Inexistencia Del Acto Juridico

 

iFLPNZRLFJNC BLI CJRM A\XNBNJM *Br. [lbrm J. Ciblc Zuym N.- [XLJNZNMFLZ DLFLXC DL FLXCILZ ILZ Li lstubnm bl ic nflenjcjnc bli cjtm aurçbnjm, sulil jmglfzcrsl lf ic bmjtrnfc ciubnlfbm c ic endurc bl ic ’nflxnstlfjnc‗, ci rlspljtm Bncz [njczm, ’rlenlrl qul ic nflxnstlfjnc ls ic emrgc gãs rcbnjci bl ic nflenjcjnc bli cjtm aurçbnjm. Im gãs drcvl qul il pulbl mjurrnr c uf cjtm  aurçbnjm y pmr tcftm ci jmftrctm, ls fm lxnstnr snqunlrc. Znf lghcrdm, lghcrdm, ic fmjnúf bl ’nflxnstlfjnc‗ prlslftc cidufcs bnenjuitcbls lf mrblf c  c  su blenfnjnúf y blingntcjnúf‗.3 Jmfsnblrcgms qul li jmfjlptm bl nflxnstlfjnc bli cjtm aurçbnjm, jmfstntuyl ufc jmfstrujjnúf bl ic bmjtrnfc Ercfjlsc, qul sl snrvnú bl liic jmf li enf prãjtnjm bl liubnr ics rndurmscs jmfsljulfjncs c qul lf blrlj`m bl cquli pcçs jmfbujçc li prnfjnpnm trcbnjnmfci jmfscdrcbm pmr ic aurnsprublfjnc qul ngpmfl li jcrãjtlr tcxctnvm bl ics jcuscs bl fuinbcb. Lf lsc mrnlftcjnúf pcrtnlfbm bl ic nblc bl qul ic fuinbcb smim pulbl slr cjmrbcbc lf hcsl c uf tlxtm ildci, ims nftîrprltls sl lfjmftrcrmf erlftl c supulstms lf ims jucils li tlxtm ildci ecitchc, plrm lf ims jucils ufc chsmiutc nflenjcjnc vlfçc lxndnbc pmr ic fcturcilzc gnsgc bl ics jmscs. Zl lstchiljl u uf f lalgpim, lf li slftnbm bl qul fnfdñf prljlptm ildci bljicrc qul slc fuim uf gctrngmfnm lftrl plrsmfcs bli gnsgm slxm? lftmfjls, sl bnjl qul li cjtm fm ls qul slc fuim, puls fn snqunlrc lxnstl. Znf lghcrdm, lf ic bmjtrnfc sl `c bnslócbm uf jmfjlptm, rlspljtm bl ic nflxnstlfjnc, pcrtnlfbm blsbl li puftm bl vnstc bl su ’utninbcb‗ ’ utninbcb‗ y ’fljlsnbcb‗. ’fljlsnbcb‗. Ci  Ci rlspljtm sl `c bnj`m qul jcrljl bl utninbcb pmrqul ic lxnstlfjnc bli cjtm aurçbnjm m bl uf jmftrctm, fm prmbujl jmfsljulfjncs aurçbnjcs gcymrls qul cquliics c ics qul jmfbujl ic fuinbcb rcbnjci y chsmiutc, jcrljl bl fljlsnbcb pmrqul fm ls prljnsm qul ic fuinbcb lstî tcxctnvcglftl ngpulstc pmr ic ily, snfm qul hcstc jmf qul vlfdc lxndnbc pmr li sndfnenjcbm y pmr ic enfcinbcb qul blhc ctrnhunrsl c ic prmpnc ily m pmr mhrc bl ims prnfjnpnms dlflrcils bli blrlj`m. Ic bmjtrnfc bl ic nflxnstlfjnc lxplrnglftú, snf lghcrdm, pmr mhrc bl ic bmjtrnfc Ercfjlsc ufc ngpmrtcftl cpinjcjnúf? ci rlspljtm, sl `c bnj`m qul jucfbm ecitcf bl gcflrc tmtci y chsmiutc ims lilglftms iúdnjcglftl fljlscrnms pcrc ic rlcinzcjnúf bli cjtm aurçbnjm (pmr lalgpim, ic ecitc tmtci y chsmiutc bli jmfslftngnlftm, bli mhaltm m bl ic jcusc), li cjtm lf jucftm tci ls nflxnstlftl. Ci rlspljtm, sl tnlfl ic fmrgc prljlptnvc bli crtçjuim 3853 bli Júbndm Jnvni, qul tlxtuciglftl lstchiljl ’ fm `cy jmftrctm snfm jucfbm jmfjurrlf ims rlqunsntms rlqun sntms (…)‗, ls bljnr, jucfbm ecitcf cidufms bl ims rlqunsntms slócicbms ( jmfslftngnlftm, mhaltm, jcusc), fm ls qul li cjtm aurçbnjm m li jmftrctm slc fuim, ls qul ’fm `cy cjtm aurçbnjm m jmftrctm‗. Znf lghcrdm, jmf slglacftl puftm bl pcrtnbc ic bnelrlfjncjnúf lftrl ic nflxnstlfjnc y ic fuinbcb rlsuitc lxtrcmrbnfcrncglftl bneçjni y lstl *Bmjlftl mrbnfcrnm bl ic \FZCCJ- Ecjuitcb bl Blrlj`m.

