Influencia de Las Redes Sociales en Estudiantes de Primer Ingreso de Ingeniería de

 

YDGQI_^G@H@ @I ^HD NH_CL^ @I JYHPIMHCH NIDP_L YDGQI_^GPH_GL @I L_GIDPI NH__I_H^ @I GDJIDGI_ÍH PÇNDGNH^ @I I^PY@GL I GDQI^PGJHNGÞD

–GDACYIDNGH @I CH^ _I@I^ ^LNGHCI^ ID I^PY@GHDPI^ @I

V_GMI_ GDJ_I^L @I GDJIDGI_ÍH @IC NIDP_L YDGQI_^GPH_GL @I L_GIDPI” 

J_YVL 8>  HCIR LMH_ L^L_GL ^ÈDNBI ^ÈDNBI[ [ ?6?606?89 G.G L^NH_ IMGCGL BI_DÈD@I[ HCMH[ÈD ?6?60?0>> G.^ KLDHPÈD G^HHN MÇD@I[ @ÍH[ ?6?6097:1 G.^ NH_CL^ @HDGIC QGCCI@H ?6?600096 G.^

NBGXYGMYCH, NBGXYGM YCH, 8: @I DLQGIMO_I @I ?6?6

 

ÍD@GNI JIDI_HC

VÈJGDH

ÍD@GNI @I J_ÈAGNH^ ............................................................................................. Q _I^YMID ................................................................................................................ QG GDP_L@YNNGÞD ........................................................................................................ 8 

NHVÍPYCL G MH_NL MIPL@LCÞJGNL

8.8

Vchdtihmgidtl `ic prlocimh ............................................................................. ?  8.8.8

 Hdtini`idtis y nldtixtl ............................................................. ? 

8.8.?

Alrmuchngþd `ic prlocimh ........................................................... ?

8.8.>

Bgpþtisgs ...................................................................................... >

8.8.0

^gstimhtgzhngþd............................................................................ >

8.8.9

G`idtgagnhngþd `ic lokitl `i istu`gl .............................................. >

8.8.1

@icgmgthngþd `ic prlocimh ........................................................... 0  h) o)

@icgmgthngþd gdstgtungldhc 0  @icgmgthngþd timplrhc 0 

8.?

Kustgagnhngþd ..................................................................................................... 0 

8.>

Lokitgvls .......................................................................................................... 9 

8.0

8.>.8

Lokitgvl jidirhc .......................................................................... 9 

8.>.?

Lokitgvls ispiníagnls ................................................................... 9 

@gsiøl Mitl`lcþjgnl ........................................................................................ 1  8.0.8

Pgpl `i gdvistgjhngþd ................................................................... 1

8.0.?

Mçtl`l `i ` i gdvistgjhngþd .............................................................. 1

8.0.>

@iagdgngþd `i plochngþd y muistrh ............................................... : GG

 

8.0.0

h)

Vlochngþd .............................................................................. :

o)

Muistrh ................................................................................. :

Pçndgnhs i gdstrumidtls .............................................................. 2  h) o)

Nç`uch `i Idtrivgsth

2 

Idnuisth ............................................................................... 7

Cinturh .................................................................................. 7 Auidtis `i gdalrmhngþd ............................................................... 7 

n) 8.0.9

h)

Auidtis sinud`hrghs

7 

NHVÍPYCL GG MH_NL _IAI_IDNGHC

?.8

Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti „ NYDL_G .................................................... 86 

NHVÍPYCL GGG MH_NL PIÞ_GNL

>.8

_i`is slnghcis ............................................................................................... 8>  >.8.8 >.8.?

>.?

Lokitgvls.................................................................................... 80 _i`is slnghcis sln ghcis mès arinuidth`hs id ch hntuhcg`h` .................... 81 >.8.?.8

Ahniolle ..................................................................... 81

>.8.?.?

Gdsthjrhm..................................................................... 87

>.8.?.>

WluPuoi ...................................................................... ?6

>.8.?.0

ZbhtsHpp .................................................................... ??

>.8.?.9

Pwgttir .......................................................................... ?>

Gdacuidngh `i chs ri`is slnghcis id ic èmogtl hnh`çmgnl ............................... ?0  >.?.8

Qucdirhogcg`h`is id ic èmogtl hnh`çmgnl .................................. ?0  >.?.8.8

Vçr`g`h `i nldnidtrhngþd ?0  GGG

 

>.?.?

>.?.8.?

Bèogtls `i lngl ............................................................?:

>.?.8.>

@gstrhntlr y slci`h` ..................................................... ?2

Gdacuidngh plsgtgvh `i chs ri`is slnghcis .................................... >6  >.?.?.8 >.?.?.?

Gdtirhnngþd

>6  

Nlmudgnhngþd .............................................................. >6

Plmh `i `ingsgldis ..................................................... >8 >.?.?.0 Gdtirdit nlml rinurs rinursl l i`unhtgvl .................................. >>

>.?.?.>

>.?.>

>.>

Gdacuidngh dijhtgvh `i chs ri`is sln slnghcis ghcis................................... >1  >.?.>.8

Viragcis ahcsls ahcs ls .............................................................. ...................................... ........................ >1

>.?.>.?

^inuistrls ................................................................... >2

>.?.>.>

Nyoirouccygdj ............................................................... >7

>.?.>.0

@icgtl gdalrmètgnl ......................................................... 06

^lcungldis phrh ic usl gdh`inuh`l `i chs ri`is slnghcis .............................. 08  >.>.8 >.>.?

Istrhtijghs `i prividngþd ......................................................... 08   Hpcgnhngldis h`inuh`hs ............................................................ 0> 

NHVÍPYCL GQ _I^YCPH@L^

0.8

Gdacuidngh `i chs ri`is slnghcis...................................................................... 0: 

NLDNCY^GLDI^ ..................................................................................................... 90  _INLMID@HNGLDI^ ............................................................................................. 99  _IAI_IDNGH^ OGOCGLJ_ÈAGNH^.......................................................................... 91   HVÇD@GNI ............................................................................................................... 92 

GQ

 

ÍD@GNI @I J_ÈAGNH^

Jrhagnh Dl. 8.

Gmplrthdngh `ic usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis phrh cls i istu`ghdtis stu`ghdtis ...... 0:

Jrhagnh Dl. ?.

Vrgdngphcis vidthkhs `ic usl `i cchs hs ri`is slnghc slnghcis is ......................... 02

Jrèagnh Dl. >.

Pgimpl `ghrgl `i`gnh`l `i`gnh`l h chs ri`is slnghc slnghcis is .................................. 02

Jrèagnh Dl. 0. _i` slnghc mès mès utgcgzh`h ................................................................... 07 Jrèagnh Dl. 9.

Agdhcg`h` `i usl `i chs chs ri`is slnghcis ........................................... 07

Jrèagnh Dl. 1.

^idshtiz `i cls istu`ghdtis hdti cls rgisjls lnhsgldh`ls plr ic mhc

usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis .......................................................................................... 96 Jrèagnh Dl. :.

Gdacuidngh qui jidirhd chs ri`is slnghcis ..................................... 96

Jrèagnh Dl. Dl. 2. 2.

@lmgdgl prlpgl slori ic tgimp tgimpl l id chs ri`is slnghc slnghcis. is. ................... 98

Jrèagnh Dl. 7.

Ysl hntgvl `i chs ri`is slnghcis plr phrti `i ch udgvirsg`h` .......... 98

Jrèagnh Dl. 86.

Miklr lpngþd phrh usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis ................................ 9?

Jrèagnh Dl. 88.

_i` slnghc nld mès agdis i`unhtgvls ............................................ 9>

Q

 

_I^YMID

Ic nhpítucl G, nldtgidi ch gdacuidngh hnh`çmgnh qui chs ri`is slnghcis jidirhd slori cls istu`ghdtis `i prgmir gdjrisl `i gdjidgiríh id ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti NYDL_G  „  is ud timh qui lrgjgdh udh `gvirsg`h` `i nuistgldhmgidtls nuistgldhmgidtls qui nhush ud `çagngt id ic rid`gmgidtl, lrgjgdèd`lsi isti plr udh mltgvhngþd id su usl nldsthdti nldvgrtgid`l h chs ri`is slnghcis id chs `i mhylr usl `i hnuir`l h ch gmplrthdngh qui ci jidirid. @i hnuir`l hc usl `i chs ri`is, ch gdacuidngh jidirh`h id cls istu`ghdtis pui`i tidir ud gmphntl plsgtgvl l dijhtgvl `idtrl `i ch vg`h hnh`çmgnh id cls istu`ghdtis. Ch rhzþd `i sir `i isth gdvistgjhngþd aui nldlnir ic `itirglrl qui nhushd chs ri`is slnghcis `idtrl `ic rid`gmgidtl hnh`çmgnl `ic istu`ghdti phrh pl`ir isthocinir hsí udh slcungþd phrh qui ic istu`ghdti pui`h tlmhr id nuidth ch hpcgnhngþd h`inuh`h phrh tidir nlml lokitgvl udh mhylr gdacuidngh `i chs ri`is slnghcis.

Ic nhpítucl GG, istè nlmpuistl plr ic iaintl `i udh `isnidtrhcgzhngþd y `imlnrhtgzhngþd `i ch i`unhngþd udgvirsgthrgh, is aud`h`l Ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti -NYDL_G- id ic høl `i 87::, nld si`i id ch ngu`h` `i Nbgqugmuch y nloirturh id cls `iphrthmidtls `i [hnhph, Gzhohc y Ic Vrljrisl, phrh ic høl ?662 ic nidtrl hpirturh chs nhrrirhs h dgvic `i Cgnidnghturh id Gdjidgiríh Ngvgc i Gdjidgiríh id Ngidnghs y ^gstimhs `lthd`l hc isthocingmgidtl y `iphrthmidtl `gnbl rinursl alrmhtgvl qui prlmuivi ic `ishrrlccl h dgvic `iphrthmidthc.

Nlml phrti `i su mgsgþd `gnbl nidtrl almidth udh nucturh `imlnrètgnh, rispldshoci `i nldtrgougr hc `ishrrlccl y slcungþd `i prlocimhs slnglinldþmgnls, istl mi`ghdti ch nrihngþd, `gausgþd y hpcgnhngþd `ic nldlngmgidtl phrh miklrhr ch nhcg`h` `i vg`h `i chs pirsldhs y udh vgsgþd nuyh agdhcg`h` is icivhr ic dgvic ispgrgtuhc `i cls bhogthdtis `i ch _ijgþd mi`ghdti ch prlaisgldhcgzhngþd `ic rinursl bumhdl qui mhdgagisth ch ixnicidngh hnh`çmgnh nlml ahntlr `i `ishrrlccl. QG

 

Ic nidtrl `i istu`gls supirglris gdacuyi id ic istu`ghdti udh nldnipngþd `i mûctgpcis lokitgvls, cls nuhcis pritid`id `iagdgr ic prljrisl qui si qugiri hcnhdzhr nlml nidtrl `i istu`gls.

Id ic nhpítucl GGG, is ud hrrijcl nld ohsi h pidshmgidtls `i gdvistgjh`lris qui tgidid nlml lokitl `i istu`gl ud timh sgmgchr hc prisidti, ic mhrnl tiþrgnl nldsth `i suotimhs qui si holr`hd y alrmhd phrti `ic timh `i istu`gl, nld ic agd `i bhnir ud nldtixtl y sijugmgidtl qui sld phrti `ic timh jidirhc qui si istu`gh y udh istrunturh `ld`i si pchdtihd `gnbls pidshmgidtls qui hdtini`id y suni`id `i ud hdècgsgs y kugngls prlpgls qui `iagdid ic prlocimh, istl nldstgtuyi gdalrmhngþd ngidtíagnh qui ixgsti slori cl qui si vh h gdvistgjhr y qui `h sustidtl h ch gdvistgjhngþd, `gnbl sustidtl sgrvi phrh dl nlmitir irrlris id ic istu`gl h `ishrrlcchr.

Id ic nhpítucl GQ, prisidth ch gdtirprithngþd `i risucth`ls lotidg`ls `i chs idnuisths hpcgnh`hs h ch plochngþd istu`ghdtgc `i prgmir gdjrisl `i gdjidgiríh `i NYDL_G y phrh ccivhr h nhol ud hdècgsgs `i alrmh mès nchrh si nrihrld jrèagnhs qui si rihcgzhrld `i `gnbhs idnuisths y tl`ls cls `htls lotidg`ls phrh plstirglrmidti sir hdhcgzh`ls y isthocinir chs gdacuidnghs qui tgidi chs ri`is slnghcis id `gnbls istu`ghdtis.

QGG

 

GDP_L@YNNGÞD

Cls istu`ghdtis udgvirsgthrgls si bhd vgstl hainth`ls plr prlocimhs qui hctirhd su rid`gmgidtl hnh`çmgnl. Ydl `i iccls sld chs ri`is slnghcis, ch priphrhngþd hnh`çmgnh is ch nchvi phrh qui chs pirsldhs pui`hd cljrhr udh vg`h isthoci id ic auturl. Hquí is `ld`i chs ri`is slnghcis tlmhd udh gmplrthdngh id ic èmogtl hnh`çmgnl, plr ish rhzþd is `i gmplrthdngh ic ouid usl `i ch tindlcljíh y plr nldsinuidngh is `i vhclr istu`ghrcl.

Ic lokitgvl `i ch gdvistgjhngþd is `itirmgdhr ch gdacuidngh qui chs ri`is slnghcis tgidid slori cls istu`ghdtis `i prgmir gdjrisl `i chs nhrrirhs `i gdjidgiríh `ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti5 phrh cl nuhc si is dinishrgl rinhohr gdalrmhngþd phrh ud plstirglr prlnisl `i hdècgsgs i gdtirprithngþd `i risucth`ls nld ch utgcgzhngþd `i cls rispintgvls gdstrumidtls `i gdvistgjhngþd.

Vhrh iaintl gdvistgjhtgvl si trhohkþ nld udh muistrh `i nuhridth istu`ghdtis nld ch agdhcg`h` `i nldlnir i g`idtgagnhr su jrh`l `i nldlngmgidtl slori ic `høl hnh`çmgnl h su pirsldh qui pui`i sir lnhsgldh`l ln hsgldh`l h nhush `i ch mhc jistgþd `i `gnbhs ri`is.

Cls istu`ghdtis sld ohsi `i ud `ishrrlccl dhngldhc y is plr iccl qui si `ioi nldtrgougr h su nlrrinth alrmhngþd, rinlpgchd`l i gdvistgjhd`l slori sus vucdirhogcg`h`is y jrh`ls `i gdacuidngh `irgvh`ls `i ud mhc usl `i ri`is y mlstrhr hdti ch plochngþd istu`ghdtgc cls risucth`ls pirtgdidtis.

