INFORME-11 de Quimica General

 

VGIRF_XINKN GKHILGKJ K@_K_IK JK DLJIGK

NFQK_^KDFG^L KHKNÉDIHL NF [VÄDIHK HV_XL3 [VÄDIHK @FGF_KJ ‘ JKOL_K^L_IL

IGBL_DF NF Q_ËH^IHK G±;; ^Ä^VJL3 Fquijioril [uädihl pkrtf III Hlgstkgtf nf prlnuhtl nf sljuoijinkn, Mps, y fbfhtl ilg hldóg Kjudgl

Høni`l

HK__IJJL _VIS, _IHK_NL KK_LG

?1;21196

NIQKX @VIJJFG, K_IKGK KJFCKGN_K

?1;21195

EVKY^KJJK _KDI_FS, DK_IK DIJK@_LX

?1;21;16

DKJJ[VI K_@ÚFJJFX, GK^EKJIF XLBÄK

?1;21;10

Q_LBFXL_(K)3

 

^FL_ÄK3 KJF@_IK K_GF_L, DK_IK HFHIJIK Q_ËH^IHK3 BVFG^FX HKDQLX, DK_IK FJISKOF^E

@_VQL NF ^FL_ÄK3 O*/O @_VQL NF Q_ËH^IHK3 H BFHEK NF FUQF_IDFG^L3 BFHEK NFJ IGBL_DF3

;0/12/;2 ?8/12/;2

JK DLJIGK, JIDK ‘ QF_Ó

 

;.

IG^_LNVHHIØG3 Jks rfk rfkhhi hhilgf lgfss nf prfhi prfhipit pitkh khiøg iøg,, hlg hlgsis sistfg tfg fg jk blr blrdkh dkhiøg iøg nf ug hld hldpuf pufstl stl gl sljuojf, jjkdknl prfhipitknl, prlnuhinl kj dfzhjkr nls nisljuhilgfs nibfrfgtfs, hknk ugk nf jks hukjfs kplrtkrë ug ilg k nihel prfhipitknl, fs nfhir, ugk rfkhhiøg nf prfhipitkhiøg fgf ju`kr hukgnl ugl l dës rfkhvls, hldoigëgnlsf jjf`kg k `fgfrkr ug prlnuhtl igsljuojf. Jk prfhipitkhiøg fs ugk lpfrkhiøg fhkz y sfghijjk ujizknk fg fj jkolrktlril pkrk lotfgf lot fgfrr sus sustkg tkghik hikss igs igslju ljuojf ojfs, s, l duy plh plhl l slj sljuoj uojfs. fs. ^if ^ifgf gf ju` ju`kr kr kj dfz dfzhjk hjkrr nls nisljuhilgfs quf hlgfgf hknk ugk, ugk fspfhif rfkhhilgkgtfs nf jk rfkhhiøg nf prfhipitkhiøg. Xi fg fj trkgshursl nf jk rfkhhiøg jk hlghfgtrkhiøg nf jls rfkhhilgkgtfs jjf` jjf`kk k supf supfrk rkrr fj prln prlnuh uhtl tl nf sl slju juoi oijijink nkn n hl hlrr rrfs fspl plgn gnif ifgt gtf, f, sf prln prlnuh uhir irëë jk prfhipitkhiøg. Qkrk plnfr fxpjihkr quädihkdfgtf jk blrdkhiøg nf ug prfhipitknl fg pridfr ju`kr sf fstunik fj prlhfsl igvfrsl3 Vg søjinl sf nisufjvf hukgnl sus pkrhujks, sfkg iøgihks l dljfhujkrfs, pksfg k jk nisljuhiøg `rkhiks k quf jks igtfrkhhilgfs fgtrf jks dljéhujks l ilgfs fj dljéhujks nisljvfgtfnisufjtks vfghfg jks nf hlefsiøg nfj sljutl. K dfnink quf fstl lhurrfyjks vkgbufrzks kudfgtkgnl fg gódfrl y ksä vkg nisdiguyfgnl jks nist nistkg kghi hiks ks fg fgtr trff fj fjjk jks, s, jl qu quff kudf kudfgt gtkk jk prlo prloko koijijin inkn kn nf qu quff sf prln prlnuz uzhk hkg g igtfrkhhilgfs quf nkg ju`kr sljinl. Hukgnl jk vfjlhinkn nf nisljuhiøg sf i`ukjk k jk nf blrdkhiøg nfj sljinl sf kjhkgzk ugk situkhiøg nf fquijioril, fs jl quf hlglhf hldl nisljuhiøg skturknk.