 

  3

 Bnlz [njczm.-’eufbcglftms [njczm.-’eufbcglftms bli Blrlj`m jnvni pctrngmfnci‗, vmi. N, Lb. Rljfms, 3>5>, pãd. 80:.  Ci rlspljtm, smf guj`ms aurnstcs qul `cf husjcbm mtrms jcgnfms pcrc sustlftcr ic nflxnstlfjnc? lf leljtm sl bnjl qul li cjtm aurçbnjm fuim ls uf cjtm qul lxnstl pcrc li blrlj`m y bl cidufc gcflrc prmbujl cidñf tnpm bl leljtms aurçbnjms. Lxjlpjnmfciglftl, li jmftrctm pulbl qulbcr scflcbm, jmfvcinbcbm m jmfvlrtnrsl lf uf cjtm m jmftrctm vãinbm. Gnlftrcs qul li cjtm m jmftrctm nflxnstlftl, slrçc chsmiutcglftl nflxnstlftl. Lf jcghnm ls fuim uf supulstm bl `lj`m fldmjnci jucfbm lxnstl ufc gcfnelstcjnúf bl vmiuftcb jmgm elfúglfm slfsnhilglftl plrjlptnhil, y sn hnlf fm lxnstl jmgm cjtm aurçbnjm m jmgm nftlftm bnrndnbm c uf rlsuitcbm, erlftl ci mrblfcgnlftm aurçbnjm fm pulbl prmbujnr sus leljtms c jcusc bl ic ecitc bl lilglftms sustcfjncils m lslfjncils bl vcinblz y bl lenjcjnc. Lf lsc mrnlftcjnúf ics jmfstrujjnmfls iúdnjm- emrgcils, snf lghcrdm, fm plrgntlf rlsmivlr li prmhilgc, lftmfjls, blsbl uf puftm bl vnstc iúdnjm súim pmbrã `chicrsl bl ic nflxnstlfjnc jucfbm fcbc `cyc snbm iilvcbm c jchm lf ic rlcinbcb. [lrm sn fcbc `c snbm rlcinzcbc tmbc bnsjusnúf plrljl m `ulidc jmglftcrnms. [mr lstm, li prmhilgc `c trctcbm bl slr rlsulitm blsbl uf puftm bl vnstc  aurçbnjm-vci  aurçbnjm-vcimrctnvm. mrctnvm. Ic ’nflxnstlfjnc‗ fm sl picftlc jmgm cenrgcjnúf lf li picfm bli slr, snfm jmgm ufc prmpmsnjnúf prmpmsnjnúf bli gufbm bli bl i blhlr slr. Im qul qunlrl bljnrsl, jucfbm sl `chic bl nflxnstlfjnc bli cjtm aurçbnjm m bli jmftrctm, lstm ls, qul fm pulbl glrljlr ic jmfsnblrcjnúf fn slr jcinenjcbm jmgm jmftrctm. Znf lghcrdm, tcgpmjm jmf liim sl iildc c ufms rlsuitcbms jicrms, qul plrgntcf blsinfbcr li rlelrnbm jmfjlptm bl ic ’nflxnstlfjnc‗, erlftl ci jmfjlptm bl fuinbcb. [mrqul fuim ls