Informe 8 Quimica Analitica

 

 

RG@UBZY@HAH RG@UB ZY@HAH GAI@LGAC HB YAG IZ@YXLJAC HB KRAOAGMA EAIRCXAH HB @GMBG@BZÏA @GMBG@BZÏA QRÏO@IA P OBXAC RZM@A BYIRBCA VZLEBY@LGAC HB @GMBG@BZÏA BG @GHRYXZ@AY  AC@OBGXAZ@A  AC @OBGXAZ@AY Y QR@O@IA QR@O@ IA AGAC A GAC@X@IA @X@IA QR@ - :81

VZAIX@IA HB CAJLZAXLZ@L CAJ LZAXLZ@L ; Hlibgtb   Hlibgtb

4  O.Q.@gm¶ Ajrakág Ebrgaghl XZBDL BYV@GLTA

 Acuo  Ac uogl glss  

4 KRAOAG@ MAZI@A, E`lrbca Pagbtk MRBZZBZLY MRX@BZZBT, Gàc`ha O@XAII KRAZIAPA, Valca Zbgb UBCAYQRBT QR@IAÑL, Zlssobry

Mrupl 1

4  16  ’ 61 po

Ebika Eb ika hb Bdbiui`ùg Bdbiui`ù g  

4 o`àrilcbs :8 hb glv`bojrb hbc :6:1

Ebika Eb ika hb Bgtrbma Bgtr bma  

4 o`àrilcbs 1 hb h`i`bojrb hbc :6:1 Ayaiuikl - Vbrô :6:1

 

HBXBZO@GAI@LGBY VLZ X@XRCAI@ÙG ÁI@HL-JAYB @. 

LJDBX@ULY.   Hbtbro`gar slcui`lgbs plr t`tucai`ùg ai`hl- jasb.

•

 

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Vrbparar slcui`lgbs ai`has y jás`ias.

  Hbtbro`gar ca aciac`obtrïa plr obh`l h`rbitl b `gh`rbitl.

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  Hbtbro`gar ca ai`h`obtrïa plr obh`l h`rbitl b `gh`rbitl.

•

  vaclrar slcui`lgbs agacït`ias ái`has y jás`ias a travàs hb bstágharbs pr`oar`ls y

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sbiughar`ls.

@@. 

ERGHAOBGXL XBLZ@IL.

Rga vlcuobtrïa ái`hl - jasb bs ug oàtlhl vlcuoàtr`il jasahl bg uga rbaii`ùg hb gbutrac`zai`ùg bgtrb ug ái`hl y uga jasb para har uga sac oás amua. Ca rbaii`ùg quïo`ia `gvlcuiraha bgtrb bc ambgtb vaclragtb y bc agac`tl pubhb bsquboat`zarsb bsquboat`zarsb ilol s`mub4

+  ↚+   Ca vaclrai`ùg sb jasa bg ca gbutrac`zai`ùg hb ug pbsl bxaitl hb ug Vatrùg Vr`oar`l (Ga:IL9), ilg bc vlcuobg ilrrbsplgh`bgtb ilrrbsplgh`bgtb hb ca slcui` slcui`ùg ùg ái`ha plr vaclrar, kai`bghl kai`bghl usl hb `gh`iahlrbs hb gbutrac`zai`ùg. Yb rbac`za bg hls elroas, bg uga hb bccas sb kaib usl hbc `gh`iahlr Agaragdahl hb O bt`cbgl (`gtbrvacl pK4 9,;  ’   2,8), usághlsb taoj`àg bc `gh`iahlr Ebglcetacbïga (`gtbrvacl pK4 ;,6  ’   0,;), aquï sb t`tuca bc Iarjlgatl ilg ca slcui`ùg ái`ha kasta hbilclrai`ùg> bg bstb pugtl bc Ga:IL9 sb ka tragselroahl bg GaKIL9  y qubhara uga c`mbra ai`hbz ilg cl qub sb `g`i`a ca hbsilopls`i`ùg hbc GaKIL9  bg ái`hl iarjùg`il, qub sb pubhb ljsbrvar ilg bc `gh`iahlr Ubrhb hb Jrlolirbslc. Hbj`hl a qub bc `gtbrvacl hb v`radb hbc Agaragdahl hb obt`cbgl bs obglr qub bc hbc vbrhb hb jrlolirbslc, bs obgls aebitahl plr ca  prbsbgi`a hbc ái`hl iarjùg` iarjùg`il il bg ca slcui`ùg qub sb vaclra, plr cl qub bs sue`i`bgtb kbrv`r uga slca vbz para bxpucsar bc IL: cubml hbc v`radb. Ilg bc `gh`iahlr Ubrhb hb Jrlolirbslc bs obdlr kbrv`r : l 9 vbibs.

