Información Sobre Electrogravimetría y Coulombimétria Sem. Oct. - Mar. 2021

 

8. FAF@Z_KB_HWEIFZ_ÉH U @KVAKIOEIÅZ_EH Aks iåtkjks faf`trkbrhveiåtre`ks y `kuakioeiåtre`ks jf hnèaeses, oèse`hifntf sf gunjhifnthn fn ah hpae`h`eðn jf aks pren`epeks jf ah afy jf Ie`lhfa Ghrhjhy. Fa preifr pren`epek je`f quf3 ah `hntejhj jf susthn`eh quf rfh``eknh fn `hjh unk jf aks faf`trkjks jf unh `fajh faf`trkquéie`h, fstè rfah`eknhjh jerf`thifntf `kn ah `hntejhj jf `krrefntf quf phsh h trhvås jfa sestfih, y fa sfbunjk pren`epek quf `kipafifnth ha preifrk y quf je`f3 phrh quf rfh``eknf fn aks faf`trkjks jf unh `fajh faf`trkquéie`h unh `hntejhj jf susthn`eh ebuha h un fquevhafntf quéie`k brhik jf susthn`eh, h trhvås jf ah `fajh jfof `er`uahr unh `hntejhj jf `krrefntf ebuha h unh ika jf faf`trknfs h ah `uha sf jfnkienh un Ghrhjhy. Thrh aks `èa`uaks sf tkih fa vhakr jf un Ghrhjhy `kik 57644 `kuakioeks. Aks iåtkjks faf`trkbrhveiåtre`ks y `uakioeiåtre`ks sf sumfthn h ah afy jf Kli y fn ah prè`te`h sf aks pufjfn rfhaezhr, ohmk jegfrfntfs `knje`eknfs faå`tre`hs=  E 9 F   Afy jf Kli. (88.8)  _ 8). H un pktfn`eha hpae`hjk ha sestfih `knsthntf3 ?). H un gaumk jf `krrefntf `knsthntf quf `er`uaf pkr fa sestfih y3 0). H pktfn`eha `knsthntf jfa faf`trkjk jf trhohmk.

8 .8 . IÅZKJKP FAF FAF@Z_KB_HWEIÅZ_E@KP Ah faf`trkbrhveiftréh fn phrte`uahr, trhth jf jftfrienhr ah `hntejhj jf susthn`eh jfpksethjh fa`trkaéte`hifntf fn unk jf aks faf`trkjks jf ah peah faf`trkquéie`h. Fn iu`lhs hpae`h`eknfs ahs faf`trkjfpkseth`eknfs sf rfhaezhn lh`efnjk phshr unh `krrefntf suge`efntfifntf brhnjf  pkr fa sestfih phrh tfrienhr ah rfju``eðn fn un orfvf pfrekjk. H ifnujk, fa pktfn`eha hpae`hjk sf tefnf quf er  en`rfifnthnjk phrh ihntfnfr fa gaumk jf `krrefntf `knsthntf. Tfrk sf lh vestk quf ak eipkrthntf fs ihntfnfr  `knsthntf fa pktfn`eha jfa faf`trkjk jf trhohmk, ak quf pfrietf rfhaezhr i iu`lhs u`lhs sfphrh`eknfs sfaf`tevhs ýteafs. 8.8. 8.8.8. 8.

FAF@ FAF@Z_ Z_ÐA ÐAEP EPEP EP H TKZ TKZFN FN@E @EHA HA HTAE HTAE@H @HJK JK @KNP @KNPZH ZHNZ NZF F

Aks prk`fsks faf`trkbrhveiåtre`ks fn fstf `hsk sf rfhaezhn ihntfnefnjk `knsthntf fa pktfn`eha jf ah peah, phrh ak `uha `kik oufnh rfgfrfn`eh sf pufjf `ha`uahr fa pktfn`eha tfrikjenèie`k jf ah peah, quf fs ebuha h= FTeah 9 FHpae`hjk 9 F@ ‐ FH

(88.?)