8

 

NHVÍPYCL G MH_NL MIPL@LCÞJGNL

8.8

Vchdtihmgidtl `ic prlocimh 8.8.8 Hdtini`idtis y nldtixtl

Losirvhd`l ud `lnumidthc qui trhthoh ic timh `i ri`is slnghcis, qui h`imès nldthoh nld gdalrmhngþd virí`gnh, si cljrþ vir qui holr`h hspintls muy hnlr`is h ch rihcg`h` hntuhc, id `ld`i ivg`idnghmls qui chs pirsldhs ci `hd munbh mès gmplrthdngh h isths qui h chs richngldis bumhdhs, h chs hntgvg`h`is y locgjhngldis nltg`ghdhs, tidgid`l nldthntl nldsthdti id vhrgls pirgl`ls `i tgimpl `urhdti ic trhsnursl `ic `íh tlmèd`lcl nlml ud bèogtl, nuhd`l id rihcg`h` is udh h`gnngþd. Cljrhd`l riacixgldhr y mi`gthr id ic gmphntl `i isths id ic èmogtl hnh`çmgnl nlml cl sld; Ohkl rid`gmgidtl hnh`çmgnl, ahcth `i nldnidtrhngþd y `i gdtirçs `i cls istu`ghdtis `i prgmir gdjrisl `i gdjidgirh `i NYDL_G.

8.8.? Alrmuchngþd `ic prlocimh

¼Nuèc is ch gdacuidngh `i chs ri`is slnghcis id cls istu`ghdtis `i prgmir gdjrisl `i Gdjidgiríh `ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti<

?

 

8.8.> Bgpþtisgs

Ic usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis gdacuyid `i thc mhdirh id cls istu`ghdtis `i prgmir gdjrisl `i gdjidgiríh `ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti, lnhsgldhd`l ud `çagngt id ic rid`gmgidtl hnh`çmgnl plr ic mhc usl y ch h`gnngþd qui cis jidirh `gvirsls prlocimhs; pçr`g`h `i nldnidtrhngþd, bèogtls `i lngl, `gstrhntlr y slci`h`.

8.8.0 ^gstimhtgzhngþd

h) ¼@i quç mhdirh si pui`i nldlnir ic `høl qui chs ri`is

slnghcis ripirnutid id ic rid`gmgidtl `ic istu`ghdti< o) ¼Xuç mltgvh h cls istu`ghdtis h utgcgzhr chs ri`is slnghcis

nldvgrtgçd`lchs id chs mès arinuidtis<

n) ¼Ixgsti udh slcungþd phrh qui cls istu`ghdtis tlmid id nuidth

ch hpcgnhngþd nlrrinth `i chs ri`is slnghcis<

8.8.9 G`idtgagnhngþd `ic lokitl `i istu`gl

Ic lokitl `i istu`gl `i ch prisidti gdvistgjhngþd is ch gdacuidngh `i chs ri`is slnghcis id istu`ghdtis `i prgmir gdjrisl `i gdjidgiríh `ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti.

>

 

8.8.1 @icgmgthngþd `ic prlocimh

h) @icgmgthngþd gdstgtungldhc

Ch prisidti gdvistgjhngþd si rihcgzþ id ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti.

o) @icgmgthngþd timplrhc

Ch prisidti gdvistgjhngþd nlmprid`i ic piríl`l `i 8 `i lntuori hc 81 `i dlvgimori `ic høl ?6?6.

8.?

Kustgagnhngþd

Ic istu`ghdti nlml idti prgdngphc `i istu`gl, phrh ic nuhc si pritid`i `hr h nldlnir ch gdacuidngh `i chs ri`is slnghcis `itirmgdhd`l chs nld`gngldis y hnngldis qui lnhsgldhd ud mhc rid`gmgidtl hnh`çmgnl. Chs ri`is id hcjudhs lnhsgldis ikirnid ngirtl nldtrlc slori chs pirsldhs, yh qui ci `hd mès gmplrthdngh h isths qui h ltrhs hntgvg`h`is hnh`çmgnhs, istl prlvlnh qui chs pirsldhs `ipid`hd `i icchs y nrihd ud u d vídnucl `i `iogcg`h` id su usl.  Hntuhcmidti cls kþvidis si sgidtid istgmuch`ls plr chs ri`is slnghcis5 plr isth rhzþd nuidthd nld udh ixpirgidngh ohsthdti chrjh, plrqui gdtirhntûhd `is`i muy timprhdh i`h` id isti mud`l `i ch tindlcljíh, trhdsalrmhd`l udh slngi`h` qui `ipid`i `i çsths thdtl phrh `gstrhnngþd, nlml phrh gdalrmhngþd y nlmudgnhngþd. Istl bh binbl qui cls mi`gls `i nlmudgnhngþd sihd sustgtug`ls plr chs ri`is slnghcis, plr ch ahngcg`h` `i nldthr nld gdalrmhngþd qui si `gaud`i `imhsgh`l rèpg`h, prlvlnhd`l ic huji `i ch gdalrmhngþd ahcsh. 0

 

8.>

Lokitgvls

8.>.8 Lokitgvl jidirhc

@itirmgdhr ch gdacuidngh `i chs ri`is slnghcis id cls istu`ghdtis `i prgmir gdjrisl `i gdjidgiríh `i - NYDL_G -, `iagdgid`l ic usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis plr phrti `i cls istu`ghdtis, isthocingid`l slcungldis `ic tgimpl, hsí thmogçd slcungldis phrh ic nlrrintl usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis.

8.>.? Lokitgvls ispiníagnls

8. Nldlnir ic `høl qui nhushd chs ri`is slnghcis id ic rid`gmgidtl

hnh`çmgnl `ic istu`ghdti.

?. @itirmgdhr chs ri`is slnghcis mès arinuidth`hs, phrtgid`l `ic

mltgvl `i usl plr phrti `i cls istu`ghdtis.

>. Isthocinir udh slcungþd phrh qui cls istu`ghdtis tlmid id nuidth

ch hpcgnhngþd h`inuh`h, h agd `i udh mhylr gdacuidngh `i chs ri`is slnghcis.

9

 

8.0

@gsiøl Mitl`lcþjgnl

8.0.8 Pgpl `i gdvistgjhngþd

Ic istu`gl is `i tgpl `isnrgptgvl plrqui ic lokitgvl `i ch gdvistgjhngþd is `isnrgogr ud prlocimh l aidþmidl, is `ingr richthr ic aidþmidl cl mès ispiníagnl plsgoci ixpldgid`l sus nhrhntirístgnhs, `gmidsgldis, alrmhs y richngldis losirvhocis, h`imès `i utgcgzhr tçndgnhs i gdstrumidtls phrh ch rinlcinngþd `i `htls. (Vgcløh, ?668, p. 88)

Ch gdvistgjhngþd is `i tgpl `isnrgptgvl plr `ls rhzldis;

• ^i ousnh nldlnir nuècis sld cls `høls qui nhushd chs ri`is

slnghcis id ic rid`gmgidtl hnh`çmgnl `i cls istu`ghdtis, plr mi`gl `i cls risucth`ls lotidg`ls `i chs idnuisths.

•  Nld chs slcungldis si ousnh hyu`hr h humidthr ch gdacuidngh

plsgtgvh `i chs ri`is slnghcis id cls istu`ghdtis.

8.0.? Mçtl`l `i gdvistgjhngþd

Ic mçtl`l `i gdvistgjhngþd utgcgzh`l is ic gd`untgvl, yh qui ic lokitgvl `i isth gdvistgjhngþd phrti `i ud jrupl `i hrjumidtls phrh pl`ir alrmhr udl jidirhc.

1

 

8.0.> @iagdgngþd `i plochngþd y muistrh

h) Vlochngþd

–

Is ud jrupl `i icimidtls (pirsldhs, gdstgtungldis, lokitls l nlshs) qui si nhrhntirgzhd plr plsiir udh (l mès) prlpgi`h`is l nhrhntirístgnhs id nlmûd” (Vgcløh, ?688, p. 76). Ch plochngþd

istgmh`h id isth gdvistgjhngþd nldngirdi h cls istu`ghdtis `i prgmir gdjrisl `i chs nhrrirhs `i gdjidgiríh `ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti, qui nldsthd `i 7: istu`ghdtis.

o) Muistrh

–Is udh arhnngþd l udh phrti `i ud jrupl plochngldhc (udgvirsl) qui

riûdi ngirths nhrhntirístgnhs qui chs bhni nlmphtgocis y plr cl thdtl riprisidthtgvhs `i isi jrupl” (Vgcløh, ?688, p. 29 -21).

Vhrh pl`ir idnuisthr dinisgthrld `i udh aþrmuch isth`ístgnh phrh nhcnuchr ic thmhøl `i ch muistrh nlml lokitl `i istu`gl `i ch plochngþd istu`ghdtgc. @gnbh aþrmuch is ch sgjugidti; d=





p (8 ∟ p)  p)  p (8 ∟ p)  p)   I + D  [? ? 

  d = ic thmhøl dinishrgl `i ch muistrh.

  D = thmhøl `i ch plochngþd. :

 

  [ = dûmirls `i udg`h`is `i `isvghngþd istèd`hr id ch



`gstrgoungþd dlrmhc, qui prl`ungrè ic jrh`l `isih`l `i nldaghdzh h ud 76% ([ = 8.19).

  p = prlplrngþd `i ch plochngþd qui plsii ch nhrhntirístgnh `i gdtirçs (p = 6.9).



  I = irrlr, l mèxgmh `gairidngh idtri ch prlplrngþd muistrhc y



ch prlplrngþd `i ch plochngþd qui si istè `gspuisth h hnipthr id ic dgvic qui si bh siøhch`l (6.8).

d=

8.0.0

6.9 (8 ∟ 6.9)  6.9)   6.9)    6.9 (8 ∟ 6.9)  + 7: (8.19)?  (6.8)?

= >7.77: ≂  ≂  06

 

Pçndgnhs i gdstrumidtls

h) Nç`uch `i Idtrivgsth

^ld blkhs qui nldtgidid prlplsgngldis gdtirrljhtgvhs qui sgrvid `i juíh phrh ch idtrivgsth. Ysuhcmidti si istrunturhd nld plnhs prijudths. ^i alrmuchd y lrjhdgzhd id ud alrmhtl sgjugid`l `itirmgdh`l isquimh, sijûd cls lokitgvls prlpgls `i ch gdvistgjhngþd. ^u istrunturh is `i prijudths hogirths. (Vgcløh, ?688, p. 70)

2

 

o) Idnuisth

Is ch tçndgnh mi`ghdti ch nuhc si h`qugiri gdalrmhngþd `i ud jrupl l phrti `i ch plochngþd, h ch qui si ci `idlmgdh muistrh. Nldsgsti id gd`hjhr l gdtirrljhr h `itirmgdh`hs pirsldhs, h trhvçs `i ud nuistgldhrgl privghmidti priphrh`l, nhcgagnh`l y slmitg`l h pruioh, sijûd cls phrtgnuchris lokitgvls qui gdtirishd hcnhdzhr h trhvçs `i isth tçndgnh. Ysuhcmidti sld plnhs prijudths. ^u gdstrumidtl is ic nuistgldhrgl. (Vgcløh, ?6?6, p. 29)

n) Cinturh

Dl is ic sgmpci hntl `i plshr ch vgsth slori ic tixtl y ciir5 yh qui ch cinturh phrh iaintls `i ch gdvistgjhngþd, nldccivh ch nlmpridsgþd, gdtirprithngþd y ic hdècgsgs `ic tixtl cií`l. Ydh `i chs tçndgnhs mès utgcgzh`hs id ch gdvistgjhngþd `lnumidthc, is cþjgnhmidti ch cinturh `i tixtls. @i isth hntgvg`h` si lotgidid risûmidis, nrítgnhs, itn. (Vgcløh. ?688, p. 16)

8.0.9

Auidtis `i gdalrmhngþd

h) Auidtis sinud`hrghs



  Cgorls/rivgsths `gjgthcis



  @lnumidtls V@A



  Pisgs



  @lnumidthc 7

 

NHVÍPYCL GG MH_NL _IAI_IDNGHC

?.8

 „

 „

Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti  NYDL_G   Ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti -NYDL_G-, aui aud`h`l id 87:: nlml phrti `i ch `isnidtrhcgzhngþd y `imlnrhtgzhngþd `i ch i`unhngþd udgvirsgthrgh gmpucsh`h plr ch Ydgvirsg`h` `i ^hd Nhrcls `i Juhtimhch id 87:9. Istè uognh`l id ch nhrritirh NH 7- egcþmitrl 817 `i ch ruth hc htcèdtgnl. ^u si`i nidtrhc istè id ch ngu`h` `i Nbgqugmuch, nld udh nloirturh id cls `iphrthmidtls `i [hnhph, Gzhohc y Ic Vrljrisl.

Isth gdstgtungþd, h`imès `i cls prlyintls i`unhtgvls, rihcgzh nuhtrl audngldis nlml cl sld ch gdvistgjhngþd, `lnidngh, ixtidsgþd y sirvgngl, hdti chs gdstgtungldis pûocgnhs, dl juoirdhmidthcis y prgvh`hs uognh`hs id ch rijgþd, `ipid`gid`l `i ch `imhd`h `i nh`h udh `i icchs, y chs ikinuth h trhvçs `i cls prljrhmhs `i prèntgnhs, ikirngngl prlaisgldhc supirvgsh`l y prèntgnh prlaisgldhc nlmudgthrgh qui rihcgzhd cls istu`ghdtis `i nh`h udh `i chs nhrrirhs, nld hsislríh `i cls prlaisgldhcis qui cholrhd id chs mgsmhs.

Aui hutlrgzh`h ch nrihngþd `ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti sijûd Hnth ?0:1, `i ainbh sgiti `i kucgl `i mgc dlvingidtls sitidth y sigs, `i Nldsikl ^upirglr Ydgvirsgthrgl. Id ic høl ?662, gdgnghd chs nhrrirhs h dgvic `i Cgnidnghturh id Gdjidgiríh Ngvgc i Gdjidgiríh id Ngidnghs y ^gstimhs.

86

 

MG^GÞD

^lmls udh gdstgtungþd nld nucturh `imlnrètgnh, rintlrh `i ch I`unhngþd ^upirglr id ic èrih `ic dlr-lrgidti y rispldshoci `i nldtrgougr hc `ishrrlccl y slcungþd `i cls prlocimhs slnglinldþmgnls, mi`ghdti ch nrihngþd, `gausgþd y hpcgnhngþd `ic nldlngmgidtl phrh miklrhr ch nhcg`h` `i vg`h `i sus bhogthdtis.