@gh`iahlrbs Rg `gh`iahlr sb ut`c`za bg agác`s`s vlcuoàtr`il ilg bc prlpùs`tl hb hbtbitar bc  pugtl bg bc iuac uga rbaii`ùg sb ilopcbta dustao dustaobgtb. bgtb. Cls `gh`ia `gh`iahlrbs hlrbs usahls bg

 

ai`h`obtrïa y aciac`obtrïa slg, bg mbgbrac, ambgtbs ilclragtbs lrmág`ils, qub slg ya sba ái`hls hàj`cbs (ilol ca ebglcetacbïga) l jasbs hàj`cbs (ilol bc agaragdahl hb obt`cl), y bc iaoj`l hb ilclr qub suerbg pubhb atr`ju`rsb ac kbikl hb qub bc arrbmcl hb átlols bg sus olcàiucas bs ug plil h`ebrbgtb hbc arrbmcl hb cls átlols bg cas olcàiucas hb sus sacbs ilrrbsplgh` ilr rbsplgh`bgtbs. bgtbs.

Vugtl hb bqu`vacbgi`a Bc pugtl hb bqu`vacbgi`a bg iuacqu`br t`tucai`ùg bs bc pugtl bg bc iuac ca iagt`hah amrbmaha hb slcui`ùg hb t`tucai`ùg bqu`vacb, quïo`iaobgtb, a ca iagt`hah hb sustagi`a qub sb bstá t`tucaghl> bc agac`sta `gtbgta kaibr il`gi`h`r bc pugtl e`gac (bs hbi`r, bc b c pugtl bg hlghb ug `gh`iahlr iaoj`a hb ilclr) ilg àsta. Bg uga t`tucai`ùg ai`h`obtrïa l aciac`oàtr`ia bc pugtl hb bqu`vacbgi`a gl bs gbibsar`aobgtb bc o`sol qub bc pugtl gbutrl (Vtc ? =.66 a :2 ´I).

@@@.  OAXBZ@ACBY, BQR@VLY P ZBAIX@ULY.            

• • • • • •

61 jurbta hb 26oC 69 oatraibs hb :26oC 61 p`pbta hb 16oC 61 prljbta hb 16oC 61 slplrtb ug`vbrsac 61 vasl hb prbi`p`tahl ;6oC

Bqu`pls  

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Jacagza agacït`ia ± 6.6661

Zbait`vls          

• • • • •

Ái`hl iclrkïhr`il h`cu`hl 6,1G K`hrùx`hl hb slh`l 6,1G Iarjlgatl Iarjlga tl hb slh`l (Ga IL ) Aetacatl ái`hl hb pltas`l (NKE) K`hrùx`hl hb oamgbs`l (cbikb oamgbs`a)

₊ ₉

@gh`iahlrbs  

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Ebglcetacbïga

 

 

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Agaragdahll hb obt`cl Agaragdah

Oubstras   Amua pltajcb   Tuol hb c`oùg.

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@U.  VZLIBH@O@BGXL B[VBZ@OBGXAC P ZBYRCXAHLY BGYAPL G¶ 1 VZBVAZAI VZBVAZAI@ÙG @ÙG HB YLCRI@LGBY AGACÏX@IAY4 ÁI@HAY P JÁY@IAY. a) 

Vrbparai`ùg hb ái`hl iclrkïhr`il 6,1 G plr h`cui`ùg y vaclrai`ùg.

Cubml hb kajbr kbikl cls iáciucls gbibsar`ls, sb o`h`ù ilg uga p`pbta ilg su s`stboa hb suii`ùg bc ái`hl iclrkïhr`il (KIc) ilgibgtrahl, y sb vbrt`ù bc cïqu`hl bg uga e`lca vlcuoàtr`ia, y cubml sb amrbmù amua hbst`caha kasta bc aelrl, hbspuàs sb klolmbg`zù ouy j`bg y asï sb ljtuvl uga slcui`ùg hb aprlx`oahaobgtb 6,1 G. Hbspuàs sb trasvasl a ug rbi`p`bgtb y sb agltù cls hatls (Zltucai`ùg)

 Hatls hb KIc 6.1G

1ra elroa

   ? :26   ? 1,1;    Kaccaghl ca olcar`hah

%  ? 9=,2

 ? 95,85 

 

 

 9=.2 1   16 ?1.1;   1  ( 166 ) (95.85 )?1:.18    Kaccaghl ca glroac`hah

  ?? 1:.   1:.1188  1 ? 1:1:..1188   

 

Kaccaghl bc vlcuobg hbc ai`hl

   ?    ? :261:.18 6.1  ? :.620 620 ?  ? :.1   

 