uf jcinenjctnvm qul blfmtc ic gnsgc nblc, ls bljnr, lf pcrnbcb sndfnenjc qul fm `cy fnfdñf fldmjnm m qul im qul `cy fm pulbl vcimrcrsl jmgm cjtm m fldmjnm aurçbnjm. [uftucinzcgms qul li gcftlfngnlftm bl ic jctldmrçc bl ic nflxnstlfjnc sl `c prmpudfcbm, gãs qul pmr rczmfls bl jcrãjtlr tlúrnjm? pmr gmtnvcjnmfls bl mrblf prãjtnjm.  Lf lsl mrblf bl nblcs, ic pmsnhninbcb bl lxtrclr jmfsljulfjncs lxjlpjnmfcils bli cjtm aurçbnjm fuim y ic ngpmsnhninbcb bl qul im gnsgm sujlbc lf li cjtm aurçbnjm nflxnstlftl fm pcrljl ufc rczúf bljnsnvc. Ci rlspljtm, sl cbvnlrtl qul lstl tlgc `c audcbm tmbm uf ngpmrtcftl pcpli lf rlicjnúf jmf ic julstnúf bli gctrngmfnm putctnvm m nfvcinbcbm nfv cinbcbm (crt. 802» J.J.) ’sl `c slócicbm qul sn hnlf li fm gctrngmfnm jmftrcçbm bl hulfc prmbujl leljtms jnvnils cufqul slc bljicrcbm fuim, pulbl prmbujnr leljtms jnvnils el jucfbm ls chsmiutcglftl nflxnstlftl (csç tlflgms li lalgpim bl uf gctrngmfnm enjtnjnm)? snf lghcrdm, erlftl c liim jchl prljnscr qul ims leljtms jnvnils lf li jcsm nfbnjcbm blrnvcf bl ic hulfc el y qul, pmr jmfsndunlftl, snlgprl qul sl `cyc prmbujnbm uf elfúglfm jcpcz bl prmbujnr ufc cpcrnlfjnc y bl susjntcr ufc jmfencfzc, ic hulfc el lfjulftrc uf smpmrtl y ims leljtms  aurçbnjms blhlf blhlf prmbujnrsl‗ prmbujnrsl‗8  Enfciglftl puftucinzcgms ics jrçtnjcs qul `cjlf ims aurnstcs ntcincfms, rlelrnbc c qul sl sulil `chicr bl ic nflxnstlfjn nflxnstlfjnc c aurçbnjc jmgm ufc jctldmrçc bnstnftc bnstnftc bl ic fuinbcb bli cjtm m fldmjnm? tlgc qul chmrbcgms gãs cblicftl, ci trctcr ic lvmiujnúf bl ics bmjtrnfcs rlspljtm c ic tlmrçc bl ic nflxnstlfjnc.

NN.- CFRLJLBLFRLZ ^ LUMI\JNÚF BL IC BMJRXNFC.

 

 Ci rlspljtm li Br. Elrfcfbm Elrfcfbm Unbci Xcgçrlz, puftucinzc puftucinzc qul ’li cjtm nflxnstlftl nflxnstlftl `c snbm nfsugnbm lf ic fuinbcb bli cjtm aurçbnjm. 8