Jknjf= FTeah- fs fa pktfn`eha quf sf jfof hpae`hr (F Hpae`hjk) ha sestfih phrh quf sf prkjuz`hn ahs rfh``eknfs fn aks faf`trkjks thntk fn fa `ètkjk `kik fn fa ènkjk. Thrh quf sf prkjuz`h ah rfh``eðn fn ah peah h unh vfak`ejhj hprf`ehoaf, fs nf`fshrek eipreier un pktfn`eha `knsejfrhoafifntf fn fx`fsk jfa vhakr tfðre`k `ha`uahjk skorf ah ohsf jf aks pktfn`ehafs jf aks faf`trkjks. @kik `knsf`ufn`eh jf ah rfh``eðn jf ah a h `fajh, sf fxpfreifnthn `hioeks fn aks pktfn`ehafs jf F @ y F H y pkr fnjf fn fa pktfn`eha jf ah peah k h hpae`hrsf jfsjf fa fxtfrekr y sf jfof h unh jesienu`eðn jf ah `kn`fntrh`eðn jf aks eknfs `knju`tkrfs jf ah `krrefntf. Jf h`ufrjk h ah afy jf Kli fxprfshjh `kik ah f`uh`eðn fa pktfn`eha jf ah peah jfpfnjf fn gkrih jerf`th jf ah `krrefntf, pkr faak fa pktfn`eha jf ah peah, sf pufjf `kntrkahr lh`efnjk vhrehr ah `krrefntf. F9E_

(88.0)

Jknjf= E- `krrefntf quf `er`uah h trhvås jfa sestfih, peah k `fajh3 F ‐ pktfn`eha jf ah peah y _ ‐ ah rfsestfn`eh jf ah  peah. Pen fiohrbk, fa pktfn`eha jf ah peah, nk sf pufjf ihntfnfr `knthntf jurhntf tkjk fa tefipk3 hsé, pkr fmfipak, fn unh skau`eðn jf `korf, jfoejk h ah faf`trkjfpkseth`eðn jf åstf eðn pkr rfju``eðn fn fa `ètkjk, ah `krrefntf quf `er`uah h trhvås jfa sestfih `kn fa tefipk ohmhrè rhpejhifntf y genhaifntf sf hprkxeih h `frk, `uhnjk ah faf`trðaeses sf h`fr`h h su gen, fstk sebnege`h quf ah `kn`fntrh`eðn jf aks eknfs `korf sf lh rfju`ejk `kn unh tfnjfn`eh h `frk.

8. 8.8. 8.?. ?.

FAF@ FAF@Z_ Z_ÐA ÐAEP EPEP EP @KN @KN @K_ @K__E _EFN FNZF ZF @KN @KNPZ PZHN HNZF ZF

Pf pufjf rfhaezhr unh faf`trkjfpkseth`eðn hnhaéte`h ihntfnefnjk ah `krrefntf quf `er`uaf h trhvås jfa sestfih h un vhakr `knsthntf. Fstf prk`fjeiefntk sf akbrh vhrehnjk ah gufrzh faf`trkiktrez k pktfn`eha hpae`hjk, fn `kn`krjhn`eh h ah f`uh`eðn jf ah afy jf Kli fxprfshjh `kik ah f`uh`eðn (88.8) Ha pknfr fa iesik fmfipak jfa `korf, sf pufjf enje`hr quf phrh ihntfnfr `knsthntf ah `krrefntf sf tefnf quf en`rfifnthr fa pktfn`eha, ak quf `knju`f h quf aks eknfs `korf fiebrfn iès rèpejhifntf h ah supfrge`ef jfa `ètkjk, sen fiohrbk, ha ersf hbkthnjk fa `korf pufjfn surber ktrhs rfh``eknfs jf rfju``eðn `kik ah rfju``eðn jfa lejrðbfnk gkrihnjk fa bhs lejrðbfnk.

8.8. 8.8.0. 0.

FAF@ FAF@Z_ Z_ÐA ÐAEP EPEP EP H TKZ TKZFN FN@E @EHA HA JF @ÈZK @ÈZKJK JK @KNZ @KNZ_K _KAH AHJK JK

 

Fn ah prè`te`h, ahifnthoafifntf nk fs pkseoaf fahokrhr un prkbrhih jf vhreh`eðn jf aks pktfn`ehafs hpae`hjks skorf unh ohsf tfðre`h. Ah hatfrnhtevh fs, ha ihrbfn jf `uèa sfh fa pktfn`eha jfa sestfih, k ah `krrefntf quf `er`uaf pkr fa sestfih ifjer fa pktfn`eha jfa `ètkjk jknjf sf jh ah faf`trkjfpkseth`eðn, `kiphrènjkak `kn un tfr`fr faf`trkjk `uyk  pktfn`eha fn ah skau`eðn fs `knk`ejk y `knsthntf, fs jf`er un faf`trkjk jf rfgfrfn`eh. Fsth tå`ne`h sf jfnkienh faf`trðaeses jf `ètkjk `kntrkahjk.

