Informe de Derecho de Los Niños

 

 

VLMZF[QMNIN LIAMDLI@ IV^DLDEI NF HDNLV[IQ  ZI@@F NF QV@I JIAV@^IN NF AMFLAMIQ OV[MNMAIQ NF[FAHD NF @I LMÙF_ ] IND@FQAFLAMI

Fvd`uamñl hmstñrmai nf `ds Nfrfahds nf `ds Lmùds i lmvf` mltfrliamdli` y liamdli`.

AI^FN[I^MAD? Ikg. Afsir Efoåi. ML^FG[IL^FQ? I``il K. Jfrlilnd Dahdi F`vmr

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Mlgrms ]ilfth Smlfni Dvmfnd

;337333;978

Odf` Fnuirnd Eitiedrds Aruz

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Xflmi @durnfs @ñpfz Gikirrftf

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@filnrd Qi`deñl Sirfnfs Eilaåi

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Siu`i Eirmi Zm``ilufvi

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QFAAMDL?9833 JFAHI NF FL^[FGI?13 nf sfptmfekrf, ;3;9 Qil Sfnrd Qu`i, Adrtfs.

 

 

ML^[DNVAAMDL. Fl `is ÿ`tmeis níainis, `i adeulmnin mltfrliamdli` hi mlvfrtmnd tiltd t iltd f` mltfrís pdr `ds "nfrfahds nf` lmùd" fs `i au`emliamñl nf ul prdafsd nfsnf f` prmlampmd, fl `i iltmgðfnin fri pirtf nf `i au`turi sdami` y sf arfåi quf `ds lmùds sdl `ds sfrfs hueilds eés vu`lfrik`fs y su supfrvmvflami nfpflnf nf Srdtfgfr y aumnir i sus pinrfs y pfrsdlis quf tf rdnfil, drgilmziamdlfs y f` gdkmfrld. Sdr dtrd `ind, `i Adlvflamñl `ds nfrfahds nf` lmùd² fs f` prmefr tritind Vlmvfrsi` nf` rfadldamemfltd rfspfatd rfspfatd i fstds nfrfahds y fs `fgi`efltf vmlau`iltf piri `ds piåsfs quf `d hil ritmjmaind, y fstds piåsfs rfgu`irefltf i 0Ademtí nf Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd² Arfind  piri fstf prdpñsmtd prdpñsmtd

 

 

Hmstdrmi i lmvf` Mltfrliamdli` adljdref `ds iùds nfsnf 98>3

 

…….

Sfrspfatmvi hmstñrmai nf `i fvd`uamñl nf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd Fl `i iltmgðfnin linmf pflsiki fl djrfafr prdtfaamñl fspfami` i `ds ` ds lmùds. Fl `i Fnin Efnmi, `ds lmùds fril adlsmnfrinds ‐inu`tds pfqufùds―.  

I efnminds nf` smg`d XMX, surgmñ fl Jrilami `i mnfi nf djrfafr prdtfaamñl fspfami` i `ds lmùds2 fstd pfremtmñ f` nfsirrd``d prdgrfsmv prdgrfsmvdd nf `ds nfrfahds nf `ds efldrfs. I pirtmr nf 98>9, `is `fyfs adeflzirdl i prdtfgfr i `ds lmùds fl su `ugir nf trikiod y, i pirtmr nf 9889, `is `fyfs jrilafsis giriltmzirdl f` nfrfahd nf `ds lmùds i uli fnuaiamñl. I  prmlampmds nf` smg`d XX, adeflzñ adeflzñ i mep`fefltirsf mep`fefltirsf `i prdtfaamñl nf `ds lmùds, mla mla`usd `usd fl f` érfi sdami`, ourånmai y silmtirmi. Fstf lufvd nfsirrd``d, quf adeflzñ fl Jrilami, sf fxtflnmñ eés inf`iltf pdr tdni Furdpi. Nfsnf 9=9=, tris `i arfiamñl nf `i @mgi nf `is Liamdlfs (quf `ufgd sf adlvfrtmråi fl `i DLV), `i adeulmnin mltfrliamdli` adeflzñ i dtdrgir`f eés mepdrtilami i fstf tfei, pdr `d quf f`ikdrñ f` Ademtí piri `i Srdtfaamñl nf `ds Lmùds. F` 9: nf sfptmfekrf nf 9=;>, `i @mgi nf `is Liamdlfs iprdkñ `i Nfa`iriamñl nf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd (tiekmíl ``ieini `i Nfa`iriamñl nf Gmlfkri), f` prmefr tritind mltfrliamdli` sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf `ds  Lmùds. I `d `irgd nf amlad aipåtu`ds `i Nfa`iriamñl dtdrgi nfrfahds fspfaåjmads i `ds lmùds, iså aded rfspdlsikm`mninfs i `ds inu`tds.

@i Nfa`iriamñl nf Gmlfkri sf kisi fl f` trikiod nf` eínmad pd`iad Oilusz Bdrazib. @i Qfgulni Gufrri Eulnmi` nfoñ fltrf sus våatmeis i em`fs nf lmùds fl uli smtuiamñl nfsfspfrini. Aded adlsfauflami, fl 9=>7 sf arfñ f` Jdlnd nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis piri `i Mljilami (adldamnd aded VLMAFJ) i` aui` sf `f adlafnmñ f` fstitus nf drgilmziamñl mltfrliamdli` pfreilfltf fl 9=61. Nuriltf sus mlmamds, `i VLMAFJ sf afltrñ pirtmau`irefltf fl iyunir i `is oñvflfs våatmeis nf `i Qfgulni Gufrri Eulnmi`, prmlampi`efltf i `ds lmùds furdpfds. Qml fekirgd, fl 9=61 su eilnitd i`ailzñ uli nmeflsmñl mltfrliamdli` y adeflzñ i iuxm`mir i lmùds fl piåsfs fl våis nf nfsirrd``d. @i Drgilmziamñl `ufgd fstik`famñ uli sfrmf nf

 

 

 prdgrieis piri quf `ds lmùds tuvmfril iiaafsd aafsd i uli fnuai fnuaiamñl, amñl, kufli kufli si`un, igui pdtik`f pdtik`f y i`mefltds. Nfsnf f` 93 nf nmamfekrf nf 9=>8 `i Nfa`iriamñl Vlmvfrsi` nf `ds Nfrfahds Hueilds rfadldaf quf ‐`i eitfrlmnin y `i mljilami tmflfl nfrfahd i aumninds y ismstflami fspfami`fs―.  

Fl 9=6= `i Isiek`fi Gflfri` nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis iprdkñ `i Nfa`iriamñl nf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd, quf nfsarmkf `ds nfrfahds nf `ds ` ds lmùds fl nmfz prmlampmds. Qm kmfl fstf ndauefltd tdnivåi ld hi smnd jmreind pdr tdnds `ds piåsfs y sus prmlampmds tmflfl airéatfr mlnmaitmvd, `f jiam`mti f` aiemld i `i Nfa`iriamñl Vlmvfrsi` sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd. @ufgd nf iprdkir `i Nfa`iriamñl nf `ds Nfrfahds Hueilds, `i DLV nfsfiki prfsfltir uli Airti nf Nfrfahds Julnieflti`fs quf fxmgmfri i `ds gdkmfrlds i rfspftir`i. Aded adlsfauflami, `i Ademsmñl nf `ds Nfrfahds Hueilds sf nmspusd i rfniatir fstf ndauefltd. Fl efnmd nf `i Gufrri Jråi, y tris irnuis lfgdamdlfs, `i Isiek`fi Gflfri` nf `is  Liamdlfs Vlmnis iprdkñ fl Lufvi ]drb nds tfxtds adep`fefltirmds i `i Nfa`iriamñl Vlmvfrsi` nf `ds Nfrfahds Hueilds? F` Siatd Mltfrliamdli` nf Nfrfahds Fadlñemads, Qdami`fs y Au`turi`fs, quf rfadldaf f` nfrfahd i `i prdtfaamñl adltri `i fxp`dtiamñl fadlñemai y f` nfrfahd i `i fnuaiamñl y i `i ismstflami eínmai. F` Siatd Mltfrliamdli` nf Nfrfahds Amvm`fs y Sd`åtmads, quf fstik`faf f` nfrfahd i pdsffr ul ldekrf y uli liamdli`mnin. @i DLV prda`ieñ i` iùd 9=7= aded f` Iùd Mltfrliamdli` nf` Lmùd. Nuriltf fstf iùd, tuvd `ugir ul vfrninfrd aiekmd nf fspårmtu, yi quf Sd`dlmi prdpusd arfir ul grupd nf trikiod nfltrd nf `i Ademsmñl nf `ds Nfrfahds Hueilds quf sf flairgiri nf rfniatir uli airti mltfrliamdli`. Iså, f` ;3 nf ldvmfekrf nf 9=8=, `i Isiek`fi Gflfri` nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis iprdkñ `i Adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd. I `d `irgd nf 6> irtåau`ds f` ndauefltd fstik`faf `ds nfrfahds fadlñemads, sdami`fs y au`turi`fs nf `ds lmùds. Fstf fs f` tritind sdkrf nfrfahds hueilds quf sf hi iprdkind eés répmniefltf. r épmniefltf. Qf adlvmrtmñ fl ul tritind mltfrliamdli` y f` ; nf sfptmfekrf nf 9==3 fltrñ fl vmgflami `ufgd nf sfr ritmjmaind pdr ;3 piåsfs.

 

 

F` 99 nf ou`md nf 9==3 `i Drgilmziamñl piri `i Vlmnin Ijrmaili iprdkñ `i A Airti irti Ijrmaili sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds y Kmflfstir nf` Lmùd.