 

 :ha elroa

   ? :26   ? 1,1;   

%  ? 9=,2

Kaccaols ca oasa hbc slcutl purl

√?∝? ∝∝1666    √? ∝∝ ∝1666   112  √? :26∝6.1∝95.82 1∝1666   ? 6.00112 kaccaghl bc vlcuobg ac 9=.2% hb purbza

 ? 95,85 

 

 

6.0112∝ 9=.1662 ∝ 1.1 1;  ?:.62 ?:.1  j)  Vrbparai`ùg hb uga slcui`ùg vaclraha hb ug áciac`. Yb bopcbarlg slcui`lgbs hb k`hrùx`hl hb slh`l (GaLK) qub slg jasbs eubrtbs y eái`cobgtb slcujcbs bg amua. Cubml hb kajbr kbikl cls iáciucls gbibsar`ls, sb pbsù uga hbtbr o`gaha iagt`hah hb sustagi`a bg ug vasl prbi`p`tahl ppbqubñl hbtbro`gaha bqubñl c`op`l y sbil, y cubml h`slcv`ols cas mragaccas bg bc o`sol vasl y trasvasaols a uga e`lca vlcuoàtr`ia y cl rltucaols.

   6,1  ∵ ?86,66 :2:266  %   ? 0;,2  ? 6,1  ? 1  ? 6,1   Kaccaghl ca oasa hbc slcutl

66) ( 166 ) :26 ?1.612:  ?(6.1  ) (161) (86.1 0;.2  Kaccaghl ca oasa para 1666oc  

   6,1 ∵∵ 1666 1666 

1.6612: 12:    ↚ :2:26 6  o   

↚ 1666 1666  12:  ∝ 1666 1666  o  ?? 1.612: :26

 

 

o   ? 8.::6; 6;  BGYAPL G¶ : UACLZAI@ÙG HB YLCRI@LGBY AGACÏX@IAY ÁI@HAY P JÁY@IAY A XZAUÀY HB BYXÁGHAZBY VZ@OAZ@LY P YBIRGHAZ@LY. a) 

Uaclrai`ùg hb ca slcui`ùg hb ái`hl iclrkïhr`il

Yb pbsù uga hbtbro`gaha iagt`hah hb iarjlgatl hb slh`l bg uga cuga rbcld, hbspuàs cl  pasaols  pasao ls a ug erasil Brcbgo Brcbgobybr, bybr, y cl h`s h`slcv`ols lcv`ols ilg a amua hbst`caha hbst`caha bgtrb bgtrb 26 y 166 oc y cubml cb amrbmaols mltas hb `gh`iahlr hb agaragdahl hb obt`cl> Hbspuàs sb cavaols  j`bg ca jurbta y cl iarmaols ilg bc ái`hl iclrkïhr`il ya prbparahl y cl aelraols ca  jurbta plr arr`ja arr`ja hb ca oaria iibrl brl y ilobgz ilobgzaols aols a t`tucar iah iahaa erasil. Uaclrai`ùg hb KIc 6,1 G

Ga:IL9 (m), 00,2% 6.11:6 6.1188 6.1922 6.112= 6.1:;5 6.1155

1 : 9 8 2 5

 Zx.

 Ga:IL9 + : KIc  

 : GaIc   + +

↚

U KIc (oc)

G KIc(obq/oc)

:2.1 :2.: :5.9 :2.2 :=.6 :8.8  G (Vrlobh`l) (Vrlobh`l) ?

6.6;8= 6.6;51 6.60== 6.6;56 6.6069 6.6065 6.6;0:

IL: + K :L 

∝∝1666   ∝  ?  VO (Ga:IL9) ?162.00 m/olc Λ(Ga:IL9) ?:

 ? ∝∝1666  ∝    1. 

? ..∝∝∝  ∝ .∝. ?6.6;8= 

 

  :. 

? ..∝∝∝  ∝ .∝. ?6.6;51  ? ..∝∝∝  ∝ .∝. ?6.60== 

9. 

.∝∝∝    ∝ .∝. ?6.6;56 ? ..∝∝∝ ? . ∝ .∝. ?6.6069  ? ..∝∝∝  ∝ .∝. ?6.6065 

8.  2.  5. 

j)  Uaclrai`ùg hb ca slcui`ùg hb áciac`. Vr`obrl Vbsaols uga iagt`hah hbtbro`gaha hb aetacatl ai`hl hb pltas`l (NKE) bg ug vasl hb prbi`p`tahls y cl h`slcv`ols ilg ugls :6 oc hb amua hbst`caha, y cb añah`ols bc `gh`iahlr ebglcetacbïga y ilobgzaols a vaclrar ca slcui`ùg aciac`ga ilgtbg`bghl bg ca  jurbta.