QG^GÞD

^ir ch Ydgvirsg`h` isththc `ic dlr-lrgidti `i Juhtimhch, nuyl agd aud`hmidthc sih icivhr ic dgvic ispgrgtuhc `i cls bhogthdtis `i ch _ijgþd, h trhvçs `i ch prlaisgldhcgzhngþd `ic rinursl bumhdl id chs `gvirshs `gsngpcgdhs ngidtíagnhs, tindlcþjgnhs y bumhdístgnhs, lrgidthd`l cls prljrhmhs `i `lnidngh, gdvistgjhngþd y ixtidsgþd udgvirsgthrgh bhngh ic cljrl `i ch ixnicidngh hnh`çmgnh nlml ahntlr `i `ishrrlccl.

LOKIPGQL^

h) Nldtrgougr id alrmh ispinghc hc pchdtihmgidtl, istu`gl, slnghcgzhngþd y

slcungþd `i cls prlocimhs rijgldhcis, mi`ghdti prljrhmhs `i gdvistgjhngþd ngidtíagnh, agclsþagnh y tçndgnh, phrh alrthcinir y `ishrrlcchr ic nldlngmgidtl id oidiagngl `i ch slngi`h`.

o) Alrmhr prlaisgldhcis hcthmidti nhcgagnh`ls id chs `gvirshs nhrrirhs,

phrh shtgsahnir chs dinisg`h`is `i i`unhngþd supirglr `imhd`h`hs plr ch slngi`h` dlrlrgidthc `i Juhtimhch. 88

 

n) Nrihr y `ishrrlcchr ch udg`h` `i ixtidsgþd, phrh ch alrmuchngþd y

ivhcuhngþd `i pchdis gdtijrhcis, qui ousquid ch slcungþd `i chs dinisg`h`is slnghcis.

`) Qgdnuchr chs hntgvg`h`is `i @lnidngh, Gdvistgjhngþd y Ixtidsgþd

udgvirsgthrgh `i NYDL_G, nld tl`hs chs idtg`h`is dhngldhcis i gdtirdhngldhcis,

phrh

mhdtidir

ud

nldsthdti

gdtirnhmogl

`i

gdalrmhngþd y hntuhcgzhngþd `i cls prlnisls `i alrmhngþd prlaisgldhc.

i) Nuctgvhr richngldis `i nllpirhngþd nld hslnghngldis i gdstgtungldis qui

`ishrrlcchd cholris prlmlngþd `ic `ishrrlccl nlmudgthrgl, `hd`l prglrg`h` ch htidngþd h cls jrupls slnghcis mhrjgdh`ls.

8?

 

NHVÍPYCL GGG MH_NL PIÞ_GNL

>.8

_i`is slnghcis Isths istrunturhs slnghcis larinid mûctgpcis audngldis qui risucthd `i utgcg`h` hc usuhrgl pirl qui gdacuyid id ch pirsldh `i thc mhdirh qui isth `ioi sir nldsngidti `ic idtlrdl id ic qui si idnuidtrh, phrh cl nuhc Olrkhs (nlml si ngtþ id Nlrih, ?681) `iagdi h chs ri`is slnghcis qui sld Zio qui pirmgtid h cls usuhrgls idtrichzhrsi phrh pl`ir nlmudgnhrsi idtri sí, nld cls hmgjls qui si idnuidtrid `idtrl `i su prlpgh ri`, id ch nuhc pui`id gdtirnhmoghr altls, vg`ils, midshkis gdsthdtèdils, nlmidthrgls id altls.

Chs ri`is slnghcis `gspldid su pchthalrmh vgrtuhc hc usuhrgl, ic nuhc bhni usl nhrhntirístgnl `i ch mgsmh, nld ud agd hnld`gngldh`l h su dinisg`h` l prlpþsgtl. Vlr ltrh phrti, Dljuirh (nlml si ngtþ id Nlrih, ?681) siøhch qui chs ri`is slnghcis sld birrhmgidths `i nlmudgnhngþd qui si nhrhntirgzhd plr su gdmi`ghtiz y su vgrhcg`h`.

@idtrl `i chs pchthalrmhs vgrtuhcis ch gdalrmhngþd si `gaud`i hmpcghmidti, idnldtrèd`lsi h `gsplsgngþd `i tl`ls cls usuhrgls. Ch nlmudgnhngþd risucth sir iaintgvh y `i nhrèntir udgvirshc. Vlr ûctgml, Dljuirh (nlml si ngtþ id Nlrih, ?681) gd`gnh qui chs ri`is slnghcis sld cls sgstimhs qui hjruphd usuhrgls y pirmgtid qui chs pirsldhs si nldlznhd y isthociznhd ud nldthntl arinuidti. Munbhs `i isths ri`is sld hogirths y pl`rimls nldthnthrdls nld pirsldhs `i nuhcqugir nlmudg`h`, hudqui ltrhs sld nirrh`hs y cls usuhrgls `ing`id h qugçd hnipthr.

8>

 

Chs ri`is slnghcis prlpgnghd udh gdtirahz `i cgori hnnisl id `ld`i si isthocinid vhrgi`h` `i gdtirhnngldis h agd `i mlstrhr hc usuhrgl ud hmogidti qui h su vgsth risucth hjrh`hoci y ûtgc phrh qui `gnbh pirsldh mhdtidjh nldthntl arinuidti nld ch ri`.

>.8.8 Lokitgvls

Pl`hs chs ri`is slnghcis tgidid ud lokitgvl id nlmûd, ic nuhc is cchmhr ch htidngþd `i cls usuhrgls, is `ingr isths ri`is slnghcis nlmpgtid plr vir qugid h`qugiri ch mhylr nhdtg`h` `i usuhrgls id su pchthalrmh, trhthd`l `i nldlnir h sus nldsumg`lris nld nh`h udh `i chs hntgvg`h`is qui rihcgzhd `idtrl `i icch phrh pl`ir pri`ingr cl qui istls mgsmls bhrèd.

Vlr mi`gl `i hcjlrgtmls qui chs nlmputh`lrhs ccijhd h pri`ingr cl qui ic usuhrgl qugiri vir y shoir id ic mlmidtl qui hnni`i h `gnbh ri` slnghc, nh`h udh `i chs hnngldis qui si bhjhd `idtrl `i icchs vhd h pl`ir ccidhr cls lokitgvls qui tgidid nlml imprish y pl`ir h`qugrgr ch mhylr nhdtg`h` `i tgimpl qui ic nldsumg`lr pui`h `hrci.

Bhrrgs (?6?6) @gsiøh`lr Çtgnl `i Jlljci midngldþ qui chs ri`is slnghcis tgidid tris lokitgvls l miths id nlmûd;

8. Ch mith `i Htidngþd; Xui tgidi plr lokitgvl humidthr ic tgimpl

qui phshs id ch ri`.

80

 

?. Ch mith `i Nringmgidtl; Ic nuhc nrih ud vídnucl phrh qui gdvgtis

h tus hmgjls y hsí sunisgvhmidti.

>. Ch mith `i Vuocgng`h`; Xui is `ld`i jidirhd `gdirl. (Ditacgx, ic

`gcimh `i chs ri`is slnghcis)

Nh`h udl `i chs imprishs qui nldtrlchd chs ri`is slnghcis ccijh h numpcgr nld isths tris miths, tgidi ud ngirtl nldtrlc slori sus usuhrgls phrh nrihr udh gdacuidngh id ch tlmh `i sus `ingsgldis, yh sih id su vg`h pirsldhc l id su vg`h id chs ri`is slnghcis. Nh`h udh `i chs `gairidtis ri`is slnghcis nlmpgti idtri sí phrh pl`ir tidir ch mhylr nhdtg`h` `i htidngþd `i chs pirsldhs.

Vchcgbhpgtgyh (?6?6) Ix Qgniprisg`idti `i Nringmgidtl `i Ahniolle midngldþ qui;

Duistrhs hnngldis `idtrl `i Ahniolle cls mi jusths, cl qui nlmphrtis, idtri ltrls. ^i gdtijrhd phrh nldstrugr ud ml`icl qui pri`gni cl qui bhrè thc nlml ch sinngþd `i –pirsldhs qui qugzès nldlznhs” yh qui hc gdtijrhr chs itgquiths Ahniolle bgzl qui ch

jidti si nldinthrh mès `i cl bhogtuhc y rihcgzhr itgquiths h ltrls usuhrgls phrh lotidir mès pirsldhs id ch ri`. (Ditacgx, ic `gcimh `i chs ri`is slnghcis)

Nh`h udh `i duistrhs gdtirhnngldis `idtrl `i chs ri`is slnghcis nrih ud ml`icl `i nh`h pirsldh phrh iccls, ic nuhc plr gdticgjidngh shorè qui is cl qui mès ci justh y priagiri bhnir `urhdti su tgimpl `idtrl `i nh`h udh `i chs pchthalrmhs qui arinuidth. 89

 

Nbhsclt (?6?6) Ix Gdjidgirl id WluPuoi `gkl; –WluPuoi is udh pchthalrmh qui tl`ls utgcgzhmls,

ic

nuhc

tgidi plr lokitgvl

idtritidirdls, pirl mès hccè `i idtritidirdls is ud ml`icl `i dijlngls ic nuhc ci `i`gnhmls munbl tgimpl h vg`ils yh sih phrh duistrl ogid l mhc” (Ditacgx, ic `gcimh `i chs   ri`is slnghcis). Cls

nrih`lris `i isth pchthalrmh tgidid ch lplrtudg`h` `i pl`ir mlditgzhr su nldtidg`l nldalrmi ch nhdtg`h` `i sijug`lris y vgsuhcgzhngldis `i istls, sgimpri y nuhd`l sgjhd chs dlrmhs `i ch ri` slnghc.

Isths ri`is slnghcis tgidid ch cchvi phrh pl`ir nldtrlchr duistrh htidngþd, yh sih plr sg qugirid lotidir mès jhdhdnghs l ic sgmpci binbl `i dl hphrthrdls `i icchs, id chs ri`is slnghcis hphrti `i tidir tris lokitgvls id nlmûd nldtgidid mgccldis `i dltgnghs qui yh dg sgqugirh pui`is shoir cl qui is rihc y cl qui dl. Id isth çplnh bimls phsh`l `i udh irh `i gdalrmhngþd, h ch irh `i ch `isgdalrmhngþd5 plr tl`l ic nldtidg`l irrþdil qui si pui`i idnldtrhr `idtrl `i icchs.

Bhrrgs (?6?6) @gsiøh`lr Çtgnl `i Jlljci `gkl; –Ch tindlcljíh y chs ri`is slnghcis dl sld udh hmidhzh, sgdl su nhphng`h` phrh shnhr cl pilr `i ch slngi`h`” (Ditacgx, ic `gcimh `i chs ri`is slnghcis).  

>.8.? _i`is slnghcis mès arinuidth`hs id ch hntuhcg`h`

>.8.?.8 Ahniolle

Ahniolle is udh ri` slnghc prgdngphc ic nuhc tgidi nlml lokitgvl cchmhr ch htidngþd `i cls kþvidis.

81

 

Is ch ri` slnghc mès utgcgzh`h plr cls kþvidis y h`lcisnidtis, aui nrih`h plr Mhre [uneiroirj5 chdzh`h id aiorirl `i ?660. Nrih`h lrgjgdhcmidti phrh istu`ghdtis `i ch udgvirsg`h` `i Bhrvhr`, hudqui plr su plpuchrg`h` hntuhcmidti hogirth h nuhcqugir usuhrgl qui qugirh sir phrti `i icch. Is ud isphngl qui pirmgti puocgnhr gdalrmhngþd pirsldhc y prlaisgldhc, altls, nbhtihr y sir phrti `i jrupls sijûd gdtirisis pirsldhcis. (Nlrih, ?681, p. ?>)

Ahniolle is nldsg`irh`h nlml ch ri` slnghc mès utgcgzh`h plr ic pûocgnl mud`ghc plrqui is nlml ud isphngl pirsldhc `ld`i pui`is nldinthr nld tus hmgjls, nldlng`ls y nlmphrtgr nuhcqugir nlsh nld iccls, h`imès `i nrihr jrupls, bhnir vg`il cchmh`hs,  kujhr h kuijls, itn.

^g Ahniolle auirh ud phís, h`imès `i tidir udh thsh `i nringmgidtl `imljrèagnl gmprisgldhdti, id plquísgml tgimpl, `i mhdtidirsi ch tid`idngh, tid`ríh sirgls prlocimhs. @i tl`hs mhdirhs, istl is sþcl ic prgdngpgl5 ic rgtml `i nringmgidtl `i Ahniolle sijugrè `hd`l qui bhochr id ic auturl, sg tidimls id nuidth qui h prgdngpgls `i idirl ?667 nldthoh nld 896 mgccldis `i usuhrgls hntgvls y h agdis `i aiorirl 8:9 mgccldis. Istl sgjdgagnh qui `i idirl h horgc `i ?667, ch ri` nringþ id 06 mgccldis `i gdtijrhdtis, l `gnbl `i ltrh mhdirh, h rhzþd `i hcjl mès `i mi`gl mgccþd `i usuhrgls plr `íh. (Ahirmhd, ?667, p. ?>)

8:

 

Ch thsh `i nringmgidtl `i usuhrgls `i Ahniolle bh humidth`l `i udh alrmh ispinthnuchr yh qui `is`i ic høl ?667 si rijgstrhrld mès `i ?,?:0 mgccldis `i usuhrgls hntgvls bhsth ch ainbh `i bly, istl si `ioi h qui Ahniolle ci orgd`h ud hmogidti hmgjhoci `ld`i chs pirsldhs pui`hd nlmidthr, lpgdhr, nlmphrtgr y sijugr munbhs mhrnhs qui priagirid. Jldzèciz (?680) gd`gnþ; –Nuhd`l gdgngþ ch Gdtirdit, si nriíh qui su lokitgvl

prgdngphc siríh ch oûsqui`h i gdtirnhmogl `i gdalrmhngþd5 pirl id ch hntuhcg`h` is ush`h mès phrh isthr id nldthntl nld cls simikhdtis qui phrh lotidir gdalrmhngþd sijûd gd`gnh” (p.  ?>).