?.

Qrlpøsitl nf jk prëhhk  

 

8.

Ekjjkr fj vkjlr nfj Mps nfj Hk(LE) ? Fvkjukr fj fbfhtl nfj iøg hldóg fg jk sljuoijinkn

Eipøtfsis

Dinifg Dini fgnl nl fj pE nf ug ugkk slju sljuhi hiøg øg sktu skturk rknk nk nf einr einrøx øxin inl l nf hk hkjh jhil il,, hldpufstl nf duy okck sljuoijinkn , sf pufnf hkjhujkr fj vkjlr nf Mps  

Jk ighjusiøg nf ug iøg hldóg fg jk sljuhiøg skturknk nisdiguyf jk sljuoijinkn nfj Hk(LE )?

>. DK_H DK_HL L ^FØ_I ^FØ_IHL HL / _FR _FRIXIØG IXIØG N NFF JI^F_ JI^F_K^V_ K^V_K K I.

_fkh _fkhhi hilg lgfs fs nf pr prfh fhip ipit itkh khiø iøg g

Jks rfkhhilgfs nf prfhipitkhiøg slg rfkhhilgfs nf igtfrhkdoil fg nlgnf ugl nf jls prlnuhtls fs ug hldpufstl igsljuojf fg k`uk, hldl Ok (LE) ?, fs nfhir, ug hldpufstl quf fgf sljuoijinkn sljuoijinkn fg k`uk igbfrilr igbfrilr nf kprlxi kprlxidknk dknkdfgtf dfgtf 1.1; dlj nf dktfrik dktfrikjj nisufjtl plr jitrl nf sljuhiøg.

 

OkHj ? ( kh )+ ? GkLE ↟ Ok ( LE ) ? ( s )+ ? GkHj ( kh )

Nfoinl k quf jk oksf nf einrøxinl nf Okril sf hldplrtk hldl ug fjfhtrljitl bufrtf, fgtlghfs fj einrøxinl nf okril quf sf nisufjvf fg k`uk sf nislhik plr hldpjftl fg ilgfs ilg fs Ok+? y LE- .Knf .Knfdë dëss sf sk skof of qu quff pk pkrk rk jks jks rfkh rfkhhi hilg lgfs fs ef eftf tfrl rl`é `égf gfks ks , jks jks hlghfgtrkhilgfs nfj sljinl sljinl fs ugk hlgstkgtf. Ksä quf plnfdls plnfdls nfshrioir hlgstkgt hlgstkgtff nf fquijioril pkrk jk nisljuhiøg nf Ok (LE)? hldl3 Mps4 (Ok+?) (LE-) ? II II..

Xl Xlju juoi oiji jink nkn n dljk dljkrr y slju sljuoi oiji jink nkn n

Eky nls dkgfrks fg quf sf pufnf fxprfskr jk sljuoijinkn nf ugk sustkghik3 sustkghik3 jk pridfrk fs fj gódfrl nf dljfs fg ug jitrl nf sljuhiøg skturknk (dlj/J), y jk sf`ugnk fs fj gódfrl nf `rkdls fg ug jitrl nf sljuhiøg skturknk (`/J). Kdoks fxprfsilgfs gls nihfg khfrhk nf ugk hlghfgtrkhiøg fg ugk nisljuhiøg skturk k ugk nftfrdigknk tfdpfrkturk quf usukjdfgtf fs ?6  ³H. Ok (LE) (X)   Ok+?(kh) + ?LE-(kh) ↟

 

X

?X

Mps4 (Ok+?) (LE-) ? Mps4 (s)(?s)?4 >s8 Qkrk plnfr nftfrdigkr jls vkjlrfs nf ilgfs Ok +? y LE - fg ugk sljuhiøg sf nfof uskr fj pltfghiødftrl. Hukgnl sf jff jff fj Qe nf fg fj pltfghiødftrl3 4∟ jl`  ¼  pE 4∟

Fg fj fquijioril sf nfof hudpjir ¼

Y dfnikgtf jk rfjkhiøg quf sf lofgf plr jk fstfquildftrik   s4 ¼ ¼ III III..

