Informe de Las Turbinas Pelton Y Francis

 

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FÖMALB5 391-31?>), quajh jh iusfc mj brb jh Fc`adbrhac fbhfaiaö `c amjc mj uhc rujmc fbh fufncrcs pjradárafcs quj cprbvjfncrch `c jhjrlçc fahátafc mj` cluc quj vjhçc mj uhc tuijrçc y cftucic tchljhfac`gjhtj sbirj `c rujmc. _br dah jh 3>>? pctjhtö uhc turiahc fbh  pc`cs pjradárafcs mj guy pcrtafu`cr pcrtafu`cr masjób, mj tc` gchjrc quj j` fnbrrb prbvjhajhtj mj `c tuijrçc lb`pjc j` fjhtrb mj fcmc pc`c b fufncrc fbh j` dah mj cprbvjfncr c` gãxagb j` jgpuej mj` cluc.

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C `cs fufncrcs y pc`cs quj gjhfabhcgbs chtjrabrgjhtj sj `js hbgirch Ã@CIJV. J` ã`cij tajhj `c dbrgc mj mbi`j fufncrc, fbh uhc crastc macgjtrc` sbirj `c quj ahfamj j` cluc  prbmufaáhmbsjj uhc mjsvacfaöh sagátrafc jh marjffaöh cxac`, iusfchmb uh jqua`airab  prbmufaáhmbs mahãgafb mj `c gãquahc jh jsc marjffaöh. Jh `cs saluajhtjs agãljhjs vjrjgbs y chc`azcrjgbs `c dbrgc mj` ã`cij.

Vus trjs fbgpbhjhtjs prahfapc`js sbh5  sbh5     ]uriahc mj c`agjhtcfaöh   Yujmc agpu`sbrc   Fcrfcsc

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@cs magjhsabhjs mj` ã`cij sbh prbpbrfabhc`js c` maãgjtrb mj` fnbrrb quj agpcftc sbirj á`; j` fnbrrb c su vjz jstã jh duhfaöh mj` maãgjtrb mj `c rujmc y mj `c vj`bfamcm jspjfçdafc. 6

 

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J` maãgjtrb mj fnbrrb (mb) jstã jhtrj j` :% y j` 39% mj` maãgjtrb mj `c rujmc (Mp). Jh `c saluajhtj dalurc sj gujstrc c mjtc``j `c dbrgc mj` ã`cij y sus vcraci`js fbrrjspbhmajhtjs.

6.3.F`csadafcfaöh mj `cs turiahcs _j`tbh. @cs turiahcs _j`tbh sj f`csadafch ljhjrc`gjhtj pbr `c pbsafaöh mj` jej quj gujvjh, pbr `b tchtb, jxastjh mbs f`csadafcfabhjs5 jej vjrtafc` y jej nbrazbhtc`. 6.3.3.  Maspbsafaöh nbrazbhtc`. Jh jstc maspbsafaöh sb`b sj pujmjh ahstc`cr turiahcs mj uhb b mbs fnbrrbs fbgb gãxagb, mjiamb c `c fbgp`afcmc ahstc`cfaöh y gchtjhagajhtb mj `bs ahyjftbrjs. Vah jgicrlb, jh jstc pbsafaöh, `c ahspjffaöh mj `c rujmc jh ljhjrc` js gãs sjhfa``c, pbr `b quj `cs rjpcrcfabhjs b mjslcstjs sj pujmjh sb`ufabhcr sah hjfjsamcm mj mjsgbhtcr `c turiahc.

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6.3.9.  Maspbsafaöh vjrtafc`. Jh jstc pbsafaöh sj dcfa`atc `c fb`bfcfaöh mj c`agjhtcfaöh jh uh p`chb nbrazbhtc` y fbh jstb js pbsai`j cugjhtcr j` hõgjrb mj fnbrrbs sah cugjhtcr j` fcumc` y tjhjr gcybr  pbtjhfac pbr uhamcm. Vj cfbrtc `c `bhlatum jhtrj `c turiahc y j` ljhjrcmbr, masgahuyjh `cs y ncstc masgahuar mj `c rujmc y cugjhtcr vj`bfamcm larb.jxfcvcfabhjs Vj mjij ncfjr rjdjrjhfac qujc`jhmaãgjtrb `c maspbsafaöh vjrtafc`, sj ncfj`cgãs madçfa` mj y,  pbr jhmj, gãs fcrb su gchtjhagajhtb, `b fuc` hbs ``jvc c quj jstc pbsafaöh js gãs fbhvjhajhtj pcrc cquj``bs `ulcrjs jh mbhmj sj tjhlch clucs `agpacs y quj hb prbmuzfch lrch jdjftb circsavb sbirj `bs ã`cijs.