_igj y Zgcnbiz (?68>) midngldhd qui; –Ahniolle dls `imuistrh qui ch dinisg`h` `i sir slnghocis is muy gmplrthdti, mgidtrhs qui ch `i lotidir gdalrmhngþd phsh h sijud`l pchdl” (p. ?>). Id

ch hntuhcg`h`, Ahniolle bh tlmh`l ud huji gmplrthdti `idtrl `i ch slngi`h`, puis çsth pirmgti mhdtidir udh nlmudgnhngþd nld hmgjls y nldlng`ls sgd tidir ch dinisg`h` `i isthr id nldthntl aísgnl nld iccls. @iog`l h istl su lokitgvl phsþ `i sir ud gdtirnhmogl `i gdalrmhngþd h sir udh hpcgnhngþd `ld`i chs pirsldhs pui`hd slnghcgzhr nld sus siris quirg`ls y hmgjls. Ahniolle `h ch lplrtudg`h` `i pl`ir ixprishr cls sidtgmgidtls `i chs pirsldhs isnrgth y jrèagnhmidti, yh qui isth hpcgnhngþd pirmgti itgquithr, nlmidthr, rihnngldhr y nlmphrtgr tl`hs hquicchs gmèjidis y/l tixtls qui dlsltrls l duistrls hmgjls puocgquid.

82

 

>.8.?.? Gdsthjrhm

@h h nldlnir ch orivi pirl trhsnid`idthc bgstlrgh `i Gdsthjrhm5 –dhni ic 1 `i lntuori `i ?686 id ^hd

Arhdngsnl, hpcgnhngþd phrh mþvgc qui nhmoghríh phrh sgimpri ch vg`h `i mgccldis `i pirsldhs y ch alrmh `i idtid`ir ch altljrhaíh” (Hcldsl. ?689, p.  ?9).

Ic prgdngphc lokitgvl `i Gdsthjrhm is qui chs pirsldhs pui`hd puocgnhr altls y vg`ils ohkl ud ritlqui altljrèagnl qui pirmgti nrihr udh istrhtijgh `i nldtidg`l5 nldtrlchr su nhcg`iz, gdtidsgagnhr ic nldtrhsti, `hrcis ud mhylr nlclr, idtri ltrls iaintls. Istl bhni qui chs altls y vg`ils humidtid `i nhcg`h` phrh pl`ir nlmphrtgrchs nld miklr hphrgidngh id ltrhs ri`is.

Vhrh sir plpuchr id Gdsthjrhm is gmplrthdti pldir ouidls

bhsbthjs

Midngldhd

id

vhrghs

ic

mlmidtl

pèjgdhs

h`inuh`l.

wio

nlml

PhsalrCgeis.nlm qui bhnid riairidngh h chs itgquiths mès plpuchris `ic mlmidtl. Vlr midngldhr hcjudls `i iccls sld, #tot phrh PbrlwOhnePburs`hy, #AA phrh AlcclwArg`hy l gdncusl #ylcl phrh WluLdcyCgviLdni. Cls bhsbthjs sgrvid phrh nchsgagnhr chs puocgnhngldis plr phchorh nchvi. Vhshd`l plr ch pisthøh `ic ixpclrir, pui`is ousnhr nldtidg`ls qui ti gdtirishd. (Orhsshrt, Arhdnisnl y Vucvgridtg, ?680, p. ?1)

87

 

Gdsthjrhm pirmgti pl`ir lrjhdgzhr nldtidg`ls richngldh`ls phrh qui pui`hd sir bhcch`ls nld mès ahngcg`h` plr mi`gl `i Bhsbthjs, ud nchrl ikimpcl is; sg utgcgzhmls #Jhtls id ch pisthøh `i oûsqui`h, pl`rimls idnldtrhr tl`hs hquicchs gmèjidis y vg`ils cls nuhcis bhcchd utgcgzh`l id mgsml bhsbthj.

>.8.?.>  WluPuoi

WluPuoi is udh `i chs pchthalrmhs mès vgsgth`hs id tl`l ic mud`l, sijug`hmidti `i Jlljci, ch nrihngþd `i ud nhdhc l nuidth id isth ri` slnghc is jrhtgs, id ic nuhc si pui`id suogr y nlmphrtgr vg`ils.

WluPuoi is ud mi`gl hrtístgnl5 udh tindlcljíh qui pirmgti h cls lyidtis nldvirtgrsi id nhdthdtis, ispinth`lris,

nldvirtgrsi

id

hntlris

y

nldsumg`lris phrh nldvirtgrsi id prl`untlris nrihd`l duivhs lorhs lrgjgdhcis y nlmpcimidthd`l chs ixgstidtis. (Nhyhrg, ?688, p. ?0)

WluPuoi tgidi `gairidtis audngldis, pl`imls ousnhr y riprl`ungr vg`ils, nrihr ud nhdhc, susnrgogrsi h ltrls nhdhcis, gdtirhntuhr nld vg`ils, nrihr duistrh prlpgh ogocgltinh `i vg`ils, idtri ltrhs, plr isths rhzldis ch nldvgirti id udh `i chs ri`is slnghcis mès utgcgzh`hs h dgvic mud`ghc.

?6

 

Isth ri` slnghc is utgcgzh`h mhylrmidti plr kþvidis, plr ch rhzþd qui bhy munbl nldtidg`l hu`glvgsuhc `i tl`hs chs timètgnhs nlml; tutlrghcis, idtritidgmgidtl, i`unhtgvls, idtri ltrhs. –^ld cls kþvidis qugidis pri`lmgdhd `imljrèagnhmidti

id WluPuoi thdtl h dgvic `i hu`gidngh hoslcuth nlml id dûmirl `i gdtirhnngldis y hnngldis `i ritrlhcgmidthngþd”

(Nbhu, ?686, p. 19).

Munbls usuhrgls nriid qui WluPuoi dl is udh ri` slnghc pirl id rihcg`h` isth nriidngh nhmogh nuhd`l iris ud usuhrgl hntgvl, yh qui gdtirhntuhmls nld duistrls sijug`lris l nld duistrl Wlutuoir `i udh mhdirh muy slnghc, cl nuhc bhni qui si nldvgirthd id udh nlmudg`h`. –Ydh `i chs nhrhntirístgnhs

mès ricivhdtis `i WluPuoi is su nhphng`h` phrh jidirhr ud auirti sidtgmgidtl `i nlmudg`h` idtri sus usuhrgls” (Oly`,

?680, p. 0:).

Ydh `i chs vidthkhs `i qui WluPuoi larini, is mlditgzhr ic nhdhc, `ld`i si pui`id gdncugr puocgng`h` id cls vg`ils sgimpri y nuhd`l si sgjhd chs rijchs istgpuch`hs plr WluPuoi. H nuhcqugir pirsldh qui tidjh ud nhdhc hogirtl y hntgvl id isth ri` slnghc, si ci nldlni nlml ylutuoir, istl gmpcgnh nrihr mlvgmgidtls slnghcis hcri`i`lr `ic nhdhc, bhnir qui cls sijug`lris si gdtirisid mès nh`h `íh y nldsijugr qui ic vlcumid `i ahds y sijug`lris dl `iki `i nrinir. Nld ch agdhcg`h` `i pl`ir nrihr udh nlmudg`h` idtri ic ylutuoir nld sus sijug`lris.

?8

 

>.8.?.0

ZbhtsHpp Is udh ri` slnghc `i midshkiríh phrh ticçaldls mþvgcis `i ûctgmh jidirhngþd cchmh`ls ^mhrtpbldi y phrh lr`idh`lris nlmudis, isth hpcgnhngþd tgidi nlml audngþd idvghr y ringogr midshkis `i tixtl y muctgmi`gh idtri cls usuhrgls.

Vidsh`l phrh ticçaldls mþvgcis gdticgjidtis. Is ud sgstimh

qui

nlmphrti

munbhs

`i

chs

pinucghrg`h`is `i ltrhs tçndgnhs `i nlmudgnhngþd icintrþdgnhs (chs mès nirnhdhs, ic Missidjir y ic ^M^, nlml si istu`gh id isti hrtínucl) pirl qui hplrth hc nldkudtl ltrls icimidtls dlvi`lsls (ic nþ`gjl gnldljrèagnl imlkg, plr ikimpcl). (Listirrignbir, 8771, p. 29)

ZbhtsHpp is udh `i chs ri`is slnghcis mès utgcgzh`hs id ch hntuhcg`h`, yh qui si nldvgrtgþ id ic mi`gl vgthc `i nlmudgnhngþd id cídih `i munbhs pirsldhs, yh qui is udh hpcgnhngþd muy `grinth y nld audngldis gmplrthdtis nlml cl sld midshkis, cchmh`hs y vg`ilcchmh`hs.

Zbhtshpp is udh pchthalrmh ch nuhc larini munbhs vidthkhs tindlcþjgnhs, inldþmgnhs, nlmudgnhtgvhs y ud ngarh`l `i ixtriml h ixtriml, nld cls qui cls midshkis dl pui`id sir gdtirnipth`ls. –Is ch nhphng`h` `i h`hpthngþd y nlcldgzhngþd `i ch nlmpitidngh nlmudgnhtgvh bumhdh id nuhcqugir mi`gl”

(Ochdnl, ?66?. p. :7).

??

 

>.8.?.9

Pwgttir Pwgttir is udh ri` slnghc `i nlmudgnhngþd og`grinngldhc plrqui pirmgti `ing`gr nld qugid si richngldh nh`h pirsldh, isth hpcgnhngþd cgmgth cls midshkis h ?26 nhrhntiris. Ydh `i chs nlshs qui mès cis gdtirish h chs pirsldhs is nlml lotidir sijug`lris, plr isth rhzþd udl `i cls lokitgvls `i ch plochngþd `i Pwgttir is ch nhzh `i sijug`lris, yh qui sg nuidth nld ud jrhd dûmirl `i alcclwirs, sus twiits sirèd mès vgrhcis.

Pwgttir is udh birrhmgidth pidsh`h id nldniptls `i mlvgcg`h`, y cl is `is`i su aud`hngþd, h `gairidngh `i ltrhs ri`is slnghcis, nlml Ahniolle, qui bh tidg`l qui gr h`hptèd`lsi h ch mlvgcg`h` `ic usuhrgl. Hc nlmgidzl, Pwgttir irh muy oèsgnl pirl irh plrthoci. ^i pl`íh y si pui`i twgttihr `is`i nuhcqugir `gsplsgtgvl. (Ochdnl, ?680, p. ?>)

Yd twiit is ud midshki ic nuhc tgidi ud címgti `i 806 nhrhntiris. Is udh puocgnhngþd l hntuhcgzhngþd `i isth`l qui is puocgnh`h id Pwgttir. Cls twiits pui`id tidir citrhs, dûmirls, sgjdls y idchnis, thmogçd pui`id gdncugr itgquiths l bhsbthjs, cls nuhcis pirmgtid ud idalqui qui pritid`i `hr h ch puocgnhngþd. –Hntuhcmidti ixgstid mès `i 966 mgccldis `i

nuidths id Pwgttir. ^i puocgnhd mès `i 8:9 mgccldis `i twiits hc `íh. Isth`ls Ydg`ls, Khpþd y Orhsgc sld cls tris phísis mès hntgvls `ic mud`l” (Ochdnl, ?680, p. ?0).  

?>

 

Pwgttir pirmgti lotidir gdalrmhngþd `i alrmh gdmi`ghth, isth hpcgnhngþd si nhrhntirgzh plr sir udh ri` slnghc plr ch gdmi`ghtiz `i cls Pwiits, istls pui`id sir `i `gairidtis èmogtls nlml; midshkis pirsldhcis, dltgnghs, puocgng`h`, altljrhaíhs, idtri ltrhs.

Ch minèdgnh `i audngldhmgidtl is muy sidngcch; nuhcqugir usuhrgl pui`i puocgnhr twiits l nldsucthr cls `i ltrls usuhrgls, cl qui nldvgirti h Pwgttir id udh pl`irlsísgmh birrhmgidth `i gdalrmhngþd nlcholrhtgvh id tgimpl rihc, id ch qui nuhcqugir pirsldh pui`i hplrthr nldtidg`l ûtgc i gdtirishdti phrh cls `imès id tl`l mlmidtl. (Ochdnl, ?680, p. ?0)

>.? Gdacuidngh `i chs ri`is slnghcis id ic èmogtl hnh`çmgnl

>.?.8 Qucdirhogcg`h`is id ic èmogtl hnh`çmgnl

>.?.8.8 Vçr`g`h `i nldnidtrhngþd

Ch nldnidtrhngþd is udh bhogcg`h` midthc qui vhríh `ipid`gid`l `i nh`h pirsldh, y ch audngþd `i çsth is idalnhr ud lokitl l udh hnngþd, cljrhd`l duochr ic idtlrdl y cl qui istç auirh `ic lokitl `i htidngþd, nchrl qui çsti idalqui pui`i sir hctirh`l sg si ringoi udh istgmuchngþd `i hcjudh auidti ixtirdh hc lokitl `i htidngþd. Ic dgvic `i nldnidtrhngþd qui si ci tidjh h ud lokitl/hntgvg`h`, `ipid`i `i ch mltgvhngþd qui ic gd`gvg`ul plsih bhngh `gnbh hntgvg`h`. ?0

 

Ic gmphntl `i chs ri`is slnghcis slori cls midlris tl`hvíh dl si bh isnchring`l pcidhmidti. ^ijûd ic Istu`gl

Idbhngdj

Nbgc`

^haity

hd`

ldcgdi

tinbdlcljgis, icholrh`l plr ^haity tinbdgnhc Phse Alrni y `grgjg`l plr Oiremhd Nidtir alr gdtirdit & ^lngity `i ch Ydgvirsg`h` `i Bhrvhr`, Gdtirdit dl `høh h cls dgøls. ^gd imohrjl, ch diurlngrukhdh ^ushd Jriidagic` nldsg`irh qui dhvijhr id sgtgls nlml Ahniolle pui`i ri`ungr ch nhphng`h` `i nldnidtrhngþd `i cls kþvidis y vlcvir h cls ngoirdhuths mès nidtrh`ls id sí mgsmls. (_l`lth, it hc., ?688, p. 8:)

Chs ri`is slnghcis bhd trhsnid`g`l id cls kþvidis, bhngid`l qui vihd h çsths nlml udh dinisg`h`, y isths h su viz nhushd udh mltgvhngþd id cls kþvidis y ri`unid ch bhogcg`h` `i nldnidtrhngþd `i cls mgsmls, id hntgvg`h`is hnh`çmgnhs, `i slnghcgzhngþd, idtri ltrhs.

^i `gsaruth `i sidshngldis hcthmidti pchnidtirhs h cl chrjl `i ch vg`h, istl `iog`l h ch @lphmgdh. ^i idtgid`i qui duistrl niriorl istè `lmgdh`l plr udh trhyintlrgh binbgzhdti `ic pchnir, idtldnis, `is`i ish þptgnh, si pl`rè gdairgr ch richngþd qui tgidid chs rinlmpidshs nld duistrh bhogtuhngþd l `ipid`idngh

h

isths

ri`is

ngoirslnghcis.