Qf indptñ f` 97 nf oulmd nf 9=== `i Adlvflamñl sdkrf `is pfdrfs jdreis nf trikiod mljiltm`. Fl eiyd nf ;333, sf ritmjmañ f` Srdtdad`d jiau`titmvd nf `i Airti Mltfrliamdli` sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd, quf triti `i pirtmampiamñl nf `ds lmùds fl adlj`matds ireinds y fltrñ fl vmgdr fl ;33;. Fstf ndauefltd prdhåkf quf `ds efldrfs pirtmampfl fl adlj`matds ireinds. Histi ihdri, `i Adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd hi smnd jmreini pdr 9=3 nf 9=; Fstinds, iulquf hiy i`gulis rfsfrvis sdkrf amfrtds jrigefltds nf` ndauefltd. Qñ`d Fstinds Vlmnds y Qdei`mi `i hil jmreind pfrd ld ritmjmaind. Iatui`efltf, su mnfi` y airéatfr adltulnfltf sdl ulmvfrsi`efltf iafptinds. Qml fekirgd, su julamdliemfltd  pufnf efodrir y iÿl fs lfafsirmd trilsjdreir `is pi`ikris fl iaamdlfs. iaamdlfs. Fl ul eulnd fl nñlnf `i urgflami fs `d fsflami`, fl nñlnf ul lmùd eufrf nf hiekrf aini 6 sfgulnds, fs hdri nf ulmjmair `i tfdråi adl `i préatmai. ^i` vfz fs iså aded nfkfråieds nf hikfr adeflzind.

Ardld`dgåi nf `ds nfrfahds nf` lmùd   9=;>

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@i Qdamfnin nf Liamdlfs iprufki `i Nfa`iriamñl nf Gmlfkri sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd, f`ikdrini pdr Fg`iltylf Ofkk, julnindri nf Qivf thf Ahm`nrfl Juln. @i Nfa`iriamñl fxprfsi quf tdnis `is pfrsdlis nfkfl rfadldafr f` nfrfahd nf `ds lmùds i adltir adl `ds efnmds lfafsirmds piri su nfsirrd``d, i rfamkmr iyuni fspfami` fl ípdais nf lfafsmnin, lfafsmnin, i tflfr prmdrmnin fl `is iatmvmninfs nf sdadrrd, i gdzir nf `mkfrtin ` mkfrtin fadlñemai y prdtfaamñl adltri `i fxp`dtiamñl, y i iaafnfr i uli fnuaiamñl quf mljulni adlamflami sdami` y sfltmnd nf` nfkfr.   9=>:

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@i Isiek`fi Gflfri` nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis arfi f` Jdlnd Mltfrliamdli` nf Fefrgflami  piri `i Mljilami, VLMAFJ, afltrind fl `ds lmùds nf tdnd f` eulnd. •

  9=>8

 

 

@i Isiek`fi Gflfri` nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis iprufki `i Nfa`iriamñl Vlmvfrsi` nf Nfrfahds Hueilds, auyd irtåau`d ;6 ni nfrfahd i `is einrfs y `ds lmùds i ‐aumninds y ismstflami fspfami`fs―, iså aded tiekmíl i ‐prdtfaamñl sdami`―.  

  9=6=

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@i Isiek`fi Gflfri` nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis iprufki `i Nfa`iriamñl nf `ds Nfrfahds nf`  Lmùd, quf rfadldaf, rfadldaf, fltrf dtrds, f` nfrfahd nf` lmùd i `i fnuaiamñl, f` oufgd, `i itflamñl itflamñl nf `i si`un, y i ul fltdrld quf `d ipdyf.   9=::

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Adl f` Siatd Mltfrliamdli` nf Nfrfahds Amvm`fs y Sd`åtmads y f` Siatd Mltfrliamdli` nf Nfrfahds Fadlñemads, Qdami`fs y Au`turi`fs, `ds Fstinds Emfekrds nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis sf adeprdeftfl i nfjflnfr `i mgui`nin nf nfrfahds  ‑ mla`uyflnd mla`uyflnd `i fnuaiamñl y `i prdtfaamñl ‑  piri  piri tdnds `ds lmùds.   9=:8

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@i Adljfrflami Mltfrliamdli` nf Nfrfahds Hueilds sf af`fkri piri fvi`uir `ds prdgrfsds nf `ds piåsfs nuriltf `ds ;3 iùds trilsaurrmnds nfsnf `i iprdkiamñl nf `i Nfa`iriamñl Vlmvfrsi` nf Nfrfahds Hueilds. Qf fskdzi ul prdgriei nf trikiod piri f` juturd y sf rfjufrzi f` adeprdemsd nf `ds piåsfs adl `i nfjflsi nf `ds nfrfahds hueilds.   9=71

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@i Drgilmziamñl Mltfrliamdli` nf` ^rikiod iprufki `i Adlvflamñl 918, quf jmoi fl 98 iùds `i fnin eålmei piri nfsfepfùir trikiods quf pdnråil sfr pf`mgrdsds piri `i si`un, `i sfgurmnin d `i edri` nf `is pfrsdlis.   9=7>

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Iltf su prfdaupiamñl pdr `i vu`lfrikm`mnin nf `is euofrfs y `ds lmùds fl `is smtuiamdlfs nf fefrgflami y nf adlj`matd, `i Isiek`fi Gflfri` fxhdrti i `ds Fstinds Emfekrds i dksfrvir `i Nfa`iriamñl sdkrf `i Srdtfaamñl nf `i Euofr y f` Lmùd fl Fstinds nf Fefrgflami d nf Adlj`matd Ireind. @i Nfa`iriamñl prdhåkf f` flairaf`iemfltd y `ds itiqufs adltri euofrfs y lmùds quf jdrefl pirtf nf `i pdk`iamñl amvm`, y nfjmflnf `i mlvmd`ikm`mnin nf `ds nfrfahds nf `is euofrfs y `ds lmùds fl adltfxtds nf adlj`matd ireind.   9=78

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@i Ademsmñl nf Nfrfahds Hueilds sdeftf ul prdyfatd nf Adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd i `i adlsmnfriamñl nf ul grupd nf trikiod adljdreind pdr Fstinds Emfekrds, igflamis, y drgilmziamdlfs mltfrgukfrliefl mltfrgukfrlieflti`fs ti`fs y ld gukfrlieflti`fs.   9=7=

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Siri adlefedrir f` vmgísmed ilmvfrsirmd nf `i Nfa`iriamñl nf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd nf 9=6=, `i Isiek`fi Gflfri` nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis nfsmgli f` iùd 9=7= aded Iùd Mltfrliamdli` nf` Lmùd, fl f` aursd nf` aui` VLMAFJ nfsfepfùi ul pipf` nf `i eiydr mepdrtilami.   9=86

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@is [fg`is Eålmeis nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis piri `i Inemlmstriamñl nf `i Oustmami nf Efldrfs fxp`mail fl nfti``f `ds prmlampmds nf ul smstfei nf oustmami quf prdpmamf f` mltfrís supfrmdr nf` lmùd, mla`uyflnd fnuaiamñl, sfrvmamds sdami`fs y ul tritiemfltd prdpdramdli`  piri `ds lmùds nftflmnds.   9=8=

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@i Isiek`fi Gflfri` nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis iprufki `i Adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd, quf rfadldaf f` pipf` nf `ds lmùds aded igfltfs sdami`fs, fadlñemads,  pd`åtmads, amvm`fs amvm`fs y au`turi`fs, y fs f`dgmini iep`miefltf aded ul ul `dgrd hmstñrmad piri piri `ds nfrfahds hueilds. @i Adlvflamñl giriltmzi y fstik`faf ldreis eålmeis piri prdtfgfr `ds nfrfahds nf `ds lmùds fl tdnis `is amraulstilamis. F` ndauefltd sf rfjmfrf i VLMAFJ, quf ad`ikdrñ adl `i rfniaamñl nf `i Adlvflamñl, aded jufltf nf adldamemfltds fspfami`mzi fspfami`mzinds. nds.   9==3 •

Qf af`fkri fl Lufvi ]drb `i Auekrf Eulnmi` fl jivdr nf `i Mljilami. @is Nmrfatrmafs  piri `i Srfvflamñl Srfvflamñl nf `i Nf`mlaufla Nf`mlauflami mi Ouvflm` nfjmlfl `is ffstritfgmis stritfgmis nmrmgmnis i prf prfvflmr vflmr `i armemli`mnin y i prdtfgfr i `ds oñvflfs fl smtuiamñl nf i`td rmfsgd sdami`.   9==9

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Fxpfrtds nf VLMAFJ, Qivf thf Ahm`nrfl, Nfjflsi nf `ds Lmùds Mltfrliamdli` y dtris drgilmziamdlfs sf rfÿlfl piri fstunmir `ds nitds dktflmnds i trivís nf` prdafsd nf  prfsfltiamñl nf mljdrefs nf `i Adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd. @i rfulmñl

 

 

adlnuaf i `i arfiamñl jdrei` nf `i [fn nf Mljdreiamñl nf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd (A[ML) fl 9==6.   9===

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@i Drgilmziamñl Mltfrliamdli` nf` ^rikiod iprufki f` Adlvflmd sdkrf `is Sfdrfs Jdreis nf ^rikiod Mljiltm`, quf fxmgf `i mlefnmiti prdhmkmamñl y f`memliamñl nf aui`qumfr jdrei nf trikiod quf pufni pfrounmair `i si`un, `i sfgurmnin d `i edri` nf `ds lmùds. VLMAFJ hi ad`ikdrind nfsnf 9==: adl `i Drgilmziamñl Mltfrliamdli` nf` ^rikiod, prdedvmflnd `i ritmjmaiamñl nf ldreis `ikdri`fs mltfrliamdli`fs y pd`åtmais rf`itmvis i` trikiod mljiltm`.   ;333

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@i Isiek`fi Gflfri` nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis iprufki nds Srdtdad`ds Jiau`titmvds nf `i Adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd nf 9=8=, quf dk`mgil i `ds Fstinds Sirtfs i tdeir efnmnis aruami`fs tiltd piri mepfnmr quf `ds lmùds pirtmampfl fl `is hdstm`mninfs nuriltf `ds adlj`matds ireinds, aded piri pdlfr jml i `i vflti, `i fxp`dtiamñl y f` ikusd sfxui`fs nf `ds lmùds.   ;33;

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Nuriltf f` pfrådnd fxtridrnmlirmd nf sfsmdlfs nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis sdkrf `i mljilami, nf`fginds mljiltm`fs sf nmrmgfl i `i Isiek`fi Gflfri` pdr prmefri vfz. Qf iprufki f`  prdgriei nf ‐Vl Eulnd Iprdpmind piri `ds Lmùds―, quf nfsarmkf dkoftmvds fspfaåjmads

 piri efodrir `is pfrspfatmvis nf `ds lmùds fl ff`` aursd nf `i smgu smgumfltf mfltf níaini.   ;33:

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Oultd adl `i Djmamli nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis adltri `i Nrdgi y f` Nf`mtd, VLMAFJ puk`mai f` Eilui` piri auiltmjmair `ds mlnmaindrfs nf `i oustmami nf efldrfs, quf pfremtf i `ds gdkmfrlds fvi`uir `i adlnmamñl nf sus smstfeis nf oustmami ouvflm` y hiafr `is rfjdreis quf sfil lfafsirmis.   ;393

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F` sfarftirmd gflfri` nf `is Liamdlfs Vlmnis ni i adldafr f` mljdref tmtu`ind Qmtuiamñl nf `i Adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd.   ;399

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Qf iprufki ul lufvd Srdtdad`d Jiau`titmvd nf `i Adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd nf 9=8=. Adl irrfg`d i fstf Srdtdad`d Jiau`titmvd sdkrf prdafnmemfltds rf`itmvds i `is adeulmaiamdlfs, f` Ademtí nf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd pufnf prfsfltir nflulamis nf adltrivflamdlfss i `ds nfr adltrivflamdlf nfrfahds fahds nf `i mljilami y ``fvir i aikd mlvfstmgiamdlfs.   ;396

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Qdei`mi y Qunél nf` Qur ritmjmail `i Adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd. Fstf fs f` mlstruefltd mltfrliamdli` eés iep`miefltf ritmjmaind nf `i hmstdrmi2 fl fjfatd, 9=: piåsfs sf hil adlvfrtmnd fl Fstinds Sirtfs fl `i Adlvflamñl. Histi `i jfahi, sd`iefltf `ds Fstinds Vlmnds ld `i hil ritmjmaind. r itmjmaind.

