Informe de Pasantia

 

_CZÔOMIAG OHMI^G_IGBG @C ^CBCTSCMG KIBIQPC_IH @CM ZH@C_ ZHZSMG_ ZG_G MG C@SAGAIÑB SBI^C_QIPG_IG, AICBAIG Y PCABHMHEËG IBQPIPSPH SBI^C_QIPG_IH ZHMIPÉABIAH ”QGBPIGEH KG_I×H‛ CVPCBQIÑB KGPS_ËB

KCDH_GQ CB CMKC@IPHPGM AHBP_HM @C CVIQPCBAIGQ @CCQPG@H IB^CBPG_IHQ ZG_G MG NG_KGAIG A.G. CB KGPS_ËB KHBGEGQ Ibnhrkc `c Zgsgbtëgs Zrcscbtg`h Ahkh _cquisith Zgrg Hptgr gm Pëtumh `c Ibecbicrh Ib`ustrigm

Guthr4 Dcsôs Gmocrth Ergbg`h Gscshrcs4 Ibe. Kgribcs Qgogmmh Ibe. Muis _ivcrh Ma`g. KQa. Féathr _gkhs

Kgturëb, Dumih `c ?:7> i

 

_CZÔOMIAG OHMI^G_IGBG @C ^CBCTSCMG IBQPIPSPH SBI^C_QIPG_IH ZHMIPÉABIAH ”QGBPIGEH KG_I×H‛ CQASCMG @C IBECBIC_ËG IB@SQP_IGM CVPCBQIÑB KGPS_ËB

GAPG @C C^GMSGAIÑB @CM GQCQH_ CKZ_CQG_IGM

Wuicb susarioc, Ibe. Kgribcs Qgogmm Qgogmmh, h, titumgr `c mg Aé`umg `c I`cbti`g` B´ 7>.75>.175, cb ki agrçatcr `c Gscshr Ckprcsgrigm `cm Ibnhrkc Nibgm prcscbtg`h phr cm Ogafimmcr4 Dcsôs Gmocrth Ergbg`h, Pitumgr `c mg Aé`umg `c I`cbti`g` B´ 79.005.00?, ahkh rcquisith ib`ispcbsgomc pgrg hptgr gm Pëtumh `c Ibecbicrh cb mg cspcaigmi`g` `c4 Ibecb tumg mg`h `h44 Ibecbicrëg icrëg Ib`u Ib`ustrig strigmm, tititu KCDH_GQ CB CM AHBP_HM @C CVIQPCBAIGQ @C IB^CBPG_IHQ ZG_G

MG NG_KGAIG KC@IPHPGM A.G. CB KGPS_ËB CQPG@H KHBGEGQ, `cspués `c fgocr rcgmizg`h mg rcvisiñb ahrrcsphb`icbtc, ahbsi`crh quc cm kiskh rcsumtñ XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, phr mh quc mc gsiebé ubg agminiagaiñb `c XXXXXXXXX pubths shorc ub vgmhr thtgm `c ?: pubths (3:%) quc kc ahrrcsphb`ëg cvgmugr. Cb mg Aiu`g` `c Kgturëb, g mhs XXXXX `ëgs `cm kcs `c XXXXXXXXXXX  `c ?:7>.

 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 

Ibe. Kgribcs Qgogmmh A.I. B´ 7>.75>.175

ii

 

_CZÔOMIAG OHMI^G_IGBG @C ^CBCTSCMG IBQPIPSPH SBI^C_QIPG_IH ZHMIPÉABIAH ”QGBPIGEH KG_I×H‛ CQASCMG @C IBECBIC_ËG IB@SQP_IGM CVPCBQIÑB KGPS_ËB

GAPG @C C^GMSGAIÑB @CM GQCQH_ GAG@ÉKIAH

Wuicb susarioc, Ibe. Muis _ivcrh, titumgr `c mg Aé`umg `c I`cbti`g` B´

71.136.?33, cb ki ag agrç rçat atcr cr `c Gs Gscs cshr hr Gag` Gag`ék ékia iah h `c `cmm Ibn Ibnhr hrkc kc Ni Nibg bgmm prcscbtg`h phr cm Ogafimmcr4 Dcsôs Gmocrth Ergbg`h, Pitumgr `c mg Aé`umg `c I`cbti`g` B´ 79.005.00?, ahkh rcquisith ib`ispcbsgomc pgrg hptgr gm Pëtumh `c Ibecbicrh cb mg cspcaigmi`g` `c4 Ibecb tumg mg`h `h44 Ibecbicrëg icrëg Ib`u Ib`ustrig strigmm, tititu KCDH_GQ CB CM AHBP_HM @C CVIQPCBAIGQ @C IB^CBPG_IHQ ZG_G

MG NG_KGAIG KC@IPHPGM A.G. CB KGPS_ËB CQPG@H KHBGEGQ, @cspués `c fgocr rcgmizg`h mg rcvisiñb ahrrcsphb`icbtc, ahbsi`crh quc cm kiskh rcsumtñ XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, phr mh quc mc gsiebé ubg agminiagaiñb `c XXXXXXXXXpubths shorc ub vgmhr thtgm `c ?: pubths (3:%) quc kc ahrrcsphb`ëg cvgmugr. Cb mg Aiu`g` `c Kgturëb, g mhsXXXX `ëgs `cm kcs `c XXXXXXXXXXXX  `cm ?:7>.

 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 

Ibe. Muis _ivcrh A.I. B´ 71.136.?33

iii

 

_CZÔOMIAG OHMI^G_IGBG @C ^CBCTSCMG IBQPIPSPH SBI^C_QIPG_IH ZHMIPÉABIAH ”QGBPIGEH KG_I×H‛ CQASCMG @C IBECBIC_ËG IB@SQP_IGM CVPCBQIÑB KGPS_ËB

GAPG @C _C^IQIÑB @CM GQCQH_ KCPH@HMÑEIAH Wuicb Wui cb susa susario rioc, c, Ma`h. KQa. Féathr _gkhs, titumgr `c mg Aé`umg `c I`cbti`g` I`cbt i`g` B´ 7?.59?.0?>, cb ki agrçatcr `c Gscshr Kcth`hmñeiah `cm Ibnhrkc Nibgm Nib gm prcscb prcscbtg` tg`h h phr cm Oga Ogafim fimmcr mcr44 Dcsôs Gmocrth Ergbg`h, Pitumgr `c mg Aé`umg `c I`cbti`g` B´ 79.005.00?, ahkh rcquisith ib`ispcbsgomc pgrg hptgr  gm Pëtumh `c Ibecbicrh cb mg cspcaigmi`g` `c4 Ibecbicrëg Ib`ustrigm, titumg`h4

KCDH_GQ CB CM AHBP_HM @C CVIQPCBAIGQ @C IB^CBPG_IHQ ZG_G MG NG_KGAIG KC@IPHPGM A.G. CB KGPS_ËB CQPG@H KHBGEGQ, `cspués `c fgocr rcgmizg`h mg rcvisiñb ahrrcsphb`icbtc, ahbsi`crh quc cm kiskh cstç GZPH ZG_G QC_ Z_CQCBPG@H. Cb mg Aiu`g` `c Kgturëb, g mhs XXXXX `ëgs `cm kcs `c XXXXXXXXXX `c ?:7>.

 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Ma`h. KQa. Féathr _gkhs A.I. B´ 7?.59?.0?>

iv

 

ËB@IAC ECBC_GM Z.p M I Q P G @ C A S G @ _ H............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ................................ ........................ ......vi vi

M I Q P G @ C N I E S _ G.............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ........................ ......... vii M I Q P G @ C E _ G N I A H.........................................................................................viii IBP_H@SAAIÑB .............. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................7 .............7 GQZCAPH @C MG CKZ_CQG............... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ...................................1 ....................1 ............................ .............................. ............................. ............................. ..................................... ...................... 1 @csaripaiñb `c mg Ckprcsg............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............. 1 Nimhshnëg `c mg Ckprcsg.............

Kisiñb............. ............................ .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ..............1 1 ............................ .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................... ............................. ........ 0 ^isiñb............. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................. ........................ ..... 0 Zhmëtiags...............

Cstruaturg Hregbizgtivg `c mg Ckprcsg ............. ........................... ............................. .............................. ................................0 .................0

@CQG__HMMH @C MG ZGQGBPËG.............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ..........................> ............> @csaripaiñb `cm Zmgb `c Prgogdh.....................................................................................6 .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................... .....9 9 Arhbhergkg `c Gativi`g`cs...............

@CQA_IZAIÑB @C MGQ GAPI^I@G@CQ............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................77 .............77 ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ....................... .........77 77 Ib`uaaiñb `c pgsgbtëg...............

@igebhsti @igebh stiagr agr mg situga situgaiñb iñb gat gatugm ugm `cm Qcr Qcrvia viaih ih `c Qceuri Qceuri`g` `g` y Qgm Qgmu` u` Mgohrg Mgohrgmm `cbtrh `c mg Ckprcsg Aristgm Guth Miocrtg`hr, A.G.................................................77  Gbgmizgr cm ikpgath quc tcb`rç mg gprhogaiñb y gpmiagaiñb `c mg Bhrkg Péabiag `c mhs Qcrviaihs `c Qceuri`g` y Qgmu` Mgohrgm Zrhpihs quc tcb`rç ubg vcz pucstg cb viecbaig cb cm çkoith nibgbaicrh, téabiah y fukgbh pgrg mg Ckprcsg Aristgm Guth Miocrtg`hr, A.G.......................................................................................73

iv

 

Nhrkumgaiñb `c cstrgtceigs quc gphycb cm aukpmikicbth `c mg Bhrkg Péabiag `c mhs Qcrviaihs `c Qceuri`g` y Qgmu` Mgohrgm cb mhs Prgogdhs Zrhpihs, pgrg mg .............................. ............................. ........................................1: ..........................1: ckprcsg Aristgm Guth Miocrtg`hr, A.G................

GZH_PC @CM ZGQGBPC H Z_HZSCQPG....................................................................17 ............................ ............................. ............................. ...............................11 ................11 Ahbhaikicbth y Cxpcricbaig G`quiri`g............. Ahbhaikicbth y Cxpcricbaig Gpmiag`gs........................................................................11

AHBAMSQIHBCQ .............. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ..................................................... ...................................... 13 _CAHKCB@GAIHBCQ............... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ........................................... ............................ 1>  Gm Ibstituth Sbivcrsitgrih Sbivcrsitgrih Zhmitéabiah ”Qgbtigeh Kgri÷h‛.............................................1> ........................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ....................................15 ......................15 Zgrg mhs Bucvhs Zgsgbtcs.............

_CNC_CBAIGQ.............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................ .............. 16

v

 

M IQ PG @ C A SG@ _ H ASG@_H 7 ? 1

Z. p  p

Arhbhergkg `c g gativi`g`cs……………….…. ativi`g`cs……………….…..………………... .………………...……… ……… 7: Mibcgkicbths…………………………………………………………………. ?: Ahbhaikicbth y Cxpcricbaig Gpmiag`gs……………………………...… ?0

vi

 

M IQ PG @ C N I E S _G NIES_G 7 ? 1 0 3 > 5 6

Z.p

Hregbi Hreg bierg ergkg kg `c mg c ckp kprc rcsg sg.. ..…… ………… ………. …... .... .... ..…… ………… ………… ………… …… Mikpic Mik piczg zg y Ogrr Ogrri`h i`h `cm çrcg ……… …………… …………… ……………… ……………… ……….…. .…... Ogrri`h Ogrr i`h `cm çrc çrcg…… g…………… ……………… ……………. ……... ..... ...... ...……… ……………. …….……… ……….. Mikp Mi kpic iczg zg aahb hb cqu cquip iphs hs k kcag cagbi bizg zg`hs `hs c cmm çr çrcg cg ` `c c mg Z Zmg mgbt btg… g….… .…… … Midg Mi dg`h `h `c tu tuohs ohs…… ………. …..… .……… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… …….… .……… ………. …. Cstipu Cst ipumga mgaiñb iñb `c mhs tickph tickphss Cdcaut Cdcautg`h g`hss …… …………… …………… ……….. …..…… …… @iger @i gergkg gkg `c `c Egb Egbtt tt ah ahb b _cm _cmgai gaihbc hbcss ……… …………. …...… ..………… ……………… ………… … Ibnhrkc sckgbgm `c gvgbac `c horg (sckgbg Bº 70) ……………..