([hmorhdl, ?689, p. 8:)

?9

 

Nuhd`l si nrih udh `ipid`idngh, si nrih udh h`gnngþd, idtldnis si `ioi h ish `lphmgdh qui ic niriorl prl`uni nuhd`l is ixngth`l `i hcjudh u ltrh alrmh, y tgid`i h ousnhr nh`h viz `i mhdirh mès arinuidti ic nldtidg`l qui prlvlnh ish istgmuchngþd id ngirths zldhs niriorhcis.

Id isphngls ngoirslnghcis, ch `ipid`idngh haintgvh y ch oûsqui`h `ic rinldlngmgidtl h trhvçs `ic cgei id cls –hmgjls” l nldthntls, l sgmpcimidti ic

sidtgrsi phrtgngphtgvls id ic kuijl qui tl`ls kuijhd, sld aidþmidls muy nlmudis y plr supuistl, pui`id sir hdhcgzh`ls `idtrl `ic nhmpl `i ch ritrgoungþd niriorhc, kustgagnh`ls id chs ri`is qui gdtijrhd imlngþd y nljdgngþd. ([hmorhdl, ?689, p. 8:)

Vlr cl qui ch `ipid`idngh h chs ri`is slnghcis risucth `i ch shtgsahnngþd qui si ringoi hc sidtgrsi phrti `ic kuijl, cls cgeis bhnid `ipid`gidtis h cls h`lcisnidtis `i chs ri`is slnghcis y hc sir `ipid`gidtis nlml risucth`l vgidi ch pçr`g`h `i nldnidtrhngþd, ch slci`h` y hgschmgidtl5 munbls kþvidis dl pui`id phshr ud slcl `íh sgd horgr su Ahniolle l hcjudh ri` slnghc h ch qui pirtidiznhd.

?1

 

>.?.8.? Bèogtls `i lngl

Nuhd`l cls kþvidis tgidid tgimpl cgori, istèd id ch `gspldgogcg`h` `i `isplkhrsi `i tl`hs sus hntgvg`h`is, l ogid richkhrsi plr mi`gl `i chs ri`is slnghcis, id ic nuhc pui`i idnldtrhr dltgnghs ricivhdtis. Ch _ihc Hnh`imgh Isphølch (?6?6), nldslcg`h; –Is ch nishngþd `ic trhohkl, gdhnngþd l tlthc lmgsgþd `i ch hntgvg`h`. Pgimpl cgori `i udh pirsldh” (p. 82).  

Dhvijhr id chs ri`is slnghcis khmès `ioi `i nldvirtgrsi id ud bèogtl `i lngl, plrqui `isplkh hc gd`gvg`ul `i tl`l su hcri`i`lr, `i chs ixpirgidnghs dhturhcis, slnghcis, gdncusl prlvlnh ud `isnug`l id sus locgjhngldis. [hmorhdl (?689) gd`gnh; –@idtrl `ic mitrl, id ic ohøl, hc `ispirthr, y dl

`gjhmls id riudgldis l mgidtrhs nlmimls5 phrini qui id hcjudls mlmidtls `i duistrhs vg`hs, isth ngoirslnghcg`h` auisi prgmlr`ghc hdti ltrhs dinisg`h`is vgthcis `i duistrh ixgstidngh” (p. 82).

Munbhs vinis ic lngl hyu`h hc sir bumhdl, pirl nlml tl`l id ngirth mi`g`h is ouidl. Hntuhcmidti cls kþvidis supchdthd hc trhohkl plr ic lngl, y cls `imès prlocimhs vgidid nldsgjl, nh`h udl `irgvèd`lsi `i ltrl, nlml sg auisi ud kuijl `i `lmgdþ.

?:

 

Ic lngl dl is, plr cl thdtl, udh phush, nlrth l chrjh, id ic trhohkl, ud mlmidtl `i riplsl `i

ch

hntgvg`h`, is, mès ogid, udh vhclrgzhngþd `i cl bumhdl, `i ch audngþd slnghc `i blmori, is udh alrmh cgori `i vgvgr, `i mgrhr phrh ic mud`l nlml ud tl`l. (Lrtijh, ?680, p. 82)

Vlr cl qui ic bèogtl `i lngl pui`i sir `i oidiagngl phrh ohkhr ic istrçs y ic nhdshdngl pirl dl hprlvinbèd`ldls `ic mgsml phrh `iscgjhrdls `i duistrhs thrihs y munbl midls `ipid`ir `i çc.

>.?.8.> @gstrhntlr y slci`h`

Ch `gstrhnngþd is udh icinngþd pirsldhc, qui si h`qugiri `i mhdirh nldsngidti l gdnldsngidti, ch nuhc istè sgimpri hc pir`ir ch nldnidtrhngþd, y `urhdti isti chpsl, ch mhylríh `i vinis ch `gstrhnngþd bhni pir`ir `i mhdirh gdnldsngidti cl qui lnurri id ic idtlr dl. dl. –Gdtirdit si bh nldvirtg`l phrh cls h`lcisnidtis udh víh `i isnhpi” (`ic Qhcci, ?668, p.  82).

Chs `gstrhnngldis `gjgthcis sld chs mès plpuchris hntuhcmidti, `iog`l h qui sld muy `gvirtg`hs, y plrqui nh`h ri` slnghc tgidi udh `gvirsg`h` `i audngldis nchrhs hc mlmidtl `i ixprishr sidtgmgidtls. –Nbhtihr larini supirhr id ahcsl ic prlocimh `i

ch slci`h`, pirmgti lnucthr udh phrti aud`hmidthc `i ch nlmudgnhngþd nlml is ch phrti dl virohc, cl qui `gnid duistrls jistls” (Vgøirls, ?68>, p.  82).

?2

 

Ch slci`h` is udh g`ih qui si trhdsalrmh. Ch richngþd nld ic ltrl h trhvçs `i ch mèqugdh is id tl`l nhsl slnghc. Gdncusl ch gdtirhnngþd nld gdtirdit, hûd sgd `gècljl nld ltrl vgrtuhc, is udh gdtirhnngþd slnghc. ^gd imohrjl, ixgsti ic picgjrl `i gdtirhntuhr nld ltrl gdixgstidti5 ic hsudtl `i ch oûsqui`h `i haintls, richngldis sidtgmidthcis l sixuhcis h trhvçs `i isti mi`gl is qugzès ch mhylr `inchrhngþd

`i

ch

slci`h`

id

ch

slngi`h`

tindlcþjgnh nldtimplrèdih. (Nlrih, ?681, p. 82-87)

Ch slci`h` qui cls istu`ghdtis pui`id prisidthr id su ithph `i priphrhngþd hnh`çmgnh pui`i ccidhrsi nld cls rinursls qui chs ri`is slnghcis plsiid, pirl isl mgsml pui`i ccivhrcls h pl`ir pir`ir ic gdtirçs `i tidir udh gdtirhnngþd prisidnghc y slcvidthrch

sgmpcimidti

nld

ic

binbl

`i

tidir

udh

nldvirshngþd `gjgthc nld hcjugid qui id ngirtls nhsls dl suicid nldlnir. Ic ousnhr haintl, sidtgmgidtl l richngldis id chs ri`is slnghcis pui`i tirmgdhr id ic sgmpci binbl `i pl`ir sidtgr udh slci`h` munbl mhylr h ch qui pui`id plsiir dl tidgid`l udh.

Dl pl`imls slcungldhr ud prlocimh ousnhd`l ltrl y is cl qui id munbhs lnhsgldis cls kþvidis istu`ghdtis suicid bhnir. Chs ri`is slnghcis dls hyu`hd h pl`ir hnirnhrdls h ahmgcghris, hmgjls l nldlng`ls qui si idnuidtrhd cikls `i duistrh prisidngh, pirl `i gjuhc mhdirh dls hcikhd `i chs pirsldhs qui istèd nirnh `i dlsltrls y id chs nuhcis pl`imls slcungldhr ic timh `i ch slci`h`.

?7

 

>.?.? Gdacuidngh plsgtgvh `i chs ri`is slnghcis

>.?.?.8 Gdtirhnngþd

Qçhsi nlml ch hntgvg`h` `i richngþd idtri pirsldhs, id `ld`i isths si nlmudgnhd idtri sí h agd `i nlmphrtgr g`ihs y pidshmgidtls, l plr ic sgmpci binbl `i trhdsmgtgrsi gdalrmhngþd. Vhrh Jhrníh (nlml si ngtþ id Ochd`gd, ?688) gdtirhntuhr is nlmprid`ir ic idtlrdl aísgnl y `lthr `i sidtg`l y sgjdgagnh`l h duistrh ixpirgidngh id ic mud`l.

Id ch gdtirhnngþd si nhpthd y idtgid`id nþml si nlmplrthd chs pirsldhs id ic mi`gl l idtlrdl `ld`i si istè ccivhd`l h nhol `gnbl hntl, si isthocini ud nlmplrthmgidtl hnlr`i hc tgpl `i hnngþd `i qui rihcgzh phrh qui ch gdtirhnngþd sih iagnhz y si trhdsmgth nlrrinthmidti ud `itirmgdh`l midshki.

>.?.?.? Nlmudgnhngþd

Ch nlmudgnhngþd is udh hntgvg`h` isidnghc `ld`i si nlmphrtid g`ihcis i gdalrmhngþd, plr cl thdtl, qui ixgsth udh víh qui ahngcgti `gnbl hntl h jrhd isnhch y `gsthdngh is `i oidiagngl phrh ic usuhrgl.

>6

 

^i vhclrh nlml udh old`h` `i chs ri`is slnghcis, id ic idtid`g`l qui pirmgti, thdtl h cls ngu`h`hdls nlml ngu`h`hdhs hnlpchr sus nld`unths h trhvçs `i ch mi`ghngþd `i midshkis l sgjdls ohsh`ls id nþ`gjls nlmudis virohcis, isnrgtls, vgsuhcis, phrh mhtirghcgzhr cls lokitgvls nldstrug`ls y `isih`ls bhngh ch nldnringþd risucth`ls phrh oidiagngls `i chs nlmudg`h`is (…). (Ochd`gd, ?688, p. 82>  -820)

Ic hnnisl h udh auidti iaintgvh `i nlmudgnhngþd nlml sld chs ri`is slnghcis bh sg`l `i munbl oidiagngl `iog`l h ch rèpg`h nlmudgnhngþd h chrjhs `gsthdnghs, ahngcgthd ch h`qugsgngþd `i gdalrmhngþd, `gvucjhngþd h jrhd isnhch y nlml phrti `i ch jclohcgzhngþd ahngcgthd ic hnnisl h tl`l tgpl `i nldtidg`l h dgvic mud`ghc.

>.?.?.> Plmh `i `ingsgldis

Nld ch hmpcgh hpcgnhngþd `i chs ri`is y udh nldixgþd h mûctgpcis rinursls `i utgcg`h`, chs pirsldhs plsiid ch nhphng`h` `i lpthr plr ch h`qugsgngþd `i mhtirghc `i nringmgidtl pirsldhc y prlaisgldhc, isth tindlcljíh pldi h `gsplsgngþd `ic usuhrgl udh vhrgi`h` `i birrhmgidths y nldtidg`l qui si pui`i nhthcljhr nlml ouidl l mhcl.

>8

 

Chs ri`is slnghcis, pirmgti ccijhr h nldsidsl phrh cljrhr cls risucth`ls ispirh`ls lplrtudhmidti, id audngþd `ic miklr hprlvinbhmgidtl `ic tgimpl h trhvçs `i ch pchdgagnhngþd y prglrgzhngþd isthocing`h plr ch nlmudg`h`. @i gjuhc alrmh, pirmgti isthocinir puidtis idtri qugidis pirtidinid h udl l vhrgls jrupls slnghcis richngldh`ls idtri sí, rinupirhd`l ic sidtg`l `i rispldshogcg`h` id prl `ic ouid `isimpiøl `i ch nlmudg`h`. Hsí si idahtgzh, nlml ic usl `i ch nlmudgnhngþd (…), id

audngþd `i slcungldhr sgtuhngldis l dinisg`h`is nlmudis, bhngid`l usl `i chs old`h`is, oidiagngls l htrgoutls, `i chs vidthkhs l alrthcizhs `i nh`h jrupl gdvlcunrh`l id chs ri`is slnghcis, nlml ahntlris pltidngh`lris `i ud pl`ir slnghc trh`ung`l id pl`ir plpuchr. (Ochd`gd, ?688, p. 820)

Is ic usuhrgl qugid `ing`i ic oidiagngl nlrrintl l gdnlrrintl `i chs ri`is, isths dl locgjhd hc usuhrgl h utgcgzhr su gdtirahz, pirl hnld`gngldhd ud hmogidti qui nhuticlshmidti pui`i ccijhr h mhdgpuchr ic sidtg`l nljdgtgvl `ic usuhrgl h agd `i qui isti nldsumh nldsthdtimidti su nldtidg`l, shoir qui nldtidg`l y nlml hprlvinbhrcl id prl `i `ishrrlccl pirsldhc `itirmgdh ic ouid usl `i isth ri`.

>?

 

>.?.?.0 Gdtirdit nlml rinursl i`unhtgvl

Gdtirdit si pchdtih hdti ic usuhrgl nlml udh birrhmgidth iagnhz y `i munbh utgcg`h`, id isth si pui`i idnldtrhr udh gdagdg`h` `i gdalrmhngþd qui ahngcgth y prlmuivi ch i`unhngþd id tl`l ic mud`l. Nlml ud rinursl i`unhtgvl almidth ic istu`gl h `gsthdngh, istl id prl `i udh alrmhngþd iqugthtgvh phrh tl`l pûocgnl. Muølz, Arhjuigrl y Hyusl (?68>) gd`gnhd qui; `urhdti munbls høls, ch i`unhngþd supirglr, si bh hplyh`l id ud ml`icl `i idsiøhdzh ohsh`l id chs nchsis mhjgstrhcis, id chs qui ic `lnidti tidíh ud phpic

aud`hmidthc5

cls

hcumdls

isthohd

supi`gth`ls h cls hpudtis y/l h ud mhduhc l mhduhcis `i riairidngh, id `ld`i ch mimlrgzhngþd irh oèsgnhmidti cl mès gmplrthdti. (p. 7>)

 Hdtirglrmidti h ch tindlcljíh, ch i`unhngþd aui ûdgnhmidti `i tgpl prisidnghc, ic hcumdl `ioíh hsgstgr h ud nidtrl `i idsiøhdzh nld ic agd `i alrmhrsi. Istl irh ud prgvgcijgl qui dl irh ltlrjh`l h munbhs pirsldhs y qui mhrjgdhoh h ltrhs `iog`l h sus cgmgthngldis thdtl aísgnhs nlml inldþmgnhs. –Nld chs duivhs tindlcljíhs, ch i`unhngþd impgizh h suargr udh prlaud`h ridlvhngþd, id `ld`i cls mçtl`ls y tçndgnhs `i idsiøhdzh

ûtgcis

bhsth

isti

mlmidtl

impgizhd

h

nuistgldhrsi” (Muølz it hc.,  ?68>).

