Informe Arquitectura republicana.docx
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ARQUITECTURA FERROVIARIA EN LA REPUBLICA DEL PERU (1821-1921)
CAPITULO I: DESARROLLO DE LA EPOCA REPUBLICANA EN EL PERU 1821 – 1921 Aspecto económico, social, político e industrial.
1.1.- Año 1821: Libertad y Primer Congreso. 1.2.- Año 1830: Exportación del guano y el salitre. 1.3.- Año 1862: Guerra con España. 1.4.- Año 1879: Guerra con Chile. 1.5.- Año 1900: Desarrollo económico del Perú.
CAPITULO II: ARQUITECTURA FERROVIARIA • •
2.1.- Análisis Arquitectónico 2.2.- Análisis Funcional
CAPITULO III: TECNICAS CONSTRUCTIVAS DE LA ARQUITECTURA FERROVIARIA • • • • •
3.1.- Cimientos 3.2.- Muros 3.3.- Pisos 3.4.- Techos 3.5.- Acabados
CONCLUSIONES BIBLIOGRAFIA
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CAPITULO II: DESARROLLO DE LA EPOCA REPUBLICANA EN EL PERU 1821 - 1921 El Tributo de los Indígenas
En 1821 con el presidente San Martin suprimió dicho tributo, en el cual el decreto se basó en la prohibición del servicio personal, la libertad de los hijos de los esclavos y prohibieron su comercio. Sin embargo fue restablecida restablecida la esclavitud de negros por Gamarra debido a la falta falta de mano de obra y a la crisis agrícola en las haciendas de la costa. En 1826 restableció el tributo de los indios ya que por ese motivo se pudo solventar solventar los gastos y el pago a la burocracia estatal. estatal. La Constitución de 1828 restringió el derecho de ciudadanía a muchos pobladores del país solo alfabetos con un mínimo de ingreso de 800 pesos anuales tenían derecho al voto. Entre 1839 y 1845 el ingreso del estado estado era de un promedio de 4`500.000 pesos pero pero el 2`000.000 provenían de la contribución indígena. El primer Congreso constituyente
Se instaló el 20 de setiembre de 1822 por el presidente presidente Francisco Francisco Javier de Luna Pizarro , fue una reunión de hombres ilustres : Titulares y suplentes (28 abogados ,26 eclesiásticos , 8 médicos m édicos , 9 comerciantes , 6 empleados empleados , 5 militares , 5 propietarios) ; Secretarios (José (José Faustino Sánchez Carrión y Francisco Francisco Javier Mariátegui ) y Congresistas (9 colombianos , 3 argentinos , 1 chileno ) El 19 de Diciembre de 1822, fueron impuestos las Bases de la Constitución Política en la cual se basa por 24 artículos entre los cuales se proponía: El voto directo y obligatorio, Igualdad de todos ante la Ley, Libertad L ibertad de prensa, Catolicismo como religión oficial y Privilegios hereditarios, etc. Se presentó la división de las tres Principales funciones del Poder: Legislativo / Ejecutivo / Judicial.
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Las exportaciones
Las exportaciones fueron destinadas a los países europeos como : Estados Unidos , Gran Bretaña , Francia y Chile ; entre 1830 y 1840 se exportaron los siguientes siguientes metales y otros : Cobre , Cobre refinado, Plata , Estaño , Estaño Refinado , Cacao Cacao , Lana de Oveja , Lana de Alpaca, Algodón Algodón y Azúcar . Los escasos recursos de la aduana y la recaudación del tributo de los indígenas eran destinados al pago de las tropas.
El guano
A partir de 1840, 1 840, la economía peruana se basó primordialmente en la explotación de guano de las islas, esto contribuyo mucho en el aspecto económico económico del país. En 1847, se estableció por primera vez en Lima una fábrica de tejidos de algodón el cual por no recibir la debida protección del estado a los 4 años cerro dicha fábrica. En 1852 las exportaciones del guano eran de dos millones de libras esterlinas, su venta se daba más en los mercados europeos y estados unidos.
EL SALITRE
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exportado el salitre a Europa esta no era llevada llevada para fines de fertilizante sino sino con fines para la fabricación de pólvora.
Guerra con España
En 1862 España envió una flota de guerra al territorio Peruano con carácter supuestamente de investigación o expedición científica, científica, pero el verdadero propósito es el propósito de provocar conflicto o incidente. El El 14 de Marzo de de 1866, Perú declaro la guerra con España y se alió con Chile el cual se unieron a esa alianza Bolivia y Ecuador. El 2 de mayo de 1866, 7 navíos de la flota española iniciaron iniciaron el ataque el cual perdieron a las 5 de la tarde de ese mismo día. Desierto de Atacama
El Perú no tiene fronteras con Chile pues su litoral Boliviano pues se extendía hasta el paralelo 25 º en el Desierto Desierto de Atacama. En 1842 Chile envió envió una comisión comisión al norte de su territorio en busca de depósitos de guano, la cual se hallaba en el territorio boliviano. Chile comenzó a explotar explotar dicho deposito lo cual llevo llevo a Bolivia a reclamar sus derechos, derechos, El 5 de Junio de 1863 Bolivia declaro declaro la guerra a Chile la cual no no se realizó , luego el Perú intervino y a chile le interesaba debido a los territorios de Tarapacá ; El 5 de Abril Chile declara la Guerra Guerra al Perú y Bolivia.