 Bnlz [njcsm.- Mh. Jnt pãd.804

Lstc ls ic rczúf, pcrc qul li jntcbm aurnstc, blscrrmiil ic tlmrçc bli cjtm, lf su vlrtnlftl bl ic fuinbcb y cfuichninbcb? lf lsc mrnlftcjnúf puftucinzc ims sndunlftls jmfjlptms, rlspljtm c ims cftljlblftls y lvmiujnúf `nstúrnjc pcrtnlfbm bli blrlj`m rmgcfm, csç jmgm su pmstlrnmr snstlgctnzcjnúf lf ic bmjtrnfc y jmbnenjcjnúf ercfjlsc, cilgcfc l ntcincfc? ci rlspljtm, ic jntc ls ic sndunlftl1 ’(…) lf Xmgc, sl bnstnfdunú lftrl ic scfjnúf bl blrlj`m bl rlj`m jnvni, lf qul sl nfjurrçc pmr ecitc bl ufm bl ims rlqunsntms bl vcinblz bli jmftrctm (Fuinbcb Chsmiutc) y ic prmtljjnúf qul li prltmr jmfjlbçc, lf vnrtub bl su Ngplrnug, c ims glfmrls, csç jmgm c ims jmftrctcftls juym jmfslftngnlftm `uhnlrc snbm vnjncbm (Fuinbcb Xlictnvc) -cdrldc li aurnstc lf jntc- qul pcrc ic bmjtrnfc qul pmstuic ic bnelrlfjnc lftrl nflxnstlfjnc bli cjtm y ic fuinbcb bli gnsgm, qulbcf jmgprlfbnbcs blftrm bl ufc dlfîtnjc, rlelrnbc c ic nflenjcjnc bli cjtm aurçbnjm- cdrldc  ‚  ‚ qul  qul ic tlmrçc bl ic nflenjcjnc sl nfnjnc lf ic Lbcb Glbnc -jmfjiuyl rlenrnlfbm- qul ic fuinbcb emrguicbc lf Xmgc sl jcrcjtlrnzc pmr ic lxjiusnúf bl ic nflxnstlfjnc bli cjtm aurçbnjm jmgm ufc jcusci bl nflenjcjnc bl îi y pmr ic bnstnfjnúf qul emrguic lftrl ic fuinbcb bl pilfm blrlj`m y ic cfuicjnúf aubnjnci. [mstlrnmrglftl, blsbl li sndim PUN cidufms  aurnsjmfsuitms jmglfzcrmf jmglfzcrmf c pmstuicr ic nflxnstlfjnc nflxnstlfjnc bli cjtm aurçbnjm jmgm ufc jcusci bl nflenjcjnc, bnstnftc bl ic fuinbcb, lftmfjls fm blhl jmfeufbnrsl ic nflxnstlfjnc bl uf cjtm aurçbnjm qul fm sl `c pmbnbm emrgcr jmgm tci pmr ic jcrlfjnc bl uf úrdcfm vntci, jmf ic fuinbcb bli cjtm prmbujnbc pmr uf vnjnm qul im jmfblfc ufc vlz emrgcbm. Lf li Blrlj`m Ercfjîs, lspljnciglftl ci rlbcjtcrsl li Júbndm Jnvni Ercfjîs bl 30;2, ic bmjtrnfc blfmtchc ic prmeufbc bnvnsnúf lftrl ic nflxnstlfjnc y ic fuinbcb bl ims cjtms aurçbnjms y bnstnfduçc lftrl ims lilglftms lslfjncils y ims fm lslfjncils bl ims cjtms aurçbnjms, pmr lfbl lf prm bl ic bnstnfjnúf lftrl ic nflxnstlfjnc nflxnstlfjnc y ic fuinbcb bl bnj`m cjtm, sl `chic bl nflxnstlfjnc