I lmvf` liamdli`. Sdkrfzi y emgriamñl fltrf `i lmùfz hdlnurfùi

Nf iaufrnd adl nitds nf` MLF:, fl ;397 f` 77.3 pdr amfltd nf `ds lmùds, lmùis y ind`fsafltfs fl Hdlnuris vmvåil fl hdgirfs a`ismjmainds aded pdkrfs nf iaufrnd i su lmvf` nf mlgrfsd. Fstf fs ul nitd quf eufstri `i i`ti vu`lfrikm`mnin nf `i pdk`iamñl mljiltm` nf` piås y quf fl tíremlds nf ilé`msms sdkrf `i mndlfmnin nf `i mep`fefltiamñl nf pd`åtmais  pÿk`mais nmrmgmnis i `i mljilami nfkf sfr adep`fefltini adl efnmnis quf nfl auflti nf `i eu`tmnmeflsmdli`mnin nf `i pdkrfzi, `is aui`fs gflfril eiydr adlamflami iafrai nf ``ii lfafsmnin nf prdtfgfr `ds nmjfrfltfs nfrfahds nf `i lmùfz. F` eirad ldreitmvd nf `ds nfrfahds hueilds nfkf adlstmtumr uli kisf piri nftfremlir mlnmaindrfs piri efnmr `i pdkrfzi fl nds nmeflsmdlfs? `i prmefri rfspfatd i `ds nfrfahds y su adltflmnd, y `i sfgulni, `i rf`iamñl nf `is prmviamdlfs adl `is dk`mgiamdlfs mltfrliamdli`fs nf `ds Fstinds, virmis mladrpdrinis fl `ds drnfliemfltds ourånmads liamdli`fs (VLMAFJ, ;39:). Fl ;393, `i AFSI@ y VLMAFJ nfsirrd``irdl uli eftdnd`dgåi quf emnf `i pdkrfzi mljiltm` nfsnf ul fljdquf eu`tmnmeflsmdli` y nf nfrfahds hueilds, `i aui` juf iniptini y ip`maini fl ul fstunmd pirtmau`ir piri Hdlnuris puk`maind fl ;39:7. F` fljdquf eu`tmnmeflsmdli` pfremtf hiafr sfgumemfltd nf `ds ivilafs d rftrdafsds rfspfatd i`  prmefr DNQ nf `i Igflni ;313? pdlfr jml i `i pdkrfzi fl tdnis sus jdreis y fl tdnd f` eulnd.

 

 

Fsti eftdnd`dgåi prfví sfms nmeflsmdlfs y aini uli nf f``is tmflf virmik`fs i adlsmnfrir?   Zmvmflni, quf mla`uyf hiamliemfltd, eitfrmi`fs nf pmsd, pirfnfs y tfahd2

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  Igui, quf mla`uyf drmgfl, suemlmstrd y tmfepd nf iaafsd2

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  Qilfiemfltd, quf mla`uyf

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  `is adlnmamdlfs nf` i`ailtirm``ind f`memliamñl nf fxarftis2    piri f`memliamñl

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  Mljdreiamñl, quf mla`uyf iaafsd

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  i f`fatrmamnin, tflflami nf rinmd, tf`fvmsmñl y tf`íjdld2

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  Fnuaiamñl Fnuaiamñl,, quf mla`uyf ismstflami fsad`ir y lÿefrd nf iùds adep`ftinds2

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mla`uyf `is rf`iamdlfs rf`iamdlfs fltrf pfsd y fnin, y fl fltrf trf ti``i y fnin.    Lutrmamñl, quf mla`uyf

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Siri Hdlnuris sf mla`uyñ uli síptmei nmeflsmñl, rf`itmvi i` trikiod mljiltm` adl virmik`fs nf fnin eålmei y hdris trikioinis t rikioinis nf iaufrnd i` Añnmgd nf `i Lmùfz y `i Ind`fsaflami. Siri aini uli nf `is nmeflsmdlfs nme flsmdlfs sf nfjmlfl uekri`fs nf prmviamñl sfvfrds y ednfrinds. Qm ul lmùd, lmùi y ind`fsafltf tmflf uli prmviamñl fl i` eflds uli nf fstis nmeflsmdlfs, fs adlsmnfrind fl smtuiamñl nf pdkrfzi y sm prfsflti uli prmviamñl sfvfri fl i`guli sf adlsmnfri fl smtuiamñl nf pdkrfzi sfvfri. Fsti efnmamñl sf hiaf fl adlsmnfriamñl nf aini lmùd. Sdr `d tiltd, su smtuiamñl ld lfafsirmiefl lfafsirmiefltf tf sf fxtmflnf i dtrds lmùds, mla`usd adl `ds quf adepirtf f` emsed hdgir. Adl kisf fl fsti eftdnd`dgåi y `ds hi``izgds nf` eflamdlind fstunmd, i adltmluiamñl, sf ili`mzi `i mlamnflami nf `i pdkrfzi fl `i lmùfz y ind`fsaflami ind`fsaflami hdlnurfùi. F` 6=.8 pdr amfltd nf `i lmùfz fl Hdlnuris fsté fl uli smtuiamñl nf pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli` (iprdxmeiniefltf ;.9 em``dlfs nf lmùds y lmùis) y fljrflti  prmviamdlfs fl fl ;.1 nf `is nmefl nmeflsmdlfs smdlfs fl prdef prdefnmd. nmd. Ismemsed, ;>.9 pdr amfltd nf `i lmùfz sf flaufltri pdr nfkiod nf` uekri` nf prmviamñl sfvfri. Sufstd nf dtri eilfri, trfs tr fs nf aini amlad lmùds, lmùis y ind`fsafltfs sdl pdkrfs eu`tmnmeflsmdli`efltf y uld nf aini auitrd fljrflti pdkrfzi sfvfri. @i eiydr mlamnflami nf prmviamñl sf flaufltri fl `i nmeflsmñl nf vmvmflni, adl ul 18.; pdr amfltd,

 

 

sfgumni pdr fnuaiamñl, lutrmamñl, mljdreiamñl y silfiemfltd, quf dsam`il fltrf f` ;; y ;: pdr amfltd (VLMAFJ, ;39:).

Mlfqumninfs pdr sfxd y fnin

Fl `i zdli ruri` `i pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli` tmflf uli mlamnflami nf` 71.= pdr amfltd fl `i lmùfz, aism f` ndk`f quf fl `is ` is zdlis urkilis (1=.9 pdr amfltd). Sdr dtri pirtf, `i pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli` sfvfri ijfati i` 19.> pdr amfltd nf `i lmùfz fl `is zdlis ruri`fs y i` 91.6  pdr amfltd fl fl `is zd zdlis lis urkilis. urkilis. Infeés, `ds lmùds eé eéss pdkrfs vmvfl fl f` aiepd, ndlnf fljrfltil ;.16 prmviamdlfs, jrfltf i 9.6> fl `i zdli urkili (VLMAFJ, ;39:). ^iekmíl dksfrvi `i nmstrmkuamñl nf `i pdkrfzi mljiltm` pdr rfgmdlfs. Fl f` ldrtf y afltrd, adl pdk`iamñl eiydrmtirmiefltf urkili, `i mlamnflami nf `i pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli` mljiltm` fs efldr rfspfatd nf` vi`dr liamdli` y dsam`i fltrf f` 69.6 y f` 6;.= pdr amfltd. Fl `is rfgmdlfs daamnflti`, drmflti` y sur, adl eiydr pdk`iamñl ruri` `i pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli` tdti` ijfati fltrf ul ::.; y ul 79.: pdr amfltd nf `i lmùfz y ind`fsaflami. @i pdkrfzi mljiltm` eu`tmnmeflsmdli` sfvfri mlamnf fl f` 1;.7 pdr amfltd nf `ds lmùds y lmùis nf `i rfgmñl sur y fl f` ;= pdr amfltd nf `ds quf hikmtil `i rfgmñl daamnfltf y drmfltf. Fl `i rfgmñl ldrtf y afltrd ijfati i` 98 y 9= pdr amfltd nf `i lmùfz. Fl auiltd i `is nds amuninfs prmlampi`fs, fl f` Eulmampmd nf` Nmstrmtd Afltri` (^fguamgi`pi) f` >9 pdr amfltd nf lmùds y lmùis vmvfl fl pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli`, eu`tmnmeflsmdli`, aism ;3 pultds pdrafltui`fs pdr nfkiod nf` vi`dr liamdli` y adl ul prdefnmd nf 9.67  prmviamdlfs, emfltris quf fl Qil Sfnrd Qu`i `i mlamnflami nf pdkrfzi fs ul pdad efldr (1= pdr amfltd) adl ul prdefnmd nf prmviamñl fl 9.6 nmeflsmdlfs.

