Informe de Tectónica de Placas y Orígen de Los Sismos

 

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Ge gstg oeacrbg gelcetrhrhs ue lcbpigtc rgsubge oeacrbhtovc lce rgspgltc h ih Zgltüeolh jg Pihlhs. Ihs pihlhs tgltüeolhs sce piheldhs râmojhs jg rclh süiojh qug lceacrbhe ih supgraolog jg ih Zogrrh, aicthejc scnrg ueh lhph jg rclh auejojh qug lceacrbh gi bhetc, gi bhetc, ih  ih somuogetg lhph jgi pihegth. \g pogesh qug su cromge sg jgng h lcrrogetgs jg lcevglloüe ge gi oetgrocr jgi bhetc tgrrgstrg, ge ih lhph lceclojh lcbc hstgecsagrh, ihs luhigs arhmbgethe h ih iotcsagrh. Ih tgltüeolh jg pihlhs togeg su cromge ge jcs tgcrâhs qug ig prglgjogrce; ih tgcrâh jg ih jgrovh lcetoegethi y ih tgcrâh jg ih gxphesoüe jgi acejc clgèeolc. Ihs pihlhs iotcsaïrolhs sce gsgelohibgetg jg jcs topcs, sgmûe ih lihsg jg lcrtgzh qug acrbh ih supgraolog. Dhy jcs lihsgs jg lcrtgzh; ih clgèeolh ih  clgèeolh y ih ih lcetoegethi.  lcetoegethi.   Ih bhycr phrtg jg ics tgrrgbctcs sg prcjulg ge ihs zcehs unolhjhs ge ics iâbotgs getrg ihs pihlhs. Gstg lcethltc pugjg sgr jg trgs topcs; Lcevgrmgetgs, jovgrmgetgs y jg arolloüe. Ge ics prclgscs jg ihs pihlhs sg prcjulge joagrgetgs bcvobogetcs; ihs pihlhs sg hlgrlhe, sg sgphrhe uehs jg ctrhs c jgsiozhe getrg giihs. Jgpgejogejc jg gstcs bcvobogetcs, sg pugjge gelcetrhr ncrjgs jgstrultovcs y ncrjgs lcestrultovcs. Ih pihlh jg Ehzlh sg jgspihzh h ueh vgiclojhj rgihtovh jg hprcxobhjhbgetg ? lb pcr høc lce rgspgltc h ih pihlh \ujhbgrolheh, oetrcjuloïejcsg nhkc giih sgmûe ue pihec oelioehjc (pihec jg Ngeo caa). Ge gi ihrmc pihzc, gsths augrzhs tgltüeolhs dhe lhushjc gi pigmhbogetc jg ih pihlh \ujhbgrolheh y ih acrbhloüe jg j g ihs lhjgehs jg ih Lcrjoiigrh jg ics Hejgs y ih Lcrjoiigrh jg ih Lcsth.

 

 

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³Xuï sce ihs pihlhs tgltüeolhs3 Weh pihlh tgltüeolh c pihlh iotcsaïrolh gs ue arhmbgetc jg iotcsagrh qug sg bugvg lcbc nicqug râmojc soe qug clurrh jgacrbhloüe oetgreh scnrg ih hstgeüsagrh ih  hstgeüsagrh jg ih Zogrrh. Ih phihnrh tgltüeolh jgrovh jgi mrogmc ϊ΢λϊϏβ, ϊ΢λϊϏβγώ; ecboehtovc y mgeotovc jg soemuihr jg lcestrultcr, lhrpoetgrc, y jgi suaokc ολθ; rgihtovc h. 8  Zgltüeolh jg pihlhs gs ueh tgcrâh qug gxpiolh ih gstrulturh y ih joeèbolh jg ih supgraolog tgrrgstrg. Gsthniglg qug ih iotcsagrh (ih pcrloüe supgrocr bès arâh y râmojh jg ih Zogrrh) gstè arhmbgethjh ge ueh sgrog jg pihlhs qug sg jgspihzhe scnrg ih hstgeüsagrh. ih hstgeüsagrh.  Gsth tgcrâh thbnoïe jgslrong gi bcvobogetc jg ihs pihlhs, sus jorgllocegs g oetgrhllocegs. Ih iotcsagrh tgrrgstrg gstè jovojojh ge pihlhs mrhejgs y ge pihlhs pihlh s bgecrgs c bolrcpihlhs. Ge ics ncrjgs jg ihs pihlhs sg lcelgetrh hltovojhj sâsbolh, vcilèeolh y tgltüeolh. Gstc jh iumhr h acrbhloüe jg mrhejgs lhjgehs y lugelhs. Ih Zogrrh gs gi ûeolc pihegth jgi sostgbh scihr lce pihlhs tgltüeolhs hltovhs, huequg dhy gvojgelohs jg qug ge togbpcs rgbctcs Bhrtg, Qgeus y himuec jg ics shtïiotgs mhioighecs, lcbc Gurcph augrce tgltüeolhbgetg hltovcs.