Fbf Fbfhtl htl nfj iøg hldóg hldóg , Qrighi Qrighipi pil l nf JJf f He Hektf ktfji jifr fr y jjkk sl sljuo juoiji ijinkn nkn33

Ok (LE) ((X) X) ↟ O Ok+?(kh) k+?(kh) + ?LE?LE-(kh) (kh) Jls ilgfs nf jk nisljuhiøg skturknk prlvifgfg nfj sljinl. K fstk nisljuhiøg sf jf knihilgk ilgfs nf Ok+?,  ug ilg hldóg prlhfnfgtf nf nf ugks gufvk sustkghik fj OkHj?.Xf`ó Xf`óg g fj prig prighi hipi pil l nf Jf He Hekt ktfj fjif ifrr rfsp rfsplg lgnf nfrë rë k ug kudf kudfgt gtl l nf jk

 

hlghfgtrkhiøg hlghfgtrk hiøg nf jls rfkh rfkhvls, vls, hlg ug ugkk nirfhh nirfhhiøg iøg fg fj sfgnl fg quf nihel rfkhvl sf hlgsudf .Fg hlghjusiøg, sf jf kûknf ug ilg hldóg Ok +? k ug sistfdk quf fstë fg fquijioril, jk rfkhhiøg fgnf k jk izquifrnk, blrdknl dës einrøxinl nf okril hlgnuhifgnl k ug gufvl fquijioril.

Ok (LE) (X)  ↟ Ok+?(kh) + ?LE-(kh) Jk knihiøg nfj ilg hldóg nfspjkz nfspjkzkk fj fquijiori fquijioril l nf ug hldpufst hldpufstl l iøgih iøgihl l plhl sljuojf sljuojf ekhik fj hldpufstl sig nisljvfr, prlnuhiégnlsf dks prfhipitknl. Fs nfhir, jk sljuoijinkn nfj hldpufstl sf rfnuhf.

6. _F[VF _F[VF_IDIF _IDIFG^LX G^LX Q QK_K K_K JK Q_ Q_ËH^IHK ËH^IHK33 I.

Dktfrikjfs

Jkolrktlril nf quädihk Rksl prfhipitknl nf ;11dJ Qrloftk nf 61dJ Qipftk nf 6dJ Einrøxinl nf Hkjhil skturknl Khftktl nf hkjhil Xljuhiøg oufr pkrk hkjiorkhiøg nf pE > y pE 0 Qltfghiødftrl II.

Détlnls

Hkjhujl nfj Mps nfj einrøxinl nf hkjhil3 Xf hljlhk fj vksl prfhipitknl hfrhk nfj pltfghiødftrl pkrk tldkr fj hëjhujl nfj pE (juf`l nf 6 digutls nf dfzhjknl) Fbfhtl nfj Ilg Hldóg3 Xf vifrtf nfgtrl nfj vksl ;dJ nf khftktl nf hkjhil y sf vufjvf k tldkr fj vkjlr nfj pe juf`l nf 6 digutls.

 

2. _FXVJ^KNLX Y NIXHVXILGFX3 ^kojk ;3 Hëjhujl nfj vkjlr nf Mps nfj einrøxinl nf hkjhil.

Rkjlr nf pE4 ;?,>9

Rkjlr nf pLE4 ;,6;

Hk(LE) ?(s)  ↞ Hk?+(kh)  + ?LE-(kh) X X ?X

Fg fquijioril3       Rkjlr nf Mps4 ]Hk?+T]LE-T?   Mps4 (X)(?X) ?4 >X8

]LE-T4 ;1-;,6;4 ?X X4 1,1;6 dljfs/J Rkjlr nf X (dljfs/J)4 1,1;6

-6

 

Rkjlr nf ]LE-T4 ;1-;,6;

Mps4 ;,86x;1

Rkjlr nf X (`rkdls/J)4 1,1;6 dlj   0> `   Ð  4;,;; `/J ; dlj ; J

Nishusilgfs3 Xf diniø fj pE nfj einrøxinl nf hkjhil nf okck sljuoijinkn y juf`l sf ekjjø fj vkjlr nf su sljuoijinkn (`/J), sljuoijinkn dljkr y Mps.