>>

 

Id cls ûctgmls høls, ch tindlcljíh bh g`l rivlcungldhd`l chs alrmhs id qui chs pirsldhs h`qugirid nldlngmgidtls y richngldis. Chs duivhs tindlcljíhs `i ch gdalrmhngþd y nlmudgnhngþd sld ud idtlrdl qui ahngcgth ic cgori hnnisl h gdalrmhngþd y nldtidg`l `i `ishrrlccl pirsldhc humidthd`l chs plsgogcg`h`is `i alrmhngþd iqugthtgvh phrh tl`h pirsldh.

Chs duivhs tindlcljíhs gdnlrplrhd ic binbl `i ch nrihngþd `i udh udgvirsg`h` hctirdh hc nhrèntir prisidnghc, isti tgpl `i udgvirsg`h` vgrtuhc supldi ud hctl dgvic `i nlmpitgtgvg`h` id nuhdtl si riagiri h idsiøhdzh y hprid`gzhki.

Ohusich (nlml si ngtþ id Muølz it hc., ?68>) `iagdi qui id ic duivl Isphngl Iurlpil `i I`unhngþd ^upirglr si ci `h udh ispinghc gmplrthdngh hc hprid`gzhki hutþdlml y nlcholrhtgvl idtri cls prlpgls hcumdls (…). Phc viz dls idnldtrimls hdti

ud prlocimh, y is qui is dinishrgl rihcgzhr udh nlrrinth gdtijrhngþd `i chs duivhs tindlcljíhs id ch prèntgnh `lnidti, y dl sgimpri is aèngc.

Cls istu`ghdtis qui hntuhcmidti si alrmhd `i mhdirh hutl`g`hnth `ishrrlcchd bhogcg`h`is y h`qugirid nlmpitgtgvg`h` id ic mirnh`l cholrhc, istl almidth ic istu`gl h `gsthdngh id ic qui `gnbh pirsldh h`lpth ud nhrèntir alrmhtgvl pirsldhc idrgquini`lr iaintl `i udh ouidh nldainngþd `i `gnbh birrhmgidth.

>0

 

 Hrih (nlml si ngtþ id Muølz it hc., ?68>) rinlji qui h trhvçs `i chs ri`is ticimètgnhs, hcumdls qui dl pui`id hsgstgr h chs huchs, pui`id bhnircl5 ic prlaislr dl tgidi yh tl`l ic prlthjldgsml id ch idsiøhdzh `i cls hcumdls, yh qui sld iccls qugidis pui`id lrjhdgzhr su gdalrmhngþd y jhdhr id hutldlmíh5 ic prlnisl `i hprid`gzhki dl slcl si nidtrh id udh mirh rinipngþd y mimlrgzhngþd, sgdl qui is ic prlpgl hcumdl ic qui tgidi qui gmpcgnhrsi `i mhdirh `gdèmgnh id ic prlnisl `i hprid`gzhki5 ch richngþd idtri prlaislris y hcumdls is muy `grinth, id ch mi`g`h id qui pui`id nlmphrtgr g`ihs, mhtirghcis `g`èntgnls, rislcvir `u`hs i gdtirnhmoghr gdalrmhngþd. ^gd imohrjl, is nldvidgidti qui thmogçd tidjhmls prisidti qui dl sgimpri ic usl `i chs duivhs tindlcljíhs ccivh gmpcíngtl

prlnisls

gddlvh`lris.

Ic

prlaislr

`isimpiøh udh cholr isidnghc, puis sg is nrihtgvl, sg ci justh pchdtihr h cls hcumdls thrihs qui gmpcgquid `isnuorgr, gdvistgjhr i gdtirishrsi plr cls timhs qui si pchdtiid id ic huch, idtldnis si istèd

pldgid`l

gddlvh`lrhs,

id

hudqui

prèntgnh dl

si

mitl`lcljíhs bhyhd

ush`l

`grinthmidti chs duivhs tindlcljíhs.

>9

 

Chs pirsldhs qui hdtirglrmidti nhriníhd `i rinursls l gdnhphng`h` aísgnh phrh hsgstgr h ud nidtrl i`unhtgvl bly id `íh tgidid `gvirsg`h` `i lplrtudg`h`is phrh alrmhrsi, `i isth mhdirh si istè htrgouyid`l h udh i`unhngþd alrmh`h nld ohsis id ch iqug`h`. Virl istl dl gmpcgnh qui ic tgpl `i i`unhngþd vgrtuhc sih tlthcmidti iaintgvh `iog`l h qui ic hprid`gzhki

prisidnghc

hplrth

ngirths

nhrhntirístgnhs

idrgquini`lrhs hc istu`ghdti, chs nuhcis dl pui`id sir gjuhch`hs l h`qugrg`hs id ch vgrtuhcg`h`.

>.?.> Gdacuidngh dijhtgvh `i chs ri`is slnghcis

>.?.>.8 Viragcis ahcsls

Is muy nlmûd qui ch mhylríh `i chs pirsldhs pui`hd idnldtrhsi nld piragcis ahcsls id nh`h udh `i chs ri`is slnghcis id nuhcis gdtirhntûhd l dhvijhd, cls kþvidis sld cls mès vucdirhocis h isti timh yh qui bhnid tl`l cl plsgoci plr pirtidinir h jrupls y lotidir ch hnipthngþd `i pirsldhs h chs nuhcis dl nldlnid l isti nhsl dl ixgstid.

–Is dinishrgl tlmhr prinhungldis aridti h cls plsgoci piragcis

ahcsls, h trhvçs `i cls nuhcis pui`i lotidirsi jrhd nhdtg`h` `i gdalrmhngþd”. (_l`lth, it hc., ?688). Id hcjudhs lnhsgldis dl

si tgidi ic nldlngmgidtl sg ud piragc nld ic nuhc si gdtirhntûh id chs ri`is slnghcis is ud piragc virí`gnl l ahcsl, pirl phrh iccl pui`id tlmhr prinhungldis nld chs nuhcis pui`h orgd`hr mès sijurg`h` hc mlmidtl `i bhnir usl `i icchs.

>1

 

Bhy munbhs mhdirhs id chs nuhcis si pui`i ivgthr ic tidir nldthntl nld piragcis ahcsls, udh `i icchs is pl`ir sicinngldhr h chs pirsldhs nld chs nuhcis tid`rimls udh hmgsth` id icchs y dl hnipthr h pirsldhs qui dl sihd `ic nldlngmgidtl prlpgl, isl ivgthrh munbls prlocimhs id ud auturl.

Cls h`lcisnidtis idaridthd isth sgtuhngþd muy sijug`h, @ic Nhstgccl y Nhstgccl (?68>) hagrmhd; –Vuocgnhngldis `i piragcis

ahcsls phrh bumgcchr, `gahmhr, hsgjdhr hpl`ls h cls kþvidis si gdnrimidthd nh`h `íh. Bhnir pûocgnh ch gdalrmhngþd `i ltrls nlmprlmitgid`l su riputhngþd is udh `i chs prlocimètgnhs qui si tgidi id ch hntuhcg`h` nld chs ri`is slnghcis” (p. 80).  

Nuhd`l suogmls gdalrmhngþd pirsldhc, altls u hcjudh ltrh nlsh qui sih gmplrthdti, dl shoimls sg iccl pui`i gr h tirmgdhr id ud piragc ahcsl y pui`id utgcgzhr ch gdalrmhngþd qui si hjrijþ h icchs phrh qui rihcgnid ud piragc ahcsl sgd ch hutlrgzhngþd `i ish pirsldh. ^i pui`id nlrrir munbls rgisjls hc ixpldir `i mès gdalrmhngþd gmplrthdti yh qui dl shoimls h quç mhjdgtu` pui`id ccijhr utgcgzhd`l tl`h ch gdalrmhngþd qui impciimls id icch. Chs altls pui`id tirmgdhr id hcjûd ltrl piragc, dl gmplrth ch ri` slnghc qui si istç utgcgzhd`l, ch gdtijrg`h` y riputhngþd `i chs pirsldhs pui`i suargr `høls plr ud sgmpci hntl.

>:

 

>.?.>.? ^inuistrls

Cls sinuistrls hblrh nld ic usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis bhd tidg`l ud humidtl yh qui chs pirsldhs si hprlvinbhd `i ch vucdirhogcg`h` `i cls kþvidis plr isths pchthalrmhs y ccivhd h nhol sus pchdis. ^tic (?680) bhni riairidngh;

 H qui cls `icgdnuidtis `ic sgjcl RRG impcihd gdtirdit phrh nldlnir cls mlvgmgidtls `i chs pirsldhs y sus justls `i mhdirh qui pui`hd nldnrithr ud `icgtl nld trhdqugcg`h`5 munbhs vinis sgd pidshr, ahmgcghs puocgnhd id ri`is slnghcis sus mlvgmgidtls, cl nuhc ahngcgth cls rlols `lmgngcghrgls, cls sinuistrls, ic rlol `i hutls, itn. (p. 89)

^tic (?680) isnrgoi; –Ic sinuistrl vgrtuhc, thmogçd riqugiri `i ch

shdngþd `i ciyis ispinghcis. Munbls sinuistrls si prl`unid `is`i chs nèrnicis y sg ogid id jidirhc cl qui dlrmhcmidti si ixgji, sld nþ`gjls `i thrkiths `i ticçaldl (…)” (p. 89).

Ûctgmhmidti cls sinuistrls si bhd ccivh`l h nhol plr ml`l vgrtuhc y id ch mhylríh `i nhsls vgidid `i chs nèrnicis id chs nuhcis dl bhy ic nldtrlc `iog`l h isti timh, cls istu`ghdtis is udl `i cls jrupls mès hainth`ls id isti timh id hcjudls nhsls plr ch ahcth `i gdalrmhngþd slori iccls.

>2

 

^gimpri si `ioi `i tidir ud ahmgcghr l pirsldh nldlng`h qui siph cls cujhris qui si arinuidthd phrh pl`ir ivgthr qui si ccivi h nhol ud sinuistrl plr mi`gl `i ch gdalrmhngþd qui si puocgnh id chs ri`is slnghcis y tidir ic gdtirçs `i bhnir mès prgvh`h su vg`h.

>.?.>.> Nyoirouccygdj

Ic hnlsl qui vgvid cls kþvidis id chs ri`is slnghcis cls nldccivh h pl`ir ml`gagnhr su isidngh pirsldhc y cls `iagdi hdti chs `imès pirsldhs.

Chs ourchs qui pui`id suargr hc dl tidir ch hnipthngþd l gdtirçs `i chs pirsldhs pui`id gdacuidnghr id jrhd mhdirh slori sus `ingsgldis y `i gjuhc mhdirh id ic èmogtl hnh`çmgnl, yh qui su idalqui dl istè id su priphrhngþd, sg dl, id sir hnipth`l plr ch slngi`h` qui cls rl`ih. @ic Nhstgccl y Nhstgccl (?68>) `iagdid hc Nyoirouccygdj nlml;

Ic ouccygdj qui si ccivh h nhol utgcgzhd`l mi`gls slngl`gjgthcis, nlml nlmputh`lrhs, nicuchris, hsgstidtis pirsldhcis (V@H), gVl`s,

gVh`s,

nldslchs `i vg`ilkuijls, itnçtirh, h trhvçs `i sirvgngls nlml ic nlrril icintrþdgnl, ch midshkiríh gdsthdtèdih, sgtgls `i ri`is slnghcis, midshkis nlrtls `i nicuchr (^M^), puocgnhngldis `gjgthcis `i tixtl (ocljs) l vg`ils, itn. (p. 89)

>7

 

Cls kþvidis pgidshd qui ixpldirsi id chs ri`is dl pui`i nhushr dh`h mhcl id sus vg`hs l id chs richngldis pirsldhcis qui tgidid, pirl sus lokitgvls slori phshd tl`l cl qui pui`id ccivhr. –Cls dgøls dl pirngoid cls `høls `i ixpldir sus vg`hs

id gdtirdit plrqui dl bhy idimgjl vgsgoci5 `ic timlr aísgnl phshmls h ch hmidhzh gdthdjgoci” (Juirrirl, ?681, p. 81). Is

dinishrgl qui cls kþvidis pui`hd `hrsi nuidth y nrihr nldngidngh `i cls `høls `i puocgnhr sus vg`hs, yh qui id chs ri`is pui`id idnldtrhr udh jrhd mhjdgtu` `i idimgjls gdvgsgocis

qui

pui`id

`høhrcls

thdtl

aísgnh

nlml

psgnlcþjgnhmidti.

>.?.>.0 @icgtl gdalrmètgnl

Id ch hntuhcg`h` chs ri`is slnghcis sld `i cls nhmpls id cls nuhcis cls `icgtls si ccivhd h nhol id tl`l mlmidtl y tl`hs chs pirsldhs istèd prlpidshs h pl`ir suargr ud `icgtl. Ixgstid vhrghs mhdirhs `i pl`ir `idudnghr ud `icgtl binbl id chs ri`is, pirl id ngirtls nhsls cls kþvidis ccijhd h `isnldlnir `i cl qui si pui`i ccijhr h bhnir id icchs y sgjuid bhngid`l usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis nriyid`l qui dh`h mhcl pui`i suni`ir id icchs. ^tic (?680) `iagdi; –Ch mhjdgtu` `i ud hthqui

ngoirdçtgnl pui`i sir mgdûsnucl, nlml is ic nhsl `i ud `icgtl gdalrmètgnl nld rlol `i g`idtg`h` y isthah l prl`ungr ud vir`h`irl nhls slnghc” (p. 81).

06

 

Duistrh gdalrmhngþd pui`i sir lnuph`h id nuhcqugir phrti `ic mud`l sgd duistrh hutlrgzhngþd y nld iccls, cls `icgtls gdalrmètgnls vhd nringid`l, pui`i sir hcjl piquiøl pirl nldalrmi ic phsl `ic tgimpl isl pui`i gr nringid`l bhsth nldvirtgrsi id hcjl mhylr, sgid`l yh ud prlocimh cijhc. Is dinishrgl pl`ir nldlnir nh`h udh `i chs pèjgdhs l cgdes h cls qui si hnni`i id chs ri`is slnghcis phrh dl suargr ud rlol `i gdalrmhngþd y pui`h sir utgcgzh`h id ud `icgtl.