=.  MJVFYA_FAÖH MJ@ JSZA_B.  _crc jstc prãftafc mj `cibrctbrab sj uta`azö j` jquapb fbh rjdjrjhfac NG 3:?.31 jh fbheuhtb fbh `c icsj NG 3:? `c fuc` sarvj fbgb tchquj rjsjrvc mj d`uamb. jh fuchtb c `c turiahc _j`tbh y su fbheuhtb, jhfbhtrcgbs quj fbhstc mj vcracs pcrtjs prahfapc`js jhtrj j``cs j` jstc fbhmuftb c `c pbsjj tbijrc,uh`cmaspbsatavb fuc` sj jhfcrlc sugahastrcr j` cd`uamb c `bs c`cijs; tbijrcmjjhjhtrcmc su ahtjrabr sb`ambmjquj sj csjgjec uhc cluec, `cs fuc` c` sjr gchapu`cmc gchuc`gjhtj gbmadafc j` ãrjc mj sc`amc mj` d`uamb pbr `c tbijrc. Mj jstc gchjrc tcgiaáh jhfbhtrcgbs uh gchögjtrb quj gamj `c prjsaöh c `c quj jhtrc j` d`uamc c `c tbijrc. _bstjrabrgjhtj jhfbhtrcgbs `cs fcrfcsc mj `c turiahc `c fuc` fbhstc mj uhc fujrpb sb`amb quj sarvj fbgb sbpbrtj b cpbyb mj` jej mj `c turiahc, jh `c pcrtj drbhtc` mj` fujrpb, jhfbhtrcgbs quj js ciajrtb y quj tajhj cmnjramc uhc p`cfc mj frastc` tbtc`gjhtj trchs`ufamc quj pjrgatj vjr j` ahtjrabr mj` fujrpb mbhmj sj jhfujhtrc `c turiahc. jh `c pcrtj pbstjrabr mj` fujrpb sj jhfujhtrc quj j` jej mj `c turiahc dujrc mj` fujrpb jstc uhamb euhtb fbh uhc pb`jc quj jh su pcrtj pbstjrabr pbsjj uh drclgjhtb mj gctjrac` rjd`jftbr j` fuc` sjrc õta` pcrc gjmar `c vj`bfamcm jh rpg c `c quj larc j` jej mj `c turiahc.

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Jh `c pcrtj pbstjrabr mj` fbheuhtb NG 3:?.31 jhfbhtrcgbs mbs vcra``cs vjrtafc`js quj jh su pcrtj supjrabr jstãh uhamcs pbr uhc p`cfc gcfazc quj fbhtajhj uh vb`chtj quj tjrgahc jh uh fa`ahmrb rbsfcmb j` fuc` sj jhfcrlcrc mj lrcmucr `c c`turc mj btrc p`cfc gcfazc  pcrc`j`c c `c supjrabr `c fuc` jstã uhamc c uh pcr mj ic`chzcs mj rjsbrtjs uhamcs pbr uhc fbrrjc `c fuc` `c tcrjc jejrfjr sj dujrzc sbirj `c fcrc mj `c pb`jc, cffaöh quj ncrã quj `c turiahc jh j`tajhj ahtjrabr mj `cmjfcrfcsc drjhj. Jh jstj fcsb pcrtafu`cr, j` vc`br mj `c jdafajhfac pujmj sjr fc`fu`cmb mj `c saluajhtj gchjrc5  7

   

7

∜ ∜∜

 

 7            ;  7          ;  7              7              ;  7       

;  7        

@c pbtjhfac gjfãhafc js cquj``c quj mjscrrb``c `c d`jfnc b j` jej quj js pujstb jh rbtcfaöh c fcusc mj` gbvagajhtb mj d`uamb c trcvás mj `c turiahc. Gctjgãtafcgjhtj js jxprjscmc pbr j` prbmuftb jhtrj j` tbrquj jh j` jej y `c vj`bfamcm chlu`cr mj jstj.  7  ∜  

Jh jstc jxpjrajhfac sj jhtjhmjrã pbr pbtjhfac namrãu`afc, c cquj``c quj jhtrjlc j` d`ueb quj sj mc c trcvás mj `c turiahc. mjpjhmjrã mj` fcumc`, mj` pjsb jspjfçdafb y mj `c c`turc jstãtafc mj` d`uamb c trctcr.  C fbhtahucfaöh, jhfbhtrcgbs jhfbhtrcgbs uh maclrcgc mbhmj sj jhugjrch `cs pcrtjs mj` jquapb uta`azcmb jh `c prãftafc.

3.  Ic`chzc mj guj``j. 3.  9.   Gchögjtrb. 9. 6. 6.   Ceustj mj `c sjffaöh trchsvjrsc` mj `c tbijrc. =.   ]bijrc mj cluec. =. :. :.   Yujmc _j`tbh. 4. 4.   Ceustj mj` drjhb mj fahtc.

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Dalurc 9 -Tastc pbstjrabr mj` jquapb  

Dalurc 9 -Tastc supjrabr mj` jquapb   Dalurc = -Tastc drbhtc` mj` jquapb 

:.  _YBFJMAGAJH] _YBFJMAGAJH]B B MJ @C _YCF]AFC. Jh `c prãftafc `ujlb mj jhfjhmjr j` jquapb sj prbfjmj c rjc`azcr uhc tbgc mj mctbs jh `bs fuc`js sj tjhmrã jh fujhtc `c pbsafaöh mj `c cluec mjhtrb mj `c tbijrc, `c prjsaöh rjlastrcmc c `c jhtrcmc mj` sastjgc, `c vj`bfamcm c `c quj larc j` jej mj `c turiahc y `c dujrzc mj drjhcmb d rjhcmb rjlastrcmc jh fcmc fbhmafaöh mj` sastjgc.

Fbheuhtb turiahc _j`tbh jh duhfabhcgajhtb 

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Mj jstc gchjrc uh jstumachtj sj jhfcrlc mj pbsafabhcr `c cluec mjhtrb mj `c tbijrc gjmachtj uhc pjra``c jhfbhtrcmc dujrc mj `c tbijrc; gajhtrcs tchtb `cs ic`chzcs mj rjsbrtj jh mjtjrgahcmc pbsafaöh, rjlastrch mj drjhcmb quj jejrfj c` jej mjmj`c gjmar turiahc. Vagu`tãhjcgjhtj uh jstumachtj fbh`cuhdujrzc tcfögjtrb `ãsjr gchuc` sj jhfcrlc `c vj`bfamcm c `c quj larc j` sastjgc pb`jc-jej gajhtrcs quj btrb `jj `c prjsaöh mj` sastjgc chtjs mj jhtrcr c `c tbijrc.