^kojk ?3 Fbfhtl nfj iøg hldóg y jk sljuoijinkn. Rkjlr nf pE4 ;?,>>

Rkjlr nf pLE4 ;,62

Rkjlr nf ]LE-T4 ;1-;,62

Hk(LE) ?(s)  ↞ Hk?+(kh)  + ?LE-(kh) X ?X ?+ X + ]Hk T ?X

Fg fquijioril3 Hlgh. Igihikj3 Hlgh. Fquijioril3     Rkjlr nf Mps4 ]Hk?+T]LE-T?   Mps4 (X)(?X) ?4 >X8   Mps4 ;,1>x;1 -6

]LE-T4 ;1-;,624 ?X4 1,1?5 dlj/J X4 1,1;> dlj/J Rkjlr nf X (dljfs/J)4 1,1;>

Rkjlr nf X (`rkdls/J)4 1,1;> dlj   0> `   Ð  4;,;; `/J ; dlj ; J

 

Nishusilgfs3 Fg fstk tkojk sf ekjjkg jls vkjlrfs nfj Qe, Mps, sljuoijinkn y sljuoijinkn dljkr, juf`l nf plgfr fg hlgtkhtl kj iøg hldóg y sf hldprloø quf nisdiguyø jk sljuoijinkn y fj Mps nfj einrøxinl nf hkjhil.

2. HL HLGH GHJV JVXI XILG LGFX FX33

Fg fj jkolrktlril sf jl`rkrlg tlnls jls prlpøsitls dfghilgknls kj igihil. Xf diniø fj Qe nfj einrøxinl nf hkjhil nf okck sljuoijinkn (Hk (LE) ?) y hlg fsf rfsujtknl punidls lotfgfr su hlghfgtrkhiøg nf E+ y su hlghfgtrkhiøg nf LE - , pkrk juf`l ekjjkr su Mps, su sljuoijinkn y su sljuoijinkn dljkr. Juf`l sf kûkniø fj iøg hldóg, quf fg fstf hksl buf fj khftktl nf hkjhil (Hk (HE8HLL)?). Kj kûknirjf nihel iøg sf vljviø k dfnir su Qe, Mps,, sljuo Mps sljuoiji ijinkn nkn y sljuoi sljuoijin jinkn kn dljkr dljkr y gl gls s nidls nidls hufgtk hufgtk quf jls jls nktls nktls lo lotfg tfginl inls s kg kgtfr tfril ilrdf rdfgtf gtf ekoäkg ekoäkg vkrikn vkriknl. l. Jl Jls s nk nktls tls quf ek ekoäk oäkg g vkrikn vkriknl l bufrlg bufrlg fj Mps y jk sljuoijinkn. Fj einrøxinl nf hkjhil nf okck sljuoijinkn tfgäk ug okcl Mps, y hukgnl sf kûkniø fj khftktl nf hkjhil, su sljuoijinkn nisdiguyø y plr jl tkgtl, nisdiguyø tkdoiég su Mps (nktls rf`istrknls fg jk tkojk ; y ?). Fstl sf nfof k quf si sf knihilgk ug ilg hldóg k ugk rfkhhiøg fg fquijioril, sf`óg fj pri prighi ghipil pil nfy plr Jf jl Heïtf Hetkgtl, ïtfji jifr, fr, jk rfkhhi rfkhhiøg øgnfj tif tifgf gf ek ekhik hik jk izquif izquifrnk rnk `f `fgfr gfrëgn ëgnlsf lsf dës prfhipitknl jk sljuoijinkn hldpufstl nisdiguyf.

 

0. OI OIOJ OJIL IL@_ @_KB KBIK IK33 ;.Orlwg, ^. J., JfDky Cr, E. F., & Orustfg, O. F. (?11>). [uädihk3 Jk hifghik hfgtrkj.  Déxihl3 QFK_XLG FNVHKHIØG, X.K. ?.Hekg`, _. (?1;1). [uädihk . Dh @_KP-EIJJ. 8.Qftruhhi, _., Ekrwlln, P., & Efrrig`, @. (?118). [uädihk @fgfrkj. Dknrin3 QFK_XLG FNVHKHIØG, X.K. 8.[uädihk Jk @uäk. (s.b.). Lotfginl nf ep3//www.dlgl`rkks.hld/

 

HVFX^ILGK_IL ;. ¼Hu ¼Huëj ëj fs fj p prlp rlpøsit øsitl l nf jk p prëht rëhtihk ihk ;;;< ;<  

Ekjjkr fj vkjlr nf Mps nfj Hk(LE)?. Fvkjukr fj fbfhtl nfj iøg hldóg fg jk sljuoijinkn nfj Hk(LE) ?.

?. ¼Hr ¼Hrff ff us ustfn tfn q quf uf ek jjl`r l`rknl knl ééstk stk hl hldpf dpftfg tfghik< hik< 

Xä Xä,, pl plrq rquf uf jl`r jl`rkd kdls ls nfsk nfskrr rrlj ljjk jkrr y hldp hldprf rfgn gnfr fr jk prëh prëhti tihk hk plgi plgifg fgnl nl fg prighipils gufstrls jls hlglhidifgtls fxpjihknls fg hjksf.