jucfbm li cjtm jcrljl bl uf lilglftm lslfjnci, jmgm jucfbm ecitc ic vmiuftcb m sl prmbujl uf lrrmr mptctnvm? y, ic fuinbcb rlelrnbc ci cjtm fuim m ci cjtm cfuichil. Gnlftrcs qul, ims Gczlub, qunlfls jcinenjcf ic nflxnstlfjnc jmgm ufc jctldmrçc nfñtni y ecisc y pmr liim fm tmgcf pcrtnbm pmr liic y gcftnlflf su enincjnúf c ic jmrrnlftl bl ic fuinbcb, slc chsmiutc m rlictnvc, -y lf jucftm c ic bmjtrnfc Cilgcfc- jntcfbm c Lffljlrus, rlenlrl qul li Júbndm Cilgãf súim blfmgnfc fuim ci fldmjnm aurçbnjm jucfbm ic ecitc bl jmfsljulfjnc aurçbnjc sl hcschc lf jcuscs jmfjrltcs bltlrgnfcbcs1 nfjcpcjnbcb bl jlilhrcr fldmjnms  aurçbnjms, ecitc bl vmiuftcb, ltj. ? lftmfjls, -rlenlrl li aurnstc lf jntc- qul cpcrljl li jmfjlptm bl ’nflxnstlfjnc‗, li gnsgm qul lstc nfsugnbm lf li bl ic fuinbcb, gãs jmfjrltcglftl lf li bli cjtm fuim. Enfcinzc, puftucinzcfbm qul ic bmjtrnfc Ntcincfc fm `c cjmdnbm tcgpmjm li jmfjlptm bl cjtm nflxnstlftl? qul fn lf ic ily fn lf ic bmjtrnfc sl lgpilcf snlgprl tcils lxprlsnmfls y qul ic ily `chic bl fuinbcb cuf jucfbm sl trctl bl cfuichninbcb y, lf ic bmjtrnfc, ic fuinbcb sl iicgc nflxnstlfjnc m fuinbcb rcbnjci m chsmiutc, (Unbci Xcgnrlz, 3>0>) ^ ic

 

cfuichninbcb b sl blfmgnfc sngpilglftl fuinbcb? bl c`ç ic bnstnfjnúf lftrl fldmjnms cfuichninbc nflxnstlftls nflxnstlftl s m fuims rcbnjciglftl, y fldmjnms fuims. - enfcinzc enfcinz c jn jntcfbm tcfbm c Lfrnjm Hlttn y rlenlrl ’ pulbl  pulbl `chicrsl bl vlrbcblrc vlrbcblrc nflxnstlfjnc nflxnstlfjnc aurçbnjc aurçbnjc bli fldmjnm, fm lxnstl bl îi gãs qul ufc vcjçc cpcrnlfjnc, fm prmbujl leljtms aurçbnjms fn snqunlrc bl jcrãjtlr fldctnvm m bnvlrdlftl y uf fldmjnm jmgm fuim prlsupmfl qul li …)  fldmjnm lxnstc jmgm supulstm bl `lj`m ( …)  Lf lstl mrblf bl nblcs, li snstlgc cbmptcbm lf fulstrc jmbnenjcjnúf jnvni fcjnmfci, smim `cy bms jctldmrçcs bl cjtms ngplreljtms1 ims cjtms fuims y ims cjtms cfuichils? csç rlenlrl li Br. Unbci Xcgçrlz, jntcfbm ci Gclstrm Ilúf Hcrcfbncrãf.

Lf ic bmjtrnfc sl `c lstchiljnbm ufc fmglfjicturc trnpcrtntc bl cjtms lf1 cjtms nflxnstlftls, cjtms fuims y cjtms cfuichils? lstm c pcrtnr bl ic jcusc qul prmbujl ic fuinbcb? jicsnenjcjnúf qul fm `c tlfnbm îxntm pulstm qul ic nflxnstlfjnc sl sustlftc lf ic ecitc bl uf lilglftm pcrc su emrgcjnúf lslfjnci bli cjtm aurçbnjm y vlf lf ic fuinbcb jucfbm sl trctc bl cjtms prm`nhnbms pmr ic ily? y, sl lfectnzc qul ic nflxnstlfjnc y ic fuinbcb fm smf nfstntujnmfls bnstnftcs. Li cjtm nflxnstlftl sl jmfeufbl blsbl li puftm bl vnstc bl sus leljtms jmf li cjtm fuim?   lf lsc mrnlftcjnúf, li Br. Unbci Xcgçrlz, puftucinzc ’qul li Júbndm Jnvni bli :5 y li cjtuci bli 02, fm rljmfmjlf ufc tlrjlrc pmsnjnúf, ic iicgcbc nflxnstlfjnc bl ims cjtms aurçbnjms‗ <