1 : 9 8 2 5

 Zx . NKE + GaLK ↚ K   :L

 ∝  ? ∝∝1666    VO (NKE) ?:68.:: m/olc

Λ(NKE) ?1

NKE (m) 00% 6.:65; 6.:186 6.:29= 6.::80 6.:9:9 6.:121

+ GaNV

Uaclrai`ùg hb GaLK 6,1 G U GaLK (oc) ;.: ;.5 16.: ;.; 0.1 ;.5  G (Vrlobh`l) (Vrlobh`l) ?

G GaLK(obq/oc) 6.1:8= 6.1:91 6.1:96 6.1:58 6.1:59 6.1:9= 6.1:82

 

 ? ∝∝1666  ∝    ? ..∝∝∝ ∝ .∝ ?6.1:8= 

1. 

.∝∝∝    ∝ .∝ ?6.1:91 ? ..∝∝∝ ? . ∝ .∝ ?6.1:96 ? ..∝∝∝  ∝ .∝ ?6.1:58 ? ..∝∝∝  ∝ .∝ ?6.1:59  ? ..∝∝∝  ∝ .∝ ?1:.9= 

:.  9.  8.  2.  5. 

BGYAPL 94 HBXBZO@GAI@LGBY H@ZBIXAY B @GHBZBIXAY @GHBZBIXAY VLZ AI@HBO@XZ@A a) 

Hbtbro`gai`ùg hb ca aciac`g`hah hbc amua pltajcb

Aciac`g`hah a ca ebglcetacbïga   Yb obh`l ilg uga p`pbta vlcuoàtr`ia hb 166 oC hb amua a ug oatraz brcbgobybr y sb amrbmù hls mltas hb `gh`iahlr (ebglcetacbïga).   Ac amrbmar gltaols qub bc amua gl iaoj`a hb ilclr. Y` kuj`bra ug iaoj`l hb ilclrai`ùg sb t`tucarïa ilg KIc kasta qub sb hbilclrb. Aciac`g`hah tltac •

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  A ca slcui`ùg agtbr`lr amrbmar 9 mltas hb `gh`iahlr o`xtl (vbrhb hb jrlolirbslc y rldl hb obt`cl) l agaragdahl agaragdahl hb obt`cl.   Cubml sb X`tucù ilg ca slcui`ùg bstághar hb KIc kasta ljtbgbr ilclrai`ùg vbrhb l rlsahl icarl.   Yb rbp`t`ù ca lpbrai`ùg para ilrrljlrar hatls. Cubml sb prlibh`ù ilg cls iáciucls  

•

•

•

 +  ↚  +  +   Iáciucl para kaccar ca oasa hb GaKIL       ?    

•

ÝÝ  ?Ý 

 

  Ý1Ý1666 ?1.=Ý6.6;185  ;8.66   ? 6.=Ý6.6;185Ý;8 1666   9?6.668=0   

•

Iáciucl para kaccar ca oasa hb

IaIL 

     ?   Ý   60    ?6.668=0Ý 166. ;8.66   ? . .     ? . .     ? .   Iáciucl para kaccar ca oasa hb IaIL  bg om /C (aciac`g`hah tltac)   .  ↘166 oC    ↘ 1666    ? .  ⁈     hbc amua (om IaIL /C)  Aciac`g`hah ?       o O Aciac`g`hah U U KI@ U

•

9

KIc (AO , oC) 6.66 6.= 6.66 6.; 6.66 6.= 6.66 6.= 6.66 6.2 6.66 6.; VZLOBH@L? (E,oC )

oubstr  a (oc)

Ebglcetacbïg a

166 166 166 166 166 166

6 6 6 6 6 6

 GaKIL 9

6.6.6628= 668=0  6.668=0 6.668=0 6.6698: 6.6628= 6.668=0

IaIL9(om ) 2.= 5.2 2.= 2.= 8.1 5.8 2.5;9

Aci. Xltac

2= 52 2= 2= 81 58 25.; 9

 

 

j)  Hbtbro`gai`ùg hb uga obzica hb iarjlgatl hb slh`l b k`hrùx`hl hb slh`l Vbsaols ilg bxait`tuh acrbhbhlr hb 8,6 m hb oubstra y h`slcvbr bg uga iagt`hah   aprlx`oaha hb amua hbst`caha, trasvasar a uga e`lca hb 1,6 C y bgrazar, obzicar j`bg. Hb bsta slcui`ùg p`pbtbar 26,6 oC a ug oatraz Brcbgobybr y amrbmar iuatrl   mltas hb `gh`iahlr ebglcetacbïga. •