8 .? . FGF@ZKP JF JF WH WH_EHOAFP F\ F\TF_EIFNZHAFP Hjfiès jfa pktfn`eha y ah `krrefntf, fa `kntrka jf habunhs ktrhs vhrehoafs fxpfreifnthafs fs eipkrthntf fn fa hnèaeses faf`trkbrhveiåtre`k. 8 .? .8 .

WH_EHOAFP GÉPE@HP

Aks oufnks jfpðsetks faf`trkaéte`ks jfofn sfr hjlfrfntfs, jfnsks y aesks, phrh quf aks prk`fsks jf ahvhjk, jfsf`hjk y pfshjk pufjhn sfr fgf`tuhjks sen pårjejh if`ène`h k sen rfh``eðn `kn ah htiðsgfrh. Aks oufnks jfpðsetks iftèae`ks skn jf brhnk genk y tefnfn un austrf iftèae`k3 aks prf`epethjks fspknmksks,  puavfruafntks k fs`hiksks fs fs prkohoaf quf sfhn ifnks purks y ifnks hjlfrfntfs.

T_K@FPKP PF@VNJH_EKP PEIVAZHNFKP Ah gkrih`eðn jf un bhs jurhntf ah faf`trkjfpkseth`eðn, sufaf `knju`er h jfpðsetks fspknmksks f errfbuahrfs. Fn ahs rfh``eknfs `htðje`hs fa lejrðbfnk fs fa prkju`tk sf`unjhrek usuha, pkr ak quf sf jfof sefiprf prfvfner su gkrih`eðn ifjehntf fa `kntrka jfa pktfn`eha jfa `ètkjk.

 

JFNPEJHJ JF @K__EFNZF Aks prf`epethjks faf`trkaéte`ks sf phrf`fn h aks prf`epethjks quéie`ks, fn quf fa thihøk jf sus `resthafs jesienuyf ha huifnthr su vfak`ejhj jf gkrih`eðn, fs jf`er ha huifnthr ah jfnsejhj jf `krrefntf. Tfrk fn fstf `hsk, fa pfquføk thihøk jfa `restha fs unh `hrh`tfréste`h jfsfhoaf yh quf aks jfpðsetks aesks, gufrtfs y hjlfrfntfs `kntefnfn `resthafs iuy genks. Jf krjenhrek unh jfnsejhj jf `krrefntf jf 4,48 y 4,8 hipfreks pkr `i ? fs hprkpehjh phrh trhohmks faf`trkhnhaéte`ks. HBEZH@EÐN Ah hbeth`eðn tefnjf h rfju`er ah pkahrezh`eðn pkr `kn`fntrh`eðn y bfnfrhaifntf fs `knvfnefntf fn unh faf`trkaeses y hjfiès phrh ihntfnfr sefiprf lkikbfnfezhjh ah `kn`fntrh`eðn jf aks faf`trðaetks fn ah `fajh faf`trkquéie`h.

 

ZFITF_HZV_H

 

Jfntrk jfa `kntfxtk pksetevk, tfipfrhturhs haths tefnjfn h huifnthr ah ikveaejhj jf aks eknfs y rfju`er ah ves`ksejhj jfa jfa je jesk skav avfn fntf tf.. Ah tfip tfipfr frht hturh urh iès iès hprk hprkpe pehj hjhh phrh phrh unh unh faf` faf`tr trða ðaes eses es jhjh jhjh,, sk skak ak sf pu pufj fjff fsth fsthoa oaf` f`fr  fr  fxpfreifnthaifntf.

8 .? .? .

WH_EHOAFP XVÉ XVÉIE@HP

H ifnujk fa åxetk jf unh jfpkseth`eðn faf`trkaéte`h fstè jftfrienhjk pkr ahs `knje`eknfs jfa ifjek, fstk fs, jfa pL y jf ah prfsfn`eh jf `efrtks hbfntfs quéie`ks `kik `kipafmhntfs.