Id nuhcqugir mlmidtl si pui`i nlrrir ic rgisjl `i ud rlol `i g`idtg`h` id chs ri`is, pirl si pui`i bhnir ud nhmogl utgcgzhd`l chs ri`is `i ch mhdirh `iog`h phrh qui cls `icgtls gdalrmètgnls pui`hd `gsmgdugr y ch dhvijhngþd id chs ri`is slnghcis pui`h sir hcjl trhdqugcl y orgd`i mès sijurg`h` h cls  kþvidis.

>.> ^lcungldis phrh ic usl gdh`inuh`l `i chs ri`is slnghcis

>.>.8 Istrhtijghs `i prividngþd

Ch prividngþd is ch mhdirh `i ivgthr sunisls `i udh mhjdgtu` dl `isih`h l hcjl qui pui`i hainthr duistrl `isimpiøl l `isil `i bhnir chs nlshs. Vlr isl mgsml chs istrhtijghs `i prividngþd sld ch mhdirh nlrrinth phrh pl`ir ivgthr qui prlocimhs mhylris id ud auturl pui`hd prisidthrsi, plr isl mgsml si cis bhni shoir h nldngidngh pirsldhc slori nlrrintl usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis id su vg`h.

08

 

Vhrh Hrho, Icghs ch mhylríh `i usuhrgls `i chs ri`is slnghcis nlmprid`id chs i`h`is `i 89 y ?0 høls, y prisidth hcjudhs istrhtijghs `i prividngþd;



 

Ohkhr ic tgimpl `i usl `i ri`is slnghcis y `i lokitls tindlcþjgnls hc mídgml (udh l `ls blrhs plr `íh).



 

  ^ir ml`icls `i ud h`inuh`l usl `i chs birrhmgidths qui prlplrngldh gdtirdit.

 

@iagdgr id ahmgcgh isphngls cgoris `i hphrhtls icintrþdgnls.



 

  

  Ixpcgnhr h cls bgkls qui ch gdalrmhngþd nldtidg`h id nicuchris y nlmputh`lris y ltrls `gsplsgtgvls pui`i sir vgsth y mhc ush`h sg sld rloh`ls l pir`g`ls. Is gmplrthdti trhdsmgtgrcis qui is miklr dl juhr`hr gmèjidis l gdalrmhngþd nlmprlmiti`lrh.



 

rispintl h cls rgisjls hslngh`ls hc usl `i chs ri`is   I`unhr slnghcis.  



  ^ir nldsgstidtis nld chs nldsinuidnghs `i ud mhc usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis.

 

0?

 



  Nrihr udh cgsth `i rijchs (sgtgls h cls qui pui`i hnni`ir, tgimpls `i usl, blrhrgls, nldtidg`ls). Cls nicuchris id ch dlnbi si `ioid nhrjhr auirh `i ch pgizh. (?689, p. 88-8?)  

Pidgid`l nldlngmgidtl `i ud cgsth`l `i istrhtijghs phrh prividgr udh h`gnngþd l mhch gdacuidngh qui chs ri`is slnghcis pui`id sir `i jrhd utgcg`h` phrh pl`ir alrthcinir chs `iogcg`h`is qui cls kþvidis pui`id prisidthr hdti nuhcqugirh `i icchs. Cls istu`ghdtis tgidid qui tlmhr nldngidngh slori ch gdacuidngh dijhtgvh l plsgtgvh qui chs ri`is slnghcis pui`id ikirnir slori nh`h udl `i iccls id su rid`gmgidtl hnh`çmgnl.

Plmhd`l id nuidth ch prividngþd id ch gdacuidngh qui ikirnid chs ri`is slnghcis slori ch mhylríh `i istu`ghdtis bly id `íh pui`i `gsmgdugr id jrhd nhdtg`h` sg nh`h udl tlmh ch gdgnghtgvh `i pl`ir tlmhr sus prlpghs istrhtijghs `i prividngþd hdti chs ri`is slnghcis.

>.>.? Hpcgnhngldis h`inuh`hs

Ch hpcgnhngþd h`inuh`h `i chs ri`is slnghcis pui`i virsi id jrhd mhdirh, yh qui pui`id ccivhrsi h nhol munbls ividtls i`unhtgvls y slnghcis, `i gjuhc mhdirh duivls hprid`gzhkis qui pui`id sir `i jrhd oidiagngl phrh cls kþvidis id su priphrhngþd hnh`çmgnh. Bly id `íh ch hpcgnhngþd h`inuh`h `i chs ri`is slnghcis bh nring`l id jrhd mhjdgtu` nld ic usl qui nidtrls i`unhtgvls, udgvirsg`h`is y hnh`imghs bhd rihcgzh`l `idtrl `i chs pchthalrmhs, cls kþvidis bhd tidg`l ud nringmgidtl i`unhtgvl jrhnghs h iccl.

0>

 

Id chs ri`is slnghcis si pui`i tidir ch ahngcg`h` `i hprid`ir g`glmhs. _lvhg (?680) siøhch qui; –Idnldtrþ qui ic humidtl `i mltgvhngþd y

miklrh `ic `isimpiøl id nchsis `i g`glmh si bh hslngh`l hc sidtgmgidtl `i nlmudg`h` `i ud shcþd (…)” (p. 0). Ytgcgzhd`l chs ri`is slnghcis phrh nrihr ic `isil id cls istu`ghdtis `i pl`ir hprid`ir ud g`glmh hkidl hc `i iccls pui`i prisidthr udh mhdirh h`inuh`h `i pl`ir bhnir usl `i icchs.

@i gjuhc mhdirh bhnimls usl `i icchs phrh pl`ir nrihr ud tgpl `i idchni plr mi`gl `i ch nlmudgnhngþd qui pl`imls ccivhr h nhol id ch utgcgzhngþd `i chs mgsmhs, chs ri`is slnghcis si bhd nldvirtg`l id ch auidti phrh pl`ir isthocinir udh nlmudgnhngþd nld munbhs pirsldhc hc udísldl. Vlr iccl, Kldj, it hc (nlml si ngtþ id Isqugvic y _lkhs, ?680) nlmphrhrld nlml birrhmgidth `i nlmudgnhngþd i`unhtgvh h Ahniolle, cls sgstimhs `i thocirls `i hvgsls (OO^) y chs pchthalrmhs vgrtuhcis. Hc pl`ir utgcgzhr udh `i chs ri`is slnghcis mès utgcgzh`h plr cls istu`ghdtis id oidiagngl `i iccls mgsmls nrihrh nldngidngh id mès pirsldhs phrh `hrci ud miklr usl id oidiagngl `i iccls mgsmls id ud auturl y `i mès pirsldhs.

Chs nlcholrhngldis qui bhd surjg`l ûctgmhmidti id chs ri`is slnghcis bhd nrih`l ud jrhd usl `i icchs phrh pl`ir ccijhr h mès pirsldhs sgd dinisg`h` `i tidir hnnisl h vhrghs ri`is slnghcis, sgdl ccivhr h nhol ic trhohkl id udh slch y tidir ud mhylr gmphntl. Qllrd y Elmmirs (?680) g`idtgagnhrld qui; –hcumdls udgvirsgthrgls `i nhrèntir gdtrlvirtg`l viíhd

h chs ri`is slnghcis nlml ud jrhd hplyl phrh ic `isimpiøl id ic hprid`gzhki nlcholrhtgvl y ch hutlnldaghdzh” (p.  0).

00

 

Id thdtl, Mhzir, Murpby y ^gmld`s (?680);

_ivgshrld cls iaintls `i qui cls mhistrls nlmphrtgirhd nld sus hcumdls, h trhvçs `i Ahniolle, gdalrmhngþd pirsldhc, slori ic ncgmh id ic huch, ch mltgvhngþd y ic hprid`gzhki haintgvl5 idnldtrhrld udh nlrrichngþd hcth y plsgtgvh y, slori tl`l, qui hquiccls hcumdls nld hnnisl hc sgtgl `ic `lnidti nld mhylr rivichngþd `i `htls pirsldhcis

riplrthrld

hctls

dgvicis

`i

mltgvhngþd

hdtgngph`h, hprid`gzhki haintgvl y hmogidti plsgtgvl id ic shcþd. (p. 0)

 Hc idnldtrhr ic usl h`inuh`l id hc èmogtl i`unhtgvl pl`imls nldlnir n ldlnir ic jrhd gmphntl plsgtgvl qui pui`i tidir slori cls istu`ghdtis ic ouid usl `i icchs y ic hprid`gzhki qui pui`id ccijhr h lotidir plr ch `i`gnhngþd qui si ci pui`id ccijhr h mlstrhr h chs ri`is slnghcis id ic sidtg`l `ic hprid`gzhki hnh`çmgnl. Bly id `íh si ccivh h nhol id udh nhdtg`h` mhylr ic usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis phrh ch i`unhngþd, pirl sgimpri bhy hcjl mès qui si pui`i bhnir phrh pl`ir cljrhr ud mhylr gmphntl plsgtgvl `idtrl `i cls istu`ghdtis.

09

 

¼Xuç sld< _i`is slnghcis

¼Nuècis sld sus lokitgvls< ¼Nuècis y plr quç sld chs ri`is

•  •  •  •  • 

Ahniolle Gdsthjrhm WluPuoi Zbhtshpp Pwgttir

•  •  • 

Vçr`g`h `i Nldnidtrhngþd Bèogtls `i Lngl @gstrhntlr y ^lci`h`

slnghcis mès arinuidth`hs id ch

Qucdirhogcg`h`is

id

ic

èmogtl

hnh`çmgnl Chs

gdacuidnghs

`i

chs

Gdacuidngh `i chs

_i`is ^lnghcis id Istu`ghdtis `i Vrgmir

ri`is slnghcis id

Gdjrisl `i Gdjidgiríh `i

hnh`çmgnl

ic èmogtl

Gdacuidngh plsgtgvh `i chs ri`is

•  •  •  • 

Gdtirhnngþd Nlmudgnhngþd Plmh `i `ingsgldis Gdtirdit nlml rinursl i`unhtgvl

•  •  •  • 

Viragcis ahcsls ^inuistrls Nyoirouccygdj @icgtl gdalrmètgnl

slnghcis

NYDL_G

Gdacuidngh dijhtgvh `i chs ri`is ^lcungldis phrh ic

Istrhtijghs `i Vrividngþd

usl gdh`inuh`l `i chs ri`is slnghcis

 Hpcgnhngldis h`inuh`hs h`inuh`hs

01

 

NHVGPYCL GQ _I^YCPH@L^

0.8 Gdacuidngh `i chs ri`is slnghcis Nld ohsi h ch idnuisth rihcgzh`h h nuhridth istu`ghdtis `i prgmir gdjrisl `i gdjidgiríh `ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti - NYDL_G - si `itirmgdþ qui tgidid nldlngmgidtls `i cls agdis `i chs ri`is slnghcis, cl qui ccivh h nldlnir nuèc `i tl`hs icchs sld chs qui utgcgzhd y orgd`hd mhylr gmplrthdngh pirsldhc, `i gjuhc mhdirh, pl`ir shoir sg orgd`h udh gdacuidngh plsgtgvh l dijhtgvh `idtrl `ic èmogtl hnh`çmgnl id su priphrhngþd.  priphrhngþd.  

Jrhagnh Dl. 8.

Gmplrthdngh `ic usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis phrh cls istu`ghdtis.

9%   9%

Ic 1?.9% `i cls istu`ghdtis ci `h udh gmplrthdngh dlrmhc hc usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis, ic >?.9% ci `h munbh y ic 9% plnh gmplrthdngh hc usl `i chs mgsmhs. Vlr cl qui is ivg`idti qui mès `ic 16% `i ch muistrh idnuisth`h priagirid `hrci udh gmplrthdngh dlrmhc hc usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis.

0:

 

Jrhagnh Dl. ?.

Vrgdngphcis vidthkhs `ic usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis

9%   9% 9%  9% 

Ic 76% nldsg`irhd qui ch prgdngphc vidthkh `i chs ri`is slnghcis is sir udh víh `i nlmudgnhngþd, ic 9% `i cls istu`ghdtis vid su vidthkh v idthkh nlml ud rinursl i`unhtgvl, i`unhtgv l, ic 9% nriid qui tgidid ltrhs vidthkhs y ic 6% pgidshd qui dl tgidid dgdjudh vidthkh. Cls risucth`ls muistrhd qui ic 76% `i cls idnuisth`ls impcihd ch mhylr vidthkh nlml udh víh `i nlmudgnhngþd y richngþd.

Jrèagnh Dl. >.

Pgimpl `ghrgl `i`gnh`l h chs ri`is slnghcis

9% 9%  

^ijûd ch idnuisth rihcgzh`h, ic 29% `i cls istu`ghdtis `i`gnhd mès `i ? blrhs hc `íh h su usl, ic 86% `i`gnhd `i 8 h ? blrhs y ic 9% utgcgzhd 8 blrh hc `íh id su usl. Is hchrmhdti vir qui ic 29% `i cls istu`ghdtis ci `i`gnhd mès `i ? blrhs hc `íh id ic usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis. 02

 

Jrèagnh Dl. 0. _i` slnghc mès utgcgzh`h

Yd 6% `i ch muistrh nldsg`irhd qui Pwgttir is ch mès utgcgzh`h, ic 8?.9% lpgdhd qui Ahniolle hc gjuhc qui Gdsthjrhm nld ic 8?.9% istgmhd qui cl is, ic ?6% is WluPuoi y plr ûctgml ic 99% nriid qui Zbhtshpp is ch ri` slnghc mès ush`h. ^i istgmh qui Zbhtshpp is ch ri` slnghc mès utgcgzh`h plr cls istu`ghdtis nld mès `ic 96% `i utgcg`h`.

Jrèagnh Dl. 9.

Agdhcg`h` `i usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis

Cls risucth`ls muistrhd qui ic 6% `i cls idnuisth`ls utgcgzhd chs ri`is slnghcis phrh dijlngl, ic 8?.9% nlml ud mi`gl i`unhtgvl, ic 89% nld ud prlpþsgtl gdalrmhtgvl y ic :?.9% nlml ud idtlrdl `i idtritidgmgidtl. Ch mhylríh `i ch plochngþd istu`ghdtgc ush chs ri`is slnghcis nld ic agd `i `ispikhrsi `ic idtlrdl slnghc. 07

 

Jrèagnh Dl. 1.

^idshtiz `i cls istu`ghdtis hdti cls rgisjls lnhsgldh`ls plr ic mhc usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis

Ic 76% `i cls istu`ghdtis istèd nldsngidtis `i cls rgisjls lnhsgldh`ls hc rid`gmgidtl hnh`çmgnl plr ic mhc usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis, ic :.9% dl istèd nldsngidtis y ic ?.9% nriid qui thc viz istèd nldsngidtis. Is lptgmgsth shoir qui ic 76% `i cls idnuisth`ls istèd nldsngidtis `i cls rgisjls, yh qui istl sgrvi qui cls istu`ghdtis istçd hcirth hdti istls rgisjls.  rgisjls.  