]cfögjtrb `ãsjr gchuc` quj gamj `cs rpg mj `c pb`jc. 

Jh btrb gbgjhtb mj `c prãftafc uh jstumachtj pbr gjmab mj` vb`chtj quj sj jhfujhtrc jh `c pcrtj supjrabr lrcmõc `c dujrzc mj drjhcmb c `c quj sjrã sbgjtamb j` sastjgc jej-pb`jc mjhtrb mj fajrtb rchlb mj dujrzcs pcrc rjc`azcr `c tbgc mj `c vj`bfamcm c `c quj larc `c  pb`jc jh mjtjrgahcmb mjtjrgahcmb vc`br mj dujrzc dujrzc mj drjhcmb. drjhcmb.

_crtj pbstjrabr mj` jquapb, gajhtrcs `c turiahc duhfabhc 

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4.  ]bgc y chã`asas mj mctbs. 

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_crc jstc pragjrc tci`c mj mctbs, jh j` `cibrctbrab c pcrtar mj lrcmucr `c pbsafaöh mj `c cluec mjhtrb mj `c tbijrc sj rjc`azc `c tbgc mj `c prjsaöh jh ICY, `c vj`bfamcm mj `c turiahc jh Y_G y `c dujrzc mj drjhcmb jh H. Qc pcrc rjc`azcr j` ahdbrgj sj crrbec j` fã`fu`b mj `c c`turc mj `c fb`ughc mj cluc pcrc j` sastjgc y `c pbtjhfac namrãu`afc mj` jquapb c mjtjrgahcmcs fbhmafabhjs. @bs mctbs crrbech quj c gjmamc quj fcgiac `c pbsafaöh mj `c cluec ahfrjgjhtc `c prjsaöh mj jhtrcmc jh j` sastjgc; mj jstc gchjrc jh fuchtb c `c vj`bfamcm js hbtci`j quj vc jh csfjhsb ncstc `c pbsafaöh 6 mj `c cluec y `ujlb jh `c pbsafaöh = mjsfajhmj mj gchjrc jxcljrcmc ncstc ``jlcr c fjrb. `c dujrzc mj drjhcmb vcrac pjrb hb sudrj uh lrch fcgiab murchtj j` prbfjsb yc quj vcrçc jhtrj 6.: y 9 H, gajhtrcs quj js hbtci`j quj `c c`turc mj fb`ughc mj d`uamb ahfrjgjhtc fbhdbrgj ahfrjgjhtc `c prjsaöh jh j` sastjgc c` aluc` a luc` quj `c pbtjhfac namrãu`afc mj` sastjgc.

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_crc jstj fcsb sj vc ahfrjgjhtchmb `c dujrzc mj drjhcmb pbfb c pbfb pcrc pbmjr jhfbhtrcr `c vj`bfamcm c `c quj larc j` jej mj `c turiahc mbhmj sj hbtc quj mjsmj quj ahafac j` prbfjsb p rbfjsb `c vj`bfamcm vc jh mjsfjhsb. yc pcrc j` ahdbrgj mj `cibrctbrab sj prbfjmj c fc`fu`cr `bs mctbs pcrc j` gbgjhtug mbhmj sj pujmj jvamjhfacr quj vc jh ahfrjgjhtb fbhdbrgj 1

 

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ahfrjgjhtc `c dujrzc mj drjhcmb mj` sastjgc; pcrc j` fcsb mj `c pbtjhfac mj` ãrib` b jej tajhj uh ahfrjgjhtb ncstc quj sj rjlastrc uhc dujrzc mj drjhcmb mj 9.: H, mjsmj 6 H jgpajzc c mjsfjhmjr j` vc`br mj `c pbtjhfac ncstc quj ``jlc c ? mbhmj j` jej jstj drjhcmb mjiamb c `c dujrzc jejrfamc sbirj `c pb`jc. .   FBHF@ZVAÖH. >. ➩ 

_crc uh gasgb fcumc`, sj mjgujstrc quj, c gcybr fcrlc, gjhbr sjrã `c vj`bfamcm

chlu`cr mj` jej mj `c turiahc (Y_G), pbr `b quj `c rj`cfaöh jhtrj `bs Y_G y j` tbrquj js ahvjrscgjhtj prbpbrfabhc`. ➩  _crc uh gcybr sc`tb namrãu`afb, gcybr sjrã `c vj`bfamcm chlu`cr mj` jej mj `c turiahc (Y_G). Cmjgãs, quj `c jdafajhfac mj `c turiahc sj ahfrjgjhtc. 1.  BIVJYTCFABHJV. @cs lrãdafcs mj pbtjhfac y vjrsus `cs Y_G mj` jej mj `c turiahc jh tjbrçc tajhjh uhc tjhmjhfac pcrciö`afc ncfac ciceb. @cs lrãdafcs bitjhamcs mj `c jxpjrajhfac prjsjhtch `c pcrtj mj fcçmc mj `cs furvcs tjörafcs.

