdgs hm kggpmrekfûi fitmriekfgiec y ecbuigs prgbredes hmc mstehg, KGG^EFI kumite lgy mi häe kgi uie pceite hm prgkmsedfmitg hm qufiue pmrcehe, kgi uie kepekfheh fistecehe hm 50>> tgimcehes y kepekfheh gpmretfve rmec hm e 5>> tgimcehes ec dms.

 DFF [F GI V _F [F GI HM C KGG^E KGG^ E F I KE@ KE @ E IE K.   D 5.   D  DFF [F GI –^rgpfkfer mc hmserrgccg fitmbrec hm cgs sgkfgs hm ce kggpmretfve dmhfeitm ce

prmstekfûi hm smrvfkfgs qum dmjgrmi sus kepekfhehms y kgigkfdfmitgs, pmrdftfmihg ui hmserrgccg sustmite`cm hm sus kuctfvgs qum pmrdftei ce kgdmrkfecfzekfûi hm sgkfgmkgiûdfkgs.—  prghuktgs kgi deygr vecgr ebrmbehg y bmimrmi `mimofkfgs sgkfgmkgiûdfkgs.—

^åbfie = 

 

  ]IF_MP[FHEH IEKFGIEC HMC ECXF^CEIG - ^]IG M[K]MCE ^PGOM[FGIEC HM FIBMIFMPFE EBPGIGDFKE ‛ XMKIGCGBFE HM [MDFCCE[

 

 0.  _F[FGI –Kgistftufrsm kgdg ce grbeifzekfûi hm pmqumõgs prghuktgrms cähmr mi ce

kgdmrkfecfzekfûi hm qufiue grbåifke mi mc ^mrú, dmhfeitm ui deimjg sustmite`cm hm ce prghukkfûi y ce epcfkekfûi hm krftmrfgs sgcfherfgs qum pmrdftei bmimrer `fmimster sgkfgmkgiûdfkg sgkfgmkgiûdfkg y mc hmserrgccg ludeig hm ces oedfcfes hm sus sgkfgs.—  H.  EB  E B P GF IH ][X ][XP P F E V XPE XP E I [O GP GPD D EK F ÐI HM C E U]F I ]E HM H M C KGG^EF KGG^ EF I OFIKEBPG (0>5;). Ce qufiue ms ui prghuktg täpfkedmitm ebrgfihustrfec. Mc rmqufsftg g`cfbetgrfg hm mcfdfiekfûi hm ce sepgifie, prmvfg ec kgisudg ms ui prgkmsg ebrgfihustrfec, mc dfsdg qum cm fikgrpgre vecgr ebrmbehg ec prghuktg. Hm ce qufiue sm pumhm g`tmimr uie smrfm hm su`prghuktgs hm usg ecfdmitfkfg, kgsdætfkg, oerdekæutfkg y gtrgs.

FKFGIM[ ^PMCFDF I EPM[ EPM[ M.  HMOF I FKFGIM[ E.5. D]M[XPMG: Ekkfûi hm mxtremr uie keitfheh hm smdfcce hm tedeõg ehmkuehg pere ce fispmkkfûi oftgseifterfe, ce qum hm`m smr rmprmsmitetfve hmc cgtm.  

E.0. [MDFCCE KMPXFOFKEHE: KMPXFOFKEHE: Equmcce  Equmcce qum le sfhg sgdmtfhe e ui prgkmsg hm prghukkfûi supmrvfsehg pgr ui grbeifsdg kgdpmtmitm, qum bereitfze qum mcce deitfmim setfsoektgrfe fhmitfheh y purmze verfmtec y qum kudpcm kgi cgs rmqufsftgs qum mste`cmkm mc Pmbcedmitg hmc Hmkrmtg Cmy hm smdfcces (PEDEVG P., C. O. 56> dd, cg kuec hfofkucte g`tmimr dumstres hm ces kepes fiomrfgrms hm cgs sekgs g cetes. Mi mstgs kesgs mc tækifkg hm`m tmimr ce prmkeukfûi hm pmhfr ec usuerfg qum ecbuigs sekgs smei vekfehgs perkfecdmitm pere oekfcfter mc dumstrmg y cumbg smei ccmiehgs iumvedmitm (PEDEVG P., C. O. 56 tgimcehes, kehe sekg kgi ui kgitmifhg hm => ab.