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CAPITULO II: ARQUITECTURA FERROVIARIA 2.1.- Análisis Arquitectónico Según García Bryce, la arquitectura peruana del último siglo y medio puede clasificarse en cuatro periodos: 1. "Arquitectura Republicana" (1800-1870/80). 2. "Periodo Académico" (1870/ 80-1920/30). 3. "Búsqueda de un arte nacional" (1920/30-1947). 4. "Arquitectura Moderna" (1947-hoy). Año 1821 – 1850:
Tras la rebelión y la independencia del Perú, la arquitectura en las ciudades trata de escapar de lo habitual, expresándose con total libertad una cultura andina que los identifique. Este proceso de cultura andina, donde confluyera los aportes hispanos sobre la base andina, irrumpió como una moda oficial que permitió el derrumbe de valiosas obras de arte levantadas en todas las principales ciudades, pues la necesidad de crear un tipo de construcción en la cual se percibiera los ideales de Libertad, Igualdad y Fraternidad para las nacientes republicas, motivo la adopción de este estilo artístico, claro que adaptado solamente a la decoración exterior e interior, pues los planos estructurales y distributivos mantuvieron su disposición original. Es así que fueron derruidos balcones, portadas, altares y retablos mudéjares y barrocos, trayendo al suelo los decorados de pan de oro, la fina ebanistería, los enredados arabescos de las techumbres y celosías, destrucción realizada sin embarazo alguno pues se tenla la convicción de que los objetos derrumbados no tenían un valor artístico más allá del meramente histórico, actitud que ciertamente refleja el carácter austero y hasta radical del neoclasicismo. Dato curioso es que incluso se llegó a considerar como español la mayoría de las construcciones del "barroco popular"' (GUTIERREZ, 1990:256). Se denota el clasicismo en el diseño de puertas, rejas y balcones, donde alcanzan un mayor grado de pureza al usar formas severas, rectilíneas y de carácter grecorromano. La presencia clara de grandes balcones y ventanales con óculos y lunetos superiores entre los cuales se aprecian pilastras con capiteles y una cornisa con decoración de dentículos en el borde superior, es la representación de la arquitectura republicana en estos años. Pero no sólo los balcones van a ser los receptores del nuevo estilo, los ideales clásicos de simetría, orden, línea y pureza se verán reflejados en los patios porticados de los so lares con la presencia de delgadas columnas clásicas, así como grecas, entablamentos y pilastras hechas todas de madera. Las columnas básicamente fueron delgadas y alargadas, el capitel preferido fue el jónico, pero también se usó el toscano -de forma cóncava y poco gruesa-, en un comienzo el fuste (o cuerpo de
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Un punto a destacar, es el de la disposición simétrica de ventanas con respecto a las portadas en las fachadas de los diversos solares y tal vez, la distribución axial -es decir en eje directriz- en las plantas de dichas casas solariegas (aunque la modificación no es tan notoria, debido a que en el renacimiento se propuso un tipo de axialidad que muchas casas coloniales aún presentan. Persisten los materiales tradicionales: el adobe, la quincha, piedra. Año 1851 – 1880:
Influencia inglesa: Ferrocarriles en el Perú. Se inauguró en 1851, con un recorrido entre Lima y Callao, en el gobierno presidencial de Jose Rufino Echenique. Presencia influyente del ferrocarril en el proceso productivo, en el imaginario colectivo y como expresión prestigiada de la industrialización. Se potencia enormemente el uso de la madera que además de la estructura tendrá presencia en el acabado de las fachadas. Empiezan a aparecer nuevos materiales. La construcción de la Penitenciaría revela un despliegue logístico excepcional y el uso de variados materiales: piedra, ladrillo, fierro, coberturas plegadas. Así como el mobiliario urbano: Faroles, rejas, piletas, columnas y balaustres. En los espacios públicos empieza a utilizarse las lajas de piedra que van reemplazando o sumándose al canto rodado. Estación de Desamparados: - Fachada simétrica, provista de orden gigante de pilastras, en eje con la calle Pescadería. - En su interior se situaba una escalera que unía la sala de espera con la sala de abordaje. - Fue uno de los primeros en usar el cemento y fierro de lima.