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]ZYIAHC DYCHFAV 3.  BIEJ]ATB. ➩  Fbhbfjr `bs prahfapabs mj bpjrcfaöh mj `c turiahc Drchfas y su cp`afcfaöh. ➩  Mjtjrgahcr `cs furvcs fcrcftjrçstafcs mj` jquapb pcrc mjtjrgahcr su öptagb. 9.  duhfabhcgajhtb AH]YBMZFABH. Jstc prãftafc sj duj rjc`azcmc pcrc fbhbfjr j` duhfabhcgajhtb y fbgpbrtcgajhtb mj uhc turiahc tapb Drchfas, chc`azcgbs j` puhtb mj bpjrcfaöh, cp`afchmb madjrjhtjs dujrzcs c` drjhb, bisjrvcgbs fbgb vcrac j` fcumc` y fbgb vcrac `c c`turc mj sc`amc. @cs turiahcs sbh cquj``cs quj scfch jhjrlçc c` d`uamb quj jh hujstrb y jh `c gcybrçc mj `bs fcsbs js cluc, rjlu`cgbs j` fnbrrb mj cluc ahfamjhtj jh `cs pc`jtcs mj `c turiahc y cp`afchmb uhc dujrzc fbhstchtj c` jej pbmjgbs vjr fbgb vcrac `cs rjvb`ufabhjs pbr gahutb mj` gasgb y lrcdafcrjgbs `bs rjsu`tcmbs pcrc uh chã`asas gjebr mj `bs gasgbs 6. 

GCYFB ]JÖYAFB. 

@c turiahc Drchfas js uh gbtbr namrãu`afb mj rjcffaöh, quj sj jgp`jc pcrc fcumc`js y c`turcs gjmacs, jstcs tcgiaáh sbh fbhbfamcs fbgb turiahcs mj sbirjprjsaöh pbr sjr vcraci`j `c prjsaöh jh `cs zbhcs mj` rbmjtj, b mj cmgasaöh tbtc` yc quj ástj sj jhfujhtrc sbgjtamb c `c ahd`ujhfac marjftc mj` cluc jh tbmc su pjradjrac. ]cgiaáh sj fbhbfjh fbgb turiahcs rcmac`js-cxac`js y turiahcs mj rjcffaöh, fbhfjptbs quj sj cgp`acrãh jh su gbgjhtb. 

Dalurc 3 - D`ueb mjhtrb mj uhc turiahc Drchfas 

39

 

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J@ÁF]YAF

_YBDJVABH @ MJ AHLJHAJYÇ

J@JF]YBHAFC

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‖   J@ÁF]YAF

J` fcgpb mj cp`afcfaöh js guy jxtjhsb, mcmb j` cvchfj tjfhb`ölafb fbhsjluamb jh `c fbhstruffaöh mj jstj tapb mj turiahcs. _ujmjh jgp`jcrsj jh sc`tbs mj mastahtcs c`turcs mjhtrb mj uhc cgp`ac lcgc mj fcumc`js (jhtrj 9 y 9?? g6/s cprbxagcmcgjhtj).  Fbhsamjrcrjgbs `c saluajhtj f`csadafcfaöh, jh duhfaöh jspjfçdafc mj` rbmjtj, fuyb hõgjrb mj rjvb`ufabhjs pbr gahutb mjpjhmjmjmj`c`csvj`bfamcm fcrcftjrçstafcs mj` sc`tb. ]uriahc Drchfas `jhtc. _crc sc`tbs mj lrch c`turc (c`rjmjmbr mj 9?? g b gãs).  ]uriahc Drchfas hbrgc`. Ahmafcmc jh sc`tbs mj c`turc gjmac (jhtrj 9?? y 9? g)  ]uriahcs Drchfas rãpamcs y jxtrc rãpamcs. Cprbpacmcs c sc`tbs mj pjqujóc c`turc (ahdjrabrjs c 9? g).  @c turiahc Drchfas duj mjscrrb``cmc pbr Ecgjs I. Drchfas. Vj trctc mj uhc turib gãquahc gbtbrc c rjcffaöh y mj d`ueb gaxtb. @cs turiahcs Drchfas sbh turiahcs namrãu`afcs quj sj pujmjh masjócr pcrc uh cgp`ab rchlb mj sc`tbs y fcumc`js, sajhmb fcpcfjs mj bpjrcr jh rchlbs mj mjshavj` quj vch mj `bs majz gjtrbs ncstc vcrabs fajhtbs mj gjtrbs. Jstb, euhtb fbh su c`tc jdafajhfac, nc njfnb quj jstj tapb mj turiahc sjc j` gãs cgp`acgjhtj uscmb jh j` guhmb, prahfapc`gjhtj pcrc `c  prbmuffaöh mj mj jhjrlçc j`áftrafc gjmachtj fjhtrc`js namrbj`áftrafcs. namrbj`áftrafcs.  C fbhtahucfaöh, sj vjrãh jxpujstcs c`luhcs mj `cs pcrtjs prahfapc`js mj uhc turiahc Drchfas5    Fcec jsparc`  •

]ajhj fbgb duhfaöh mastraiuar uhadbrgjgjhtj j` d`uamb jh `c jhtrcmc mj` rbmjtj mj uhc turiahc    _rjmastraiuambr  •

]ajhjh uhc duhfaöh hjtcgjhtj jstrufturc`, pcrc gchtjhjr `c jstrufturc mj `c fcec jsparc`, tajhjh uhc dbrgc namrbmahãgafc pcrc gahagazcr `cs pármamcs namrãu`afcs.    Mastraiuambr  •

Js j` hbgirj fbh quj sj s j fbhbfjh `bs ã`cijs marjftbrjs mj `c turibgãquahc, su duhfaöh js rjlu`cr j` fcumc` quj jhtrc jh `c turiahc, c `c vjz mj marjffabhcr c` d`uamb pcrc gjebrcr j` rjhmagajhtb mj `c gãquahc. Jstj rjfaij j` hbgirj mj mastraiuambr Dahk.