Fl auiltd i `is nmjfrflamis pdr sfxd, `i pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli` mljiltm` mlamnf aism nf mgui` eilfri fl lmùds y lmùis (:3.6 pdr amfltd nf `ds lmùds y 6=.9 pdr amfltd nf `is lmùis. Sdr dtrd `ind, `ds lmùds y ind`fsafltfs hdekrfs fljrfltil lmvf`fs nf pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli` sfvfri `mgfriefltf supfrmdrfs supfrmdrfs quf `is euofrfs ((;:.7 ;:.7 y ;9.: pdr amfltd, rfspfatmviefltf). rfspfatmviefltf ). @d emsed suafnf adl `i mltflsmnin nf `i pdkrfzi tdti`. Emfltris quf f`  prdefnmd nf prmviamdlfs fl lmùds y iind`fsafltfs nd`fsafltfs pdkrfs fs nf ;.;;, nfsamflnf i ;.36 fltrf `is euofrfs. Fsti nmjfrflami sf fxp`mai julnieflti`efltf pdrquf fxmstf uli eiydr

 

 

mlamnflami nf` trikiod mljiltm` fltrf `ds hdekrfs (93.8 pdr amfltd), jrfltf i ul ;.6 pdr amfltd fltrf `is euofrfs (VLMAFJ, ;39:).

Sdr fninfs, `i pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli` ijfati fl eiydr efnmni i `i pdk`iamñl ind`fsafltf fltrf 9; y 97 iùds (:6.; pdr amfltd). Fstd sf nfkf i `ds i`tds lmvf`fs nf  prmviamñl pdr `i fnuaiamñl y f` trikiod fltrf `ds ind`fsafltfs ind`fsafltfs nf eiydr fnin (VLMAFJ, ;39:).

Mlfqumninfs pdr lÿefrd nf lmùds y lmùis y a`mei fnuaitmvd fl `ds hdgirfs @ds lmùds quf eiydr pdkrfzi fljrfltil vmvfl fl hdgirfs fl `ds quf hikmtil auitrd d eés lmùds. Fl hdgirfs adl auitrd y amlad lmùds f` :8.> pdr amfltd fljrfltil pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli` y fl `ds quf tmflfl sfms y eés, sdl f` 83.7 pdr amfltd. @i jrfauflami nf hdgirfs adl eés nf auitrd lmùds fs eés i`ti fl `is zdlis ruri`fs. @is nmjfrflamis fl rizñl i` a`mei fnuaitmvd y `ds mlgrfsds fadlñemads nf` hdgir nil auflti nf nmspirmninfs fl f` ednd fl quf sf eilmjmfsti `i pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli`. @ds lmùds nf hdgirfs ndlnf `ds inu`tds quf `d adljdreil tmflfl eflds nf trfs iùds nf fsad`irmziamñl sf fljrfltil i eiydr pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli` (86.1 pdr amfltd) rfspfatd i `d quf tmflfl 9; d eés iùds nf fsad`irmziamñl (96.> pdr amfltd). Sdr dtri pirtf, f` 8;.6  pdr amfltd nf `ds lmùds quf pfrtflfafl pfrtflfafl i` qumltm` eés kiod nf mlgrfsds fljrfltil pdkrfzi pdkrfzi eu`tmnmeflsmdli` fl adltristf adl f` ;3 pdr amfltd nf` qumltm` nf eés i`td nf mlgrfsds.

Emgriamñl lmùfz y ind`fsaflami Aded invmfrtf Qi`eñl (;39:), hiy pdads fstunmds prdjulnds sdkrf `i emgriamñl fl Hdlnuris y euahd eflds fl rf`iamñl adl `i lmùfz y ind`fsafla ind`fsaflami mi emgriltf. Qml fekirgd, sf invmfrtf sdkrf ul hmstñrmad prdafsd emgritdrmd, vmlau`ind i `i prdnuaamñl nf nfsmgui`ninfss fl f` piås. Srf`memlirefltf sf nfkf tflfr fl auflti quf `i mltflsmjmaiamñl nfsmgui`ninf nf `i emgriamñl fs adlsfauflami nf `ds prdafsds nf prdnuaamñl nf nfsmgui`ninfs quf mlj`uyfl piri quf `is pfrsdlis y adeulmninfs adeulmninfs nfamnil si`mr nf` `ugir ndlnf hikmtil hiami dtrds adl `i fxpfatitmvi nf efodrir sus adlnmamdlfs nf vmni y, aini vfz nf eilfri eés jrfaufltf, iltf `i lfafsmnin nf prdtfgfr su vmni, mltfgrmnin y sfgurmnin jrfltf i jiatdrfs quf `i pdlfl fl mlemlfltf rmfsgd. Fstds j`uods emgritdrmds suafnfl fl ul adltfxtd nf

 

 

 pd`åtmais emgritdrmis rfstrmatmvis i lmvf` mltfrliamdli`, quf prdvdail `i mr rfgu`irmziamñl r fgu`irmziamñl y adljmguril adrrfndrfs a`ilnfstmlds. Iltf uli smtuiamñl gflfri`mzini nf pdkrfzi quf sf iafltÿi fl `i lmùfz y ind`fsaflami aded sf pund nfedstrir fl f` ipirtind iltfrmdr, `i emgriamñl fl Hdlnuris inqumfrf rf`fvilami y nfkf sfr ili`mzini tdeilnd fl auflti dtrds jiatdrfs, fltrf f``ds `ds ålnmafs nf vmd`flami.

Hdlnuris? ul piås nf drmgfl, trélsmtd y nfstmld nf emgriamdlfs @i emgriamñl hiami Fstinds Vlmnds suafnf, fl gril pirtf, nf eilfri mrrfgu`irmzini. Qfgÿl f` Nfpirtiefltd nf Qfgurmnin Liamdli` nf `ds Fstinds Vlmnds, nf `is :11,>39  pfrsdlis nf drmgfl hdlnurfùd quf fl ;393 rfsmnåil fl fsf piås, >=9,333 hikåil liamnd fl Hdlnuris. Fl ;399, afrai nf 183,333 hdlnurfùds sf fladltrikil fl adlnmamñl emgritdrmi mrrfgu`ir fl FFVV y adrråi f` rmfsgd nf sfr nfpdrtini ([fmaheil, ;391). @is aiusis nf `i emgriamñl, vd`ultirmi d jdrzini, nf lmùds, lmùis y ind`fsafltfs fl Hdlnuris pufnfl ld virmir euahd adl `is nf `ds inu`tds, pfrd su vu`lfrikm`mnin fs eiydr,  pdr nds rizdlfs? 9) Sdr `i lfafsmnin nf hiafrsf rfspdlsik`fs nf så emseds, sdkrf tdnd auilnd ld vmioil iadepiùinds, y ;) Sdrquf `is pd`åtmais emgritdrmis nf Eíxmad y Fstinds Vlmnds prfairmzil iÿl eés f` trélsmtd y nfoil fl mlnfjflsmñl y ji`ti nf prdtfaamñl i `ds lmùds quf vmioil pdr adrrfndrfs a`ilnfstmlds y fxtrfeiniefltf vmd`fltds.

@i emgriamñl mrrfgu`ir nf `i lmùfz y ind`fsaflami hdlnurfùi  Ld fxmstfl amjris afrtfri afrtfriss sdkrf `ds lmùds quf emgri emgril. l. Qml fekirgd, fekirgd, sf sf tmflf f` f` rfgmstrd nf rftdrlinds d rfpitrminds. Qfgÿl f` Afltrd Liamdli` nf Mljdreiamñl nf` Qfatdr Qdami`, fl ;39> ul tdti` nf 93,871 nf lmùds, lmùis y ind`fsafltfs jufrdl rftdrlinds d rfpitrminds hiami Hdlnuris, fl ;396 `i amjri kioñ i 8,178 y fl ;39: sf mlarfefltñ lufviefltf i 93,:6; lmùds, lmùis y ind`fsafltfs (AFLMQQ, ;39:). Siri ;397 nitds nf` Dksfrvitdrmd Adlsu`ir Emgritdrmd nf Hdlnuris (ADLEMGHD) rfvf`il quf `i amjri nf lmùis y lmùds rfpitrminds d rftdrlinds vd`vmñ i rfnuamr i >,71: (6: pdr amfltd nf rfnuaamñl adl rfspfatd i ;39:), nf `ds aui`fs :> pdr amfltd fril lmùds y 1: pdr amfltd fril lmùis.

 

 

F` 68.: pdr amfltd nf `ds rftdrlinds fl ;39: fril ind`fsafltfs fltrf 91 y 97 iùds nf fnin (:,;1=)2 ul 96.9 pdr amfltd tflåil fltrf 7 y 9; iùds (9,:38) y f` ;:.1 pdr amfltd, fltrf 3 y : iùds (;,836). Hukd uli eiydr mlamnflami fl ind`fsafltfs ind`fsafltfs hdekrfs, fltrf 91 y 97 iùds, adl ul 76.: pdr amfltd fl adepiriamñl adl ul ;>.> pdr amfltd nf euofrfs ind`fsafltfs. Fl `ds grupds fltrf 3 y : iùds y fltrf 7 y 9; iùds sf dksfrvñ amjris euy smem`irfs fltrf lmùds y lmùis Qfgÿl `ds rfpdrtfs fstinåstmads nf AFLMQQ (;39:), `is trfs prmlampi`fs aiusis nf `i emgriamñl fltrf `ds lmùds, lmùis y ind`fsafltfs rftdrlinds i Hdlnuris sdl? 9) @i smtuiamñl fadlñemai (78.3 pdr amfltd fxprfsirdl fsti rizñl), `i rfulmjmaiamñl jiem`mir (19.6 pdr amfltd) y `i vmd`flami f mlsfgurmnin (99.7 pdr amfltd). Qml fekirgd, Qi`eñl (;39:) eflamdli quf uli `memtiamñl eftdnd`ñgmai nf fstf rfgmstrd pund mepfnmr mnfltmjmair `i mlamnflami nf `i vmd`flami quf sf vmvf fl Hdlnuris, vmlau`ini i `i ` i smtuiamñl nf Guitfei`i y F` Qi`vindr, pdr `d quf `i tfrafri aiusi pdnråi fl rfi`mnin tflfr eés mlamnflami. Fsti adla`usmñl fs rfspi`nini pdr rfsu`tinds nf dtrds fstunmds aded f` hfahd  pdr IALV[ (;391) fl `ds trfs piåsfs nf` trmélgu`d ldrtf nf Afltrdieírmai, fl f` quf sf fladltrñ quf f` >> pdr amfltd nf `ds lmùds, lmùis y ind`fsafltfs hdlnurfùds nfsp`izin nfsp`izinds ds quf jufrdl fltrfvmstinds rfamkmfrdl ieflizis d jufrdl våatmeis nf vmd`flami pdr pirtf nf` armefl drgilmzind2 dtrd ;> pdr amfltd rfpdrtñ sfr våatmei nf vmd`flami mltrijiem`mir y ul 99 pdr amfltd nmod hikfr smnd våatmei nf iekds tmpds nf vmd`flami. Infeés, f` ;9 pdr amfltd fljrfltñ prmviamñl sdamd-fadlñemai y f` 83 pdr amfltd adljmreñ su nfsfd nf rfulmjmaiamñl adl sus pirmfltfs fl Fstinds Vlmnds.