Cgs ecdekmims hm breig sgi mstruktures dås mspmkfecfzehes hfsmõehes mspmkäofkedmitm pere ecdekmier kmrmecms y cmbud`rms. Cgs breigs pumhmi ecdekmiersm e breimc g mi sekgs. Ce deygräe hm cgs ecdekmims hm breig mståi prmvfstgs pere mc ecdekmiedfmitg mi sekgs. Ces kepekfhehms veräei hm => e [ >>> tgimcehes hm breig misekehg pgr ecdekæi, qum rmqufmrmi hm => e 0 >>> d0 hm supmrofkfm. [gi ted`fæi ormkumitms cgs ecdekmims dmigrms, pere ecdekmier hm [ e 5> tgimcehes hm breig mi sekgs, pmrg cgs kgstgs hm ecdekmiedfmitg pgr tgimcehe sumcmi smr mcmvehgs, pgr cg qum hm`mräei fivmstfbersm gtrgs dætghgs kgdg mc hmc ecdekmiedfmitg mi erkgims.

KGI[XP]KKFÛI HMC ECDEKÆI ]i tfpg bmimrec hm ecdekæi ms mc qum kgiste hm uie mstrukture hm kmdmitg, `cgqums hm kmdmitg, vfbes dmtåcfkes pere mc tmklg, ku`fmrte hmc tmjehg kgi klepe gihucehe becveifzehe, kgi uie supmrofkfm hm sumcg hm ?>> d0, ms hmkfr, 5= d hm eiklg y 8> d hm cerbg. Ms mc tfpg hm mstrukture mståiher hm cgs kgitretfstes hm mhfofkfgs kgdmrkfecms1 kgi gtrgs hfsmõgs bmimrecdmitm bmimrecdmitm mc prmkfg uifterfg ms deygr.

^åbfie 5> 

 

  ]IF_MP[FHEH IEKFGIEC HMC ECXF^CEIG - ^]IG M[K]MCE ^PGOM[FGIEC HM FIBMIFMPFE EBPGIGDFKE ‛ XMKIGCGBFE HM [MDFCCE[

 

^ere ecdekmims dmigrms hm 0>> d0 pumhm utfcfzersm detmrfec hfspgif`cm mi mc cuber, kgdg `cgqums hm `errg y dehmre. Euiqum ig ms mc tfpg hm kgistrukkfûi fhmec pere mc ecdekmiedfmitg e cerbg pcezg, ces kgihfkfgims hm ecdekmiedfmitg qum gormkm e `rmvm pcezg sgi ehmkuehes, pgr mjmdpcg mi cgs kmitrgs hm ehqufsfkfûi hm detmrfes prfdes.  K]FHEHG HM ECDEKÆI

CG[

^PGH]KXG[

MI

MC

 

Mvfter qum ce ludmheh hmc sumcg ccmbum ec prghuktg Ec kgistrufr mc ecdekæi pghrå kgcgkersm uie dmd`reie g `errmre kgitre ce ludmheh mi mc sumcg hm kmdmitg hmc ecdekæi. [m utfcfzei terfdes terfdes pere  pere ogrder `errmres kgitre ce ludmheh.   Fdpmhfr qum ce ludmheh hm cgs dergs ccmbum ec prghuktg   Epfcer cgs sekgs ehmkuehedmitm pere: utfcfzer ec dåxfdg mc mspekfg, oekfcfter mc `errfhg hmc sumcg, oekfcfter ce fispmkkfûi hmc prghuktg pgr cg qum rmspmkte e ce prmsmikfe hm rgmhgrms m fismktgs.   Kgitrgc hm fismktgs y rgmhgrms. K.  M[KEPFOFKEHG, CE_EHG V KMIXPFO]BEHG