NNN.- IC NFLPNZRLFJNC BLI CJRM A\XÇBNJM LF IC BMRXNFC [LX\CFC Ls jnlrtm qul, ics jmfbnjnmfls bl nflxnstlfjnc bli cjtm lf li blrlj`m jnvni, sl blenflf jmgm cquli cjtm nflxnstlftl, ci qul il ecitc uf lilglftm lslfjnci snf li juci fm tnlfl

lxnstlfjnc y lf jmfsljulfjnc blhl jmfsnblrcrsl jmgm fm-sujlbnbm. Ic pcichrc cjtm Nflxnstlftl ‚ Nflxnstlftl  ‚ pcrc  pcrc cidufms aurnstcs fcjnmfcils- ngpinjc ufc jmftrcbnjjnúf. Li cjtm jmgm ic plrsmfc lxnstl m fm, y li iicgcbm nflxnstlftl ls uf fm-cjtm, m slc qul fm iilvc ics jcrcjtlrçstnjcs fljlscrncs pcrc qul li aulz slc li qul im blsjcinenqul, puls im qul lstã lf sç gnsgm y jmgprmhcbm lstm fm ls uf cjtm aurçbnjm cufqul pulbc slr uf `lj`m. [rljnscglftl, pcrc jmfenrgcr m fm lstc puftucinzcjnúf jntcgms ims picftlcgnlftms bl trls cutmrls fcjnmfcils? c schlr1

Aucf Duniilrgm Imhgcff Iujc bl Rlfc 5  ’Ercdmscs `cf snbm ics bnsjusnmfls lf tmrfm c ic nflxnstlfjnc, surdnm ci pcrljlr bl uf jmglftcrnm bl Fcpmilúf ci prmyljtm bli Júbndm Ercfjîs lf ic sljjnúf bl gctrngmfnm y lspljçenjcglftl lf im rlelrlftl ci gctrngmfnm lftrl plrsmfcs bli gnsgm slxm lsl

2

 Mh. Jnt. [ãds. :5 fm cbgntnú ic nflxnstlfjnc bli fldmjnm jmgm bmjtrnfc pmrqul ’mhsjurljçc li jcgpm ildnsictnvm‗ y li ildnsicbmr `chim bl vcinblz, jmfjlptm vnfjuicbm c ic fuinbcb, gcs fm c ic nflxnstlfjnc.- rlenlrl  ‚  ‚   qul lf blrlj`m ’fm `cy jmftrcpmsnjnúf lftrl li slr y li fm slr, lftrl li lxnstnr y li fm lxnstnr, sn fm lftrl li vcilr y li fm-vcilr, bl tci gmbm qul li julstnmfcgnlftm smhrl ic lxnstlfjnc bli fldmjnm rlsuitc tcrlc lxtrcóc ci Blrlj`m. Im qul ci Blrlj`m il nftlrlsc ls schlr sn uf fldmjnm aurçbnjm pulbl m fm tlflr cgpcrm y vcimr aurçbnjm ctlfbnlfbm snlgprl c juãils slrãf sus jmfsljulfjncs. Enfcinzc puftucinzcfbm qul ic nflxnstlfjnc ls ic fcbc, ls ngpmsnhil ngcdnfãrslic? smim

slrçc vnrtuciglftl pmsnhil blenfnric fm c trcvîs bl ic gnsgc snfm jmgm jcrlftl bl im qul ls li slr.   [mr jmfsndunlftl, ic nflxnstlfjnc, jmgm ic fcbc, fm cbgntl lxpinjcjnúf, fm plrgntl jmfjlptucr su lslfjnc y fm sl rlvlic c ic glftl snfm glbncftl fldcjnmfls bl tmbm im qul ls. [lrm ic nflxnstlfjnc aurçbnjc fm ls

tcf nflxnstlfjnc, pmrqul fm sl rlspcibc lf fldcjnmfls y pmrqul ims cjtms supulstcglftl nflxnstlftls pulblf dlflrcr jmfsljulfjncs bl cidufc lspljnl (…)‗4