@ds nfsp`iziemfltds mltfrlds y nfsp`izinds adl lfafsmnin nf prdtfaamñl mltfrliamdli` @is nmjmau`tinfs quf fljrflti `i lmùfz nf Hdlnuris piri fofrafr sus nfrfahds fstél  prdvdailnd prdafsds nf nfsp`izi nfsp`iziemfltd emfltd jdrzind mltfrld. Qfgÿl ul fstunmd nf `i Ademsmñl Mltfrmlstmtuamdli` piri `i Srdtfaamñl nf Sfrsdlis Nfsp`izinis Nfsp`izinis pdr `i Zmd`flami rfi`mzilnd fl ;3 eulmampmds9;, afrai nf >9,333 hdgirfs sf nfsp`izirdl mltfrliefltf pdr rizdlfs nf vmd`flami d mlsfgurmnin fltrf ;33> y ;39>. Fstd fqumvi`f i` > pdr amfltd nf `ds hdgirfs nf fsds eulmampmds.

 

 

Fl fsds ;3 eulmampmds sf fstmei quf hikmtikil i`rfnfndr nf 97>,333 pfrsdlis nfsp`izinis mltfrlis, fltrf f``is hmods f hmois liamnds/is nfspuís nf` nfsp`iziemfltd y afrai nf 8,333 pfrsdlis nf pdk`iamñl nf iadgmni, fs nfamr, nf` hdgir quf `ds rfamkmñ. Fl f` :7.= pdr amfltd nf `ds aisds, `i nfamsmñl nf aiekmir nf rfsmnflami sf nfkmñ i `i vmd`flami y `i mlsfgurmnin. @i pdk`iamñl nfsp`izini mltfrli fs, fl gflfri`, eés odvfl (;> iùds) quf `i nf iadgmni (;7 iùds). @ds lmùds, lmùis y ind`fsafltfs fltrf `i pdk`iamñl nfsp`izini rfprfsfltil f` >1 pdr amfltd (ulds 78,333). Fstd mlnmai quf `ds hdgirfs adl prfsflami nf pdk`iamñl nf fstis fninfs sdl eés prdpflsds i sfr ijfatinds pdr hfahds nf vmd`flami d mlsfgurmnin, nfkmnd i` rmfsgd nf usd, vmlau`iamñl y/d rfa`utiemfltd jdrzind, `d aui` prfsmdli i `ds  pinrfs i nfoir nfoir sus `ugirfs nf rfsmnflami ade adedd efailmsed nf pprdtfaamñl. rdtfaamñl.

Qmtuiamñl Fadlñemai, Sd`åtmai f Mlstmtuamdli`. Qmtuiamñl sdamd-fadlñemai. @i fadldeåi hdlnurfùi sf kisi fl ul ednf`d igrd-fxpdrtindr quf hi gmrind fl tdrld i`  kilild y f` f` aijí. F` ^ritin ^ritindd nf @mkrf Adef Adeframd ramd fltrf Afltrd Ieírmai, Ieírmai, Fstinds Vlmnds y [fpÿk`mai Ndemlmaili (AIJ^I, pdr sus smg`is fl mlg`ís) nf ;33: mla`uyñ dtrds  prdnuatds nf fxpdrtiamñl, aded airlf, i`gdnñl y izÿair, y emlfri`fs efté`mads. I fstd sf suei `i prdnuaamñl eilujiaturfri `mgini i `is eiqum`is. Sfsf i quf Hdlnuris tmflf f` sfgulnd ritmd nf adeframd-SMK eés grilnf nf Ieírmai @itmli y f` Airmkf (I@A), daupi f` tfrafr `ugir fl f` mlgrfsd eés kiod pfr aépmti nf `i rfgmñl (Kilad Eulnmi`, ;39:). Qfgÿl f` Srdgriei Edlftirmd ;397-;398 nf` Kilad Afltri` nf Hdlnuris fl ;396 y ;39: f` SMK nf Hdlnuris arfamñ 1.: pdr amfltd. Fstf adepdrtiemfltd sf nfkmñ i adlnmamdlfs fxtfrlis jivdrik`fs, aded `i rfiatmviamñl fadlñemai fl Fstinds Vlmnds, `ds kiods prfamds nf` pftrñ`fd, f` kufl nfsfepfùd nf` sfatdr aijftfrd y eiydr adljmilzi nf `ds mlvfrsmdlmstis pdr f` iaufrnd jmreind adl f` JEM sfgÿl `i Ademsmñl Fadlñemai piri Ieírmai @itmli y f` Airmkf Airm kf (AFSI@, ;396).

@i AFSI@ adlsmnfri i Hdlnuris  ‑ sml sml mla`umr f` Airmkf ‑  aded   aded uld nf `ds piåsfs eés  pdkrfs (pdr mlg mlgrfsds) rfsds) nf` nf` ad adltmlfltf. ltmlfltf. Qfgÿl `i Fla Flaufsti ufsti Sfreilfltf nf Hdgirfs Hdgirfs nf` ;397, ;397, f` :>.1 pdr amfltd nf `ds hdgirfs fstél fl smtuiamñl nf pdkrfzi y f` >3.7 pdr amfltd fl  pdkrfzi fxtrfei. @i ppdkrfzi dkrfzi fxtrfei fxtrfei ijfati i` 68.8 pdr amfltd amfltd nf `ds hdgirfs hdgirfs fl fl `is zdlis

 

 

ruri`fs y i` ;:.7 pdr amfltd nf `is zdlis urkilis (MLF-FSHSE, ;397). @ds ålnmafs nf  pdkrfzi nf Hdlnuris sdl supfrmdrfs i `ds nf` prdefnmd nf Ieírmai @itmli (>>.1 pdr amfltd fl pdkrfzi y ;6.; pdr amfltd fl mlnmgflami) (AFSI@, ;396).

Hdlnuris daupi uld nf `ds ÿ`tmeds `ugirfs fl f` Ålnmaf nf Nfsirrd``d Hueild fl Ieírmai @itmli (`ugir 9;3), sd`d pdr flamei nf Himtå y Lmairigui (SLVN, ;396). Adl ul ålnmaf nf Gmlm; nf 3.6> fl f` ;391, f` piås prfsfltñ `i sfgulni nmstrmkuamñl nf mlgrfsds eés nfsmgui` fl Ieírmai `itmli (Kilad Eulnmi`, ;39:). @i smtuiamñl `ikdri` fs prfairmi. Qfgÿl MLFFSHSE (;397), `i jufrzi `ikdri` sf adepdlf  pdr ul 11 pdr amfltd nf pfrsdlis ffep`finis ep`finis ffll f` sfatdr igråad`i, igråad`i, ul 98.1 98.1 pdr amfltd amfltd fl f` sfatdr adeframd y ul 91.: pdr amfltd fl f` sfatdr nf mlnustrmi eilujiaturfri. @ds hdgirfs nf` sfatdr igråad`i fstél fl pfdrfs adlnmamdlfs fadlñemais (Kilad Eulnmi`, ;396). F` sukfep`fd vmsmk`f ijfati i` 99.8 pdr amfltd nf `ds daupinds y f` mlvmsmk`f i` >>.; pdr amfltd1 . F` :.7 pdr amfltd nf `i pdk`iamñl fadlñemaiefltf iatmvi fsté nfsdaupini (MLFFSHSE, ;397). F` trikiod igråad`i y f` nf `is ` is eiqum`is sf airiatfrmzil pdr `i prdpflsmñl i `i prfairmziamñl nf` fep`fd. @ds grupds nf eiydr rmfsgd sdl `is euofrfs y `ds lmùds (Dxjie, ;3962 Kilad Eulnmi`, ;396). F` fep`fd mljdrei` rfprfsflti ul 61.7 pdr amfltd nf `i jufrzi nf trikiod. F` trikiod mljdrei`, prfairmd d fep`fd ld nmgld fs iquf` quf ld giriltmzi sfgurmnin sdami`, fstikm`mnin `ikdri`, isdamiamñl grfemi` lm si`irmds eålmeds quf pfremtil `i adepri nf `i ailisti késmai (Zf`isad, ;39:). F` 8>.> pdr amfltd nf `ds hdgirfs tmflf iaafsd i` igui pdr sfrvmamd pÿk`mad d prmvind y f` 1.1 pdr amfltd usi f` igui nf` vfamld d nf dtri vmvmflni. F` 9;.1 pdr amfltd iaafnf i` igui  pdr dtrds eítdnds (Zfr Gréjmad 9.;).

 

 

Fl auiltd i` iaafsd i `i f`memliamñl nf fxarftis, f` 17.7 pdr amfltd nf `ds hdgirfs tmflfl sus mldndrds adlfatinds i i`ailtirm``is2 f` ;1.= pdr amfltd usil `ftrmlis y f` ;9.6 pdr amfltd tmflfl pdzds síptmads. F` 7.9 pdr amfltd ld tmflf t mflf lmlguli jdrei nf f`memliamñl nf fxarftis (Zfr Gréjmad 9.1). Jmli`efltf, `i f`fatrmamnin fs uld nf `ds sfrvmamds pÿk`mads adl eés adkfrturi fl f` piås. F` 87.8 pdr amfltd nf `ds hdlnurfùds tmflf iaafsd i f`fatrmamnin y 99 pdr amfltd tdnivåi utm`mzi ailnm`, `éepiri nf gis, flfrgåi sd`ir, vf`i u dadtf (Zfr Gréjmad 9.>). F` Auinrd 9.1 sfùi`i nmjfrflamis fltrf auitrd piåsfs nf Ieírmai Afltri`? Guitfei`i, Hdlnuris, Adsti [mai y Silieé. @ds nds prmefrds tmflfl ul pdrafltiof nf pdkrfzi (adl uli `ålfi nf pdkrfzi nf >VQN nmirmds), aism amlad vfafs eés quf f` nf Adsti [mai y trfs vfafs eés quf f` nf Silieé. Ismemsed, emfltris `i a`isf efnmi fs f` >7 pdr amfltd nf `i `i  pdk`iamñl nf Adsti [mai y f` >1 pdr amfltd nf Silieé, fs sd`d nf` 9; pdr amfltd fl Hdlnuris.