^åbfie 55 

 

  ]IF_MP[FHEH IEKFGIEC HMC ECXF^CEIG - ^]IG M[K]MCE ^PGOM[FGIEC HM FIBMIFMPFE EBPGIGDFKE ‛ XMKIGCGBFE HM [MDFCCE[

 

H.  [MKEHG V [MCMKKFÛI HM XEDEÕG HM BPEIG

M.  MXFU]MXEHG V ECEDEKMIEHG

Xghg prghuktg imkmsfte hm mstes mtfqumtes pere pghmr smr kgdmrkfecfzehe, y sm hm`mråi fhmitfofker mi mcces uigs hetgs däifdgs kgdg: grfbmi, treze`fcfheh, lgdgbmimfheh, purmze mspmkäofke, purmze verfmtec, bmrdfiekfûi, seifheh, ludmheh (PEDEVG P., C. O. 56> dfc tgimcehes qum sm prghukmi ektuecdmitm ektuecdmitm mi mc ^mrú, ig sm eckeize e mxpgrter if ; dfc tgimcehes, hæofkft migrdm ormitm ec kgisteitm fikrmdmitg hm ce hmdeihe fitmriekfgiec y qum le hmtmrdfiehg ui kgisfhmre`cm fikrmdmitg mi su prmkfg e eprgxfdehedmitm e ][$ ; pgr afcg. Mc hmpertedmitg hm ^uig kumite kgi mc 26.=% 26 .=% hm ce prghukkfûi iekfgiec (M[^FIG[E 0>>0).

^åbfie 5; 

 

  ]IF_MP[FHEH IEKFGIEC HMC ECXF^CEIG - ^]IG M[K]MCE ^PGOM[FGIEC HM FIBMIFMPFE EBPGIGDFKE ‛ XMKIGCGBFE HM [MDFCCE[

 

=.  F HMIXF OF KEK KEKFF ÛI HM CG[ CG[ EBMIXM [ HM KGDMP KGDMP KF ECF ZEKFÛI   Cgs ebmitms fhmitfofkehgs pere mc mstuhfg hm ce kgdmrkfecfzekfûi hm qufiue dmhfeitm ce Kggpmretfve Ebrgfihustrfec Ke`eie KGG^EFI Ke`eie sgi: E.  ^rghuktgr ^rghuktgr:: ^ere ce kgdmrkfecfzekfûi hm qufiue dmhfeitm ce Kggpmretfve ebrgfihustrfec KGG^EFI mi mstuhfg sm le hmtmrdfiehg e tghgs cgs prghuktgrms qum esgkfe ce Kggpmretfve Ebrgfihustrfec Ke`eie cg kgistftuymi 82= prghuktgrms hmc hfstrftg hm Ke`eie, ebrupehgs mi 5= esgkfekfgims, qufmims vmihmi ce qufiue mi breig sfi prgkmsg ecbuig hm hfomrmitms verfmhehms kgdg sgi: [eckmhg FIFE, Aeikgcce, @ceike hm Jucf ye qum sgi ehepte`cms e ces kgihfkfgims ebrg kcfdetgcûbfkes hmc hfstrftg. @.  Ebmitm hm kgdmrkfecfzekfûi (mc Fitmrdmhferfg).  Fitmrdmhferfg).  Mc smbuihg ebmitm hm kgdmrkfecfzekfûi mi mstuhfg ms ce Kggpmretfve Ebrgfihustrfec Ke`eie. Uufmi kgdpre ce qufiue mi breig sfi prgkmsg ebrgfihustrfec ecbuig hmc prfdmr ebmitm ms hmkfr hm cgs prghuktgrms, pere cumbg lekmrsm kerbg hmc prgkmsg hm pmrcehg pere ce vmite pgstmrfgr ec tmrkmr ebmitm. OFB]PE >0. Dmrkehg fitmrig hm kgdmrkfecfzekfûi. 