Br. Cfnhci Rmrrls Ucsqulz.0 ’ ic mpnfnúf bmgnfcftl ls ic qul nblftnenjc li ’cjtm aurçbnjm nflxnstlftl‗ nflxnstlft l‗ jmf li ’cjtm  aurçbnjm fuim‗? blsbl li picfm bl ims blrlj`ms ls pmsnhil plrenicr ufc fmjnúf bl nflxnstlfjnc gctlrnci bnstnftc bl ic lxnstlfjnc aurçbnjc m fuinbcb. Ic tlmrçc mpulstc rlenlrl qul ic nflxnstlfjnc ls bnstnftc bl ic fuinbcb, jmfstntuyl uf vnjnm gãs drcvl y rcbnjci. Xlsuitc uf jmftrcslftnbm bljnr qul uf cjtm aurçbnjm ls nflxnstlftl, ls jmgm cenrgcr ic nflxnstlfjnc bl im qul lxnstl? fm `cy li hnfmgnm1 ’cjtm aurçbnjm lxnstlftl‗ y ’cjtm aurçbnjm nflxnstlftl‗, pmrqul lxnstl lf ic rlcinbcb smf jcinenjcbms pmr li Blrlj`m jmgm aurçbnjcglftl lxnstlftl (lag. uf jmftrctm, uf `mgnjnbnm) m fm nflxnstlftl (lag. Li auldm bl uf fnóm), pulbl lxnstnr lf ic rlcinbcb l nflxnstnr  aurçbnjcglftl  aurçbnjcglft l (la. Fm ls aurçbnjm li cjtm pmr li juci nfvntm uf cgndm c uf pcslm? sn fm jmfjurrm c ic jntc gn cgndm fm pulbl blgcfbcrgl aubnjnciglftl. 4

 Mh. Jnt. [ãd. 0, 3>>0, Ingc-[lrñ. Ingc-[lrñ.

 

\fc jmsc ls ic ’rlcinbcb rlci‗  rlci‗  y mtrc ic ’rlcinbcb aurçbnjc‗  aurçbnjc‗  (la. Li gctrngmfnm jlilhrcbm pmr li rcptmr jmf ic rcptcbc glfmr jcrlftl bl bnsjlrfngnlftm fm jmfstntuyl uf ’cjtm aurçbnjm‗ ‚ li ‚ li gctrngmfnm ls nflxnstlftl- plrm sn ls uf ’`lj`m  aurçbnjm‗, pmr jucftm jucftm li rcptmr tnlfl rlspmfschnin rlspmfschninbcb bcb plfci y jnvni). Zn `cy gcfnelstcjnúf bl vmiuftcb, plrm ecitc cidñf rlqunsntm bl vcinblz li cjtm aurçbnjm ls nflxnstlftl, im nflxnstlftl ls li cjtm `ugcfm jmgm ’cjtm aurçbnjm‗ plrm jmgm ’`lj`m aurçbnjm‗, sç pulbl lxnstnr sn ls qul prmbujl leljtms aurçbn jms. (la. Bl gcic el sl jlilhrc uf gctrngmfnm cftl eufjnmfcrnm nfjmgpltlftl, juyc nfjmgpltlfjnc ls jmfmjnbc pmr cghms jmftrcylftls, jmf li ñfnjm prmpúsntm bl tlflr cjjlsm jcrfci? li gctrngmfnm ls nflxnstlftl y jmgm tci fm prmbujl ims leljtms qul il smf prmpnjnms. Zmf nflxnstlftls jmgm cjtms aurçbnjms, plrm lxnstlf jmgm `lj`ms aurçbnjms? ic tlmrçc bl ic nflxnstlfjnc jcrljl bl utninbcb prãjtnjc. Ls mjnmsm