> 7? 7? 71 71 7> 76 76

M IQ PG @ C E _GN IA H E_GNIAH

Z.p

7. Aurvg `c Gvgbac Gv gbac Nësiah `c mg Horg…………………………… Horg…………………………………….……75 ……….……75 vii

 

viii

 

IBP_H@SAAIÑB Cb mg gatug gatugmimi`g `g` ` mg mgss hr hreg egbi bizga zgaih ihbcs bcs cbn cbnrc rcbt btgb gb ag ag`g `g `ëg `ëg cxi cxiec ecbt btcs cs agkoihs quc rcquicrcb `c gaaihbcs rçpi`gs y cncativgs pgrg gsë fgacr nrcbtc g mgs `ckgb`gs `cm cbthrbh, quc `c gmeubg kgbcrg trgc ahbsieh gukcbths `c ergb ocbcniaih cahbñkiah pgrg mgs ahkpg÷ëgs. Bh hostgbtc< csth g su vcz ecbcrg gatugmizgr gatugmizgr c ikpmc ikpmckcbtg kcbtgrr cstrgtceigs cstrgtceigs `c hptik hptikizgaiñ izgaiñb b `c prhacshs, prhacshs, mg augm mcs vg g pcrkitir hotcbcr ibnhrkgaiñb vgmc`crg, ahbnigomc y dustg ahb cm nib ibkc`igth `c quc scgb kçs prh`uativgs y cniagacs cb prh y oicbcstgr `c mg ahkpg÷ëg cb ecbcrgm. Mg agrcbaig h `cniaicbaigs `c ahbtrhmcs g`kibistrgtivhs y ahbtgomcs, cvi`cbtckcbtc ahb`cbgb g augmquicr hregbizgaiñb gm nrgagsh gm bh cxistir  ahbtrhmcs quc pcrkitgb ahrrceir hphrtubgkcbtc kc`i`gs prcvcbtivgs g mhs prhomckgs quc ecbcrcb mgs gativi`g`cs ahkcraigmcs y kçs gub augb`h sc trgtc `cm kgbcdh `c ibvcbtgrih ibvcbtgrih `c mg hregbizgai hregbizgaiñb, ñb, ahbhaicb` ahbhaicb`h h quc cstc cs cm ahrg ah rgzñ zñb b `c mg ki kisk skg, g, cm au augm gm `c `coc oc cst cstgr gm `ëg `ëg ah ahb b mhs ah ahbs bstg tgbt btcs cs khvikicbths y gatugmizgaihbcs `cm kc`ih. Cm rcgmkcbtc ahbhacr quc agbti`g` `c ibvcbtgrih scrç bcacsgrih quc phscg phsc g ub ubg g hr hreg egbi bizg zgai aiñb ñb cb ub nutu nuturh rh cs ub tr trgo gogd gdh h vcr` vcr`g` g`cr crgk gkcb cbtc tc ibtcrcsgbtc, phr tgm khtivh mg pmgbcgaiñb y cm ahbtrhm `c mhs sistckgs `c ibvcbtgrihs `cocb `grsc bcacsgrigkcbtc cb bivcmcs `incrcbtcs, phr mh tgbth cs ikprhogomc quc ubg shmg amgsc `c prhbhstiah puc`g scr suniaicbtc< `cs`c muceh muc eh cm prh prhomc omckg kg ibk ibkc`i c`igth gth cs sic sickpr kprc c cm `c ahbtrhm ahbtrhmgr gr mhs ibv ibvcbt cbtgrih grihs, s, prhp prhphr hrai aihb hbgb gb`h `h mgs mgs kg kgtc tcri rigs gs pr prik ikgs gs qu quc c rc rcqu quic icrc rcb b mg pr prhe herg rgkg kgss `c prh`uaaiñb, cbthbacs ¸fgstg `ñb`c sc `coc shb`cgr cb cm nuturh, ag`g vcz quc sc tcbeg quc `cai`ir mg kgebitu` `c mhs bivcmcs `c ibvcbtgrih, prh`uaaiñb y haupgaiñb, mg rcspucstg g cstg ibtcrrhegbtc `cpcb`c `cm ahkphrtgkicbth `c mhs kcrag`hs y `c mhs prhvcc`h prhvcc`hrcs rcs `c ibsukhs, y `c mg bgturgmczg bgturgmczg `c mgs 7

 

hpcr hp crgai gaihb hbcs cs y ah ahbt btrhm rhmcs cs ib ibtc tcrbh rbhs, s, cstc cstc `coc `coc sc scrr cm pu pubt bth h `c pg pgrt rti` i`g g gm `ctcrkibgr cm erg`h `c ibvcbtgrih rcqucri`h cb mg ckprcsg ngrkgaéutiag, amgrh cstç g`gptçb`hsc g mhs agkoihs quc puc`gb ecbcrgrsc cb mg shaic`g`, y g mg hncrtg y `ckgb`g quc ducegb ub pgpcm ikphrtgbtc cb cm kub`h ckprcsgrigm.  Cb mg Ngrkga Ngrkgaig ig Kc`ithtgm, A.G. A.G.,, `hb`c cm guthr rcgmizñ mgs pgsgbtëgs pgsgbtëgs,, cm augm sc ogsñ cb mg nhrkumgaiñb `c kcdhrgs cb cm ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaigs `c ibvcbtgrihs pgrg mg Ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G. cb Kgturëb Cstg`h Khbgegs Khbgegs.. Cm prcscbtc prcscbt c ibnhr ibnhrkc kc nuc rcgmiz rcgmizg`h g`h `urgbtc ub pcrih`h pcrih`h `c (9) bucvc sckgbgs `c pgsgbtëgs cb mg ckprcsg, pgrg cstgomcacr aritcrihs y gaaihbcs këbikgs pgrg mg hregbizgaiñb, nubaihbgkicbth y supcrvisiñb `c mhs prh`uaths ngrkgaéutiahs quc gsceurcb mg `istriouaiñb `c mhs kiskhs g sus amicbtcs. Cm ibnhrkc cstç cstruaturg`h `c mg sieuicbtc kgbcrg4 Gspcath `c mg ckprcsg, i`cbtiniagb`h su cstruaturg hregbizgtivg kisiñb, visiñb. Muceh sc fgac fg ac rc rcnc ncrc rcba baig ig gm `csg `csgrr rrhm hmmh mh `c mg pg pgsg sgbt btëg ëg,, ho hodc dctitivh vhss pr prhp hpuc ucst sths hs,, arhbhergkg `c gativi`g`cs, `csaripaiñb `c gativi`g`cs rcgmizg`gs `urgbtc cm pcri pc rih` h`h h `c pgsg pgsgbt btëg ëg,, gph gphrt rtc c `c `cmm pg pgsg sgbt btc c ah ahbha bhaik ikic icbt bth h y cxp cxpcr cric icba baig ig g`quiri`g, gsë ahkh tgkoiéb mg cxpcricbaig gpmiag`g, oiomihergnëg, ahbamusiñb, rcahk rca hkcb cb`g `gai aihbc hbcss `i `iri riei ei`g `gss g mg ck ckpr prcs csg, g, gm ib ibst stititut utitith h y g mh mhss nu nutu turhs rhs pgsgbtcs, gbcxhs.

?

 

GQZCAPH @C MG CKZ_CQG @csaripaiñb `c mg Ckprcsg _gzñb Qhaigm NG_KGAIG KC@IPHPGM A.G, uoiag`g cb mg Gv. Muis `cm ^gmmc Egraëg, scathr scat hr acbtrh acbtrh,, Bh. ?6. Pcm Pcménh énhbh4 bh4 :?9 :?97-> 7->0?:1 0?:1:9, :9, Kgt Kgturë urëb b cst cstg`h g`h Khbgeg Khbgegs. s. (vcr nieurg 7)

Nieurg 7. Ngafg`g `c mg ckprcsg. Nucbtc4 Ibtrgbct `c mg ckprcsg (?:7>) Bgturgmczg `c mg Hregbizgaiñb Ahb Ah b cm ho hodc dcti tivh vh `c au auor orir ir mg `c `ck kgb gb`g `g `c sc scrv rvia iaih ihss `c sg sgmu mu`, `, cspcaëniagkcbtc cb cm cxpcb`ih `c kc`iagkcbths, bgac cb 7993 Ngrkgaigs Kc`ithtgm ahb mg gpcrturg `cm prikcr cstgomcaikicbth cb cm scathr Mgs Egrzgs, cb cm cstg`h Gbzhçtceui. @cs`c mhs ibiaihs, aucbtg ahb ub pcrshbgm gmtgkcbtc ag agpga pgaititg` g`h h y ah ahkp kprhk rhkct cti` i`h h cb egr egrgbt gbtiz izgr gr ubg ubg ec ecst stiñ iñb b `c cxa cxacmc cmcba baig ig g 1

 

bucstrhs usugrihs, ibahrphrgb`h g`ckçs, scrviaihs `c vgmhr gerceg`h ahkh cxpcb`ih cxpcb`i h `c kisac kisacmçbchs mçbchs ogdh nhrkgth `c guthscrviaih guthscrviaih,, turbhs mgs ?0 fhrgs, gscsh gscshrë rëgs gs ké`i ké`iag ags, s, g`ck g`ckçs çs `c pr prhvc hvccr cr pr prh` h`uat uaths hs y scr scrvi viai aihs hs `c `cmm çr çrcg cg butriaihbgm. Gatugmkcbtc sc aucbtg ahb 76 suaursgmcs `istrioui`gs cb aibah cstg`hs. Ngrkgaigs Ngrkga igs Kc`it Kc`ithtgm htgm nnhagmiz hagmizg g ahb tgmcbt tgmcbth h y agmi` agmi`g` g` su hricbt hricbtgaiñb gaiñb fgaig cm amicbtc ibbhvgb`h cb cstrgtceigs g`caug`gs `c prh`uaths y scrviaihs cb sgmu` y aui`g`h pcrshbgm pgrg cm oicbcstgr `c bucstrhs ahbsuki`hrcs, g trgvé rgvéss `c `cmm `c `csg sgrr rrhm hmmmh pc pcrk rkgb gbcb cbtc tc cs csttgom gomcai` cai`h h cb mg cnia cniaic icba baig ig,, cm kcdhrgkicbth y cm arcaikicbth ahbtibuh `c bucstrhs ahmgohrg`hrcs g bivcm prhncsihbgm y pcrshbgm.

Nimhshnëg `c mg Ckprcsg Kisiñb

Hnrc Hnrcac acrr gm amic amicbt btc c pr prh` h`ua uath thss y scrv scrvia iaih ihss `c agmi agmi`g `g`, `, or orib ib`g `gb` b`h h sgtisngaaiñb, sceuri`g` y ahbnigbzg g nib `c prhkhvcr oicbcstgr. ^isiñb

Qcr cm er Qcr erup uph h `c ngrk ngrkga gaig igss `c gu guth thsc scrv rvia iaih ih më`c më`crr g bivc bivcmm bg bgai aihb hbgm gm egrgbtizgb`h g mg ahkubi`g` su kcdhr shmuaiñb. ^gmhrcs

7. Zu Zubt btug ugmimi`g `g` ` cb cm scrvi scrviai aih h. Cm Cmck ckcb cbth th ik ikph phrt rtgb gbtc tc y ho hodc dctitivh vh `c mg gprcaigaiñb `c mg agmi`g` `c scrviaih. ?. Fhbcsti`g` . Augmi`g` fukgbg quc ahbsistc cb ahkphrtgrsc y cxprcsgrsc ahb ahfcrcbaig y sibacri`g`, y `c gaucr`h ahb mhs vgmhrcs `c vcr`g`. 1. Zcrtcbcbaig. Zcrtcbcbaig. Qcbsgaiñb `c oicbcstgr quc prh`uac cm tcbcr ub cspgaih `c 0

 

arcaikicbth y ub amikg `c ahkprcbsiñb y grrgieh ahb mg hregbizgaiñb quc bhs gyu`c g scr kcdhrcs pcrshbgs ag`g `ëg. 0. Étiag. Étiag.   Ib Ibtc tcri rihr hriz izgai gaiñb ñb `c mg mgss bh bhrk rkgs gs y pri priba baip ipih ihss qu quc c fg fgacb acb quc mg pcrshbg scg rcsphbsgomc `c su prhpih oicbcstgr y, ahbscaucbtckcbtc, `cm `c mhs `ckçs. 3. @c`iagaiñb. @c`iagaiñb. Cm  Cm ckpc÷h `c mhergr ub hodctivh. >. Prg Prgogd ogdh h cb cquiph cquiph.. Nhk Nhkcbt cbth h `c mgs rcm rcmgai gaihbc hbcss ibtcrp ibtcrpcrsh crshbgm bgmcs, cs, pgr pgrg g ecbcrgr situgaihbcs `c shmi`gri`g`, ahkpg÷criskh y gprcb`izgdc kutuh quc ngvhrczagb mg ibtcergaiñb y cm mherh `c mhs hodctivhs. 5. _csphbsgoimi`g`. _csphbsgoimi`g`.   Mg virt virtu` u` h `isp `isphs hsiiaiñb aiñb fg fgoi oitu tugm gm `c gsu suki kirr mgs ahbscaucbaigs `c mgs prhpigs `caisihbcs, rcsphb`icb`h `c cmmgs gbtc gmeuicb. 6. Ahbnigoimi`g` . Kcdhrgkicbth ahbtibuh `c mhs prhacshs quc ibahrphrg `c kgbc kg bcrg rg

sist istck ckçt çtia iag, g,

gvg vgbz bzg` g`gs gs

fc fcrr rrgk gkiicb cbttgs

`c

`ige `igebñ bñst stiiah, ah,

kcth`hmheëgs `c gbçmisis y bucvgs tcabhmheëgs pgrg hptikgr cm scrviaih prcstg`h gm amicbtc. Zhmëtiags

Zrhvccr g sus amicbtcs, gatugmcs y phtcbaigmcs, `c ub scrviaih quc sgtisngeg h supcrc sus cxpcatgtivgs cb térkibhs `c agmi`g`, agbti`g`, ahsths, vgric`g` y rgpi`cz.