 

C^OMGE JG IH\ PIHLH\ ZGLZÜEOLH\ \g pogesh qug su cromge sg jgng h lcrrogetgs jg lcevglloüe ge gi oetgrocr jgi bhetc tgrrgstrg, ge ih lhph lceclojh lcbc hstgecsagrh, ihs luhigs arhmbgethe h ih iotcsagrh. Ihs lcrrogetgs jg lcevglloüe sce phtrcegs lorluihtcrocs qug sg prgsgethe ge aiuojcs qug sg lhiogethe ge su nhsg. Hi lhigethrsg ih phrtg oeagrocr jgi aiuojc sg joihth. Gstg lhbnoc jg jgesojhj prcjulg ueh augrzh jg aicthloüe qug dhlg qug gi aiuojc lhiogetg hslogejh. Hi hilhezhr ih supgraolog sg gearâh, jgslogejg y sg vugivg h lhigethr, gsthnigloïejcsg ue bcvobogetc lorluihr hutc-crmheozhjc. Ge gi lhsc jg ih Zogrrh sg shng, h phrtor jg gstujocs jg rghkustg mihlohr, qug ih hstgecsagrh sg lcbpcrth lcbc ue aiuojc ge gslhihs jg togbpc jg boigs jg høcs y sg lcesojgrh qug ih augetg jg lhicr gs gi eûligc tgrrgstrg. \g gstobh qug ïstg togeg ueh tgbpgrhturh jg :700 °L. Jg gsth bhegrh, ihs lcrrogetgs jg lcevglloüe ge gi oetgrocr jgi pihegth lcetronuyge h iongrhr gi lhicr cromoehi hibhlgehjc ge su oetgrocr, qug aug hjquorojc jurhetg ih acrbhloüe jg ih Zogrrh.  Hsâ, ge zcehs jcejg jcs pihlhs sg bugvge ge jorgllocegs cpugsths (lcbc gs g gii lhsc jg ih pihlh harolheh y jg Ecrtghbïrolh, qug sg sgphrhe h ic ihrmc jg ih lcrjoiigrh jgi Htièetolc) ihs lcrrogetgs jg lcevglloüe acrbhe eugvc posc clgèeolc, lhiogetg y aicthetg, acrbhejc ihs lcrjoiigrhs bgsc-clgèeolhs c lgetrcs jg jospgrsoüe. Lceacrbg sg higkhe jg ics lgetrcs jg jospgrsoüe ihs pihlhs sg gearâhe, tcreèejcsg bès jgeshs y duejoïejcsg ge gi bhetc h ic ihrmc jg zcehs jg sunjulloüe, jcejg gi bhtgrohi iotcsaïrolc gs auejojc y rglolihjc. Weh hehicmâh arglugetgbgetg gbpighjh phrh jgslronor gi bcvobogetc jg ihs pihlhs gs qug ïsths "aicthe" scnrg ih hstgeüsagrh h stgeüsagrh lcbc gi dogic scnrg gi hmuh. \oe gbnhrmc, gsth hehicmâh gs phrlohibgetg vèiojh yh qug ihs pihlhs togejge h duejorsg ge gi bhetc lcbc sg jgslronoü hetgrocrbgetg.

 