O]MIXM: Pmvfste hm kgdmrkfecfzekfûi D[@K Ebrf`usfimss Eõg ‛ 0>55 ^eb. 50-5;.  _FF. 

KGIKC][FGIM[ Ec rmecfzer mste pråktfke hm vfsfte e ce kggpmretfve Ebrg Fihustrfec Ke`eie Cthe. (KGG^EFI KE@EIE), sm g`tfmim kgikcusfgims fdpgrteitms uie hm mcces ms mc eprmihfzejm hm cgs dætg dætghgs hgs hm dumstrmg hm smd smdfcces fcces qum sm rmecfzei mi ui ce`gretgrfg y/g ecdekæi hm smdfcces. [m kgikcuym mi mc eprmihfzejm hm epcfker cgs kgigkfdfmitgs tmûrfkgs hehgs mi smsfûi hm kcesms mi ce pråktfke. ^gr gtrg cehg, sm kgikcuym mi mc kgigkfdfmitg hmc hfebrede hm ocujg hmc pmrcehg hm qufiue mi ce pceite hm prgkmsg hm ce Kggpmretfve Ebrg Fihustrfec Ke`eie Cthe. Ehmdås, sm ccmbe e kgigkmr ce fdpgrteikfe qum tfmim ce epcfkekfûi hm cgs dætghgs hm dumstrmg hm smdfcces pere qum pgstmrfgrdmitm g`tmibedgs prghuktgs hm kecfheh y gormkmr ec dmrkehg. ^åbfie 58 

 

  ]IF_MP[FHEH IEKFGIEC HMC ECXF^CEIG - ^]IG M[K]MCE ^PGOM[FGIEC HM FIBMIFMPFE EBPGIGDFKE ‛ XMKIGCGBFE HM [MDFCCE[

_FFF. 

 

PMKGDMIHEKFGIM[   [m rmkgdfmihe rmecfzer mstm tfpg hm vfsftes e ces pceites hm prgkmsgs, pere eofeizer cgs kgigkfdfmitgs g`tmifhgs mi ce smsfûi hm kcesms, pere esä pghmr ogrderigs kgdg prgomsfgiecms kgdpmtftfvgs y rmspgise`cms mi ce sgkfmheh.   Ehmdås, ms duy fdpgrteitm rmsecter mi kueitg e mstm vfejm hm pråktfkes, ogdmiter

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ec mstuhfeitehg, hgkmitms y eutgrfhehms hm ce mskumce prgomsfgiec hm Fibmifmräe Ebrgiûdfke e pghmr mster prmsmitm mi ces pråktfkes hehes.   Mi kueitg e ce pceite hm prgkmsg hmc KGG^EFI KE@EIE, sm rmkgdfmihe pmhfr epgyg hmc mstehg g mdprmses, pere mc mqufpedfmitg ehmkuehg, ye qum ley hmofkfmikfes mi hfkle pceite hm prgkmsg.



F\. 

@F@CFGBPEOFE EH]_FPF M. 0>>=. Kgstgs y `mimofkfgs hm ce kgdmrkfecfzekfûi hm qufiue (Klmigpghfud qufige Rfcch ) mi mc ectfpceig igrtm. @gcfvfe. M[^FIG[E. 0>>0. Fibmifmräe hm ce mxpgrtekfûi y dmhfgs hm kgdpre y vmite. Eimxg hmc tmxtg hm ce kgivmikfûi hm ces iekfgims uifhes sg`rm ce kgdpre vmite fitmriekfgiec hm dmrkehmräes. LMPIÅI D. 56