Ybtbr  Js j` fbrczöh mj `c turiahc, yc quj cquç tajhj `ulcr j` ahtjrfcgiab mj jhjrlçc jhtrj `c gãquahc y j` d`uamb, pujmjh tjhjr mavjrscs dbrgcs mjpjhmajhmb mj` hõgjrb mj larbs jspjfçdafb pcrc j` fuc` jstã masjócmc `c gãquahc.    

•

36

 

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GJF HAF

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J@JF]YBHAFC

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‖   J@ÁF]YAF

]uib mj csparcfaöh. 

Js `c sc`amc mj `c turiahc. Vu duhfaöh js mcr`j fbhtahuamcm c` d`ueb y rjfupjrcr j` sc`tb  pjrmamb jh jh `cs ahstc`cfabhjs quj jstãh jstãh pbr jhfagc mj` havj` mj cluc c `c sc`amc. Jh ljhjrc` sj fbhstruyj jhrlçc dbrgc pcrc ljhjrcr uh jh jdjftb mj csparcfaöh, j` fuc` rjfupjrc  pcrtj mj `c jhjrlçc jhj quj mj hb madusbr, dujrc jhtrjlcmc c` rbtbr c` su cusjhfac. cusjhf ac. 

Dalurc 9 - _crtjs mj `c turiahc Drchfas uscmc jh j` `cibrctbrab  =. 

Duhfabhcgajhtb mj `c turiahc Drchfas. 

@c jhjrlçc pbtjhfac` lrcvatctbrac mj` cluc jgic`scmc, sj fbhvajrtj jh jhjrlçc fahátafc jh su rjfbrramb ncfac j` mastraiuambr, mbhmj, c `c sc`amc mj ástj, sj maspbhj mj jhjrlçc jh dbrgc fahátafc y mj prjsaöh, sajhmb, `c vj`bfamcm mj jhtrcmc mj` cluc jh j` rbmjtj, ahdjrabr c `c quj fbrrjspbhmjrçc pbr c`turc mj sc`tb, mjiamb c `bs fcgiabs irusfbs mj marjffaöh jh su rjfbrramb.  Fjhtrãhmbhbs jh `c zbhc mj` mastraiuambr, pbmjgbs cócmar quj j` cluc, c su pcsb pbr `cs  pc`cs daecs mj `c fãgcrc jsparc` y `cs pc`cs marjftrafjs mj` mastraiuambr, masgahuyj su  prjsaöh, cmquarajhmb vj`bfamcm y, jh tc`js fbhmafabhjs, prbvbfc j` larb mj` rbmjtj, c` masfurrar c trcvás mj `bs ã`cijs mj ástj, sbirj `bs fuc`js cftõc j` rjstb mj `c prjsaöh jxastjhtj jh `cs gcscs mj cluc mbtcmcs, c su vjz, mj jhjrlçc fahátafc. J` tuib mj csparcfaöh  prbmufj uhc mjprjsaöh jh `c sc`amc sc`amc mj` rbmjtj b, mafnb mafnb jh btrbs tárgahbs, uhc suffaöh.  @cs turiahcs Drchfas, sbh mj rjhmagajhtb öptagb, pjrb sb`cgjhtj jhtrj uhbs mjtjrgahcmbs gãrljhjs (pcrc 4? % y 3?? % mj` fcumc` gãxagb), sajhmb uhc mj `cs rczbhjs pbr `c quj sj maspbhjh vcracs uhamcmjs jh fcmc fjhtrc`, c` biejtb mj quj hahluhc trcicej, ahmavamuc`gjhtj, pbr mjiceb mj vc`brjs mj` 4? % mj `c fcrlc tbtc`.  C` aluc` quj `cs turiahcs _j`tbh, `cs turiahcs Drchfas pujmjh sjr ahstc`cmcs fbh j` jej jh  pbsafaöh nbrazbhtc` b vjrtafc` vjrtafc` sajhmb jstc õ`tagc maspbsafaöh maspbsafaöh `c gãs ljhjrc`azc ljhjrc`azcmc mc pbr pbr jstcr jstcr cgp`acgjhtj jxpjragjhtcmc, jxpjragjhtcmc, jspjfac`gjhtj jh j` fcsb mj uhamcmjs mj lrch lr ch pbtjhfac. 

3=

 

ZHATJYVAMCM HCFABHC@ MJ@ C@]A_@CHB

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_YBDJVABH @ MJ AHLJHAJYÇ

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‖   J@ÁF]YAF

Dalurc 6 - ]uriahc Drchfas.  :. 

Mjsfrapfaöh mj` jquapb.  _crc jstc prãftafc mj `cibrctbrab sj nazb usb mj` gömu`b NG 3:?.9? jh fbheuhtb fbh `c  icsj NG 3:? quj ncfj ncfj mj tchquj mj rjsjrvc mj d`uamb pcrc hujstrb hujstrb jquapb jquapb mj prãftafc. Qc jh `c prãftafc sj pumb jhfbhtrcr j` jquapb fbgb tc`, quj c lrchmjs rcslbs gbstrcic uhc tuijrçc mj ahlrjsb mj d`uamb `c fuc` pcscic pbr uh gchögjtrb quj gjmac `c prjsaöh mj ahlrjsb c` sastjgc mj `c turiahc. _bstjrabrgjhtj jhfbhtrcgbs `c fcrfcsc quj fbhtajhj `c turiahc, `c fuc` vastc mjsmj `c pcrtj drbhtc` js nujfc fuiajrtc fbh uh frastc` tbtc`gjhtj trchspcrjhtj cmnjramb c `c gjhfabhcmc chtjrabrgjhtj pcrtj nujfc. Lrcfacs c` frastc` sj  pujmj vjr f`crcgjhtj f`crcgjhtj uh fbhmuftb quj pcsc pcsc pbr `c fcrfcsc ncstc ``jlcr ``jlcr c `c pcrtj nujfc y vasai`j; jstj fbhmuftb js `c jhtrcmc c `c turiahc.  @ujlb mj jhfbhtrcr j` fbhmuftb pbr j` fuc` jhtrcrc j` d`uamb jhfbhtrcgbs uhc sjraj mj gjfchasgbs quj rjfaijh j` hbgirj mj pc`jtcs göva`js quj sarvjh pcrc csalhcr y ceustcr `c pbtjhfac c `c quj sjrc sbgjtamc `c turiahc. Eustb jh gjmab mj jstcs pc`jtcs göva`js sj jhfujhtrc j` rbmjtj, j` fuc` js uhc p`cfc rjmbhmc fbh uhc sjraj mj c`cijs jh su supjrdafaj, `bs fuc`js jstãh jhfcrlcmbs mj mjsp`czcr j` d`uamb ncfac j` jxtjrabr mj gchjrc cxac` c `c turiahc. 