•

•

Cubmlagltaols sb t`tucù bc ilg slcui`ùgmastahl. bstághar hb KIc 6,1 G kasta ljtbgbr ug iaoj`l hb   ilclrai`ùg, vlcuobg   Amrbmaols iuatrl mltas hb `gh`iahlr vbrhb hb jrlolirbslc y ilgt`guar t`tucaghl ilg bc o`sol ái`hl kasta ilclrai`ùg aoar`cca. Yb hbtbro`gl ca iagt`hah hb GaLK y Ga:IL9 bg ca obzica, bxprbsahl bg %   (V). Yb rbp`t`ù ilg ca lpbrai`ùg y cubml sb prlibh`ù ilg cls iáciucls   •

•

•

 +↚+ +   •

 

Iáciucl para kaccar ca glroac`hah hb

 

Iáciucl hb oasa hb ca oubstra

•

      ?   Ý? ÝÝ    :8.5Ý ? 6.1:55Ý:Ý1666 162.00    ? 6.60=1 ⁈   

 ?     ↚ ↚   ? .  ?    

•

 y    ? .  √ .  ?     ? . Ý  ? .  

Iáciucl hb vlcuobg mastahl plr  

 

 y % GaLK Zx quïo`ia4 +↚+       ?      

•

Iáciucl hb ca oasa hb

Ý? ÝÝ       Ý1Ý1666  11Ý6.6089? 86. 66  ? 6.6818 681800    Ý166  %GaLK?  6.68180   %GaLK? 6.: Ý166?:6.=82   Iáciucl hb ca oasa hb   y %   Zbaii`ùg  +:↚:+  +       ?    Ý? ÝÝ      Ý:Ý1666  :=.:Ý6.6089? 162.00   ? 6.1920 1920    Ý166  % ?  % ? 6.16.920 : Ý166?5=.0=  •

 

 G¶ obsa

Oas a  Ga: IL9 (m) 6.1: =5 6.16 09 6.11 0: 6.1: 6;

1 : 9 8  prlobh`l

Ulcuobg KIc (oC)

 G(KIc) (obq/ oC)

Ulcuobg KIc (E, oC)

Ulcuobg KIc (AO, oC)

mastl

    

     

%  Ga:IL9

    

:8.5

6.60=1

:8.=

19.5

:=.:

6.1920

5=.0=

6.6818 

:1.;

6.6011

:8.2

19.:

:5.8

6.1910

52.05

:9.2

6.6060

:9.0

1:.;

:2.5

6.1:=0

59.05

:8.1

6.6051

:8.:

1:.0

:2.;

6.191:

58.85

6.191:

52.20

6.6089

6.68 :5: 6.68 1;= 6.68 :5: 6.6.8 :1:

 

i)  agác`s`s hb uga obzica hb iarjlgatl y j`iarjlgatl Cas oubstras sùc`has hbjbg acoaibgarsb bg hbsbiahlrbs, gl sb cbs hbjb iacbgtar    para bv`tar bv`tar ca ilgvbrs`ùg hb j` j`iarjlgatl iarjlgatl a iarjlgatl. iarjlgatl. Vbsaols ilg bxait`tuh acrbhbhlr hb 8,6 m hb oubstra, h`slcvbr ilg amua   hbst`caha, pasar a uga e`lca hb 1,6 C bgrazar y klolmbg`zar. Obh`ols ilg uga p`pbta vlcuoàtr`ia 26,6 oC hb slcui`ùg prljcboa a ug   brcbgobybr, brcbgobyb r, amrbmaols iuatrl mltas hb `gh`ia `gh`iahlr hlr ebglcetacbïga ebglcetacbïga.. Cubml sb prlibh`ù a t`tucar ilg KIc bstághar 6,1 G kasta hbsapar`i`ùg hbsapar`i`ùg hbc ilclr   •

•

•

•

mrlsbcca. Agltaolsabccavlcuobg ut`c`zahl.iuatrl mltas hb `gh`iahlr garagda hb obt`cl y Amrbmaols o`soa slcui`ùg   t`tucaols `gobh`ataobgtb ilg bc o`sol ái`hl bstághar kasta ilclrai`ùg garagda rlsaha. Hbtbroïgagls ca iagt`hah hb GaKIL9 y Ga:IL9 bg ca obzica, bxprbsahl bg %   (V) y m/C. Yb rbp`t`ù ilg ca lpbrai`ùg y cubml sb prlibh`ù ilg cls iáciucls   •

•

•

 

•

Iáciucl hb oasa hb ca oubstra

 ?    ↚ ↚     ? .  ?    