8. ¼Hø ¼Hødl dl hlg hlgbird birdkräk kräk us ustfn tfn qu quff jl`rø n nihek ihek hl hldpf dpftfg tfghik< hik< 

Jl kbirdl hlg jls rfsujtknls quf lotuvidls pufstl quf jls nktls hukgtitktivls y hukjitktivls bufrlg diguhilskdfgtf nfskrrljjknls y pjksdknls fg jls huknrls nf rfsujtknls.

>. ¼Hødl nfdufst nfdufstrk rk quf fj trko trkokcl kcl rfkj rfkjizknl izknl p plr lr ust ustfn fn fs hlgbikoj hlgbikojf< f< 

Qlr jls hlglhidifgtls sljinls lotfginls y jls détlnls usknls hldl tkdoiég fj usl nfj pltfghiødftrl pkrk hukgtibihkr jls vkjlrfs.

6. ¼Hø ¼Hødl dl nf d dufs ufstrk trk q quf uf tr trkok kokcø cø nf d dkgf kgfrk rk sf` sf`urk< urk< 

Qridfrl hlg fj sf`url nfj kjudgl quf buf tfgfr fj dkgnij y jls `ukgtfs, jl sf`ugnl buf rfviskr jls igstrudfgtls nf jkolrktlril vfribihkgnl quf fstuvifrkg fg oufgks hlgnihilgfs pkrk sfr usknls.

2. ¼Hødl nfdufst nfdufstrk rk qu quff huin huinø ø fj kdoifg kdoifgtf tf fg fj jkolrktlr jkolrktlril< il< 

Dkgtuvidls fj jkolrktlril kdoifgtknl Dkgtuvidls kdoifgtknl nf blrdk quf sf dkgtuvl jks vfgtkgks y pu pufrt frtks ks koifrt koifrtks, ks, tkdoié tkdoiég g hlgsi hlgsinfr nfrkdl kdls s dkgtfg dkgtfgfr fr jls rfkht rfkhtivl ivls s hfrrkn hfrrknls ls hukgnl gl sf utijizkok.

0. ¼Huëj fs fj il ilg g hldó hldóg g fg jjkk prëht prëhtihk, ihk, y hhldl ldl kbf kbfhtk htk jk sljuoijinkn< sljuoijinkn< 

Fj iøg hldóg fs Hk?+, jl quf suhfnf fs quf si sf jf knihilgk kj`l nfj iøg hldóg hld óg Hk?+ k ug si sist stfd fdk k quf quf fstë fstë fg fqui fquiji jior oril il,, jk rfkh rfkhhi hiøg øg ti tifg fgnf nf k jk izquifrnk, blrdkgnl dës einrøxinl nf okril søjinl, hlgnuhifgnl k ug gufvl fquijioril.

 

5. Xi sf jf knih knihilg ilgkk ug ëhinl bu bufrt frtff kj einrøxin einrøxinl l nf hkjhil hkjhil,, fxpjiquf fxpjiquf ¼hødl ¼hødl kbfhtk k jk sljuoijinkn< 

Xi kj einrøxinl nf hkjhil sf jf knihilgk ug ëhinl bufrtf, jls prltlgfs nfj ëhinl rfkhhilgkrëg rfkhhilgk rëg hlg jls einrøxinls nisufjtls, nisdiguyfgnl su hlghfgtrkhiøg. hlghfgtrkhiøg.

9. Fshrio Fshrioff jk fxp fxprfsiøg rfsiøg nf Mps pkrk jl jlss si`ui si`uifgtfs fgtfs ssljinls ljinls plhl ssljuojfs ljuojfs33 QoHj?, Ji?HL8, HkHL8, K`?HrL>, Hk8(QL>)?     

QoHj? ↞ Qo?+ + ?Hj;- Mps 4 ]Qo?+T]Hj;-T? 4 >s8 Ji?HL8 ↞ ?Ji;+ + HL8?- Mps 4 ]Ji;+T?]HL8?-T 4 >s8 HkHL8 ↞ Hk?+ + HL8?- Mps 4 ]Hk?+T]HL8?-T 4 s?  K`?HrL> ↞ ?K`;+ + (HrL>)?- Mps 4 ]K`;+T?]HrL>?-T 4 >s8 Hk8(QL>)? ↞ 8Hk?+ + ?(QL>)8- Mps 4 ]Hk?+T](QL>)8-T? 4 ;15s6

;1. Jk sljuoi sljuoijinkn jinkn nfj sujbkt sujbktl l nf hkjhil fs nf 1,20 `/J. hkjhujf fj vkjlr nf Mps pkrk fj sujbktl nf hkjhil. 