Dalurc = -_c`jtcs göva`js. 

Jh `c pcrtj jxtjrabr mj `c fcrfcsc, jspjfçdafcgjhtj jspjfçdafcgjhtj jh su pcrtj supjrabr, jhfbhtrcgbs uhc gchavj`c quj gjmachtj uh gjfchasgb sj jhfcrlc mj lrcmucr `c cpjrturc mj `cs pc`jtcs göva`js, `ujlb mj jstc gchavj`c jhfbhtrcgbs eustb jh `c pcrtj pbstjrabr mj `c fcrfcsc `c  pb`jc quj sj jhfujhtrc uhamc c` jej mj` rbmjtj mj `c turiahc `c fuc` jstcrã jh fbhtcftb supjrdafac` fbh uhc fbrrjc tjhsbrc quj ncrã bpbsafaöh c` gbvagajhtb mj `c pb`jc. ]cgiaáh jh `c pcrtj pbstjrabr jhfbhtrcgbs mbs vcra``cs vjrtafc`js jhfcrlcmcs mj sbpbrtcr jh su jxtrjgb p`cfc daec quj fbhtajhj j` vb`chtj pbr gjmab mj` fuc` mj sj `jvchtcrcsupjrabr uhc p`cfcuhc göva` fbhgcfazc uh cluejrb rbsfcmb( lrcfacs c jstj jxastj j` gbvagajhtb 3:

 

ZHATJYVAMCM HCFABHC@ MJ@ C@]A_@CHB

D FZ@]

MJ AHLJHAJYÇ

JVFZJ@

GJF HAF

J@ÁF]YAF

_YBDJVABH @ MJ AHLJHAJYÇ

J@JF]YBHAFC

GJFÃHAF

VAV]JGCV

‖   J@ÁF]YAF

jstc p`cfc y j` vb`chtj) fbh `cs gasgcs fcrcftjrçstafcs quj `c chtjrabr quj sj jhfcrlcrc mj gbvjr `cs ic`chzcs mj rjsbrtjs quj jejrfjrãh uhc dujrzc mj drjhcmb jh `c pb`jc pbr gjmab mj `c fbrrjc tjhsbrc.  3.  Ic`chzc mj guj``j. 3.  9.  6.  6.  =.  =.  :.  :.  4.  4.  .  Dalurc = - _crtjs mj` jquapb uscmb jh `c prãftafc mj `cibrctbrab.  4. 

Mjsfrapfaöh mj `c prãftafc. 

@c prãftafc duhmcgjhtc`gjhtj sj icsö jh rjc`azcr uh prbfjmagajhtb rãpamb y sjhfa``b quj fbhsastçc jh quj nc mjtjrgahcmb vc`br mj dujrzc mj drjhcmb sj rjc`azcic `c cpjrturc mj `cs  pc`jtcs göva`js quj pcrc jstj fcsb aic mjsmj : lrcmbs ncstc 9? lrcmbs mj cpjrturc. Yjc`azcmb j` prbfjsb mj fbheulcr dujrzc mj drjhcmb y cpjrturc mj pc`jtcs sj prjfjmj c gjmar j` hõgjrb mj rjvb`ufabhjs pbr gahutb c `cs quj larc j` jej mj `c turiahc quj jstã uhamb c `c pb`jc quj jh uhc mj sus fcrcs pbsjj uh sjlgjhtb mj gctjrac` rjd`jftbr quj sjrã õta` pcrc gjmar `c vj`bfamcm jh Y_G pbr gjmab mj uh tcfögjtrb `ãsjr quj bpjrc gchuc`gjhtj. Csç sj rjpatj jstc bpjrcfaöh mjsmj vc`brjs mj dujrzc mj drjhcmb quj vch mjsmj ?.: H ncstc 6 H fbh sc`tbs mj ?.:, js mjfar, sj tbgcrbh fbgb rjdjrjhfac sjas vc`brjs mj dujrzc mj drjhcmb.

Dalurc > - ]bgc mj vj`bfamcm fbh j` tcfögjtrb.

Dalurc 4 - Tastc drbhtc` mj` jquapb jh  duhfabhcgajhtb.  

34

 

ZHATJYVAMCM HCFABHC@ MJ@ C@]A_@CHB

D FZ@]

MJ AHLJHAJYÇ

JVFZJ@

GJF HAF

J@ÁF]YAF

_YBDJVABH @ MJ AHLJHAJYÇ

J@JF]YBHAFC

GJFÃHAF

VAV]JGCV

‖   J@ÁF]YAF

_br õ`tagb, sj rjc`azc uhc gjmafaöh mj` fcumc` rjlastrcmb jh j` sastjgc fbh rjspjftb c `c cpjrturc mj `cs pc`jtcs göva`js mj `c turiahc c :, 3?, 3: y 9? lrcmbs mj cpjrturc rjspjftavcgjhtj. 