•

•

 

 y    ? ..√√ . ? .    ? . Ý  ? .  

Iáciucl hb vlcuobg mastahl plr

 , % y +⁈    +:↚:+

Iáciucl hb ca oasa hb

% GaLK

:6.=2 :1.91 :6.08 :1.91 :1.6=;

 

 ?  Ý? ÝÝ     Ý:Ý1666       :1.:Ý6.6;185? 162.00    

  ? 6.660:0:    Ý166  % ?  % ? 6.6.6:0: Ý166?85%  ⁈  ? 6.26198= Ý 16661  ? 1.;8⁈   

•

 G¶ Ob sa 1 : 9 8

Iáciucl hb ca oasa hb

Ulcuo bg KIc (E, oC) 16. 5 16.5 16.8 1 1.6 11.6 16.2

 

 y

 

, %  +:↚:+ + ⁈      ?       Ý? ÝÝ    ;.9Ý6.6;185? ;8.  Ý1Ý1666 66     ?6.62=   Ý166  % ?  % ? 6.6.6:2= Ý166?:;.2%   Ý 1666  ? 1.18⁈  ⁈  ? 6.62612=8  1 Ulcuo        %        % bg KIc                   GaKI     Ga:I L9 L9 (AO,

m/C  Ga:I L9

oC) 1;.0 1;.; 1;.2 1=.0

1.;8 1.=; 1.0 1.;:

:1.: :6.; ::.6 :1.6

6.60: 6.6;0 6.602 6.601

85 88.2 8=.2 82.2

;.9 ;.8 =.2 =.8

6.62= 6.62= 6.621 6.626

:;.2 :;.2 :2.2 :2.6

m/C  Ga KI L9 1.18 1.18 1.6: 1.66

 

BGYAPL 84 HBXBZO@GAI@LGBY H@ZBIXAY B @GHBZBIXAY @GHBZBIXAY VLZ ACAIAOBXZ@A Hbtbro`gai`ùg hb ái`hl iïtr`il bg bc zuol hb c`oùg   Vart`ols bc c`oùg plr ca o`tah y bstrudaols tlhl bc zuol bg ug vasl hb  prbi`p`tahl, s` bs gbibsa gbibsar`l r`l sb e`ctra. Yb obh`l 9,6 oC ilg p`pbta vlcuoàtr`il hbc zuol y trasvasaols a ug   Brcbgobybr qub ilgtbgma aprlx`oahaobgtb 26 oC hb amua hbst`caha. Amrbmaols :-9 mltas hb `gh`iahlr ebglcetacbïga. Yb tïtucl ilg ca slcui`ùg hb GaLK bstághar kasta ilgsbmu`r bc ilclr rlsahl   hàj`c. Agltaols bc vlcuobg hb GaLK mastahl. Zbac`zaols Zbac`zao ls cls iáciucls para hbtbro`gar ca iagt`hah hb ái`hl iïtr`il   (K9I5K2L=) bg bc zuol hb c`oùg bg mraols plr iaha 166 oC hb zuol y bg% (V). ilgs`hbrar ca hbgs`hah hbc zuol hb c`oùg 1,65 m/oC. •

•

•

•

Hbtbro`gai`ùg hb ái`hl iïtr`il bg bc zuol hb c`oùg

   +  ↚ ↚  +   ? 9 9 Ý 1.6655 / /   ? 9.11;;  

 

Vr`obrl sb kaccù ca oasa hb ca oubstra a part`r hb ca hbgs`hah

 

Iáciucl para kaccar ca oasa hb ái`hl iïtr`il

•

•

 

•

 ? .  Ý? ÝÝ  10:.Ý9Ý1666 :5.:Ý 6.1:=;?  1:8    ?6.:188  Iáciucl para kaccar bc %   Ý  % ?  % ? 6.9.:1188; Ý166  % ?5.=8

 

 

•

Iáciucl para kaccar ca oasa bg m/166oc

6.:188↘9oC    ↘ 166    ? =.185  UGaLK (oC) :5.: :5.2 :;.= :=.5 :;.6 :;.0

U. 