 

 

F` auinrd tiekmíl eufstri uli adlsmnfrik`f nfpflnflami nf `is rfefsis flvminis pdr `i  pdk`iamñl femgriltf (98 pdr amfltd nf` SMK). Hdlnuris fs f` piås nf `i rfgmñl quf eés nfpflnf nf fstf rukrd. @is rfefsis sdl `i sfgulni jufltf eés mepdrtiltf nf nmvmsis y rfprfsfltil eés nf trfs vfafs `i Mlvfrsmñl Fxtrilofri Nmrfati (MFN) (Kilad Eulnmi`, ;396). @i smtuiamñl sdamd-fa sdamd-fadlñemai dlñemai nf Hdln Hdlnuris uris sf nmjmau`ti iÿl eés pdr f` lmvf` nf flnfuniemfltd fxtfrld. Fl ;39> f` SMK nf Hdlnuris ``fgñ i VQN $9=,1=3 em``dlfs. Qfgÿl f` Kilad Eulnmi` (;396), `i nfuni fxtfrli fsf emsed iùd rfprfsfltñ f` >1 pdr amfltd nf` SMK. @i Nmrfaamñl nf Arínmtd Sÿk`mad nf `i Qfarftiråi nf Jmlilzis sfùi`i quf fl f` sfgulnd trmefstrf nf` ;39: `i nfuni fxtfrli ``fgñ i` >:.1 pdr amfltd nf` SMK (Qfarftiråi nf Jmlilzis, ;39:). Qfgÿl f` Kilad Eulnmi` (;39:), fsti smtuiamñl `memti f` usd nf `ds rfaursds piri iatmvmninfs prdnuatmvis, nf mljrifstruaturi f mlvfrsmñl sdami`.

 

 

mlstmtuamdli`mnin. uamdli`mnin.    Qmtuiamñl pd`åtmai, gdkmfrld f mlstmt

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Fstf adltfxtd tmflf rf`iamñl adl ul adep`fod prdafsd nf adlsd`mniamñl nf `i nfedariami  pufs Hdlnuris Hdlnuris sf aadlsmnfri dlsmnfri aded uld nf `ds smstfeis pd`åtmads eés fstik`fs nf `i rfgmñl iltf `i prfsflami nf adlj`matds ireinds fl `ds piåsfs vfamlds. Fl `ds pfrådnds nf gdkmfrld nf 9==> i 9==7 y nf 9==8 i ;339, `i Adlstmtuamñl juf aiekmini piri sukdrnmlir f` Foíramtd i `i Srfsmnflami nf `i [fpÿk`mai, tfremlilnd adl f` sfrvmamd em`mtir dk`mgitdrmd y sfpirilnd `i pd`maåi nf `i ñrkmti em`mtir (^iy`dr-[dkmlsdl ;33=? >71). Fltrf `ds dkstéau`ds fljrfltinds fl fstf éekmtd fl `ds ÿ`tmeds iùds sf pufnfl sfùi`ir? 9) @i adep`maini smtuiamñl fadlñemai nfsnf `ds iùds =32 ;) F` flnurfamemfltd nf` adltrd` emgritdrmd nf Fstinds Vlmnds y Eíxmad2 1) F` adekitf i` liradtréjmad fl Eíxmad, fltrf ;339 y ;33:, fepuoñ fsi prdk`feétmai hiami Hdlnuris y dtrds piåsfs y2 >) @i rupturi nf `i fstikm`mnin pd`åtmai fl ;33= prdvdañ uli jufrtf pd`irmziamñl sdami` ([dnrågufz, ;391). Vli nf `is adlnmamdlfs julnieflti`fs piri giriltmzir `i sfgurmnin nf `i lmùfz fl ul piås fs `i adlsd`mniamñl nf `is mlstmtuamdlfs nfedarétmais. I`gulis adlsfauflamis nf` pfrådnd iltfs nfsarmtd emlirdl `is aipiamninfs nf jdrti`famemfltd mlstmtuamdli` y adljmgurirdl ul fsaflirmd mlsfgurd y vmd`fltd. @i mrrupamñl nf `i sdamfnin amvm` fl fstf fsaflirmd nfvmld fl `i pirtmampiamñl nf lufvf pirtmnds pd`åtmads fl `is f`faamdlfs nf` ;391, quf ednmjmañ f` histi fltdlafs jírrfd kmpirtmnmsed ([dnrågufz, ;391) y pusd fl f` afltrd nf` nfkitf `i nmsausmñl sdkrf `i mlsfgurmnin amuninili y f` pipf` nf `is jufrzis ireinis. Qfgÿl f` Kilad Eulnmi` (;39:), `i sflsmkm`mnin fstruaturi` jrfltf i `is armsms fadlñemai fadlñemais, s, `i arñlmai mlfstikm`mnin jmsai`, `i fsaisi aipiamnin nf rfspufsti jrfltf i `ds nfsistrfs lituri`fs y `ds i`tds lmvf`fs nf armemli`mnin y vmd`flami rfprfsfltil eÿ`tmp`fs nmeflsmdlfs nf vu`lfrikm`mnin, quf pdlfl fl rmfsgd f` `dgrd nf `ds DNQ fl Hdlnuris. @ds smgumfltfs mlnmaindrfs tiekmíl adltrmkuyfl fl nir i adldafr f` adltfxtd mlstmtuamdli` nf Hdlnuris? 9) F` piås fsté fl f` pufstd >1 nf 933 fl f` Ålnmaf nf Srfsupufstd Ikmfrtd (DKM, pdr sus smg`is fl mlg`ís)2 ;) Fl mlnfpflnflami ounmami` daupñ f` pufstd 77 nf 9>; fltrf ;399 y ;39;2 1) Fl f` Ålnmaf nf @mkfrtin nf Srflsi sf smtuñ fl f` pufstd 916 nf 97=  piåsfs fl f` emsed pfrmdnd pfrmdnd22 y, >) F` ggistd istd pÿk`mad rf rfprfsflti prfsflti eés eés nf uli qumlti pirtf nf` nf` SMK, `i eiydr pirtf sf nfstmli i si`irmds nf` sfatdr pÿk`mad (Kilad Eulnmi`, ;39:).

 

 

Jmli`efltf, pfsf i quf fl Hdlnuris fxmstf ul mepdrtiltf eirad `fgi`, fxmstfl nmjmau`tinfs  piri sfr ``fvind i `i préatmai. préatmai. @i pfrsmstflami nf `i armemli`mnin armemli`mnin sf itrmkuyf, i` eflds fl  pirtf, i `i `memtini aipiamnin aipiamnin piri hiafr auep`mr `is `fyf `fyfs. s.

  Nfrfahds nf `i lmùfz? hdlnurfùi fl eirad nf `i adlvflamñl.

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Efnmiltf Nfarftd Ld.76-=3, fl jfahi 19 nf` efs nf eiyd nf em` ldvfamfltds ldvflti f` Fstind nf Hdlnuris ritmjmañ `i Adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd, f` mlstruefltd quf rfÿlf `ds prmlampmds fsflami`fs piri giriltmzir i `i lmùfz f` iaafsd i su kmflfstir gflfri`. @is nmspdsmamdlfs sf mltfrprftil y ip`mail smfeprf nf eilfri quf isfgurfl uli fjmaiz prdtfaamñl i `ds lmùds. Qf mltfrprftirél y ip`mairél, infeés, tflmflnd fl auflti quf `ds tritinds y adlvflamdlfs sdkrf `ds lmùds iprdkinds y ritmjmainds pdr Hdlnuris  prfvi`fafl sdkrf sdkrf f` Nfrfahd MMltfrld. ltfrld. F` fstind nf Hdlnuris rfadldaf nfrfahds nf` lmùd f` aui` eflamdli quf fstf nfkf fstir  prdtfgmnd adltri `i fxp`dtiamñl fadlñemai y adltri f` nfsfepfùd nf aui`qumfr trikiod quf pufni sfr pf`mgrdsd d fltdrpfafr su fnuaiamñl, d quf sfi ldamvd piri su si`un d piri su nfsirrd``d jåsmad, eflti`, fspmrmtui`, edri` d sdami`. Qfgÿl `ds nfrfahds nf `i lmùfz hdlnurfùi fl f` eirad nf `i adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds nfrfahds nf` lmùd. @ds lmùds tmflfl nfrfahd i `i vmni, i `i si`un, i `i sfgurmnin sdami`, i `i nmglmnin, i `i `mkfrtin pfrsdli`, i fxprfsir sus dpmlmdlfs, i `i liamdli`mnin, i `i mnfltmnin, i` ldekrf y i `i prdpmi meigfl, i `i fnuaiamñl, i `i au`turi, i` nfpdrtf, i `i rfarfiamñl y i` tmfepd `mkrf, i` efnmd iekmfltf y `ds rfaursds lituri`fs, i `i jiem`mi, y i `ds nfeés quf sfùi`f `i Adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd, f` prfsfltf Añnmgd y nfeés `fyfs gflfri`fs d fspfami`fs.   Nfrfahd nf nfsirrd``d?