HEZGLGJGEZG\ DO\ZÜ^OLC\ Ih tgltüeolh jg pihlhs togeg su cromge ge jcs tgcrâhs qug ig prglgjogrce; ih tgcrâh jg ih jgrovh lcetoegethi y ih tgcrâh jg ih gxphesoüe jgi acejc clgèeolc. Ih probgrh aug prcpugsth pcr Hiargj ]gmgegr h proelopocs jgi somic TT y prgtgejâh gxpiolhr gi oetromhetg dgldc jg qug ics lcetcrecs jg ics lcetoegetgs geshbnihe getrg sâ lcbc ue rcbpglhngzhs y qug ïstcs togege dostcrohs mgciümolhs lcbuegs. Gstc sumogrg qug ics lcetoegetgs gstuvogrce ueojcs ge gi phshjc acrbhejc ue supgrlcetoegetg iihbhjc Phemgh qug sg arhmbgetü jurhetg gi pgrâcjc Pïrbolc, cromoehejc ics lcetoegetgs hltuhigs. Gsth tgcrâh aug rglonojh lce gslgptolosbc y gvgetuhibgetg rgldhzhjh pcrqug gi bglheosbc jg arhmbgethloüe (jgrovh pcihr) ec pcjâh mgegrhr ihs augrzhs eglgshrohs phrh jgspihzhr ihs bhshs lcetoegethigs. Ih tgcrâh jg gxphesoüe jgi acejc clgèeolc aug prcpugsth dhloh ih bothj jgi somic TT pcr Kcde Zuzc ]oisce y gstè sustgethjh ge cnsgrvhlocegs mgciümolhs y mgcaâsolhs qug oejolhe qug ihs lcrjoiigrhs bgsc-clgèeolhs auelocehe lcbc lgetrcs jcejg sg mgegrh eugvc posc clgèeolc lceacrbg ics lcetoegetgs sg higkhe getrg sâ. Ih tgcrâh jg ih tgltüeolh jg pihlhs p ihlhs aug acrkhjh proelophibgetg getrg ics høcs 70 y 10 y sg ig lcesojgrh ih mrhe tgcrâh ueoaolhjcrh jg ihs Logelohs jg ih Zogrrh. Gsth tgcrâh aug prcjultc jg ih lcihncrhloüe oetgrehlocehi oetgrehl ocehi y jgi gsaugrzc jg thigetcscs mgüicmcs (Zuzc ]oisce, ]hitgr Potbhe), mgcaâsolcs (Dhrry DhbbcejDgss, Hiihe Q. Lcx) y sosbüicmcs (Ioee \yfgs, Dorcc Fhehbcro, Bhurolg Gwoem), qug pclc h pclc augrce hpcrthejc oeacrbhloüe hlgrlh jg ih gstrulturh jg ics lcetoegetgs, ihs lugelhs clgèeolhs y gi oetgrocr jg ih Zogrrh.

 

ZOPC\ JG PIHLH\ Ihs pihlhs iotcsaïrolhs sce gsgelohibgetg jg jcs topcs, sgmûe ih lihsg jg lcrtgzh qug acrbh ih supgraolog. Dhy jcs lihsgs jg lcrtgzh; ih clgèeolh ih  clgèeolh y ih ih lcetoegethi.  lcetoegethi.  

Pihlhs clgèeolhs; Gstèe lunogrths âetgmrhbgetg pcr lcrtgzh clgèeolh, jgimhjh, jg lcbpcsoloüe nèsolh; dogrrc y bhmegsoc jcboehetgs. Hphrglge subgrmojhs ge tcjh su gxtgesoüe, shivc pcr gxostgeloh jg gjoaolocs vcilèeolcs oetrhpihlh, vcilèeolcs  oetrhpihlh, jg  jg ics luhigs ics jgsthlhjcs pcr hitcs hphrglge gbgrmojcs, c pcr hrlcs oesuihrgs (jg osihs) ge himuec jg sus ncrjgs. Ics gkgbpics bès ecthnigs sg unolhe ge gi Phlâaolc; ih jgi Phlâaolc, ih pihlh jg Ehzlh, ih pihlh jg Lclcs y ih Pihlh Aoiopoeh.

Pihlhs boxths;  \ce pihlhs phrlohibgetg lunogrths pcr lcrtgzh lcetoegethi y hsâ bosbc ge phrtg pcr  lcrtgzh clgèeolh. clgèeolh.   Ih bhycrâh jg ihs pihlhs gs jg gsths lhrhltgrâstolhs. Phrh qug ueh pihlh sgh âetgmrhbgetg lcetoegethi tgejrâh qug lhrglgr jg ncrjgs jg topc jovgrmgetg (jcrshigs) ge su lcetcrec. su  lcetcrec. Ge  Ge tgcrâh gstc gs pcsonig ge ahsgs jg lcevgrmgeloh y jg lciosoüe jg  lciosoüe jg arhmbgetcs lcetoegethigs. Hsâ pugjge oetgrprgthrsg himuehs sunpihlhs qug lcestotuyge ics lcetoegetgs. Qhige lcbc gkgbpics jg pihlhs boxths ih pihlh \ujhbgrolheh y ih pihlh Gurchsoètolh.

 

IOBOZG\ JG PIHLH PIHLH\ \

Ihs pihlhs iobothe getrg sâ pcr trgs topcs jg sotuhlocegs;

Iâbotgs jovgrmgetgs;  Lcrrgspcejge hi bgjoc clgèeolc, qug, jg bhegrh joslcetoeuh, sg gxtogejg h ic ihrmc jgi gkg jg ihs jcrshigs. Ih icemotuj jg gsths jcrshigs gs jg uecs 17 000 fb. Ih phrtg lgetrhi jg ih jcrshi jcr shi gstè lcestotuojh pcr ue hbpioc surlc jgecboehjc  jgecboehjc vhiig jg roat ; gicemhloüe acrbhjh pcr jgprgsoüe jg ue nicqug lcrtolhi nicqug  lcrtolhi getrg jcs jcs ahiihs  ahiihs c zcehs jg ahiih jg jg rubnc  rubnc bès c bgecs phrhigics,. Pihlh Harolheh;   Ih Pihlh Harolheh sg vg h ih jgrgldh jg ih pihlh sujhbgrolheh lce ue lcicr

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hehrhekhjc.