Ái`hl iïtr`il bg zuol hb c`oùg O oubstra oubstra O ai`hl %(V) 9.1; 6.:188 5.=8 9.1; 6.:150 5.;: 9.1; 6.:980 =.90 9.1; 6.::20 =.16 9.1; 6.::0: =.:1 9.1; 6.:952 =.88

m/166oC =.185 =.:9 =.;9 =.29 =.58 =.;;9

IRBYX@LGAZ@L

Ybñacb cls eaitlrbs qub sb ilgs`hbrag para bcbm`r ug ái`hl ilol slcui`ùg bstághar bg bc cajlratlr`l. Ca slcui`ùg bstághar bs uga slcui`ùg qub sb prbpara para sbr ut`c`zaha ilol ug patrùg bg oàtlhls vlcuoàtr`ils. Yb hbsba qub sba bstajcb, cl sue`i`bgtb para plhbr  hbtbro`gar plhbr  hbtbro`gar su ilgibgtrai`ùg uga slca vbz. Asï o`sol, qub sba hb rbaii`ùg ráp`ha ilg bc agac`tl a bstuh`ar, y qub sba uga rbaii`ùg cl oay oaylrobgtb lrobgtb ilopcbta para clmrar aciagzar aciagzar bc pugtl e`gac.

1. 

Cas slcui`lgbs bstághar bstághar pubhbg sbr pr prbparahas bparahas plr hls oàtlhls. Bc pr`obrl hb bccls, bs h`rbitl plr obh`l hbc patrùg pr`oar`l y h`cui`ùg a ug u g vlcuobg ilgli`hl bg ug jacùg vlcuoàtr`il. Yb hbglo`ga e`gacobgtb uga slcui`ùg hb patrùg  pr`oar`l. P bg sbmugha `gstagi`a, sb pubhb prbparar obh`ag obh`agtb tb uga bstaghar`za bst aghar`zai`ùg i`ùg hb slcui`ùg y iloparar ilgtra ug bstághar pr`oar`l. Bg bstb iasl sb cb hbglo`ga slcui`ùg  patrùg sbiughar`l, sbiughar`l, ilol bc iiasl asl hb ca slcu slcui`ùg i`ùg hb ái`hl iclrkï iclrkïhr`il hr`il Yb hbjbg ilgs`hbrar cls s`mu`bgtbs eaitlrbs ac bcbm`r ug ái`hl para uga slcui`ùg Ytagharh4

         

• • • • •

Bc ái`hl hbjb sbr eubrtb, bs hbi`r actaobgtb h`sli`ahl. Bc ái`hl gl hbjb sbr vlcát`c Ca slcui`ùg hbc ái`hl hbjb sbr bstajcb. Cas sacbs hbc ái`hl hbjbg sbr slcujcbs. Bc ái`hl gl hbjb sbr lx`hagtb eubrtb.

Acmugls bdbopcls plhrïaols hbi`r ilol4 -  -  -  -  - 

ÁI@HL ICLZKÏHZ@IL ÁI@HL YRCEÔZ@IL ÁI@HL GÏXZ@IL ÁI@HL VBZICÙZ@IL ÁI@HL AIÀX@IL

 

 GLOJZB

% BG VBYL HBGY@HAH GLZOAC@HAH

Ái`hl iclrkïhr`il Ilgibgtrahl Ilgibgtr ahl

9:

1.15

16.6

Ilgibgtrahl Ilgibgtr ahl

95

1.1;

1:.6

Euoagtb

9;

1.10

1:.2

Ái`hl suceôr`il

02-0=

1.;8

95.6

Ilgibgtrahl Ilgibgtr ahl

52

1.86

18.66

Euoagtb

;5

1.26

:6.6

Ilgibgtrahl Ilgibgtr ahl

05

1.65

1=.6

Mcai`ac

00-166

1.65

1;.6

Ái`hl gïtr`il

Ái`hl aiàt`il

Qub iaraitbrïst`ias hbjb tbgbr uga sustagi`a para ut`c`zarca ilol bstághar pr`oar`l hb ug ái`hl l uga jasb. Obgi`lgb acmugls hb cls bstágharbs pr`oar`ls qub sb ut`c`zag plr cl iloôg.

:. 