Dalurc < - Tastc drbhtc` mj` jquapb cpclcmb. 

19 93:? 9?36 33?>33

]ci`c H¿ 9.

_crc j` fcumc` sj bitajhj quj fbhdbrgj cugjhtc `c cpjrturc mj `cs pc`jtcs göva`js, j` vc`br mj` d`ueb vb`ugátrafb ahfrjgjhtc gbmjrcmcgjhtj. gbmjrcmcgjhtj.  >.  LYÃDAFCV. 

Lrcdafc 3 - Chlu`b mj cpjrturc vs. fcumc` mj` sastjgc  

Lrcdafc 9 - Fbgpbrtcgajhtb Y_G vs. dujrzc d ujrzc mj drjhcmb c : lrcmbs mj cpjrturc  cpjrturc 

3>

 

ZHATJYVAMCM HCFABHC@ MJ@ C@]A_@CHB

D FZ@]

MJ AHLJHAJYÇ

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_YBDJVABH @ MJ AHLJHAJYÇ

J@JF]YBHAFC

GJFÃHAF

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‖   J@ÁF]YAF

Lrcdafc 6 - Fbgpbrtcgajhtb Y_G vs. dujrzc mj drjhcmb c 3? lrcmbs mj cpjrturc. 

Lrcdafc = - Fbgpbrtcgajhtb Y_G vs. dujrzc mj drjhcmb c 3: lrcmbs mj cpjrturc 

Lrcdafc : - Fbgpbrtcgajhtb Y_G vs. dujrzc mj drjhcmb c 9? lrcmbs mj cpjrturc

31

 

ZHATJYVAMCM HCFABHC@ MJ@ C@]A_@CHB

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MJ AHLJHAJYÇ

JVFZJ@

GJF HAF

J@ÁF]YAF

_YBDJVABH @ MJ AHLJHAJYÇ

J@JF]YBHAFC

GJFÃHAF

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‖   J@ÁF]YAF

1.  1.  FBHF@ZVAÖH. Jh jstj `cibrctbrab pumj vjr fbgb js j` duhfabhcgajhtb mj `c turiahc Drchfas. Fcrcftjrçstafcs mj sc`tb. ➩  ]uriahc Drchfas `jhtc. _crc sc`tbs mj lrch c`turc (c`rjmjmbr mj 9?? g b gãs). ]uriahc Drchfas hbrgc`. Ahmafcmc jh sc`tbs mj c`turc gjmac (jhtrj 9?? y 9? g) ➩  ]uriahcs Drchfas rãpamcs y jxtrc rãpamcs. Cprbpacmcs c sc`tbs mj pjqujóc c`turc (ahdjrabrjs c 9? g). ➩ 

9?

 

ZHATJYVAMCM HCFABHC@ MJ@ C@]A_@CHB

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MJ AHLJHAJYÇ

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‖   J@ÁF]YAF

]ZYIAHC MJ NÁ@AFJ 3.  BIEJ]ATBV Fbhbfjr j` fbhfjptb mj uhc ]uriahc ná`afj. Cprjhmjr mj dbrgc iãsafc j` duhfabhcgajhtb mj uhc ]uriahc ná`afj. ✖  Tjradafcr sa `c ]uriahc ná`afj js uhc mj `cs gãs jdafajhtjs. 9.  GCYFB ]JÖYAFB ✖  ✖ 

@c turiahc mj ná`afj js uhc turiahc mj rjcffaöh pbr `c quj j` d`ueb farfu`c cxac`gjhtj. C madjrjhfac mj `cs turiahcs Kcp`ch, `cs turiahcs mj ná`afj tajhjh uh rbtbr fbh ã`cijs daebs. Jstcs turiahcs sj uta`azch fbh sc`tbs pjqujóbs y fcumc`js mj cluc guy lrchmjs. @c  pbtjhfac mj `c turiahc sj rjlu`c gjmachtj j` ceustj mj `bs ã`cijs jh j` mastra mastraiuambr. iuambr. Jh `c  prãftafc, `cs turiahcs mj ná`afj y turiahcs Kcp`ch sj uta`azch jh fjhtrc`js namrbj`áftrafcs mj cluc d`uyjhtj. @c turiahc mj ná`afj NG mj` =:?.?6 cffjsbrab pcrc j` ichfb mj jhscybs NG =:?F. uh J` jquapb mj jhscyb fbhstc rbtbr,jsj`uhmastraiuambr fbh ã`cijs mastraiuambrjs ceustci`js, drjhb mj fbrrajhtjs pcrãsatcs ceustci`j sah mjslcstj pcrc `c fcrlc mj `c turiahc y uhc sjffaöh mj tuijrçc trchspcrjhtj. C trcvás mj j``c sj pujmjh bisjrvcr j` d`ueb mj cluc, j` rbtbr y `bs ã`cijs mastraiuambrjs jh duhfabhcgajhtb. Jh `c ná`afj mj `c turiahc, j` cluc d`uyj cxac`gjhtj c trcvás mj` rbtbr. J` ãhlu`b mj ctcquj y `c sjffaöh trchsvjrsc` mj` d`ueb sj cmcptch c` hõgjrb mj rjvb`ufabhjs y c `c pbtjhfac mj `c turiahc gjmachtj j` ceustj mj `bs ã`cijs mastraiuambrjs. @c prjsaöh jh `c jhtrcmc mj `c turiahc sj rjlastrc gjmachtj uh sjhsbr mj prjsaöh. Jh j` drjhb mj fbrrajhtjs pcrãsatcs ncy uh sjhsbr mj dujrzc y uh sjhsbr mj vj`bfamcm. Mj jstj gbmb sj pujmj mjtjrgahcr `c pbtjhfac gjfãhafc sugahastrcmc pbr `c turiahc. J` hõgjrb mj rjvb`ufabhjs, j` pcr y `c prjsaöh sj ahmafch jh j` crgcrab mj mastraiufaöh mj` NG =:?F y sj prbfjsch mjspuás fbh j` sbdtwcr sbdtwcrj. j. J` NG =:?F sj jhfcrlc mj` sugahastrb mj cluc y mj `c gjmafaöh mj` fcumc`.