Cstruaturg Hregbizgtivg `c mg Ckprcsg  

Mg cstruaturg hregbizgtivg `c mg ckprcsg Aristgm Guth Miocrtg`hr, A.G.,

cstç ahbstitui`g ahkh sc kucstrg cb mg nieurg ?, p. >, mgs pgsgbtëgs sc `csgr `c sgrrh rhmmmmgrh grhb b cb mg Ecrcb Ecrcbai aig g Ec Ecbc bcrg rgmm `c mg ckprc ckprcsg sg `c Kg Kgtu turë rëb, b, cstc cstc `cpg `c pgrt rtgk gkcbt cbth h sc cb cbagr agreg eg `c mg pm pmgbi gbininiag agai aiñb ñb,, hre hregb gbiz izga gaiñ iñb, b, vc vcbt btg g y mg gpmiagaiñb `c augmquicr tiph `c scrviaih quc rcquicrgb mhs amicbtcs, ahkh tgkoiéb cm kgbcdh `c mhs rcamgkhs rcgmizg`hs. 3

 

 _CQI@CBPC _CQI@CBPC

IAC- _CQI@CBPC ^IAC_CQI@CBPC

C_CBPC ECBC_GM EC_CBPC

DCNC DCNC@C @C C_QHBGM C_QHBGM

EC_CBPC EC_CBPC G@KIBIQP_GPI^H G@KIBIQP_GPI^H

GPCBAIÑB GM AMICBPC

DCNC DCNC@C @C KGBPCBIKICBPH KGBPCBIKICBPH

_C _C _CQCBPGBPC _CQCBPGBPC @C @C ^CBPGQ ^CBPGQ

DCNC DCNC @C @C AHK _GQ AHK _GQ

Nieurg 7. Cstruaturg Hregbizgtivg `c mg Ckprcsg  Ckprcsg   Aristgm Guth Miocrtg`hr,

A.G. Nucbtc4 @pth. Ecrcbaig Ecbcrgm `c mg Ckprcsg (?:7>)

>

 

@CQG__HMMH @C MG ZGQGBPËG Mg Ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G cb mhs gatugmcs khkcbths sc cbaucbtrg ibkcrsg cb ub prhacsh `c rchregbizgaiñb cb sus `ivcrsgs çrcgs `c ecstiñb, pgrg nhkcbtgr `c cstg kgbcrg mg cniaicbaig hpcrgtivg `cm çrcg `c vcbtgs< cb vistg `c quc mg `ckgb`g `c mhs prh`uaths ngrkgaéutiahs cs kçs ahkpctitivh, cb tgm scbti`h sc fgac bcacsgrig mg oôsquc`g `c hphrtubi`g`cs `c kcdhrg quc hptikiacb mg ecstiñb `cm ahbtrhm `c ibvcbtgrihs.  Gfhrg oicb cb mg gatugmi`g` mgs gativi`g`cs `c `istriouaiñb y gmkgacbgkicbth cb mg ckprcsg bh sc rcgmizgb sieuicb`h kéth`hs `cnibi`hs quc hricbtcb ahkh `coc fgacrsc ag`g gativi`g` ibfcrcbtc gm kgbcdh y ahbtrhm `c ibvcbtgrihs, csth cs hrieibg`h phr mg ngmtg `c cxistcbaig `c ibvcbtgrih, mh augm ecbcrg ecbcrg prhomck prhomckgs gs cb mg nhrkg `c mmmmcvgr cvgr g agoh mgs hpcrgaihb hpcrgaihbcs. cs. Zhr  htrg pgrtc cstg situgaiñb sc prcscbtg `coi`h g quc bh cxistc ub `cpgrtgkcbth quc sc cba cbagreu greuc c `c mg hreg hregbiz bizgai gaiñb ñb y ahbt ahbtrhm rhm `cm ibvc ibvcbtg btgrih, rih, mh aug augmm ecbcrg g mg ckprcsg rctrgshs y pér`i`g `c tickph. Zhr htrh htrh mg mg`h, `h, mgs gat gativi ivi`g` `g`cs cs `c gmkga gmkgacbg cbgkic kicbth bth sc rcgmiz rcgmizgb gb `c kgbc kg bcrg rg ibsc ibsceu eurg rg `coi `coi`h `h g qu quc c bh cxis cxistc tc ub ibvc ibvcbt btgr grih ih gahr gahr`c `c g mgs mgs `ckgb`gs `c mhs amicbtcs, ecbcrgb`h ibaukpmikicbth, g`ckçs bh sc rcgmizg ubg oucbg pmgbcgaiñb hpcrgtivg `c mgs gativi`g`cs `c mhs trgogdg`hrcs ahb quc aucbtg mg ckprcsg pgrg su ibvcbtgrih `c prh`uaths ngrkgaéutiahs, cb tgm scbti`h sc fgac bcacsgrig mg oôsquc`g `c hphrtubi`g`cs `c kcdhrg quc rceumcb mg ecstiñb `c ibvcbtgrihs. Zhr mh tgbth ubh `c mhs `cpgrtgkcbths arëtitiahs arë ahs y hod hodcth cth `c cstu` cstu`ih ih pgrg cm prc prcscb scbtc tc trgo trgogdh gdh cs mg agr agrcba cbaig ig `c hregbi hre gbizga zgaiñb iñb `c mhs ibs ibsukh ukhss ngr ngrkga kgaéut éutiah iahss quc iba ibai`c i`c cb mg ecs ecstitiñb ñb y kgbcdh `c ibvcbtgrihs, phr ahbsieuicbtc sc fgac bcacsgrig mg ibkc`igtg gpmiagaiñb `c ahbacpths `c rcibecbicrëg, ahb cm nib ` `c c kcdhrgr mg uoiagaiñb `c mhs prh`uaths shmiaitg`hs cb cm trgbsaursh `cm prhacsh y cstgomcacr ub 5

 

fisthrigm `cm khvikicbth `c ibvcbtgrih. Mg `istriouaiñb y gmkgacbgkicbth `c mhs prh`uaths sc mmcvgb `c nhrkg `cshregbizg`g, `cshreg bizg`g, yg quc bh sc mmcvg cm ahbtrhm `c mhs prh`uaths cxis cxistcbtc tcbtcss cb mg ngrkgaig< augb`h cm kgtcrigm cs rcaioi`h phr cm pcrshbgm cbagreg`h uoiagb mhs prh`uaths ngrkgaéutiahs `c kgbcrg ibg`caug`g. @coi`h g cstgs agusgs surecb `cniaicbaigs cb cm ibvcbtgrih, ecbcrgb`h pér`i`gs `c tickph cb mg oôsquc`g `c mhs kiskhs, khmcstigs `c mhs amicbtcs agusg`gs phr ngmtg `cm prh`uath cb mg `rheucrëg, kgm kgbcdh `cm ibvcbtgrih. Zgrg cvitgr cstgs kgmgs ahb`iai ahb` iaihbc hbcss sc `coc ahbtgr ahb ub sistc sistckg kg `c gmk gmkgacb gacbgki gkicbt cbth h pgrg mgs kc`iaibgs y gsë ph`cr mmcvgr ub ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaig `c mgs kiskgs.

@csaripaiñb `cm Zmgb `c Prgogdh.

Cb th` h`g g ck ckpr prcs csg g `c ag agrrça çattcr ah ahk kcr crai aigm gm cs ku kuyy ik ikph phrt rtgb gbttc mg ibnhrkg ibnhrkgaiñ aiñb b quc sc hri hrieib eibg g prh` prh`uat uath h `c mgs gat gativi ivi`g` `g`cs cs quc `ig `igrig rigkcb kcbtc tc rcgmimizg rcg zg y aumkibçb`hmh cm ?9/:>/?:7>. Agoc `cstgagr quc mg pribaipgm cstrgtceig cstrgt ceig quc sc gpmiañ nuc mg pgrtia pgrtiaipgaiñ ipgaiñb b `ircatg cb mg ckprcsg gpmiagb`h mhs aritcrihs hotcbi`hs cb mgs gativi`g`cs pgrg mg supcrvisiñb `c cmmgs. Arhbhergkg `c Gativi`g`c Gativi`g`cs s

Cm aukpm aukpmik ikic icbt bth h `c mg mgss gat gativ ivi` i`g` g`cs cs pcr pcrki kititiñ ñ mh mherg ergrr mh mhss ho hodc dctitivh vhss prhpucsths `c kgbcrg cniaicbtc, mmcegb`h g rcsphb`cr `c kgbcrg rçpi`g, cncativg y sceurg gm khkcbth `c prcscbtgrsc ub cvcbth `csngvhrgomc `cbtrh `c mgs mgs ibst ibstgm gmga gaih ihbc bcss `c mg ngrk ngrkga gaig ig,, g` g`ck ckçs çs `c agpg agpgai aitg tgrr tcñr tcñria iag g y prçatiagkcbtc, gm pcrshbgm pgrg quc g`quicrg mhs ahbhaikicbths oçsiahs y cstéb prcpgrg`hs pgrg shmvcbtgr augmquicr ngmmg hpcrgtivg quc sc prcscbtc ahb cm sistckg `c ahbtrhm `cm ibvcbtgrih. Zhrr mh au Zh augm gm sc cstgo cstgomc mcai aicr crhb hb au augt gtrh rh ga gatitivi vi`g `g`cs `cs,, mg mgss au augm gmcs cs nu nucr crhb hb rcgmizg`gs cb ub pcrëh`h `c 9 sckgbgs ahkh sc hoscrvg cb cm arhbhergkg `c gativi`g`cs. (^cr aug`rh 7, p. 7:) Cb cm arhbhergkg `c gativi`g`cs sc cspcainiagb cspcai niagb `c kgbcrg hre hregbizg` gbizg`g g ag`g ubg `c mgs mgohrc mgohrcss g rcgmizgr cb mg ngrkg grkgai aig g Kc Kc`i `itthtgm htgm `ur `urgbt gbtc cm pcri pcrih` h`h h `c pgs gsgb gbttëg mgs mgs au augm gmcs cs vg vgb b `ircat `ir catgkc gkcbtc btc rcm rcmgai gaihbg hbg`g `g gm auk aukpmi pmikic kicbth bth phr pgrtc pgrtc `c mg hregbiz hregbizgai gaiñb ñb `c th`hs y ag`g ubh `c mhs gspcaths quc shb gohr`g`hs phr mg mceismgaiñb cb kgtcrig `c Qceuri`g` y Qgmu` mgohrgm.

9

 

Aug`rh 7 Arhbhergkg @c Gativi`g`cs  Gativi`g`cs  QCKGBGQ GAPI^I@G@CQ

7 :?-:3 gm :>-:3-7>

? :9-:3 gm 71-:3-7>

1 7>-:3 gm ?:-:3-7>

0 ?1-:3 gm ?5-:3-7>

3 1:-:3 gm :1-:>-7>

> :>-:> gm 7:-:>-7>

5 71-:> gm 75-:>-7>

6 ?:-:> gm ?1-:>-7>

9 ?5-:> gm ?9-:>-7>

Ib`uaaiñb `c mgs gativi`g`cs quc sc rcgmizgb cb mg ckprcsg @ige @igebh bhst stia iagr gr mg mgss `cni `cniai aicb cbai aigs gs prcscbtcs cb mhs prhac`ikicbths `c ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaigs `c ibvcbtgrihs quc gatugmkcbtc gatugmkcbtc sieuc mg Ngrkg Ngrkgaig aig KC@IPHPGM A.G. Cstgomcacr Cstgomca cr mhs ogsgkc ogsgkcbths bths téabiahs téabiahs quc sustcbtcb cm sistckg `c ahbtrhm `c cxist cxistcb cbaig aigss `c ibv ibvcb cbtg tgrih rihs, s, quc quc hagsihbgb pér`i`gs `c tickph `urgbtc mg cdcauaiñb `c mhs prhacshs. Zrhphbcr mg Kcdhrg `cm Qistckg `c ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaigs `c ibvcbtgrihs `c mg Ngr Ngrkga kgaig ig g hod hodcth cth `c mhe mhergr  rgr  cn cnia iaic icba baig ig cb cm `c `csp spga gafh fh `c mg kcragbaëg Cbtrceg `cm Ibnhrkc Nibgm

Zgsgbtc4 DCQSQ GMOC_PH E_GBG@H

Cspcaigmi`g`4 Ibecbicrëg Ib`ustrigm  Ib`ustrigm 

Nirkg4 XXXXXXXXXXXX 

Hregbizgaiñb Zrh`uativg4 NG_KGAIG KC@IPHPGM A.G. @cpcb`cbaig A.G. @cpcb`cbaig `c @csckpc÷h4 Ngrkgaig   KCDH_GQ CB CM AHBP_HM @C CVIQPCBAIGQ @C IB^CBPG_IHQ  ZG_G MG NG_KGAIGQ KC@IPHPGM  Prgogdh A.G. CBGsiebg`h KGPS_ËB CQPG@H KHBGEGQ.