Vatrùg pr`oar`l Rg patrùg pr`oar`l taoj`àg ccaoahl bstághar pr pr`oar`l `oar`l bs uga sustagi`a ut`c`zaha ut `c`zaha bg quïo`ia bg quïo`ia ilol rbebrbgi`a ac olobgtl hb kaibr uga vaclrai`ùg l bstaghar`zai`ùg. Rsuacobgtb slg sùc`hls qub iuopcbg ilg cas s`mu`bgtbs iaraitbrïst`ias4 ➪  X`bgbg ilopls`i`ùg il opls`i`ùg ilgli ilgli`ha. `ha. Bs hbi`r, sb ka hb ilglibr ca bstruitura bstruit ura y bcbobgtls qub cl iloplgbg, cl iuac sbrv`rá para kaibr cls iáciucls bstbqu`loàtr`ils rbspbit`vls. ➪  Hbjbg tbgbr bcbvaha purbza. Vara uga ilrrbita bstaghar`zai`ùg sb hbjb ut`c`zar ug  patrùg qub tbgma ccaa oï oïg`oa g`oa iagt`hah hb `o `opurbzas purbzas qub ppubhag ubhag `gtbrebr`r ilg ca ca t`tucai`ùg. t`tucai`ùg. Hbjb sbr bstajcb a tbopbratura aoj`bgtb. Gl sb pubhbg ut`c`zar sustagi`as qub ➪  iaoj`bg su ilopls`i`ùg l bstruitura plr bebitls hb tbopbraturas qub h`e`brag c`mbraobgtb ilg ca tbopbratura aoj`bgtb ya qub bsb kbikl auobgtarïa bc brrlr bg cas obh`i`lgbs. ➪  Hbjb sbr pls`jcb su sbiahl bg bstuea. Ahboás hb cls iaoj`ls a tbopbratura aoj`bgtb, taoj`àg hbjb slplrtar tbopbraturas oaylrbs para qub sba pls`jcb su sbiahl.  Glroacobgtb hbjb sbr bstajc bstajcbb a tbopbraturas o oaylrbs aylrbs qqub ub ca ca hbc pugtl hb bjucc`i`ùg bjucc`i`ùg hbc amua.

 

➪ 

 Gl hbjb ajslrjbr masbs. Pa qub bstb kbikl mbgbrarïa pls`jcbs brrlrbs plr `gtbrebrbgtbs, asï ilol taoj`àg hbmbgbrai`ùg hbc patrùg. ➪  Hbjb rbaii`lgar rbaii`lgar ráp`ha r áp`ha y bstbqu`loàtr`iaobgtb ilg bc tt`tucagtb. `tucagtb. Hb bsta oagbra sb pubhb v`suac`zar ilg oaylr oaylr bxait`tuh b xait`tuh bc pugtl e`gac hb cas tt`tucai`lgbs `tucai`lgbs plr vlcuob vlcuobtrïa trïa y ahboás sb pubhb rbac`zar cls iáciucls rbspbit`vls taoj`àg hb oagbra oás bxaita. ➪  Hbjb tbgbr t bgbr ug pbsl bqu`vacbgt bqu`vacbgtbb mmraghb. raghb. Pa qub bstb kbikl rbhuib r bhuib ilgs`hbrajcbobgtb ilgs`hbrajcbo bgtb bc brrlr hb ca pbsaha hbc patrùg. ➪  Ylg oatbr`acbs hb bcbva b cbvahïs`oa hïs`oa purbza ➪  Ylg bstajcbs ac a`rb bg h`slcui` h`sl cui`ùg ùg ➪   Gl slg k`hrlsilp`ls k`hrlsilp`ls

U@.  ILGICRY@LGBY. Yb aprbgh`ù a prbparar slcui`lgbs ai`hl-jasb.   Yb aprbgh`ù a prbparar h`slcui`lgbs vac vaclrahas lrahas y bstaghar`za bstaghar`zarr slcui`lgbs. slcui`lgbs.   Yb hbtbro`gù cas slcui`lgbs plr t`tucai` t `tucai`ùg ùg ai`hl- jasb, ut`c`zaghl cls `gh`iahlrbs   hb agaragdahl hb obt`cl y ebglcetacbïga

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U@@.  ZBILOBGHAI@LGBY. Yb hbjb hb kaibr ilg ouikl iu`hahl cls iáciucls para kaccar ca oasa l vlcuobg   •

 para prbparar slcu slcui`lgbs, i`lgbs, ya qub, s` s ` sacb oac cls vaclrbs, cas vaclrai`lgbs vaclrai`lgbs gl sbrág cas rbspubstas ilrrbitas

 

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Rt`c`zar ilg ouikl iu`hahl iaha rbait`vl y oatbr`ac, para qub gl liurra acmôg

aii`hbgtb.

U@@@.  ZBEBZBGI@AY J@JC@LMZAE@IAY. Jarbtl, V. (:611). ( :611). Ulcuo Ulcuobtrïa btrïa hb gbutrac`zai`ùg. Zbiupbrahl hb4 kttps4//ugai.bhu.pb/hliuobg kttps4//ugai.bhu.pb /hliuobgtls/lrmag`zai` tls/lrmag`zai`lg/vr`/ihi`tra/@gelrobs\E`gacbs\@gv lg/vr`/ihi`tra/@gelrobs\E`gacbs\@gvbst`mai` bst`mai` lg/Duc`l\:611/@E\JAZZBXL\V@L\E@AZG/IAV.U@@.VHE Mary, I. (:660). ( :660). Quïo`ia Agacït`ia. Agacït`ia. OiMraw-K`cc/@gtbraobr`iag OiMraw-K`c c/@gtbraobr`iaga. a. Oàx`il