?-

?+

HkXL  ↞ Hk  + XL >

>

Mps 4 ]Hk?+T]XL>?-T 4 s? 4 (1,11>9)? 4 ?,>?01x;1-6 X4

sljuoijinkn 1,20 ` / J  ↟ X 4 1,11>9  ↟ X 4 ;82  QB 

;;. Hkjhujf jk slju sljuoijinkn oijinkn dl dljkr jkr nfj einrøxin einrøxinl l nf hlorf si fj vkjlr nf Mps fs ?,?x;1-?1. 

Hu(1E)? ↞ Hu?+ + ?LE;-

Mps 4 ]Hu?+T]LE;-T? 4 >s8 4 ?,?x;1-?1 ↟ s 4 ;,026;x;1-0

;?. Hkj Hkjhujf hujf jk slju sljuoij oijinkn inkn-8nf hjlr hjlrurl url nf pjkt pjktk k (fg `/J) fg ugk nislj nisljuhi uhiøg øg nf -;1 gitrktl nf pjktk 2,6x;1 D. Mps 4 ;,2x;1 . 

 K`Hj ↟ K`+ + Hj- Qb4?1?.6

 K`GL8 ↟ K`+ + GL8(X + 2.6 x ;1 -8)(s) 4 ;.2 x ;1-;1 X 4 ?.>2;6 X 4 ?.>2;6 x ;1-5 x ?1?.6 s 4 >.95>6 x ;1-6 `/J

;8. Fj pE nf ugk nisljuhi nisljuhiøg øg nf einrøxinl nf dk` dk`gfsil gfsil fs ;1,>6, ekjjf fj vkjlr  nf Mps.

 



D`(LE)? ↟ D`?+ + ?LE;-

Mps 4 >s8 4 >(8,6>5;x;1-;;)8 4 1,;052x;1-81 pE 4 -Jl`] T ↟ ;1,>6 4 -Jl`] T ↟ ] T 4 8,6>5;x;1-;;

;>. K >1dJ nf ugk nisljuhiøg nf einrø einrøxinl xinl nf dk`gfsil sf jf knihilgk knihilgk ;1dJ nf ugk nisljuhiøg nf hjlrurl nf dk`gfsil 1,1;D sifgnl fj vkjlr nf pE ;1,?. Ekjjf jk gufvk sljuoijinkn dljkr. Fxpjiquf jk vkrikhiøg nfj vkjlr nf jk sljuoijinkn. 1.1; 4 g/1.1; pLE 4 8.5 LE 4 ;1 -8.5 ]LET 4 ;.65>5 x ;1 -> -2

gLE 4 0.9?>> x ;1

4 ?X

-2

X 4 8.96?? x ;1 Mps 4 ](8.95?6 x ;1-2 + ;1->)/1.16T x ;.65>5 x ;1-> Mps 4 6.?? x ;1-;; Jk vkrikhiøg nfj vkjlr nf jk sljuoijinkn nisdiguyf yk quf sf jf k`rf`k ugk skj hlg ug ilg hldóg

;6. K >1dJ nf ugk nisljuhiøg nf einrø einrøxinl xinl nf dk`gfsil sf jf knihilgk knihilgk ;1dJ nf ugk nisljuhiøg nf ëhinl hjlreänrihl 1,11;D sifgnl fj vkjlr nf pE ;1,66. Ekjjf jk gufvk sljuoijinkn dljkr. Fxpjiquf jk vkrikhiøg nfj vkjlr nf jk sljuoijinkn. ]LET 4 ;1-8.>6

pLE 4 8.>6

]LET 4 8.6>5; x ;1 -> 4 g/1.16 g 4 ;.00>1 x ;1-6 4 ?s s4 5.5018 x ;1-2 ∟2

Mps 4 (

5.5>018 x ;1 1.16

) (8.6>5; x ;1->)?

4 ?.?88? x ;1-;; 4 >X8 X 4 ;.00>1 x ;1-> D Jk vkrikhiøg nfj vkjlr nf jk sljuoijinkn sljuoijinkn kudfgtk yk quf kj k`rf`kr ugk skj quf gl tifgf ilg hldóg, kudfgtk jk bufrzk ilgihk jl quf kudfgtk jk sljuoijinkn.