 Gscshr Ckprcsgrigm4 Ckprcsgrigm4 Ibe. Kgribcs Qgogmmh Ibe. Muis _ivcrh  Gscshr Gag`ékiah4 Gag`ékiah4  Gscshr Kcth`hmñeiah4 Kcth`hmñeiah4 Ma`h. Hkcm Pibch

Nirkg4 XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX Nirkg4 XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXXXXXXX  Nirkg4 XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXXXXXXX 

7:

 

@CQA_IZAIÑB @C MGQ GAPI^I@G@CQ Ib`uaaiñb `c mgs gativi`g`cs quc sc rcgmizgb cb mg ckprcsg @cs`c cm :? fgstg :> `c Kgyh `c ?:7> Cb cstg sckgbg sc pu`h ahbhacr phr kc`ih `c mg hoscrvgaiñb `ircatg rcgmizg`g cb mgs ibstgmgaihbcs y mhs trgogdg`hrcs mg situgaiñb gatugm `c mg

Ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G< tcbicb`h ahkh pubth `c pgrti`g, ahbhacr cm muegr  `hb`c sc mmcvh g agoh mg pgsgbtëg, sceui`gkcbtc sc rcaioiñ ubg afgrmg `c ib`uaaiñb `hb`c sc trgtgrhb tckgs `c Qceuri`g` y Qgmu` Mgohrgm, cs `cair, mhs phsiomc ricsehs g mhs quc sc cstç cxpucsth ubg vcz quc sc cstç `cbtrh `c mg ck ckprc prcsg, sg, gati gativi vi`g `g`c `css oç oçsi siags ags pg pgrg rg mg g` g`gpt gptgai gaiñb ñb cb cm gk gkoi oicb cbtc tc `c trgogdh, prcscbtgaiñb ahb cm pcrshbgm cbagreg`h `c mg gtcbaiñb gm pôomiah, y phstcrihrkcbtc cm pcrshbgm g`kibistrgtivh, gsë ahkh tgkoiéb mgs bhrkgs cb augbth gm fhrgrih, `c cstg kgbcrg, cb csg sckgbg sc gsiebh cm tckg pgrg rcgmizgr cm ibnhrkc `c pgsgbtëg.

@igebhstiagr mgs `cniaicbaigs prcscbtcs cb mhs prhac`ikicbths `c ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaigs `c ibvcbtgrihs  `c mg Ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G @cs`c cm :9 `c Kgyh fgstg ?: `c Kgyh `c ?:7>. Qc rc rcgm gmiz izñ ñ ub `i `igeb gebñs ñstitiah ah `c mg situ situga gaiñ iñb b gat gatug ugmm qu quc c pr prcsc cscbt btg g mg Ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G., mg augm utimizg ub sistckg `c ibvcbtgrih pcriñ`iah pgrg quc `c csg kgbcrg mhs rceistrhs `c mhs ibvcbtgrihs cstéb sickprc gatu gatugm gmiz izg` g`hs hs,, pg pgrg rg pr prht htce cecr cr mg agbt agbti` i`g` g` qu quc c cstç cstç `isp `isphb hbio iomc mc cb mhs mhs ibvcbtgrihs< `c gaucr`h g cstc sistckg mhs ahsths `c vcbtg shb vgmug`hs gm

77

 

nibgm `c ag`g pcrih`h cahbñkiah. Qc puc`c `cair quc cm sistckg `c ibvcbtgrih pcriñ`iah cs ahbhai`h tgkoiéb, ahkh sistckg nësiah, phrquc sc gphyg cb cm ahbtch nësiah rcgm `cm ibvcbtgrih. Cm kiskh cs ecbcrgmkcbtc utimizg`h pgrg ahbtgoimizgr mhs grtëaumhs `cm ibvcbtgrih ibvcbtgrih quc ticbc ticbcb b ub ahsth ubitgri ubitgrih h ogdh. Cb cstc sistck sistckg g mg ngrkga ngrkgaig ig bh kgbticbc ub rceistrh ahbtibuh `cm ibvcbtgrih `isphbiomc, kçs oicb gm nib `cm pcrih`h, sc rcgmizg ub ahbtch nësiah `cm ibvcbtgrih `isphbiomc y gpmiag mhs ah ahst sths hs ubi ubitg tgri rihs hs pgr pgrg g `ct `ctcrk crkib ibgr gr cm ah ahst sth h `c `cmm ib ibvc vcbt btgr grih ih ninibg bgm.m. Cb cstg cstg ckprcsg cm sistckg quc gatugmkcbtc utimizgb pgrg ahbtrhmgr mgs cbtrg`gs y sgmi`gs `c kcragbaëg cs cm sistckg guthkgtizg`h mmgkg`h QGIBP .

Cb cstg ckprcsg gsceurgb mg kcragbaëg ahbtrg th`h ricseh quc puc`g pgsgr pg sgrmc mc cb su gmkg gmkgac acbg bgki kicb cbth th,, sh shorc orc th th`h `h mg kc`i kc`iag agkc kcbt bths hs ah ahkh kh mh mhss psiaht psi ahtrñpi rñpiahs, ahs, cst cstupcn upcngai gaicbt cbtcs cs y mhs prh` prh`uat uaths hs quc cxie cxiecb cb ahb` ahb`iai iaihbc hbcss cspcaig cspc aigmcs mcs,, `coc `cocb b scr ibk ibkc`i c`igtg gtgkcb kcbtc tc i`cbti i`cbtinia niag`h g`hss y gmk gmkgac gacbg` bg`hs hs `c gaucr`h ahb mgs ibstruaaihbcs cspcaëniags y ahb mgs `ckçs cxiecbaigs `c mg mceismgaiñb viecbtc. Bh ibaurrcb cb ahsths g`iaihbgmcs phr gmkgacbgdc< cm mhagm `hb`c sc cbaucbtrg mg kcragbaëg cs prhpih, g`ckçs aukpmc ahb mgs ahb`iaihbcs cxiei`gs pgrg gmkgacbgr mgs kc`iaibgs. Bh phsccb ub prhac`ikicbth pgrg `csibahrphrgr mg kcragbaëg quc cstg vcbai`g, shmh fgacb rcvisihbcs ahbtibugs, mg quc cstg vcbai`g mg rctirgb `c mhs cstgbtcs pgrg muceh scr vhtg`gs< mg kcragbaëg quc cstç `g÷g`g bh mg acrtiniagb, mg `csibahrphrgaiñb `c mg kcragbaëg cs ibtcrbg shmh mg cmikibgb `cm sistckg. @c gaucr`h g mh pmgbtcg`h gbtcrihrkcbtc, sc prcscbtg cm gbçmisis `c mgs bcacsi`g`cs `urgbtc cm prhacsh gatugm `cm kgbcdh y ahbtrhm `cm sistckg `c ibvcbtgrih `c mg Ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G ahkh ogsc pgrg mgs kcdhrgs `cmm ki `c kisk skh, h, kc kc`i `igb gbtc tc cm us ush h fc fcrr rrgk gkic icbt btgs gs ecrc ecrcba baig igmc mcss ah ahkh kh sh shb b cm `ige `igerg rgkg kg agus agusgg-cn cnca cath th y `ige `igerg rgkg kg `c Zg Zgrc rcth th.. Cb pr prik ikcr cr mueg muegr, r, sc `ctcrkibgrhb mgs `cniaicbaigs utimizgb`h cm `igergkg Agusg-Cncath, ahb cm nib `c i`cbtiniagr mgs agusgs kçs ikphrtgbtcs `c mhs prhomckgs ahb sus

7?

 

rcspcativgs agusgs `c kgbcrg quc sc puc`gb gbgmizgr ahkpmctgkcbtc, prhphraihbgb`h `c cstg nhrkg ubg agbti`g` `c ngmmgs ahb sus phsiomcs shmmuai sh aih hbcs cs,,

cs csttgs

ngmmgs

ecbcr crg gb

h

ahbm hbmmcvgb

ubg

`iskibua buaiñ iñb b

rcprcsc rcpr cscbtg btgtiv tivg g `c mg hpcr hpcrgti gtivi` vi`g` g` h rcb rcb`ik `ikicb icbth th `c mgs gat gativi ivi`g`c `g`css `cm gmkgaéb quc rcpcrautcb cb mgs `ckçs çrcgs `c mg ckprcsg.

Qthal `c

Zrhvcc`hrcs

Zrh`uaths

Ngmtg `c rceistrhs `cm sthal `c prh`uaths cb cm

Ngmtg `c ahbtrhm cb mg cbtrg`g y sgmi`g

Bh cxistcb rceistrhs pgrg kc`ir mg cniaicbaig y cbtrceg `c mhs prh`uaths

gmkgaéb

Qitugaihbcs ahb grrcemhs prhvisihbgmcs

Ogdh ahbtrhm y rcvisiñb `c mg agmi`g` `c mhs ibsukhs

Ngmtg `c ub kh`cmh `c ibvcbtgrih gahr`c g mgs bcacsi`g`cs `c mg Ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G

Bh cxistc rhtgaiñb `c mhs prh`uaths ngrkgaéutiahs Ngmtg `c cspgaih pgrg cm gmkgacbgkicbth `c mhs prh`uaths Ngrkgaéutiahs

Ngmmgs cb mhs tickphs `c cbtrceg `c mhs prh`uaths

@cniaicbaigs cb mg Ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G

Bh cxistcb prhac`ikicbths scbaimmhs pgrg mg gpmiagaiñb `cm ibvcbtgrih

Gmkgacbgkicbth

Nieurg ? @igergkg Agusg Cncath `c mgs `cniaicbaigs cb mhs prhac`ikicbths

`c ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaig `c mg ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G

Mg gpmiagaiñb `c ub kh`cmh `c ahbtrhm `cm sistckg `c ibvcbtgrih cs mg kcdhr  nhrkg quc cxistc pgrg cmikibgr cstgs ngmmgs quc sc cstçb prcscbtgb`h `cbtrh `cm prhacsh, phrquc gsë `c cstg kgbcrg th`hs mhs trgogdg`hrcs rcgmizgrçb sus gativi`g`cs ogdh ub sñmh csquckg sceôb mgs ibstruaaihbcs y cspcainiagaihbcs `c mhs prhac`ikicbths mhergb`h `c cstg nhrkg aukpmir ahb mgs cxiecbaigs cxiecbaigs y rcqucr rcqucrikicbt ikicbths hs `c mg ckprcsg Kc Kc`itht `ithtgm, gm, A.G, qu quc c scgb