Jrèagnh Dl. :.

Gdacuidngh qui jidirhd chs ri`is slnghcis

Ic 9:.9% `i cls istu`ghdtis lpgdhd qui chs ri`is slnghcis jidirhd udh gdacuidngh plsgtgvh y ic 0?.9% nriid qui chs ri`is slnghcis jidirhd udh gdacuidngh dijhtgvh id iccls. Is gmplrthdti pl`ir rinldlnir qui mès `ic 99% `i cls istu`ghdtis tgidid ch g`ih `i ch gdacuidngh plsgtgvh qui pui`i jidirhr ic ouid usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis y tlmid nldngidngh slori iccl.  iccl.   96

 

Jrèagnh Dl. 2.

@lmgdgl prlpgl slori ic tgimpl id chs ri`is slnghcis.

Ic ?6% `i cls idnuisth`ls nriid qui thc viz tgidid `lmgdgl prlpgl hc tidir ud címgti `i tgimpl id chs ri`is slnghcis, ic >?.9% nldsg`irhd qui dl y ic 0:.9% sg tgidid `lmgdgl prlpgl. Cls risucth`ls muistrhd qui mès `ic 09% shoid `lmgdhr ic tgimpl `i usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis.  slnghcis.  

Jrèagnh Dl. 7.

Ysl hntgvl `i chs ri`is slnghcis plr phrti `i ch udgvirsg`h`

Cls risucth`ls gd`gnhd qui ic 89% `i cls istu`ghdtis dl istèd h ahvlr `i qui ch udgvirsg`h` bhjh mès usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis, ic >?.9% siøhchd qui thc viz si `ioh bhnir mès usl y ic 9?.9% pgidshd qui si `ioi bhnir mès usl `i chs ri`is. Nlml nldsinuidngh si `itirmgdh qui bhy ud mhylr plrnidthki h ahvlr `ic usl `i chs ri`is id ch udgvirsg`h`.  udgvirsg`h`.  

98

 

Jrèagnh Dl. 86.

Miklr lpngþd phrh usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis

9%   9%

Ch jrèagnh muistrh qui ic 0:.9% `i ch plochngþd istu`ghdtgc vi ch víh `i richngþd y nlmudgnhngþd nlml udh miklr lpngþd phrh ic usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis, ic ?9% nlml ud mi`gl `i gdalrmhngþd, ic ??.9% tlmh ic hprid`gzhki hnh`çmgnl nlml ch miklr y ic 9% tlmh ltrhs lpngldis nlml miklr icinngþd. ^i hsumi qui ch víh `i richngþd y nlmudgnhngþd prisidth h ch mhylríh `i cls istu`ghdtis udh miklr lpngþd id ic usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis.  slnghcis.  

9?

 

Jrèagnh Dl. 88.

_i` slnghc nld mès agdis i`unhtgvls

Ic :9% `i cls idnuisth`ls lpgdhd qui WluPuoi is ch ri` slnghc nld mès agdis i`unhtgvls, ic 8?.9% nriid qui Ahniolle tgidi mès idalqui id iccl, ic 86% `gnid qui Zbhtshpp orgd`h mès hyu`h nld agdis i`unhtgvls, ic ?.9% istgmhd qui Gdsthjrhm cl is y ic 6% istèd h ahvlr qui Pwgttir is ch qui orgd`h mhylris agdis i`unhtgvls. WluPuoi nuidth nld ic :9% yh qui id icch pui`id bhnir usl `i tutlrghcis qui cis orgd`h hyu`h id su priphrhngþd hnh`çmgnh l pirsldhc.  

9>

 

NLDNCY^GLDI^

8. ^i `itirmgdþ qui cls istu`ghdtis cis `i`gnhd vhrghs blrhs h chs ri`is slnghcis

nld udh agdhcg`h` mhylrmidti `i idtritidgmgidtl, `i cl nuhc si `imlstrþ qui iccls sld nldsngidtis `i cls rgisjls qui pui`id sir lnhsgldh`ls h nldsinuidngh `ic mhc usl `i `gnbhs ri`is y qui jrhd phrti `i cls istu`ghdtis dl plsiid `lmgdgl prlpgl id nuhdtl si riagiri hc usl. _ispintl h isth hntgtu` gd`gairidti `ic istu`ghdti hdti chs ri`is slnghcis, si pringsþ qui chs ri`is id iaintl nhushd `høl hc rid`gmgidtl hnh`çmgnl.

?.

^i ivhcuþ hc agdhc `i ch gdvistgjhngþd qui cls istu`ghdtis `ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti, arinuidthd mès chs ri`is slnghcis `i ZbhtsHpp y WluPuoi, nld ch agdhcg`h` `i nlmudgnhngþd y hprid`gzhki sunisgvhmidti, sgid`l çsti udh nhush `ic `çagngt id ic rid`gmgidtl hnh`çmgnl nuhd`l dl si ci pristh ud ouid mltgvl phrh ch mhdgpuchngþd `i chs mgsmhs, tlmhd`l id nuidth chs utgcg`h`is qui nh`h ri` slnghc plsii.

>. ^i isthocingþ qui; ic dl prlplrngldhr mhylr gmplrthdngh h chs ri`is slnghcis

phrh idtritidgmgidtl, y nldni`ir ud usl richngldh`l h su priphrhngþd hnh`çmgnh5 sld slcungldis phrh qui cls istu`ghdtis usid `i alrmh h`inuh`h chs ri`is slnghcis, phrh tidir udh mhylr gdacuidngh plsgtgvh `i çsths, y nld iccl cljrid sus lokitgvls hnh`çmgnls.

90

 

_INLMID@HNGLDI^

8. Id ch nldainngþd `i cls lokitgvls is gmplrthdti tidir udh vgsgþd nchrh y h

auturl rispintl h cl qui si isthrè trhohkhd`l nld ohsi h cls hcnhdnis qui si pritid`id lotidir `i cls mgsmls.

?.  Hpcgnhr udh gdvistgjhngþd `i tgpl ixpclrhtgvh, utgcgzhd`l tçndgnhs qui ccivid

hc gdvistgjh`lr h nlrrlolrhr istls risucth`ls y lotidir sus prlpghs nldncusgldis mès nlmpciths, ixpirgmidthd`l nld jrupls qui nlmphrthd nhrhntirístgnhs sgmgchris.

>. Gdalrmhr munbl mès h cls istu`ghdtis `i cls oidiagngls y nldsinuidnghs

qui ic usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis pui`h prlvlnhr y orgd`hr chs slcungldis þptgmhs tlmhd`l id nuidth chs alrthcizhs y `iogcg`h`is `i nh`h istu`ghdti.

99

 

_IAI_IDNGH^ _IAI_IDNGH ^ OGOCGLJ_ÈAGNH^

 Hcixhd`ir Ochd`gd, H. (?688). Chs _i`is ^lnghcis; Nldnipngþd, Old`h`is y Cgmgthdtis.

_inupirh`l

`i `i

bttps;//`ghcdit.udgrglkh.is/`isnhrjh/hrtgnucl/>290:78.p`a

 Hrho C., I. y @íhz J., H. (mhrzl `i ?689). Gmphntl `i chs ri`is slnghcis i gdtirdit id ch h`lcisnidngh; hspintls plsgtgvls y dijhtgvls. _ivgsth Mç`gnh Ncídgnh Chs Nld`is, ?1(8), :-8>, bttps;//`lg.lrj/86.8681/k.rmncn.?680.8?.668 :-8>, bttps;//`lg.lrj/86.8681/k.rmncn.?680.8?.668

Nhcirl Q., M. (?680). Ic @gsnursl `ic Zbhtshpp; idtri ic Missidjir y ic sms. s ms. L_HCGH, 8:, ?680, 29-880. _inupirh`l `i; bttps;//`8wqtxts8xzci:.nclu`arldt.dit/>9196?19/Nhcirl.\Lrhcgh\8:.p`a978=&rispldsi-nldtidt`gsplsgtgld=gdcgdi%>O+agcidhmi%>@Ic\`gsnursl\`ic\ZbhtsHpp\idtri\ic\ Missid.p`a&Ixpgris=816087>770&^gjdhturi=nDAbkZL1M[cQ6sR8B1kG?[ m:zVlHWw-ZwvCmQJLwcxgosvWrZYMV:ytdGOX6Dyt?gw?WVwddO[HBy[@iZ:Lx9ngQicknwtvm2ZARODo`WJgMiHdmXmp~_n9rzxYLZ6B1HBL::~ JjmCPQO_XO6?~KyA`l6K0WVJuiguPlWtIq[PqMDIHR18`m7MMDuzuD bWZq`@I2z?cxY>?Wnet~WeQmo6OOkbdMJPQ[CtpV0olaiW@g7>yX_V0tntZO m:ODptW_>zIOLyri~QWHR-g-M?~_p1NDBVsX2-oG1~JzBPRRreJ?xQC72_voPr~Xqb2P[gH@19iVzv-WBHWobkNIWX

&Eiy-Vhgr-

G`=HVEHKCLBA9JJ^C_OQ0[H

Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti (?6?6). Bgstlrgh i gdalrmhngþd jidirhc. _inupirh`l `i; bttps;//www.ushn.i bttps;//www.ushn.i` `u.jt/nhthcljl/nudlrg.p`a 91

 

Nlrih, H. Q. (?681). _gisjls h cls qui si idaridthd cls kþvidis id chs ri`is slnghcis (Pisgs `i cgnidnghturh). Ydgvirsg`h` `i ^hd Nhrcls `i Juhtimhch, Isnuichs `i Ngidnghs `i ch Nlmudgnhngþd, Juhtimhch.

Isqugvic J., G. y _lkhs E., N. (lntuori ?680). Ysl `i Ahniolle id èmogtls i`unhtgvls udgvirsgthrgls; Nldsg`irhngldis y rinlmid`hngldis. hpirturh, 1(?),

8-8?.

_inupirh`l

`i;

bttps;//www.ri`hcyn.lrj/hrtgnucl.lh9:?9686

Bg`hcjl, P. y ^ijhrrh, K. (8? `i lntuori `i ?68:). Ic aidþmidl ylutuoir y su ixphdsgþd trhdsmi`gh; Hdècgsgs `ic impl`irhmgidtl Kuvidgc id _i`is ^lnghcis. Aldsinh, Klurdhc la Nlmmudgnhtgld, d. 89(?68:), 0>-91. bttps;//`lg.lrj/86.80?68/akn?68:890>91

Muølz V., M., Arhjuigrl O., M. y Hyusl M., M. (?: `i aiorirl `i ?68>). Ch gmplrthdngh `i chs ri`is slnghcis id ic èmogtl i`unhtgvl. _inupirh`l `i   bttps;//`ghcdit.udgrglkh.is/`isnhrjh/hrtgnucl/00?9>07.p`a

Vgcløh L., J. (?681). Juíh prèntgnh slori mçtl`ls y tçndgnhs `i gdvistgjhngþd `lnumidthc y `i nhmpl. _inupirh`l `i; bttps;//ips?68:oclj.agcis.wlr`priss.nlm/?68:/6?/jun>h`h-prn>h8ntgnhslori-mn>h7tl`ls-y-tn>h7ndgnhs-`i-gdvistgjhngn>o>d-`lnumidthc-y-`inhmpl.p`a

_bl`is, C. _bl`is,  C. (prl`untlrh) yy Lrclwseg,  Lrclwseg, K.  K. (`grintlr). (?6?6). Ic @gcimh `i chs _i`is ^lnghcis U`lnumidthc]. II.YY.; Ixplsuri II.YY.; Ixplsuri Chos

9:

 

HVÇD@GNI Ydgvirsg`h` @i ^hd Nhrcls @i Juhtimhch Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl @i Lrgidti Nhrrirhs @i Gdjidgiríh Pçndgnhs @i Istu`gl I Gdvistgjhngþd

Lokitgvl; Nldlnir ch gdacuidngh qui jidirhd chs ri`is slnghcis id cls istu`ghdtis `i prgmir gdjrisl `i chs nhrrirhs `i gdjidgiríh `ic Nidtrl Ydgvirsgthrgl `i Lrgidti.

Gdstrunngldis; ^i ci prisidth udh sirgi `i prijudths nld ohsi hc timh `i gdvistgjhngþd hdtis midngldh`l. ^lcgngthmls rispld`ir nld tlthc bldistg`h` h chs prijudths qui si h`kudthd. @i hdtimhdl jrhnghs plr sus rispuisths.

¼Xuç thd gmplrthdti is phrh usti` is ic usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis< slnghcis. Vlnl Vlnl  

?. Dlrmhc Dlrmhc  

u tgcgzhr chs ri`is slnghcis. Dl tgidi dgdjudh  dgdjudh 

?. _inursl i`unhtgvl  i`unhtgvl 

0. Idtri

ltrhs  ltrhs 

¼Xuç nhdtg`h` `i tgimpl hc `íh ci `i`gnh h chs ri`is slnghcis< 8. 6 h 8 blrh

>. ? blrhs l mès

?. 8 h ? blrhs

92

 

¼Nuèc is ch ri` slnghc qui mès utgcgzh< 8. Ahniolle

0. Zbhtshpp

?. Gdsthjrhm

9. Pwgttir

>. WluPuoi

¼Nld quç agd utgcgzh chs ri`is slnghcis< 8. I`unhtgvl

>. Gdalrmhtgvl

?. Idtritidgmgidtl

0. Dijlngl

¼Istè nldsngidti `i cls rgisjls lnhsgldh`ls hc rid`gmgidtl hnh`çmgnl plr ic mhc usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis< 8. ^í

>. Phc viz

?. Dl

¼Xuç tgpl `i gdacuidngh nldsg`irh qui jidirhd chs ri`is slnghcis< 8. Vlsgtgvh ?. Dijhtgvh

¼Pgidi `lmgdgl prlpgl hc mlmidtl `i `ing`gr tidir ud címgti `i tgimpl id chs ri`is slnghcis. Phc

viz

?. Dl

97

 

¼Nuèc nldsg`irh qui is ch miklr lpngþd `i usl `i chs ri`is slnghcis< slnghcis. Mi`gl `i gdalrmhngþd  gdalrmhngþd 

nlmudgnhngþd  ?. Qíh `i richngþd y nlmudgnhngþd 

ltrhs  0. Idtri ltrhs 

¼Nuèc ri` slnghc nrii qui tgidi mès agdis i`unhtgvls