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F` fstind nfkf giriltmzir fl `i efnmni pdsmk`f `i supfrvmvflami y f` nfsirrd``d nf` lmùd, sfgÿl f` Añnmgd nf `i Lmùfz y Ind`fsaflami nf Hdlnuris, f` Fstind nfkfré mep`fefltir `i flsfùilzi prmeirmi dk`mgitdrmi y gritumti2 jdefltir j defltir f` nfsirrd``d, fl sus nmstmltis jdreis, nf `i flsfùilz flsfùilzii sfaulnirmi, mla`umni `i flsfùilzi gflfri` y prdjfsmdli`2 hiafr `i flsfùilzi supfrmdr iaafsmk`f i tdnds2 `dgrir quf tdnds `ds lmùds iaafnil i

 

 

mljdreiamñl y drmfltiamñl fl aufstmdlfs fnuaiamdl fnuaiamdli`fs i`fs y prdjfsmdli`fs2 jdefltir `i ismstflami rfgu`ir i `is fsauf`is y rfnuamr `is ` is tisis nf nfsframñl fsad`ir. @i Qfarftiråi nf Fstind fl f` Nfspiahd nf Fnuaiamñl Sÿk`mai, `i Vlmvfrsmnin Liamdli` Iutñldei nf Hdlnuris, `i Vlmvfrsmnin Sfnigñgmai Liamdli` Jrilamsad Edrizél y `is ulmvfrsmninfs prmvinis, sml efldsaikd nf sus rfspfatmvis adepftflamis, rfi`mzirél `is mlvfstmgiamdlfs, fstunmds y trikiods quf sfil lfafsirmds piri rfldvir `i flsfùilzi tdeilnd aded kisf `is lfafsmninfs sdami`fs y nf `i prdnuaamñl, iså aded `is virmik`fs au`turi`fs, ítlmais, `mlgðåstmais y nf gílfrd, fvmtilnd tdni jdrei nf nmsarmemliamñl. @i fnuaiamñl fs ul nfrfahd julnieflti`, fsflami` piri fofrafr tdnds `ds nfeés, mla`uyflnd f` nfrfahd i tflfr uli fnuaiamñl nf kufli ai`mnin, sml nmsarmemliamñl y sml fxa`usmñl, gdzi nf uli trmp`f prdtfaamñl? I.  Adlvflamñl nf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd? Irt. ;8 y ;= sdkrf f` nfrfahd i `i fnuaiamñl fl mgui`nin nf dpdrtulmninfs, i `i fnuaiamñl nf ai`mnin y i` nfrfahd nf `ds lmùds y lmùis adl i`guli nmsaipiamnin i nmsjrutir nf uli vmni p`fli y nfafltf fl adlnmamdlfs quf isfgurfl su nmglmnin pfrsdli`. K.  Adlstmtuamñl nf `i [fpÿk`mai nf Hdlnuris? Irt. 6=, 9;9, 9;1, 969 y 968 sdkrf `i fnuaiamñl aded julamñl fsflami` nf` Fstind. A.  Añnmgd nf `i Lmùfz y `i Ind`fsaflami fl Hdlnuris? Hdlnuris? Irt. 16 i >6 sdkrf, fltrf dtrds, f` nfrfahd i `i fnuaiamñl aded julamñl fsflami` nf` Fstind, f` nfrfahd i rfamkmr uli fnuaiamñl nf ai`mnin y i quf ísti trilsaurri fl ul iekmfltf y tritiemfltd fsad`ir nf mlafltmvd y edtmviamñl. @ds lmùds tmflfl nfrfahd i `i fnuaiamñl, `i aui` sfré drgilmzini pdr f` Fstind aded ul  prdafsd mltfgri` y addrnmlind fl sus nmvfrsds lmvf`fs, tflnfré i` `dgrd nf` nfsirrd``d nf `i pfrsdli hueili y i prfpirir`i piri f` foframamd p`fld y rfspdlsik`f nf sus nfrfahds y nfkfrfs. Qf mepirtmré nf eilfri quf isfgurf? I.  @i mgui`nin nf dpdrtulmninfs piri iaafnfr y pfreilfafr fl f` smstfei fnuaitmvd. K.  F` rfspftd rfaåprdad y ul tritd nmgld fltrf fnuaindr y fnuailnd. A.  F` rfspftd rfaåprdad y ul tritd nmgld fltrf fnuaindr y fnuailnd2 fnuailnd2

 

 

N.  @i mepugliamñl iltf `is mlstilamis adrrfspdlnmfltfs, nf iaufrnd adl `i `fy y `ds rfg`iefltds, nf `is fvi`uiamdlfs hfahis nuriltf f` prdafsd nf flsfùilziiprflnmziof2 F.  @i jdreiamñl nf drgilmziamdlfs fstunmiltm`fs y ouvflm`fs d su pirtmampiamñl d  pfreilflami fl `is emseis2 J.  @i pirtmampiamñl fl prdgrieis nf kfais nf fstunmd2 y, G.  F` iaafsd i fsauf`is pÿk`mais gritumtis afrailis i su rfsmnflami. F` nfrfahd i `i fnuaiamñl mla`uyf f` nf tflfr iaafsd i uli mlstruaamñl iatui`mzini y nf ai`mnin, iadrnf adl `is lfafsmninfs nf `i pfrsdli y nf `i sdamfnin, mla`uyf tiekmíl f` nfrfahd nf gdzir nf ul iekmfltf jivdrik`f piri n iprflnmziof tiltd fl f` smstfei fnuaitmvd jdrei` aded fl f` ld jdrei`. @i fnuaiamñl quf sf mepirti fl `ds fstik`famemfltds prmvinds nfkf sfr supfrvmsini, supfrvmsini, adltrd`ini y fstmeu`ini pdr f` Fstind. Fl `i iatui`mnin pirtf nf `i lmùfz vmvf adl i`guli nmsaipiamnin, Ld fxmstf mljdreiamñl djmami` nmspdlmk`f sdkrf f` tdti` nf lmùds y lmùis adl nmsaipiamnin quf iaafnfl i `i fsauf`i. @i iusflami nf nitds fs uli mlfqumnin, pufs mepmnf indptir pd`åtmais pÿk`mais quf pfremtil jiam`mtir y indptir fstf nfrfahd adljdref i `i lfafsmnin rfqufrmni. Nfkmnd i `i lu`i mlvfrsmñl fstiti` fl `i mljrifstruaturi fnuaitmvi, `i dkri jåsmai nf fsauf`is y `ds ad`fgmds pÿk`mads prfsfltil sfrmds niùds, fl i`gulds aisds sf hil adlvfrtmnd fl uli sfrmi ieflizi piri i`uelds y eifstrds, i `ds quf sf suei `i ji`ti nf f`fatrmamnin y  prdk`feis hmnrdsilmtirmds. Fl `d qu quff ef eflds lds hi mlvfrtmnd fl `ds ÿ`tmeds nmfz iùds f` iatui` iatui` gdkmfrld fs fl `i mljrifstruaturi fnuaitmvi, pdr `d quf `ds fjfatds nf fsf ikilndld sf hil iafltuind adl `i ``fgini nf `i Advmn-9= i` piås y adl f` pisd nf `is tdrefltis trdpmai`fs Fti f Mdti, quf izdtirdl nftfremlinis zdlis nf` tfrrmtdrmd liamdli`.   Nfrfahd nf supfrvmvflami? •

^dnd lmùd tmflf nfrfahd i` nmsjrutf nf` eés i`td lmvf` pdsmk`f nf si`un y i sfrvmamds f` fstind fsté adeprdeftmnd i? rfnuamr `i edrti`mnin mljiltm` y fl `i lmùfz2 isfgurir `i  prfstiamñl nf ismstflami eínmai y itflamñl silmtirmi, sdkrf tdnd, itflamñl prmeirmi nf si`un2 isfgurir itflamñl silmtirmi prfliti` y pdstliti` iprdpmini i `is einrfs2 isfgurir  kufli lutrmamñl nf lmùds/ is2 `iatilami eitfrli2 silfiemfl silfiemfltd td iekmflti`2 efnmnis nf  prfvflamñl adltri adltri iaamnfltfs2 iitflamñl tflamñl silmti silmtirmi rmi prfvfltmvi. Fl tíremlds ourånmads y sfgÿl `i Drgilmziamñl Eulnmi` nf `i Qi`un (DEQ), ‐f` gdaf nf` grind eéxmed nf si`un quf sf pufni `dgrir fs uld nf `ds nfrfahds julnieflti`fs nf tdnd

 

 

sfr hueild―. Fstf nfrfahd mla`uyf, fltrf dtrds, f` iaafsd i uli itflamñl silmtirmi

dpdrtuli, iafptik`f, isfqumk`f y nf ai`mnin sitmsjiatdrmi? I.  Adlvflamñl nf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd? Irt. : y ;> sdkrf f` nfrfahd nf `ds lm lmùds/is ùds/is i` nmsjrutf nf` eés i`td lmvf` pdsmk`f nf si`un y i ul lmvf` nf vmni infauind quf giriltmaf su nfsirrd``d eflti`, jåsmad, edri` y sdami`. K.  Adlstmtuamñl nf `i [fpÿk`mai nf Hdlnuris? Irt. 9;3, 9;9, 9;1, 9;>, 9;: y 9>6 sdkrf f` nfrfahd i `i prdtfaamñl nf `i si`un y `i eilutflamñl, `i nfkmni prdtfaamñl nf` Fstind nf `ds efldrfs fl smtuiamñl nf drjilnin y f` nfkfr nf` Sdnfr Fofautmvd nf jdefltir prdgrieis mltfgrinds piri efodrir f` fstind lutrmamdli` nf `ds hdlnurfùds. A.  Añnmgd nf `i Lmùfz y `i Ind`fsaflami Ind`fsaflami fl Hdlnuris? Irt. 9: i ;; sdkrf f` nfrfahd nf `ds lmùds d lmùis y sus einrfs i` eés i`td lmvf` nf itflamñl silmtirmi y `i dk`mgiamñl nf` Fstind nf indptir `is efnmnis prfvfltmvis quf sfil lfafsirmis piri giriltmzir su kmflfstir p`fld.

Fxmstfl prmlampi`fs prmviamdlfs f mlfqumninfs fl `ds nfrfahds i `i supfrvmvflami aded sfr? 9.  Nfrfahd i `i vmni? fl tíremlds nf supfrvmvflami, sf emnf i trivís nf `is tisis t isis nf edrti`mnin fl julamñl nf `i fnin, sfgÿl trfs edefltds?   Edrti`mnin nf lmùfz, iltfs nf `ds 6 iùds2

•

  Edrti`mnin mljiltm`, iltfs nf` prmefr iùd nf vmni, y

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  Edrti`mnin lfdliti`, iltfs nf` prmefr efs nf liamnd

•

;.  Nfrfahd i` iaafsd i sfrvmamds nf si`un ? F` iaafsd i sfrvmamds nf si`un nf `i lmùfz hdlnurfùi rfj`foi dtris prmviamdlfs auilnd fs efnmnd efnmiltf f` usd nf si`fs nf rfhmnritiamñl dri` piri tritiemfltd nf `i nmirrfi iguni, f` iaafsd i tritiemfltd auilnd sf prfsfltil jmfkrf y auilnd tmflfl smglds nf lfuedlåi y `i adkfrturi nf `ds fsqufeis nf viauliamñl.   Nfrfahd nf Srdtfaamñl?