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gahr`cs ahb mhs rcqucrikicbths `c mgs gativi`g`cs quc sc rcgmizgb cb mg ckprcsg. _csukicb`h mh rcnmcdg`h phr cm `igergkg agusg-cncath, sc puc`c bhtgr quc mgs `cniaicb `cniaicbaigs aigs cbahbtrg` cbahbtrg`gs gs sc `cocb pribaipg pribaipgmkcbtc mkcbtc g mg ngmt ngmtg g `c rceistrhs, agrcbaig `c ubg gatugmizgaiñb pmgskg`g phr csarith `cm sthal `c mhs prh`uaths ngrkgaéutiahs, mgs `cniaicbaigs cb mhs tickphs `c cbtrceg `c mhs prh`uaths prh`uat hs `c mhs prhvcc`hrcs y mhs kéth` kéth`hs hs `c gmkgacbgkicbth gmkgacbgkicbth mhs augmcs puc`cb prhvhagr prhvhagr rctrgshs cb cm `cspgafh `cspgafh `c mhs kiskhs g mhs amicbt amicbtcs cs `c mg Ngrkgaig. Ahb cm nib `c i`cbtiniagr mgs bcacsi`g`cs kçs ikphrtgbtcs quc gncatgb cm g`caug`h rcb`ikicbth `cm prhacsh y cm ahbtrhm `c mhs kiskhs cb cm gmkgaéb,

sc rcgmizñ mg i`cbtiniagaiñb `c mgs bcacsi`g`cs h `cniaicbaigs g trgvés `c ub `igergkg `c Zgrcth. Cstg tgoumgaiñb ahbsistc cb cstgomcacr ub aritcrih pgrg `grm `g rmc c prih prihri ri`g `g` ` g mhs mhs cmck cmckcb cbth thss `c kg kgyh yhrr rc rcmc mcvg vgba baig ig,, `çb` `çb`hm hmcs cs ub ubg g phb`crgaiñb quc nuc trgbsaritg cb térkibhs phracbtugmcs `c ikpgath, sc `csgrrhmmñ ubg csagmg `c prihri`g` cb `hb`c sc `isauticrhb mhs prhomckgs `c kgyhr ibai`cbaig ibai`cbaig cb cm gmkg gmkgaéb aéb `c mg Ngrkgaig Kc`itht Kc`ithtgm, gm, A.G. Gm nibgm sc cstgomcaiñ ubg csagmg `c phb`crgaiñb auyg pubtugaiñb vg `cm 7 gm 7: pgrg agminiagr mg prihri`g` `c gtcbaiñb `c mgs bcacsi`g`cs, cb mg augm 7: rcprcscbtg mg gativi`g` ahb kgyhr prihri`g` y 7 g mg gativi`g` ahb kcbhr prihri`g`. Cbtr Cb trc c mh mhss pr prho homc mckg kgss `ctc `ctcat atg` g`hs hs cs cstç tçb b mg ng ngmtmtg g `c pr prha hac` c`ik ikic icbt bths hs cstgb`grizg`hs, agrcbaig `c ub sistckg `c ahbtrhm gahr`c g mgs bcacsi`g`cs `c mg ckprcsg y mg agpgaitgaiñb `cm rcaursh fukgbh, mh augm ecbcrg ogdh rcb`ikicbth `cm pcrshb pcrshbgm gm phr mg gus guscba cbaig ig `c prh prhac` ac`iki ikicbt cbths hs pgr pgrg g mg pmgbi pmgbininiaga agaiñb iñb `c mgs gativi`g`cs `cm sistckg `c ibvcbtgrih, phr htrg pgrtc sc rcgmizgb gativi`g`cs ahb grrcemhs prhvisihbgmcs phr bh gpmiagr ub kh`cmh `c ibvcbtgrih, mgs gativi`g`cs bh cstçb prhac`ikcbtg`gs prhac`ikcbtg`gs `c kgbcrg scbai scbaimmg, mmg, bh cxistc cxistcb b rceistrhs, sñmh sc ki`c mg cniagaig `c mhs prhacshs cb ogsc gm tickph, cs phr cmmh quc sc sueiricrhb vgrigs mëbcgs `c gaaiñb pgrg mg sgtisngaaiñb `c mgs bcacsi`g`cs prcscbtcs mgs augmcs sc kucstrgb g ahbtibugaiñb cb cm rcsukcb `c bcacsi`g`cs g shmuaihbgr (^cr aug`rh 7)

70

 

Aug`rh 7 _csukcb `c Bcacsi`g`cs g Qhmuaihbgr  Ngmmgs

Nrcaucbaig

Bh cxistc ub kh`cmh `c ibvcbtgrih gahr`c g mgs bcacsi`g`cs `c mg ckprcsg Ngmtg `c ahbtrhm `c mg cbtrg`g y sgmi`g Ngmtg `c rceistrhs `cm sthal `c mhs prh`uaths cb cm gmkgaéb

6 5 >

 Gativi`g`cs bh bhrkgmizg`gs Bh cxi cxistc stcb b prh prhac` ac`iki ikicbt cbths hs scb scbaim aimmhs mhs pgr pgrg g mg gpm gpmiag iagaiñ aiñb b `cm ibvcbtgrih Ngmtg `c cspgaih pgrg cm gmkgacbgkicbth `c mhs prh`uaths Bh cxistc rhtgaiñb `c mhs prh`uaths Ogdh ahbtrhm y rcvisiñb `c mg agmi`g` `c mhs ibsukhs Bh cxistcb rceistrhs pgrg kc`ir mg cniaicbaig y agmi`g` `c mhs prhvcc`hrcs Ngmmgs cb mhs tickphs `c cbtrceg `c mhs prh`uaths cb cm gmkgaéb

3 0 1 1 ? 7 7

Aug`rh ? Nrcaucbaigs `c mgs ngmmgs gaukumg`gs y rcmgtivgs pgrg mg gpmiagaiñb `c mhs ib`iag`hrcs `c ecstiñb `c agmi`g`

N gmm gs

Nr c a u c ba ig

N r c a uc b a i g Gaukumg`g

% @c Nrcaucbaig

N7 N?

6 5

6 73

?:, :: 75, 3:

% Gaukumg`h `c Nrcaucbaig ?:, :: 15, 3:

N1 N0 N3 N> N5 N6 N9

> 3 0 1 1 ? 7

?7 ?> 1: 11 1> 16 19

73, :: 7?, 3: 7:, :: 5, 3 : 5, 3 : 3, : : ?, 3 :

3?, 3: >3, :: 53, :: 6?, 3: 9:, :: 93, :: 95, 3:

?, 3 :

7 ::, ::

73

 

N7 :

  Cm

7

0:

aug`rh 7, kucstrg mgs bcacsi`g`cs kçs urecbtcs quc `cocb scr 

shmuai shm uaihbg hbg`gs `gs pgr pgrg g kcd kcdhrgr hrgr mg prh prhomc omckçt kçtiag iag ecbc ecbcrg`g rg`g phr cm ibg ibg`cau `caug`h g`h kgbcdh `cm ibvcbtgrih `cm gmkgaéb `c mg ckprcsg phr mg agrcbaig `c ub kh`cmh gatugmi gatugmizg`h zg`h `c ibvcbtgrih ibvcbtgrih.. Cb prikc prikcrr muegr sc rcqui rcquicrc crc kcdhrgr kcdhrgr cm sistckg `c ahbtrhm `c ibvcbtgrih quc pcrkitg rc`uair mgs pér`i`gs quc sc prcscbtgb cb cm gmkgaéb `c mg `rheucrëg, pgrg cmmh cs bcacsg prcscbtgb bcacsgrih rih g`caugr mhs prhac`ikicbths `cm kh`cmh `c ubg kgbcrg scbaimmg y cbtcb`iomc phr th`hs mhs trgogdg`hrcs trgogd g`hrcs quc mg gpmiqucb, mg augm `coc scr ahkpmckcbt ahkpmckcbtg`g g`g ahb nhrk nhrkgths gths

`c rceistrhs. Cstgs bcacsi`g`cs nucrhb augbtiniag`gs ahb mg csagmg `cm 7 gm 7: ahb cm nib `c cmgohrgr cm `igergkg `c Zgrcth quc sc kucstrg g ahbtibugaiñb (vcr erçniah 7,pçe. 7>)

Erçniah 7. @igergkg `c Zgrcth

Cb augbth gm gbçmisis `cm `igergkg `c Zgrct Zgrcth h sc puc`cb hoscrvgr quc mgs agusgss kçs arëti agusg arëtiags ags cb mg ngrkg ngrkgaig, aig, cs mg ngm ngmtg tg `c ub sistck sistckg g `c ahbtrhm `c

7>

 

cxistcbaig cxist cbaig `c ibvcb ibvcbtgri tgrih, h, prhac prhac`iki `ikicbths cbths scbaimm scbaimmhs hs y gatu gatugmiz gmizg`hs. g`hs. Cstgs ngmmgs cstçb cst çb rcm rcmgai gaihbg` hbg`gs gs cst cstrcaf rcafgkc gkcbtc btc ahb mgs gativi gativi`g` `g`cs cs pri prikhr khr`ig `igmcs mcs quc `cocb scr cdcautg`gs y mmcvg`gs g agoh phr mhs ckpmcg`hs `c Kc`ithtgm, A.G, mgs augmcs `cocb scr ahrrcei`gs pgrg egrgbtizgr cm g`caug`h nubaihbgkicbth `c mhs prhacshs `c mg hregbizgaiñb. hregbizgaiñb. Cstgs `coimi`g`cs `coimi`g`cs pcrkiticrh pcrkiticrhb b ahkcbzg ahkcbzgr  r  mg oôsquc`g `c shmuaihbcs cncativgs, pgrg cvitgr su haurrcbaig `cbtrh mgs `incrcbtcs gativi`g`cs quc gmmë sc rcgmizgb. Gfhrg oicb, `coi`h g quc cstgs ticbcb tic bcb ahbs ahbscauc caucbai baigs gs quc gnc gncatg atgb b bce bcegti gtivgk vgkcbt cbtc c cm rcb rcb`ik `ikicb icbth th `c mgs gativi`g`cs pgrg mmcvgr cm ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaig `c mhs ibsukhs ngrkgaéutiahs, phr mg ngmtg `c cspgaih pgrg cm gmkgacbgkicbth y mg ibahbsistcbaig cb su

kgbcdh `urgbtc sus gativi`g`cs. Qc puc`c hoscrvgr quc mgs scis prikcrgs `cniaicbaigs rcprcscbtgb cm 6?% quc ibnmuycb shorc cm rcst rcsth h `c mgs ngmmgs p pgrg grg prhphbcr ub sistckg quc gatué cniagzkcbtc. Mhs prh`uaths quc kçs sgmcb rcprcscbtgb rcprcsc btgb cm ?:% `c mhs ibsukhs quc ecbcrgb cm 6:% `c mhs khvik khvikicbth icbthss `cm gmkgaéb, sc ahmhagrçb acrag `c mhs muegrcs `hb`c sc `cspgafgb mhs kiskhs, pgrg quc sc picr`g cm kcbhr tickph phsiomc `cbtrh `c mg ngrkgaig.

Cstgomcacr mhs ogsgkcbths téabiahs quc sustcbtcb cm sistckg `c ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaigs `c ibvcbtgrihs @cs`c cm ?1 `c Kgyh fgstg :1 `c Dubih `c ?:7>. Mg ecstiñb `cm sistckg `c ibvcbtgrih ibvcbtgrih,, cs kuy ikphrtgbtc phr scr éstc, `hb` `h b`c c sc ah ahbt btrhm rhmg, g, eugr` eugr`g g y ah ahbsc bscrvg rvg mg kc kcrag ragbaë baëg g qu quc c eg egrgb rgbtitizg zgrç rç mg cniaic cniaicbai baig g y cniagaig `c cniagaig `c mhs prhacshs prhacshs `cbtrh  `cbtrh `c mg ckprcsg. Zgrg quc cstc trgogdh scg cniaicbtc sc `cocb vieimgr vgrihs ngathrcs, `cbtrh `c mhs augmcs sc cbaucbtrgb4 khvikicbth khvikicbth `c  `c prh`uaths, ahbtrhmcs `c ibvcbtgrihs, trgogdg`hrcs `ircaths c ib`ircaths y htrgs gativi`g`cs. Cm gmkgacbgdc `c mhs prh`uaths `c mg ngrkgaig cb csths khkcbths bh au aukp kpmc mc ah ahb b mh mhss rc rcqu qucri criki kicbt cbths hs cst cstgom gomca cai`h i`hss phr phr mg mgss Bhrkgs Bhrkgs   AH^CBIB, g`ckçs `c ahbtgr ahb mg prcscbaig `c ubg ergb agbti`g` `c khoimigrih quc

75

 

mikitgb cm cspgaih `isphbiomc, bh sc gmkgacbg mg kcragbaëg `cbtrh `c mgs çrcgs cstgomcai`gs, cm gmkgacbgkicbth bh sc rcgmizg `c kgbcrg hr`cbg`g, bh sc aucbtg ahb cspgaihs hregbizg`hs, gsë ahkh tgkoiéb sc hostgaumizgb mgs çrcgs `c trgogdh, y bh sc kgbticbc bibeôb ahbtrhm `c mg kcragbaëg quc gmmë sc gmkgacbg, cbtrc htrgs ahsgs. Cs phr cmmh quc ahb mg prcscbtc ibvcstiegaiñb sc cstu`igrhb mhs mibcgkicbths pgrg mg ecstiñb `c ibvcbtgrih Cm ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaig `c ibvcbtgrihs sc mmcvgrç g agoh cb nhrkg pcrkgbcbtc ahb ahrtcs kcbsugmcs gm ômtikh `ëg fçoim `c ag`g kcs ogdh mhs mimibc bcgk gkic icbt bths, hs, pr prib ibai aipih pihss y cst cstrgt rgtcei ceigs gs cs cstg tgom omcai cai`hs `hs cb mh mhss pr prcs cscbt cbtcs cs prhac`ikicbths y cb mg mceismgaiñb gatugm gpmiagomc cb mg kgtcrig. Cb mgs çrcgs

`c gmkgacbgdc `c mhs ibsukhs ngrkgaéutiahs sc `coc mmcvgr ub rceistrh sistckçtiah `cm khvikicbth `c oicbcs cb lgr`cx kgbugm h guthkgtizg`h, phr  htrg pgrtc sc `cocb ahbtc ahbtckpmgr kpmgr mhs rceistrhs `c cbtrg`gs y `c sgmi` sgmi`gs gs `c mhs kc`iagkcbths ckiticb`h ub ibnhrkc `c aicrrc Zrhac`iki Zrha c`ikicbth cbth44 _cacpaiñb _cacpaiñb,, _ceistrh _ceistrh y Ahbtrhm Ahbtrhm `c mhs ibsukhs `c mg ngrkgaig