Gs

ueh pihlh ueh 

tgltüeolh lcetoegethi

qug

lunrg

gi lcetoegetg gi lcetoegetg jg jg Èarolh  Èarolh y qug sg gxtogejg dhloh gi cgstg dhsth ih jcrshi ih  jcrshi bgschtièetolh.   bgschtièetolh.   Zcjcs ics iâbotgs jg ih pihlh Harolheh sce b buy uy jovgrmgetgs, gxlgptc gi qug

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togeg lce ih pihlh Gurchsoètolh   Wec jg ics hspgltcs bès oobpcrthetgs bpcrthetgs jg ih pihlh gs gi gi Mrhe  Mrhe Qhiig jgi ^oat ge

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gi Gstg, ueh arhlturh qug gstè sgphrhejc h ueh pcrloüe jgi lcetoegetg, y jg

 

ih pihlh, qug gvgetuhibgetg jovojorè ih Pihlh Harolheh ge jcs; ih Pihlh jg Eunoh y ih Pihlh ih Pihlh \cbhiâ. \cbhiâ.  

  Ihs pihlhs lce ihs qug ioboth sce;

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Hi Ecrtg Hi Ecrtg ih Pihlh ih Pihlh Gurchsoètolh y ih ih Pihlh  Pihlh Hrènomh. Hrènomh.   Hi \ur ih Pihlh ih Pihlh Hetèrtolh. Hetèrtolh.     Hi \ur  

Hi Gstg Hi Gstg ih Pihlh ih Pihlh Hustrhioheh, Hustrhioheh, ih  ih Pihlh  Pihlh Oejoh y ih Pihlh Hrènomh.

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Hi Cgstg Hi Cgstg ih Pihlh ih Pihlh \ujhbgrolheh y ih Pihlh ih Pihlh Ecrtghbgrolheh

LCELIW\OÜE ^glhpotuihejc scnrg gi tgbh, shngbcs qug ih lhph supgrocr jgi micnc tgrrgstrg, cluphjh pcr lcetoegetgs y clïhecs, ec gs ueh bhsh lcbphlth, soec qug, h bcjc jg ue mrhe puzig, gstè lceacrbhjh pcr nicqugs c pihlhs tgltüeolhs. \g dhe ojgetoaolhjc sogtg pihlhs bhycrgs y vhrohs bgecrgs. Gsths pihlhs gstèe ge lcesthetg bcvobogetc (sg jgspihzhe), sgphrèejcsg uehs jg ctrhs c ldclhejc getrg giihs, jg hdâ, qug ics ncrjgs jg ihs pihlhs sghe zcehs jg mrhejgs lhbnocs ge ih lcrtgzh tgrrgstrg. Ldoig, lcbc yh jokobcs, sg hscloh h ih pihlh \ujhbgrolheh y h ih Phlâaolh, y hprosocehjh getrg hbnhs sg gelugetrh ih pihlh bgecr jg Ehzlh. \gmûe ic dgbcs rgotgrhjc, ih Zgcrâh jg ihs Pihlhs Zgltüeolhs sg rgaogrg h ih gstrulturh jg ih lcrtgzh tgrrgstrg, sus acrbhs gxtgrehs y sus jgacrbhlocegs. H trhvïs trh vïs jg giih sg gxpiolhe ihs lhrhltgrâstolhs jgi rgiogvg sunbhroec hltuhi, lcbc hsâ bosbc su cromge. Ics ageübgecs vcilèeolcs y sâsbolcs thbnoïe gstèe rgihlocehjcs lce gsth tgcrâh y sg gxpiolhe pcr ics bcvobogetcs jg ihs pihlhs. Jurhetg boigs jg boiicegs jg høcs sg dh ojc sulgjogejc ue igetc pgrc lcetoeuc jgspihzhbogetc jg ihs pihlhs qug acrbhe ih lcrtgzh jgi pihegth Zogrrh, cromoehejc ih iihbhjh "tgltüeolh jg pihlhs", ueh tgcrâh qug lcbpigbgeth y gxpiolh ih jgrovh lcetoegethi.

 

Ics lcetoegetgs sg uege getrg sâ c sg arhmbgethe, ics clïhecs sg hnrge, sg igvhethe bcethøhs, sg bcjoaolh gi liobh, oeaiuygejc tcjc gstc, jg acrbh buy obpcrthetg ge ih gvciuloüe y jgshrrciic jg ics sgrgs vovcs. \g lrgh eugvh lcrtgzh ge ics acejcs bhroecs, sg jgstruyg lcrtgzh ge ihs troeldgrhs clgèeolhs y sg prcjulge lciosocegs getrg lcetoegetgs qug bcjoaolhe gi rgiogvg.

NONIOCM^HAÂH

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