•

 

 

Fl `ds tíremlds quf adlsigri `i Adlstmtuamñl nf `i [fpÿk`mai y `i Adlvflamñl sdkrf `ds nfrfahds nf` lmùd, aded `i ednfrlmziamñl f mltfgriamñl nf` drnfliemfltd ourånmad nf `i [fpÿk`mai fl fsti eitfrmi f` dkoftmvd gflfri` nf` prfsfltf añnmgd fs `i prdtfaamñl mltfgri` nf `ds lmùds.

Sdr prdtfaamñl mltfgri` sf fltmflnf i` adloultd nf efnmnis e fnmnis flaiemli flaiemlinis nis i prdtfgfr i `ds lmùds mlnmvmnui`efltf adlsmnfrinds y `ds nfrfahds rfsu`tiltfs nf `is rf`iamdlfs quf eiltflgil fltrf så y adl `ds inu`tds. Adl ti` t i` jml, f` prfsfltf Añnmgd adlsigri `ds nfrfahds y `mkfrtinfs julnieflti`fs nf `ds lmùds2 fstik`faf y rfgu`i f` rígmefl nf prfvflamñl y  prdtfaamñl quf f` fstind `fs giriltmzi piri isfgurir su nfsirrd``d mltfgri`, arfi `ds drgilmseds y prdafnmemfltds lfafsirmds piri djrfafr`fs `i prdtfaamñl quf lfafsmtil2 jiam`mti y giriltmzi su iaafsd i `i oustmami y nfjmlf `ds prmlampmds quf nfkfrél drmfltir `is  pd`åtmais liamdli`fs liamdli`fs rf`iamdlinis rf`iamdlinis adl `ds emseds.

F` Gdkmfrld nf `i [fpÿk`mai, pdr efnmd nf `ds drgilmseds nftfremlinds, vf`iré pdr f` fstrmatd auep`memfltd nf `ds nfrfahds nf `ds lmùds fstik`famnds fl fstf Añnmgd y fl `ds tritinds d adlvflmds mltfrliamdli`fs nf `ds quf Hdlnuris jdref pirtf. Adl ti` jml, indptiré `is efnmnis fadlñemais, sdami`fs y au`turi`fs quf sfil lfafsirmis piri krmlnir`f ipdyd i `i jiem`mi y i `i adeulmnin, adl emris i arfir adlnmamdlfs quf higil pdsmk`f f` sild y p`fld nfsirrd``d nf `ds lmùds. Fl tíremlds ourånmads, tdnds `ds lmùds, lmùis y ind`fsafltfs lfafsmtil `d quf sf ``iei ‐prdtfaamñl―, fs nfamr, eiydr adltflamñl y ipdyd quf dtrds, y f` Fstind y `i sdamfnin

nfkfl krmlnir uli itflamñl fspfami`. Fltrf `is efnmnis `fgi`fs liamdli`fs f mltfrliamdli`fs, sf flaufltril? I.  Adlvflamñl nf `ds Nfrfahds nf` Lmùd? Irt. ;1 (prdtfaamñl nf `ds emlusvé`mnds), 1; (prdtfaamñl adltri `i fxp`dtiamñl `ikdri`), 17 i 1= (prdtfaamñl adltri `i tdrturi), =, 9=, 1= (prdtfaamñl adltri f` ei`tritd), 17, 99, 9> (prdtfaamñl adltri `i  prmviamñl nf `is `mkfrtinfs), = i 93 (prdtfaamñl adltri `i sfpiriamñl adl `ds  pinrfs), 1> (prdtfaamñl adltri `i fxp`dtiamñl sfxui`), 16 (prdtfaamñl adltri f` riptd), 11 (prdtfaamñl adltri `i nrdgi), 1;, 1>, 1: (prdtfaamñl adltri aui`qumfr jdrei nf fxp`dtiamñl).

 

 

K.  Adlstmtuamñl nf `i [fpÿk`mai nf Hdlnuris? Irt. :9, :8, 89, 93;, 9;> y 9;: sdkrf `ds nfrfahds nf `ds emgriltfs y sdkrf f` nfrfahd i` rfspftd nf `i nmglmnin, `i `mkfrtin pfrsdli` y `i prdtfaamñl adltri tdni jdrei nf ikilndld, aruf`nin d fxp`dtiamñl.

A.  Añnmgd nf `i Lmùfz y `i Ind`fsaflami fl Hdlnuris? Irt. ;>, ;6, =1, =7, 939, 93:, 99> i 998, 9;1 y 91> sdkrf `i dk`mgiamñl nf` nfkfr nf` Fstind nf prdtfgfr i `ds efldrfs adltri tdnd tmpd nf tritds mlhueilds d nflmgriltfs, nf` nfkfr nf` Fstind nf prfvflmr y silamdlir `is ieflizis d `is vmd`iamdlfs i `ds nfrfahds nf `ds lmùds2 jdreu`ir pd`åtmais y f`ikdrir, prdedvfr y fofautir prdgrieis tflnfltfs i `i grinui` ikd`mamñl nf` trikiod nf `ds lmùds y lmùis2 fstik`fafr `is nmspdsmamdlfs rfg`iefltirmis lfafsirmis auilnd sf mlaurri fl nf`mtd nf fxp`dtiamñl fadlñemai2 y nf prdtfgfr i `ds lmùds y lmùis fl rmfsgd sdami`.

@i prdtfaamñl nf `i lmùfz fs rfspdlsikm`mnin nf `i sdamfnin fl su adloultd, pfrd su aumnind nmrfatd adrrfspdlnf i `ds pinrfs d i sus rfprfsfltiltfs `fgi`fs y, i ji`ti nf f``ds, i` fstind. ^i` prdtfaamñl sf krmlniré adl fstrmatd ipfgd i `i prfsarmtd pdr fstf Añnmgd, pdr f` Añnmgd nf Jiem`mi y nfeés nmspdsmamdlfs `fgi`fs ip`maik`fs i `i lmùfz. ^dnds `ds nåis y hdris sdl hékm`fs piri itflnfr `ds aisds rf`iamdlinds adl `i lmùfz. Mlaurrmrél fl rfspdlsikm`mnin amvm`, pfli` y inemlmstritmvi `is iutdrmninfs quf sml aiusi oustmjmaini nfsitmflnil `ds isultds quf sf sdeftil i su adldamemfltd.

^dnds `ds isultds rf`iamdlinds adl `i lmùfz sfrél adljmnflami`fs, pdr `d quf f` adltflmnd nf `ds rfspfatmvds fxpfnmfltfs sñ`d pdnré sfr adldamnd pdr `is pirtfs y  pdr `ds fep`finds d julamdlirmds nmr nmrfatiefltf fatiefltf mmlvd`uarinds lvd`uarinds fl su triemtiamñl. Qñ`d i pftmamñl nf `ds rfprfsfltiltfs `fgi`fs y nf `is iutdrmninfs adepftfltfs sf fxtflnfrél adlstilamis d afrtmjmaiamdlfs sdkrf `is iprfhflsmdlf iprfhflsmdlfss y prdafnmemfltds rf`iamdlinds adl lmùds. @ds efnmds nf adeulmaiamñl sf ikstflnrél nf hiafr  puk`maiamdlfs nf aaui`qumfr ui`qumfr aa`isf `isf sd sdkrf krf `i pirtmampiamñl quf hiyi hiyi tflmnd tflmnd ul lmùd fl iatds m`åamtds, kmfl sfi aded suoftd iatmvd d pismvd.

 

 

ADLA@VQMDLFQ. •

  Aini nåi mlluefrik`fs lmùds nf tdnd f` eulnd vfl vu`lfrinds sus

nfrfahds eés julnieflti`fs quf nmjmau`til su arfamemfltd y nfsirrd``d, em``dlfs nf f``ds sdl våatmeis nf `i pdkrfzi, nf `is armsms fadlñemais, nf` hiekrf y nf `i ji`ti nf hdgir, nf `is fljfrefninfs fvmtik`fs y nf `i ji`ti nf fnuaiamñl.

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  Euahds nf f``ds pinfafl `is adlsfauflamis nf `i gufrri, nf `i

vmd`flami, nf `i nmsarmemliamñl riami`, nf `is daupiamdlfs fxtrilofris y sdl rfjugminds d nfsp`izinds, vmílndsf dk`mginds i nfoir n foir sus hdgirfs, sus riåafs d i qufnir mepfnmnds y sml jiem`mi.

•

  sdl prfdaupiltfs fstis j`igriltfs y dstflsmk`fs vmd`iamdlfs nf `ds

nfrfahds nf `i mljilami, smld tiekmíl iquf``is quf pisil nfsipframkmnis pdr tritirsf nf lmùds quf ld tmflfl iaafsd i `i fnuaiamñl y i `is lfafsmninfs késmais y quf vil i qufnir  pfreilfltfefltf mlaipiamtinds,

 

 

KMK@MDG[IJMIQ. 9.  Añnmgd nf `i lmùfz y `i ind`fsaflami ;.  https?//www.ulmafj.drg/hdlnuris/efnmi/97:/jm`f/QM^IL-mljdref;398.pnj  

1.  https?//www.dis.drg/ndas/nfsmgui`nin/`mkrd-nfsmgui`nin.pnj   >.  http?//aisi-i`milzi.drg.hl/lfw.aisii`milzi.drg.hl/nitdsTnfsairgik`fs/dksfrvitdrmd/Mljdrefs;3;9/MljdrefsEflsui`fs/MljdrefTEflsui`T ;3;9/MljdrefsEflsui` fs/MljdrefTEflsui`TFlfrdT;3;9.pnj  FlfrdT;3;9.pnj   https?//www.hueilmue.drg/fs/hmstdrmi/   6.  https?//www.hueilmue.drg/fs/hmstdrmi/ :.  https?//www.ulmafj.drg/fs/adlvflamdl-nfrfahds-lmld/hmstdrmi https?//www.ulmafj.drg/fs/adlvflamdl-nfrfahds-lmld/hmstdrmi   7.  https?//www.ulmafj.drg/hdlnuris/efnmi/97:/jm`f/QM^IL-mljdref-;398.pnj