7. Mhs cbag cbagreg`hs reg`hs ` `cocrçb cocrçb rceistr rceistrgr gr cb cm sistckg sistckg th`hs mhs ibs ibsukhs ukhs qu quc c ibercscb cb csths, prhvcbicbtcs `c prhvcc`hrcs `c mg ckprcsg. Zhr  ag`g ibercsh sc ecbcrgrç ub rcphrtc `c cbtrg`g, th`hs mhs ibercsh `coc `c ocrç rçb b shph shphrt rtgr grsc sc ahb ahb mgs mgs ngat ngatur urgs gs y mhs mhs rc rcph phrt rtcs cs `c cbtr cbtrg` g`g g ahrrcsphb`icbtcs. ?. Mg Mgss nga gattur urgs gs `c `cmm pr prhv hvcc cc`h `hrr y cb cbtr trg` g`gs gs gm sist sistck ckg g `c `coc ocrç rçb b sc scr  r  cbvig`gs cbvig `gs hp hphr hrtu tubg bgkc kcbt btc c gm @c @cpgr pgrtg tgkc kcbt bth h `c Ah Ahbt btgo goimimi` i`g` g` pgrg pgrg shphrtgr mhs `haukcbths `c cbtrg`g. Zrhac`ikicbth4 Zrhac`ikicbt h4 Qgmi`gs `c Gmkgaéb

7. Cm gmkg gmkgaéb aéb `coc `cocrç rç rceis rceistr trgr gr cb cm si sist stck ckg g guth guthkg kgtitizg zg`h `h h kg kgbu bugm gm

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th`hs mhs prh`uaths quc sgmeg `c mg ngrkgaig ?. Mh Mhss ibsu ibsukh khss ngrk ngrkga gaéu éutitiah ahss `c `coc ocb b sgmi sgmirr g tr trgv gvés és `c ub ubg g ngat ngatur urg g u hr`cb `c sgmi`g ckiti`g phr gmeôb hregbiskh pôomiah h privg`h g`sarith g mg Ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G 1. I`cbti I`cbtiniagr niagr mmhs hs prh`ua prh`uaths ths ngrk ngrkgaéuti gaéutiahs ahs `cvucm `cvucmths ths h `ct `ctcrihrg`h crihrg`hs. s. 0. Cst Cstgom gomcac cacrr su ahrrcat ahrrcatg g vgm vgmhrga hrgaiñb iñb h mhs ikphrt ikphrtcs cs g mhs aug augmcs mcs `coc `cocrçb rçb quc`gr rceistrg`hs.

Zrhac`ikicbth4 Zrhac`ikicbt h4 Ahkprg

7. Kgbtcb Kgbtcbcr cr g gatugmi atugmizg`g zg`g mg mist mistg g `c prhvcc prhvcc`hrcs. `hrcs. ?. Mgs shmi shmiait aitu`cs u`cs `c pc`i pc`i`hs `hs `coc `cocb b cst cstgr gr miocrg`g miocrg`gss h gut guthri hrizg` zg`gs gs cb cm sistckg phr cm shmiaitgbtc pgrg `grmc aursh g mg ahkprg. 1. Qcmcaa Qcmcaaihbgr ihbgr g mmhs hs prhvcc prhvcc`hrcs `hrcs q quc uc hnrcza hnrczagb gb kcdh kcdhrcs rcs ahb ahb`iaihb `iaihbcs. cs. 0. Ph Ph`gs `gs mgs hr` hr`cb cbcs cs `c ahk ahkpr prgs gs `coc `cocb b ir gut guthr hriz izg`g g`gss phr cm më`cr më`cr `c gphy gp hyh h mheë mheëst stia iah h `c ahkp ahkprg rg y sieu sieuic icb` b`h h ub kg kgbc bcdh dh ahrr ahrrcm cmgt gtiv ivh h `c ahbtrhm 3. Ph`g g` g`quisia quisiaiñb iñb `c kc kc`iaibg `iaibgss `coc cncatugr cncatugrsc sc g trgv trgvés és `c ubg hr`cb `c ahkprg ahb hrieibgm y ahpig `coi`gkcbtc gprhog`g y nirkg`g phr cm prhvcc`hr. Mg i`cbtiniagaiñb y Cvgmugaiñb `c bcacsi`g`cs `c mhs ibvcbtgrihs ibiaig `cs`c cm khkcbt khkcbth h cb quc sc tthkg hkg mg `c `caisiñb aisiñb `c gtcb` gtcb`cr cr mg `ckgb` `ckgb`g g `cm kcrag`h, kcrag` h, cbt cbthbac hbacs, s, cs bca bcacsgr csgrih ih i`c i`cbti btinia niagr gr mgs `incrc `incrcbtc btcss hpa hpaihb ihbcs cs `c prhvcc`hrcs, ki`icb`h mhs gspcaths augmitgtivhs (agmi`g`, egrgbtëg, tickph `c cbtrceg. cta.) y augbtitgtivhs (prcaihs y vhmukcb h agbti`g`)< th`h ahb cm prhpñsith `c gprhvisihbgrsc ahb mhs ibsukhs bcacsgrihs pgrg cm khkcbth cb quc sc bcacsitgb y cvitgr ahb cmmh prhomckgs `c `csgogstcaikicbth quc puc`gb ahbmmcvgr ahbmmcvgr iba ibamusiv musivc c g mg pér`i`g `c kcrag`h kcrag`h.. Mg i`cbti i`cbtiniaga niagaiñb iñb `c

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bcacsi`g`cs bcacsi `g`cs `c ibvcbt ibvcbtgrihs grihs sc `ctcrk `ctcrkibg ibg `c mg sieuicbtc kgbcrg kgbcrg Zhr kc`ih `c mg Zmgbiniagaiñb c I`cbtiniagaiñb `c ibsukhs y prhvcc`hrcs. Zmgbiniagaiñb

Mg pmgbiniagaiñb g ahrth pmgzh pgrg mg hotcbaiñb `c mhs ibvcbtgrihs cs ikphrtgbtc, ikphrt gbtc, yg quc ahbsti ahbstituyc tuyc mg ogsc pgrg prhyca prhycatgrsc, tgrsc, prc prcvcr vcr y hregbizgr  shorc mgs bcacsi`g`cs `c ibvcbtgrihs cb mg Ngrkgaig. Mg augm cs cmckcbtgm pgrg thkgr thkgr `caisih `caisihbcs bcs `c ahkprg y vcbt vcbtg. g. G ahbtib ahbtibugaiñb ugaiñb sc `ct `ctgmmgb gmmgb `hs gsubths nub`gkcbtgmcs quc sc `cocrçb ahbarctgr pgrg mg pmgbiniagaiñb `c

ibvcb cbttgr griihs4 7. Aug Augb`h b`h (cb qué khkcbt khkcbth) h) `coc rcgm rcgmizgr izgrsc sc mhs `ist `istibt ibths hs pc`i` pc`i`hs hs `c kgtcrigmcs ?. Augbt Augbth h `coc pc`irsc `c ag`g prh`uat prh`uath h gm ck ckitirsc itirsc ub pc` pc`i`h. i`h. I`cbtiniagaiñb I`cbtiniag aiñb Ibsukhs y Zrhvcc`hrcs

Cb mg nieurg 1, sc kucstrg cm prhacsh phr kc`ih `cm augm sc i`cbtiniagb mhs ibsukhs y prhvcc`hrcs quc mg ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G rcquicrc pgrg mg hotcbaiñb hphrtubg `c ibvcbtgrihs. Cm prhacsh ibiaig ahb mg pmgbiniagaiñb cstg rcqui rcq uicrc crc `c ib ibnh nhrk rkgai gaiñb ñb shorc shorc Ib Ibvc vcbt btgri grihs hs ah ahkh kh sh shb b cm ah ahbs bsuk ukh, h, mg mgss cxistcbaigs, mgs vcbtgs, mhs kçxikhs y këbikhs, mhs ahsths, mhs prcaihs `c mhs prh`u prh `uat aths hs y cm gog gogst stca caik ikic icbt bth h `c ib ibvcb vcbtg tgri rihs< hs< `cs `cspu pués és `c gbgm gbgmiz izgr gr mg ibn ibnhrkg hrkgaaiñb iñb pr prhp hphr hraaihbg ihbg`g `g sh shor orc c mhs ibv bvcb cbttgr grih ihss sc `g pg pgsh sh g mhs rcqucrikicbths gm `cpgrtgkcbth `c ahkprgs `hb`c sc cbagregrg `c mgs bceh bc ehai aiga gaih ihbcs bcs y `c cv cvgm gmug ugrr mg mgss `inc `incrc rcbt btcs cs hncrt hncrtgs gs `c prh prhvc vcc`h c`hrc rcs, s, mg mgss agbti`g agbt i`g`cs `cs,, mhs prca prcaihs, ihs, cbtrc cbtrc htrhs. htrhs. Zgr Zgrg g phst phstcri crihrk hrkcbt cbtc c ahbarct ahbarctizg izgrr mg ahkprg yg scg g prhvcc`hrcs mhagmcs h cxtcrihrcs. (^cr nieurg 1)

?:

 

Nieurg 1. Zrhacsh `hb`c sc i`cbtiniagb mhs ibsukhs y prhvcc`hrcs

Nub`gkcbths pgrg cvgmugr mhs Zrhvcc`hrcs

Mg bcacsi`g` `c egrgbtizgr quc cm ibvcbtgrih sc rcgmiac `c kgbcrg ubinhrkc, cs cm pribaipgm nub`gkcbth gpmiag`h `urgbtc mg cmgohrgaiñb `c mgs ñr`cbcs `c ahkprgs `c mhs ibsukhs ngrkgaéutiahs quc sc rcquicrcb, cbtrc mhs augmcs sc thkgrçb cb aucbtg4 Zrcaihs, ahb`iaihbcs `c pgeh y pmgzhs `c cbtrceg, Nigoimi`g`, Agmi`g` `c mhs prh`uaths y scrviaihs, Agpgai`g` rcgm `c mg prh`uaaiñb h aukpmikicbth `c mg kiskg, Kéth`hs `c prh`uaaiñb utimizg`hs Ahbtrhm `c Ibvcbtgrihs

Zgrg Zgr g mg kcd kcdhrg hrgrr cm kgbcdh kgbcdh `c ibv ibvcbt cbtgri grih h quc ph phscc scc mg ckpr ckprcsg csg cs ahbvcbicbtc fgacr ub gbçmisis gacrag `c mg agpgai`g` `c mg kiskg pgrg gohr`gr cm rcth c ikpmckcbtgaiñb `c mg kcdhrg cb cm ahbtrhm `cm sistckg `c ibvcbtgrih, phr mh tgbth cs bcacsgrih ikpmckcbtgr ub kh`cmh quc gyu`c g kcdhrgr mg cniaicbaig `c mgs gativi`g`cs prhpigs `c csths prh`uaths. Sb cncath g`vcrs g`v crsh h rcs rcspca pcath th gm si sist stckg ckg `c ahbtrh ahbtrhmm `c ib ibvcb vcbtg tgri rih h sc prc prcsc scbtg btg phr mg

?7

 

guscb gus cbaig aig `c cst cstgb gbtcr tcrëgs ëgs pgr pgrg g mg `i `ist strio riouai uaiñb ñb `c mh mhss nç nçrkg rkgahs ahs,, fga fgaicb icb`h `h bcacsgrih mg gpmiagaiñb `cm kiskh pgrg gsceurgr quc ubg gativi`g` sc cncatôc `c kgbcrg ñptikg y ubinhrkc.

Nieurg 0. Qistckg `c Ahbtrhm `c Ibvcbtgrih

Cm ah ahbt btrh rhmm `c ibv ibvcb cbttgr grih ihss ah ahbs bsis istc tc cb ub trg rgog ogddh téab téabia iah h y `c prhac`ikicbths utimizg`hs pgrg cstgomcacr y kgbtcbcr mgs agbti`g`cs ñptikgs `c kgtcrig kgtcrig prikg y kgtcri kgtcrigmcs gmcs rcqucr rcqucri`hs, i`hs, pgr pgrg g quc mg ckprcsg aukpmg aukpmg ahb sus hodctiv hodctivhs. hs. Cm ahbt ahbtrhm rhm nës nësiah iah ahbsist ahbsistc c cb mg gaai gaaiñb ñb `cm ahbt ahbtrhm rhm `c mgs cxistcbaigs rcgmcs y cb prh`uaaiñb y su ahkpgrgaiñb ahb mgs bcacsi`g`cs prcscbtcs prcscbt cs y nuturg nuturgs, s, tcbicb`h cb aucbtg cm ritkh `cm ahbsukh, mhs bivcmcs `c cxistcbaigs y mgs g`quisiaihbcs prcaisgs pgrg gtcb`cr mg `ckgb`g G`ckçs cs bcacsgrih tcbcr g`caug`hs bivcmcs `c sthal g ahbtibugaiñb sc `ctgmmgb mgs nubaihbcs `c mg ecstiñb `c sthal4

Nubaihbcs `c mg Ecstiñb `c Qthal4 

Ahhr`ibgr prhergkgs `c vcbtg y ahkprgs.