6.  MJ]C@@JV ]ÁFHAFBV 3.  9.  6.  =. 

sjffaöh mj tuijrçc trchspcrjhtj pcrc bisjrvcr j` ãrjc mj trciceb. rbtbr fbh ã`cijs daebs. ã`cijs mastraiuambrjs ceustci`js pcrc ceustcr mastahtbs ãhlu`bs mj ctcquj. rjlastrb mj furvcs fcrcftjrçstafcs mj uhc turiahc mj ná`afj y jstumab mj `c ahd`ujhfac ahd` ujhfac mj `c  pbsafaöh mj `bs ã`cijs mastraiuambrjs. :.  fcrlc mj `c turiahc gjmachtj drjhb mj fbrrajhtjs pcrãsatcs ceustci`j sah mjslcstj. 93

 

ZHATJYVAMCM HCFABHC@ MJ@ C@]A_@CHB

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4.  gjmafaöh mj` hõgjrb mj rjvb`ufabhjs sah fbhtcftb jh j` jej mj `c turiahc y sjhsbr mj dujrzc jh j` drjhb pcrc `c gjmafaöh mj` pcr. .  hõgjrb mj rjvb`ufabhjs, pcr y prjsaöh ahmafcmbs jh j` crgcrab mj mastraiufaöh mj` NG =:?F. 1.  sugahastrb mj cluc, gjmafaöh mj fcumc` y sbdtwcrj pcrc j` prbfjscgajhtb mj mctbs gjmachtj j` NG =:?F.

3 c`agjhtcfaöh mj cluc mj NG =:?F, 9 mjsclðj mj cluc c` NG =:?F, 6 rbtbr, = ceustj mj `bs ã`cijs mastraiuambrjs, : puhtjrb fbh jsfc`c mj `c pbsafaöh mj `bs ã`cijs mastraiuambrjs,

4 drjhb mj fbrrajhtjs pcrãsatcs, < vb`chtj mj gchb pcrc ceustcr j` drjhb, > sjhsbr mj  prjsaöh.

=.  MC]BV ]ÁFHAFBV ▥  ▥  ▥  ▥  ▥  ▥  ▥  ▥  ▥ 

 pbtjhfac5 cprbx. cprbx. 3?\ c 4??gah-3, :34@/gah.  Hõgjrb mj rjvb`ufabhjs rjvb`ufabhjs gãx.5 1??gah 1??gah-3  Ybtbr 4 ã`cijs göva`js, hb ceustci`js Þ jxtjrabr5 4 ã`cijs mastraiuambrjs, ceustci`js Chlu`b mj ctcquj5 -9?…6?¿  99

 

ZHATJYVAMCM HCFABHC@ MJ@ C@]A_@CHB

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=.9. YCHLBV MJ GJMAFAÖH  GJMAFAÖH   pcr5 -9:…9:Hg   prjsaöh5 ?…=icr cis. cis. 

hõgjrb mj rjvb`ufabhjs5 ?…=???gah-3 

=.6. MAGJHVABHJV Q _JVBV  _JVBV    @xChxC`5 4>?x43:x>=? 4>?x43:x>=?gg gg   _jsb5 cprbx. =9kl •

•

:.  JHVCQBV ▥  Mjtjrgahcfaöh mj `c pbtjhfac gjfãhafc. ▥  ▥  ▥ 

Mjtjrgahcfaöh mj` rjhmagajhtb. Yjlastrb mj furvcs fcrcftjrçstafcs. Jstumab mj `c ahd`ujhfac mj `c pbsafaöh mj `bs ã`cijs mastraiuambrjs jh j` rjhmagajhtb.

:.3. TB@ZGJH MJ VZGAHAV]YB 3 jquapb mj jhscyb 3 gctjrac` mamãftafb :.9. JSZA_B  JSZA_B  ▥ 

▥ 

]uriahc mj ná`afj fbh ãrjc mj trciceb tr ciceb vasai`j Farfuatb mj cluc fjrrcmb y sbdtwcrj pcrc j` prbfjscgajhtb mj mctbs fbh j` ichfb mj jhscybs NG =:?F

96

 

ZHATJYVAMCM HCFABHC@ MJ@ C@]A_@CHB

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4.  MACLYCGC MJ @C ]ZYIAHC NJ@AFJ.

3mjpösatb,

turiahc,

9 ibgic,

: drjhb, G gbtbr;

=

6 vã`vu`c mj jstrchlu`cfaöh,

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Yjhmagajhtb y pcr (`çhjcs puhtcmcs) jh duhfaöh mj hõgjrbs mj rjvb`ufabhjs c ãhlu`bs mj ctcquj mastahtbs5 hjlrb 6:¿, czu` 3:¿, Jtc rjhmagajhtb, h hõgjrb mj rjvb`ufabhjs,, Gm pcr. rjvb`ufabhjs

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