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Fuente: trenesdelperu.blogspot.com Por Elio Galessio
Estación Ferroviaria Lima – Callao, año 1852
Estación Ferroviaria de Chimbote El tipo de material utilizado era el pino
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Fuente: trenesdelperu.blogspot.com Por Elio Galessio
Estación Ferroviaria de Chosica
Fuente: trenesdelperu.blogspot.com Por Elio Galessio
Estación Ferroviaria de Pacasmayo
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Año 1881 – 1921:
Se consolida el segundo eje ferroviario: transversal a la costa y hacia la sierra en busca del mineral (Lima-La Oroya-Cerro de Pasco). En el sur, se prolonga el primer eje ferrocarrilero transversal de Arequipa hacia Puno y luego al Cuzco. En el norte, las ciudades viven su mejor momento del siglo XX: Iquitos (caucho), Trujillo, Chiclayo y Piura (algodón y azúcar). En el sur algo similar ocurre con Arequipa (lana). En el centro se consolida Huancayo, se funda La Oroya que junto a Cerro de Pasco, representan el impacto de la actividad minera. Fuera de Lima se expresan interesantes procesos de actualización en la vivienda de Tacna, Moquegua y Arequipa. En Lambayeque y Trujillo se consolida la estrategia que adapta los tipos tradicionales a las demandas de las aluviales lluvias que trae el fenómeno de "El Niño". A inicios de siglo se introduce la construcción integral en ladrillo y la albañilería confinada con concreto armado, de vigas columnas y losas. Se diversifica la oferta de materiales para los acabados que van desplazando paulatinamente a la madera que era fundamental y dominante en el periodo anterior (losetas, mármol, papel, bronce, vitreaux, cerámicas, planchas corrugadas de zinc.). El metal será sin duda el material que desplazará en importancia a la madera, dada su aplicación en estructuras vistas u ocultas, en carpintería, mobiliario urbano, etc.
ESTACION DE DESAMPARADOS Interiormente, el despliegue del lenguaje clasicista es extraordinario, con un gran sentido expresivo escultórico -el estupendo despliegue de las columnas exentas exaltado por la luz natural- y espacial mediante una interesante secuencia secuencia que resuelve la función de la circulación de pasajeros, que fluye a través de espacios públicos en desnivel y en diferentes alturas, destacando la monumental escalera principal y la gran farola de vitral que techa la sala de espera y abordaje en la cota más baja del terreno que se proyecta hacia la línea férrea y detrás de ella, la ribera del río Rímac.
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Vista interior entre el hall público hacia la sala de espera. Fuente: www.larepublica.pe, Estación de Desamparados 09 setie mbre 2012
Constructivamente, a los materiales en gran parte de importación, se sumó el uso de los nuevos sistemas constructivos como el concreto armado, con estructuras de fierro, así como el vitral en las farolas. El diseño de la farola y el mobiliario en madera, tienen un acento Art Noveau, de lo más representativo en la arquitectura de la estación ferroviaria de Desamparados. D esamparados.
2.2.- Análisis Funcional Tipo 1: Se forma un eje central público, que conecta dos cuerpos transversales, el vestíbulo o hall de ingreso y el área de abordaje. También pueden existir diferentes áreas, alrededor de la sala de espera, como tiendas u oficinas del edificio. La libre circulación y el orden funcional se prolongaron a todas las estaciones ferroviarias a nivel nacional.
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Tipo 2: Las dos áreas de abordaje, se conectan por medio de un hall o sala de espera, dando la facilidad del público de ingresar a esta zona, o simplemente dirigirse al lugar de abordaje o salida.
Ejemplos en las estaciones siguientes:
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Fuente: trenesdelperu.blogspot.com Por Elio Galessio
Estación Ferroviaria de Chimbote
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CAPITULO III: TECNICAS CONSTRUCTIVAS 3.1.- Construcciones para cimientos:
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El primer elemento de transición que se va a establecer entre el durmiente y el muro debe ser de madera tratada en profundidad y además protegerse con una lámina impermeabilizante o fieltro impregnado para evitar la subida de la humedad. Se continúa con el anclaje de la estructura principal de la estructura de madrea que conformará la planta. Dicha estructura está formada por un entramado de vigas de madera apoyadas sobre el durmiente en la planta baja.
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3.2.1 Separación máxima entre ejes de paredes:
Corresponde a paredes que soportan sistemas de techo de cerchas, sin apoyos intermedios, con aleros de 60 cm.
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3.2.2 Separación máxima entre paredes Interiores: Las paredes resisten las cargas de piso del segundo nivel con su sobrecarga de servicio además del peso de un tabique no estructural de segundo piso dispuesto sobre el eje de la pared.
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3.4.- Construcciones para Techos: 3.4.1 Techo de Tijerales :
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CONCLUSIONES: La época ferroviaria, fue el impulso y gran promotor para potenciar la economía del país en los años 1851 hacia adelante (aproximadamente 1910, o la aparición del automóvil), pues gracias a su rápido y fácil transporte de cargas entre pueblo alejados, el Perú llego a comunicar la costa, sierra
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