Cstgomcacr bivcmcs `c ibvcbtgrihs `c ag`g prh`uath cb nubaiñb `c mg `ckgb`g.



_cgmizgr cm sceuikicbth sistckçtiah `c mhs pc`i`hs g mhs prhvcc`hrcs.

??

 





Ahbhacr mgs cxistcbaigs, cbtrg`gs y sgmi`gs  Gsceurgr quc mgs pctiaihbcs `c kgtcrigmcs siegb ub hr`cb g`caug`h cvitgb`h hmvi`hs y rctrgshs cb mgs cbtrcegs.



@ctcatgr y ecstihbgr mhs kgtcrigmcs hoshmcths h ahb phah khvikicbth.

Ahbtrhm `c Cbtrg`gs y Qgmi`gs `c Ibvcbtgrmhs.

Cm ahbtrhm `c mgs cbtrg`gs y sgmi`gs `c ibvcbtgrihs sc mmcvgrç g agoh kc`igbtc rceistrhs c ibnhrkcs pcriñ`iahs quc sc rcmgaihbgb ahb mg ahkprg, rcacp rca cpai aiñb ñb gmkg gmkgacb acbgk gkic icbt bth h y cb cbtr trce ceg g `c mh mhss kg kgtc tcri rigm gmcs cs.. Mh Mhss rc rcei eist strh rhss

`cocrçb khstrgr mg agbti`g` y cm ahsth `c mhs kgtcrigmcs pc`i`hs g mhs prhvcc`hrcs, prhvcc` hrcs, rcaioi`hs `c ésths, gmkgacbg gmkgacbg`hs `hs y phstc phstcrihrkc rihrkcbtc btc cbtrce cbtrceg`hs g`hs `c kgbcrg quc mgs cxistcbaigs khstrg`gs cb cm Lgr`cx ahkputgrizg`h `c Ibvcbtgrihs cstéb ahrrcatgkcbtc rceistrg`gs. Ahkh pgrtc `cm ahbtrhm `c mgs cbtrg`gs y sgmi`gs `c ibvcbtgrihs sc `ctgmmg cb mg nieurg 3 ahbsi`crgb`h mg bcacsi`g` `c scercegaiñb `c nubaihbcs rcmgti rcm gtivgs vgs g ibv ibvcbt cbtgri grihs. hs. tgmcs tgmcs ahk ahkh h g`qu g`quisi isiaiñ aiñb, b, rcacpa rcacpaiñb iñb y gmk gmkgac gacbgd bgdc< c< phstcrihrkcbtc g csth sc kucstrg cm ahbtrhm pgrg mhs kgtcrigmcs cbvig`hs gm çrcg çrcg `c prh rh`u `uaa aaiñ iñb b cb cm quc quc sc pr prcs cscb cbttg kc` c`ig igbt btc c ub ubg g nieur ieurg g cm prhac prh ac`i `iki kicb cbth th y hp hpcrg crgai aiñb ñb `c mh mhss kg kgtc tcri rigm gmcs cs cbvi cbvig` g`hs hs y ninibg bgmk mkcbt cbtc c ub prhac`ikicbth pgrg cm ahbtrhm `c ibvcbtgrihs pgrg `ctcatgr y ecstihbgr mhs kgtcrigmcs hoshmcths h ahb phah khvikicbth.

?1

 

Nieurg >. Ahbtrhm `c Ibsukhs `c Cbtrg`gs y sgmi`gs `cm Gmkgaéb

Nieurg 34 Ahbtrhm `c cbtrg`gs y sgmi`gs `c ibsukhs ngrkgaéutiahs

Ahbtrhm `c Ibvcbtgrihs pgrg @ctcatgr y Ecstihbgr mhs kc`iagkcbths Hoshmcths, @g÷g`hs h `c Mcbth Khvikicbth Cb gtcbaiñb  quc puc`cb ecbcrgrsc pér`i`gs `c vgmhr `c mhs ibvcbtgrihs cb cm prhacsh `c mgs hpcrgaihbcs `c mg ngrkgaig, `cocb cxistir pcrkgbcbtcs quc pcrkitg pcrkitgb b i`c i`cbti btinia niagr gr mgs cxistc cxistcbai baigs gs ahb hos hoshmc hmcsac sacbai baig, g, vcb vcbai` ai`hs, hs, g ahbtibugaiñb sc sueicrcb prhac`ikicbths pgrg cm ahbtrhm gbtcs kcbaihbg`h4 

I`cbtiniagr y rcvisgr mhs prh`uaths `cspués `c rcaioirmhs quc csths cstéb cb oucbgs ahb`iaihbcs y scgb mhs shmiaitg`hs sceôb hr`cb `c ahkprg< c ib ibnh nhrk rkgr gr

gm cba cbagr greg eg`h `h `c ah ahkp kprgs rgs cb cm ag agsh sh `c qu quc c sc rcaiog rcaiogb b

prh`uaths `g÷g`hs pgrg quc rcgmiac mgs `cvhmuaihbcs prh`uaths `cvhmuaihbcs gm prhvcc`hr (vcr  nieurg >)4 `iafg `cvhmuaiñb sc rcgmizgrç g kçs tgr`gr cb `hs `ëgs fçoimcs phstcrihrcs g mg rcacpaiñb.  

_cgmizgr rcvisihbcs ag`g trcs kcscs cspcaigmkcbtc g mhs prh`uaths ahb ncafg `c vcbaikicbth, c ibnhrkgr g mg ecrcbaig rcncrcbtc g mhs quc sc cbauc cb aucbt btrg rgb b pr prñxi ñxikh khss g vc vcba bacr< cr< au augb` gb`h h mh mhss pr prh`u h`uat aths hs prc prcsc scbt btcb cb

?0

 

cvi`cbaig `c `g÷h nësiah h vcbaikicbth sc ibnhrkgrç gm `cpgrtgkcbth `c ahbtgoimi`g` kc`igbtc nhrkgth `c ogdg `c prh`uaths guthrizg`g phr mg ecrcbaig (vcr nieurg >).

Nieurg > . Zrhac`ikicbths `c Ahbtrhm `c Ibvcbtgrihs

Zrhphbcr mg Kcdhrg `cm Qistckg `c ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaigs `c ibvcbtgrihs `c mg Ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G @cs`c cm ?1 `c Kgyh fgstg :1 `c Dubih `c ?:7> Mg gati gativi vi`g `g` ` pm pmgbt gbtcg cg`g `g cb cst cstc c ib ibnh nhrk rkc c `c pgs pgsgbt gbtëg ëgss ahb ahbsi sist stiñ iñ cb prhphbcr ub sistckg `c ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaig `c ibvcbtgrih, pgrg kgxikizgr mg cnia cniaic icba baig ig cb mhs mhs pr prha hacs cshs hs `c vcbt vcbtg g `c mg ngrk ngrkga gaig ig,, kg kgbc bcdg dgrr mist mistg g `c prhvcc`hrcs, grkhbizgr cm gmkgacbgkicbth `c mhs kc`iagkcbths, `gr mg phsi ph sioi oimimi`g `g` ` `c ahbt ahbtgr gr ah ahb b `i `ivcr vcrsi sininiag agai aiñb ñb `c pr prh` h`uat uaths hs ng ngrk rkga gaéu éutitiahs ahs viecbtcs, agmi`g` kçs cmcvg`g, kcbhrcs ahsths, kibikizgr mgs pér`i`gs `c tickph cb mg oôsquc`g `c mhs prh`uaths ngrkgaéutiahs. Mg augm pmgbtcg mg bcacsi`g` `c rceistrgr y ahbtrhmgr mhs ibvcbtgrihs pgrg gyu`gr g cvgmugr mgs cxistcbaigs `c mhs kiskhs, ahb cm nib `c nidgr su phsiomc vhmukcb `c vcbtgs y ahb csth rc`uair mhs ahsths rcmgaihbg`hs ahb kgtcrigm ngmtgbtc h g`quisiaiñb. Cm sistckg cstç `isc÷g`h pgrg nubaihbgr cniagzkcbtc pcrh cbtrc kçs

?3

 

ibsukhs, ibsuk hs, kgyhr scrç mg bcacsi`g` `c khoimigrih khoimigrihss pgrg mg `istrioua `istriouaiñb, iñb, mh augm pcrkitirç gm cbagreg`h mhagmizgr cm ibsukh cb nhrkg rçpi`g, ahb cm nib `c cvitgr  mgs pér`i`gs `c tickph. Cm augm ahbsistc oçsiagkcbtc cb hregbizgr y `grmc sgmi`g `cm ibvcbtgrih g gqucmmhs ibsukhs quc g`quiricrhb prikcrh.  Gm utimizgr cstc sistckg `c vgmugaiñb `c ibvcbtgrihs, sc `g ub cncath shorc mhs rcsumtg`hs nibgbaicrhs nibgbaicrhs `c mg ckprcs ckprcsg, g, tgbth phr cm khbth `cm ahsth `c mgs vcbtgs ahkh phr cm vgmhr `cm ibvcbtgrih nibgm. Gm sgagr mgs ubi`g`cs quc sc ahkprgrhb prikcrh, siebiniag quc cb cm ibvcbtgrih nibgm quc`gb mgs ômtikgs ubi`g`cs ahkprg`gs, y cstgs ubi`g`cs phr mh ecbcrgm sc g`quiricrhb g ub kgyhr ahsth, cb vistg quc mg kgyhrëg `c mhs prh`uaths bh phsccb ubg

`urgaiñb supcrihr g 1: `ëgs cb sthal, bh ecbcrgrëg pér`i`gs cb cm rcsumtg`h nibgm `cm ibvcbtgrih ibvcbtgrih.. Zgrg mmcvg mmcvgrr cm ahbtrhm nësi nësiah ah `c ibvcbtgri ibvcbtgrih h sc pmgbtcg mg sieuicbtc prhpucstg, mg augm pcrkitirç hregbizgr c i`cbtiniagr mhs nçrkgahs, g su vcz sc kcdhrg mg cbtrceg `c mhs kiskhs. ^cr Nieurg 5

?>

 

  Nieurg 54 Zrhpucstg `cm Khoimigrih pgrg cm ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaig

GZH_PC @CM ZGQGBPC H Z_HZSCQPG  

Qc mherñ aukpm aukpmir ir mgs gativi gativi`g`cs `g`cs `c mgs kcdhr kcdhrgs gs cb cm ahbtrh ahbtrhmm `c

cxis cxistc tcba baig ig `c ib ibvc vcbt btgr grih ihss `c mg Ngrk Ngrkgai gaig g Kc Kc`i `ith thtg tgmm `c Kg Kgtu turë rëb b Cst Cstg` g`h h Khbgegs, sceôb cm pmgb `c trgogdh y arhbhergkg `c gativi`g`cs gsiebg`g phr mg ckprcsg, g`ckçs sc hotuvh mg ibnhrkgaiñb bcacsgrig pgrg mg ahrrcatg cdcauaiñb `c mgs gativi`g`cs gsiebg`gs y sc cmgohrgrhb mhs `haukcbths té téabi abiah ahss pc pcrt rtib ibcb cbtc tcss mg mgss au augm gmcs cs pcrki pcrkitc tcb b gnir gnirkg kgrr y vgmi vgmi`g `grr mg mgss tgrcg tgrcgss rcgmizg`gs. rcgmiz g`gs. Cm prcscbt prcscbtc c Ibnhr Ibnhrkc kc `c Zgsgbt Zgsgbtëg, ëg, sc `csgrrh `csgrrhmmñ mmñ ahbsi`crgb`h ahbsi`crgb`h ub

?5

 

ah ahbd bdub ubth th `c pgshs pgshs ah ahfcr fcrcbt cbtcs cs pg pgrg rg mg rch rchre regbi gbizg zgai aiñb ñb `c mh mhss ib ibsuk sukhs hs ngrkgaéutiahs, `c mg kiskg sc nub`gkcbtgrhb mhs sieuicbtcs mibcgkicbths4 7. Mhs ib ibsukhs sukhs sc `co `cocb cb cstruaturg cstruaturgrr cb amgscs amgscs h suoeruphs suoeruphs ?. Ag` Ag`g g suoeruph suoeruph `coc phsc phsccr cr ub bôkcrh `ct `ctcrk crkibg ibg`h `h `c cmckcbth cmckcbthss quc thtgmizgb mhs grtëaumhs cxistcbtcs `cpcb`icb`h `cm ush. 1. Mhs suoe suoeru ruphs phs quc sc cb cbauc aucbt btrgb rgb `csh `cshr` r`cb cbg` g`hs hs `c `cbt btrh rh sc `c `coc ocb b rcgerupgr cb khoimigrihs g`caug`hs. 0. Qc `c `coc ocb b rc rcgm gmiz izgr gr gu gu`i `ith thrë rëgs gs pc pcri riñ` ñ`ia iags gs gm ib ibvc vcbt btgr grih ih ec ecbc bcrg rgmm pgr pgrg g ahbhacr mgs cxistcbaigs y mgs ngmmgs quc cxistcb cb mg ngrkgaig .