FGF@ZK JFA TL

 

Fa quf un iftha pufjh sfr jfpksethjk `kipafthifntf jfpfnjf grf`ufntfifntf jfa pL. Nk sf fn`ufntrh nenbýn  prkoafih `kn fspf`ef thn gè`eaifntf rfju`eoafs `kik fa ekn `korf k ekn pahth3 fsths pufjfn sfr faeienhjhs `uhntethtevhifntf jf ifjeks iuy è`ejks sen entfrgfrfn`eh. Tkr fa `kntrhrek, fafifntks ifnks gè`eaifntf rfju`eoafs nk pufjfn sfr jfpksethjks jf ifjeks è`ejks, jfoejk ha jfsprfnjeiefntk seiuatènfk jf lejrðbfnk3 hsé pkr fmfipak, sf nf`fsethn ifjeks nfutrks k ha`haenks phrh ah jfpkseth`eðn faf`trkaéte`h jf néqufa k `hjiek.

T_FPFN@EH JF HBFNZFP GK_IHJK_FP JF @KITAFMKP

 

Pf lh fn`knt fn`kntrhj rhjkk fipére fipére`hi `hifnt fntff quf iu`lks iu`lks ifthaf ifthafss gkr gkrihn ihn pfa pfaé`u é`uahs ahs aes aeshs hs y iès hjlfrf hjlfrfntf ntfss `uhnjk `uhnjk skn jfpksethjks jf skau`eknfs fn ahs quf sus eknfs fxestfn pren`ephaifntf `kik `kipafmks. Ahs ifmkrfs supfrge`efs iftèae`hs skn prkju`ejhs grf`ufntfifntf jf skau`eknfs quf `kntefnfn brhnjfs `hntejhjfs jf `ehnurk k hikneh`k. Hsé, pkr fmfipak, aks ihykrfs `hioeks jf pktfn`eha jf ah pahth y fa `korf pufjfn htreouersf jerf`thifntf h ihykr  fsthoeaejhj jf sus `kipafmks jf `ehnurk.

JFTÐPEZKP HNÐJE@KP

 

Aks iåtkjks faf`trkbrhveiåtre`ks fn su ihykréh supknfn rfju``eknfs jf eknfs iftèae`k fn fa `ètkjk3 pfrk, k`hseknhaifntf, sf pufjfn gkrihr prf`epethjks skorf fa ènkjk y quf thioeån pufjfn ushrsf `kn genfs hnhaéte`ks. Tkr  fmfipak, fa pakik fs kxejhjk grf`ufntfifntf fn fa ènkjk, jhnjk oeðxejk jf pakik fn skau`eðn è`ejh. ?+

+ ?

To  + ? L K

⇁

?

  ToK  + : L  + ?f

 

8 .0 . ENPZ_VIFNZKP TH TH_H AH AHP FA FAF@Z_ÐAEPEP Ahs peahs faf`trkquéie`hs phrh ahs faf`trkjfpkseth`eknfs, bfnfrhaifntf skn rf`epefntfs jf jegfrfntfs thihøks `kn hbeth`eðn if`ène`h `kn un iktkr faå`tre`k. Bfnfrhaifntf aks faf`trkjks sf `knstruyfn jf pahtenk, hunquf fn k`hseknfs sf ushn jf ktrks ifthafs `kik jf `korf, ahtðn y ktrks ifthafs. Ah gufntf jf fnfrbéh jf `krrefntf jerf`th pufjf `knsester fn unh ohtfréh jf haih`fnhiefntk, un bfnfrhjkr k un rf`tege`hjkr jf `krrefntf. Hjfiès, sf jfof uteaezhr un rfðsthtk phrh rfbuahr fa pktfn`eha jf shaejh y un vkatéiftrk y hipfréiftrk phrh `kntrkahr fa vkathmf y fa hipfrhmf jfntrk jfa sestfih. Thrh rfhaezhr faf`trkaeses h pktfn`eha jf `ètkjk `kntrkahjk, fn ah h`tuhaejhj fxestfn enstruifntks hutkiète`ks, jfnkienhjks  pktfn`eksthtks, quf lhn sejk jesføhjks musthifntf phrh ihntfnfr fa pktfn`eha jfa `ètkjk `knsthntf fn `efrtk vhakr prffsthoaf`ejk, jurhntf tkjk fa prk`fsk jf ah faf`trkaeses. Thrh ahs faf`trkjfpkseth`eknfs sf pufjf `ha`uahr su rfnjeiefntk, yh quf nk tkjh ah `krrefntf quf lhyh `er`uahjk pkr  fa sestfih pufjf lhofr sejk hprkvf`lhjh phrh ah faf`trkjfpkseth`eðn3 jf haaé quf fa rfnjeiefntk sf pufjf `ha`uahr  ifjehntf ah sebuefntf f`uh`eðn. β9