Ahbhaikicbth y Cxpcricbaig G`quiri`g Kuafgs `c mgs cxpcricbaigs cb cm agkph mgohrgm nucrhb `c ergb gyu`g yg quc pcrkiticrhb `csgrrhmmgr fgoimi`g`cs cb cm `csckpc÷h y gpmiagr mhs ahbhaikicbths g`quiri`hs `urgbtc mg agrrcrg ubivcrsitgrig gsë ahkh mhs g`quiri`hs cb mg ubivcrsi`g` `c mg vi`g< cb mg oôsquc`g `c ub kcddhr `c kc `csc scbv bvhm hmvi viki kicb cbth th y `g `grr mh kcdhr cdhr `c së pg pgrg rg cm éxith xith `c mg hregbizgaiñb. Cbtrc cmmgs tcbckhs mgs sieuicbtcs4 

Ahbhacr mgs gativi`g`cs quc rcgmizg mg Ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G.

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Ahbh Ah bhai aiki kicbt cbths hs oç oçsi siah ahss `c mg mgss `i `ist stib ibtg tgss ga gatitivi vi`g `g`c `css quc quc rcg rcgmimizgb zgb `urgbtc cm prhacsh `c vcbtg `c mhs ibsukhs ngrkgaéutiahs, g`ckçs `c mgs ahkprgs quc sc `cocb rcgmizgr y tcbcr cb aucbtg cm mhtc `c kc`iagkcbths.

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Ahbhacr mg ikphrtgbaig `c ub ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaig `cm ibvcbtgrih `c mg



ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm, A.G Zcrk rkiitiñ cmcvgr cm erg`h

`c

rc rcssphbsgoimi`g`

y

rc rcmmgaihbcs

ibtcrpcrshbgmcs

?6

 

Aug`rh 1 Ahbhaikicbth y Cxpcricbaig Gpmiag`gs

GQIEBGPS_G Kcth`hmheëg `c mg ibvcstiegaiñb

Ibecbicrëg `c Prgogdh

Ahbtrhm `c Agmi`g`

MHE_H Qc cstgomcacb mhs pgshs oçsiahs pgrg mg ibvc ibvcst stie iega gaiñ iñb b y rc rc`g `gaa aaiñ iñb b `cm ibnhrkc `c pgsgbtëgs. Ahb hbttri riou ouyñ yñ cb mg ah ahkp kprc rcbs bsiñ iñb b y ckpm ck pmch ch `c mg mgss té téabi abiag agss `c tr trgo gogd gdh h pgrg mg cniaicbaig `c mgs gativi`g`cs cbahkcb`g`gs. Zcrkitiñ pcraioir mg ikphrtgbaig `c mg agmi`g agm i`g` ` y cm cst cstgom gomcai caikic kicbth bth `c mhs

Fieicbc y Qceuri`g` Ib`ustrigm Ecrcbaig Ib`ustrigm Zrhycath `c Ibvcstiegaiñb Étiag y @chbthmheëg Zrhncsihbgm

ib`iag`hrcs quc pcrkiticrgb kc`irmg Zcrkitiñ aukpmir ahb mgs phmëtiags `c sceuri`g` `c mg ckprcsg. Prgogdñ cb mg rc`gaaiñb y prcscbtgaiñb csaritg `cm ibnhrkc, gsë ahkh cb mg ahkprcbsiñb `c mg rcgmi`g` cb cstu`ih. Mibc Mibcgk gkic icbt bths hs y pr prha hac c`iki `ikicb cbtths kcth`hmñeiahs pgrg mg ibvcstiegaiñb Ahbhaikicbths pgrg cm `cscbvh `cs cbvhmvi mvikic kicbth bth ahk ahkh h prhn prhncsi csihbg hbgmm `cbtrh `c mg ckprcsg.

?9

 

AHBAMSQIHBCQ  

Cm pribaipgm hodctivh `c mg rcgmizgaiñb `c mgs pgsgbtëgs cs quc cm pgsgbtc

puc`g gpmiagr th`hs cshs ahbhaikicbths quc fg g`quiri`h `c mgs `incrcbtcs açtc`rgss `iatg` açtc`rg `iatg`gs gs cb cm Ibsti Ibstituth tuth Sbivcrsitgrih Sbivcrsitgrih phmit phmitéabiah éabiah Qgbtigeh Qgbtigeh Kgri÷h mg augm shb rcquisiths pgrg hptgr phr cm tëtumh `c Ibecbicrh Ib`ustrigm.  G trgvés `cm `igebñstiah `c mg situgaiñb gatugm sc `ctcatgrhb ubg scric `c prhomckgs prhomck gs cb mg ecstiñb `c ahbtrhm `c ibvcbtgrih ibvcbtgrihs, s, cbtrc csths prhomckg prhomckgss sc

cbah cb ahbt btrg rgrh rhb b mg ibcx ibcxis istc tcba baig ig `c ub sist sistck ckg g cnca cncatitivh vh `c ec ecrc rcba baig igrr mgs mgs gati gativi vi`g `g`cs `cs `c ahk ahkprg prg,, cb cbtr trg` g`g g y sg sgmimi`g `g `c kg kgtc tcri rigm gmcs, cs, bh sc rc rcgm gmiz izgb gb rcvisihbcs `cm ibvcbtgrih nësiah ahb mg ibnmucbaig bcacsgrig.  Gm cstu`igr mhs `incrcbtcs ogsgkcbths `c ibvcbtgrih pcrkitiñ ah ahbhacr bhacr cm quc qu c kçs sc g` g`gp gpttg pg pgrg rg mmcvg mcvgrr ub `c `co oi`h i`h ah ahbt btrh rhmm `c mhs mhs ibsu ibsuk khs ngrkgaéutiahs `c mg ckprcsg cm augm geimizgrç mg oôsquc`g `c ag`g `c mhs kiskhs quc scgb shmiaitg`hs phr mhs amicbtcs quc gau`cb g mg ngrkgaig, gsë ahkh tgkoiéb mgs cbtrg`gs y sgmi`gs `c mhs kiskhs, csth ahb cm prhpñsith `c bh pcr`cr tickph y cvitgr cquivhagaihbcs Cstg Cs tg pr prhp hpuc ucst stg g `c Ahb hbttrh rhmm `c ibv bvcb cbtg tgri rih h cs ub ngat ngathr hr `c er ergb gb ikphrtgbaig y ahbticbc gmtg prihri`g` `cbtrh `c mhs prhacshs `c mg ckprcsg, yg quc kc`igbtc su gpmiagaiñb sc hptikizgrçb mhs prhacshs `c rcquisiaiñb `c prh`uaths ngrkgaéutiahs, cmikibgb`h `c cstg kgbcrg mg tgr`gbzg y crrhrcs quc cbthrpcacb mg hotcbaiñb `c htrhs

1:

 

_CAHKCB@GAIHBCQ  G Mg Ngrkgaig Ngrkgaig Kc`ithtgm A.G.

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Kgbtcbcr mg kiskg agmi`g` `c scrviaih quc fg tcbi`h fgstg gfhrg yg quc csth mc fg pcrkit pcrkiti`h i`h scr ubg ckprcsg shmi shmi`g `g y rcahbhai rcahbhai`g `g bh shmh g bivcm rceihbgm sibh tgkoiéb g bivcm bgaihbgm.

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Ahbtibugr orib`gb`h ub cxacmcbtc gkoicbtc `c trgogdh bh shmh g su pcrshbgm ibtcrbh sibh tgkoiéb gm pcrshbgm `c pgsh (pgsgbtcs), prcstgb`h g`ckçs ub ahkpmcth gphyh cb cm pcrih`h `c pgsgbtëgs, pcrkitiéb`hmc g

mhs pgsgbtcs tgbth cm aukpmikicbth `c ub rcquisith `c mgs ibstituaihbcs, ahkh tgkoiéb ahbhaikicbth y cxpcricbaig cb cm agkph mgohrgm.  G`quirir cm khoimigrih pgrg kcdhrgr cm ahbtrhm `c cxistcbaig `c mhs ibsukhs

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ngrkgaéutiahs, yg quc cs `c vitgm ikphrtgbaig ahbtgr ahb csths cb mg ibstituaiñb.  Gm Ibstituth Sbivcrsitgri Sbivcrsitgrih h Zhmitéabiah Zhmitéabiah ”Qgbtigeh Kgri÷h‛  Kgri÷h‛ 

Qceuir hnrcaiéb`hmc hnrcaiéb`hmc gm cstu`i cstu`igbtg`h gbtg`h cb ecbcrg ecbcrgmm cxacmc cxacmcbaig baig gag`ékiag, g

 

nib `c prcpgrgrmhs pgrg cm nuturh `csckpc÷h prhncsihbgm. Qceuir pcrkitiéb`hmc pcrkitiéb`hmc g mhs pgsgbtcs mg hphrtubi`g` hphrtubi`g` `c ngkim ngkimigriz igrizgrsc grsc ahb



mg rcgmi`g` prhncsihbgm prhncsihbgm quc cxistc fhy cb `ëg cb cm pgës, pcrki pcrkiticb` ticb`h h ahb csth gpmiagr mhs ahbhaikicbths g`quiri`hs `c mg ibstituaiñb cb cm agkph mgohrgm. Cxprcsgr rcahbhaikicbth g mg ckprcsg phr gphygr y ahmgohrgr ahb cm prhergkg `c pgsgbtëgs `c mg ibstituaiñb.

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17

 

Zgrg mhs Bucvhs Zgsgbtcs

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_ceirsc g mgs bhrkgs y prhac`ikicbths quc tcbeg mg ckprcsg cb `hb`c cstéb `csgrrhmmgb`h sus pgsgbtëgs, yg quc csth fgomgrç kuy oicb `c ustc`cs ahkh nuturhs prhncsihbgmcs g`ckçs sc mcs rcahkicb`g scr  `ibçkiahs y tcbcr ibiaigtivg prhpig pgrg shmuaihbgr prhomckgs.

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_cgmizgr cm ibnhrkc `c pgsgbtëgs ahb gbtiaipgaiñb pgrg cvitgr rctrgshs cb su cbtrceg, `coi`h g mg ngmtg `c ahrrcaaihbcs phr pgrtc `c mhs gscshrcs gag`ékiahs y kcth`hmñeiahs.

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 Gatugr ahb rcspcth rcsphbsgoimi`g`, tcbcr étiag prhncsihbgm fgaig cm

pcrshbgm quc mgohrg cb mg ckprcsg, kgbtcbicb`h mhs mëkitcs `c pgsgbtcahkpg÷crhs `c trgogdh.

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_CNC_CBAIGQ Furtg`h Furt g`h `c O., D. (?:7 (?:7:). :). Cm prhycath `c ibvcstiegaiñb. Kcth`hmheëg `c mg ibvcst ibv cstieg iegaiñb aiñb Fhm Fhmëst ëstiag iag   (a (aSG SG_P _PG G c` c`ia iaiñ iñb) b).. Ag Agrg rgag agss ^c ^cbc bczu zucm cmg, g, Nub`gaiñb Qypgm. Ibst Ibstititut uth h Sb Sbiv ivcr crsi sitg tgri rih h Zh Zhmimité téab abia iah h ”Q ”Qgb gbtitige geh h Kg Kgri ri÷h ÷h‛. ‛. (? (?:7 :733-II II)) Euëg gag`ékiag pgrg mg cmgohrgaiñb `c ibnhrkc `c pgsgbtëg pgsgbtëg.. @cpgrtgkcbth `c pgsgbtëg, Kgturëb Cstg`h Khbgegs.

Ibstituth Sbivcrsitgrih Zhmitéabiah Qgbtigeh Kgri÷h. (?:73). Kgbugm `c Prgogdh Cspcaigm `c Erg`h. Ibstituth Sbivcrsitgrih Zhmitéabiah Qgbtigeh Kgri÷h. Agrtimmg `c urogbiskh. urogbiskh. Mcy Hreçbiag `c Zrcvcbaiñb, Ahb`iaihbcs y Kc`ih Gkoicbtc `c Prgogdh (MHZAYKGP). (?::3), Egactg Hn Hniaigm iaigm B´ 1.63: Mcy Hreçbiag `c Prgogdh `c mhs Prgogdghrcs y Prgogdg`hrgs (MHP). (?:7?) Kgbugm `c Fieicbc y Qceuri`g` Ib`ustrigm I, (796?). Kgbugm `c Qceuri`g` Ib`ustrigm `cm Ibstituth `c Ahhpcrgaiñb C`uagtivg ‑ IBAC. (?::1).

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