X T X Z 

 x  844

(88.:) Jknjf= XT ‐ ah `hntejhj jf `krrefntf quf lh sejk uteaezhjh fx`ausevhifntf fn ah faf`trkjfpkseth`eðn jf ah susthn`eh y XZ ‐ ah `hntejhj jf `krrefntf tktha quf lh `er`uahjk h trhvås jfa sestfih faf`trkquéie`k. @kik fn k`hseknfs nk fs pkseoaf jftfrienhr aks vhakrfs jf X T y XZ3 fa rfnjeiefntk sf `ha`uah iès oefn rfah`eknhnjk ah `hntejhj jf susthn`eh jfpksethjh fn ah prè`te`h, `kn ah `hntejhj jf susthn`eh quf sf jfoéh lhofr jfpksethjk se tkjh ah `krrefntf sf luoefsf uteaezhjk fn ah faf`trkjfpkseth`eðn, ifjehntf ah sebuefntf f`uh`eðn. β9

 T T  TZ 

 x  844

(88.6) Jknjf= TT ‐ pfsk prè`te`k jf ah susthn`eh3 k sfh, `hntejhj rfha jf susthn`eh quf sf lh jfpksethjk y T Z - pfsk tfðre`k jf ah susthn`eh3 k sfh, ah `hntejhj jf susthn`eh quf sf jfoéh lhofr jfpksethjk se tkjh ah `krrefntf sf luoefsf uteaezhjk fn ah faf`trkjfpkseth`eðn. 8. 8.:. :. HNÈA HNÈAEP EPEP EP FAF@ FAF@Z_ Z_KB KB_È _ÈGE GE@K @K JF IFZH IFZHAF AFP P TV_ TV_KP KP K FN FN HAF HAFH@ H@EÐ EÐN N Fn Fntr trff jks jks pa pah` h`hs hs iftè iftèae ae`h `hss `knj `knju` u`tkr tkrhs hs,, jk jknj njff ah un unhh fs  musthifntf ah iufstrh y ah ktrh quf pufjf sfr jf hauienek `kik enje`h fn ah geburh 88.?., sf `kak`hn jks phpfafs geatrk unejks y luifjf`ejks `kn unh skau`eðn ouggfr, rfsuathntf jf ah ifz`ah jf `hroknhtk jf skjek 4,6 I y netrhtk jf skjek 4,6 I fn prkpkr`eðn 0=8 fn vkauifn, sf lh`f `er`uahr unh `krrefntf jf ?6 iHip. pkr   `hjh `i? jf phpfa, jurhntf 84 ien. Pf tkihn aks phpfafs y sf aks skiftfn h aks hnèaeses jf aks jegfrfntfs fafifntks.

sf jf

Ihs jfth Ihs jfthaa aafs fs sk skor orff ak akss hnèa hnèaes eses es jf ak akss fafi fafifn fntk tkss th thnt ntkk fn iufstrhs jf ifthafs purks `kik fn hafh`eðn sf enje`hn h `kntenuh`eðn, jfntrk jf aks trhohmks prè`te`ks jf hpae`h`eðn jf aks prk`fsks faf`trkbrège`ks. Fmfipak 8. Thrh ah jfpkseth`eðn jfpkseth`eðn jf 4,06 b jf pahth pahth.. @uhntks ienutks ienutks fs nf`fshrek nf`fshrek lh`fr phshr unh `krrefntf `krrefntf jf 4,2 Hip., h trhvås jf unh skau`eðn jf HbNK0; _. 7,57 ien. _fskau`eðn=

Fmfipak 0. Ah faf`trðaeses jf unh skau`eðn jf NePK : sf ak rfhaezh jurhntf ?4 ien. »@kn quå `krrefntf sf pufjf kotfnfr fn fa `ètkjk 4,26 b jf Ne; _. ?,466 H _fskau`eðn= Hpae`hnjk ah iesih f`uh`eðn bfnfrha, sf tefnf=

i9  

 E  t Fq. q . b   57644

⇟ 

E9

i . 576 57664 64 . t . Fq. q . b

⇟ 

E9

4,26 b . 57644 @ ?4 ien.

74 s

9? , 46 4666 H . (6