y lstã eulrc bli ãghntm bli Blrlj`m li sldunr blhctnlfbm smhrl ic lxnstlfjnc m nflxnstlfjnc aurçbnjc bl `lj`ms jmgm iims ms g glfjnmfcbms. lfjnmfcbms. Li Júbndm Jnvni [lrucfm, ci nduci qul ic bmjtrnfc y ic ildnsicjnúf jmgpcrcbc   prlbmgnfcftls, nblftnenjc ic nflxnstlfjnc jmf ic fuinbcb bli cjtm aurçbnjm. Zn ecitc ic gcfnelstcjnúf bl vmiuftcb m cidñf rlqunsntm bl vcinblz lstcgms erlftl c uf cjtm nflxnstlftl qul li mrblfcgnlftm aurçbnjm jcinenjc jmgm nfvcinbm, scfjnmfãfbmim jmf ic fuinbcb chsmiutc (crt. 83>» JJ), fm ls pmsnhil `chicr bl nflxnstlfjnc snf vnfjuicric jmf ic fuinbcb, ’fuinbcb ’ fuinbcb chsmiutc l nflxnstlfjnc smf snfúfngms‗. snfúfngms‗ . Ic julstnúf ls cjcbîgnjc y sl rlsulivl lf lstms tîrgnfms1 li fldmjnm ls ’nflxnstlftl‗ jucfbm ecitc ic bljicrcjnúf bl vmiuftcb (fldmjnm ’fm fctm‗)? pulbl slr ’fuim‗ pmr bleljtm bl emrgc m bl rlqunsntms bl sustcfjnc ( fcjnbm gulrtm). Li cjtm  aurçbnjm nflxnstlftl ls cquli ci juci il ecitc fldmjnm gcfnelstcjnúf bl vmiuftcb m ims rlqunsntms bl vcinblz, cjtm fuim, ls li qul nfernfdl fmrgcs ngplrctnvcs, li mrblf pñhinjm m ics hulfcs jmstughrls (fuinbcb chsmiutc) m jucfbm sus rlqunsntms lslfjncils cbmiljlf bl cidñf vnjnm (fuinbcb rlictnvc m cfuichninbcb). [crc mtrms ic nflxnstlfjnc sl bc jucfbm li cjtm fm `c tlfnbm fn nfnjnm bl jmfjlpjnúf pmr tcftm fm vcil fnfdufc jmfvlrsnúf. Lf jcghnm,  slrã fuim, jmf fuinbcb chsmiutc y rcbnjci, jucfbm `chnlfbm snbm jmfjlhnbm il ecitc cidufm bl ims rlqunsntms bl vcinblz, pmrqul li cjtm sl `c emrgcbm, plrm fcjl gulrtm, fm prmbujl leljtms. Ic

cfuicjnúf bli jmftrctm rlqunlrl bl slftlfjnc aubnjnci, lf jcghnm, ic nflxnstlfjnc mplrc bl pilfm blrlj`m, sn nftlrvnlfl ic austnjnc ls smim pcrc jmfstctcric. Li jmftrctm cfuichil prmbujl leljtms lf tcftm fm lxnstc ufc slftlfjnc  aubnjnci qul im cfuil y li nflxnstlftl nflxnstlftl fm prmbujl fnfd fnfdñf ñf leljtm, li jmftrct jmftrctm m cfuichil pulbl slr ctcjcbm smim pmr bltlrgnfcbcs plrsmfcs, lf jcghnm ic nflxnstlfjnc pulbl slr nfjmcbc pmr tmbm cquli juym blrlj`m pulbc slr celjtcbm, pubnlfbm li  aulz bljicrcr bl menjnm qul tnlfl ufc lxnstlfjn lxnstlfjnc c cpcrlftl. cpcrlftl. Li jmftrctm jmftrctm cfuichil pulbl slr jmfenrgcbm, fm csç ic nflxnstlftl? im qul fm lxnstl fm ls susjlptnhil bl jmfenrgcjnúf m bl prlsjrnpjnúf. Jntcfbm c Amsslrcfb rlenlrl ’ics scfjnmfls bl ims cjtms nflenjcjls smf ic nflxnstlfjnc, ic fuinbcb chsmiutc y ic fuinbcb rlictnvc m cfuichninbcb‗. Li cjtm nflxnstlftl ls uf ’cjtm chmrtnvm‗, lstm ls cidm gãs qul ic fcbc, lxjlpjnmfciglftl sl il pulbl jmfjlblr jnlrtms leljtms, pmr lalgpim, uf gctrngmfnm putctnvm. Xlntlrc qul ic nflxnstlfjnc y fuinbcb smf plreljtcglftl snfúfngcs? c ic vlrbcblrc fuinbcb sl il blfmgnfc tcghnîf nflxnstlfjnc. Sul cbgntnîfbmsl ic bnstnfjnúf lftrl ’cjtm aurçbnjm nflxnstlftl ’y ’cjtm aurçbnjm fuim‗, tci bnstnfjnúf jcrljl bl utninbcb prãjtnjc, fm sl austnenjc ufc rlduicjnúf bl ic nflxnstlfjnc cpinjcbc c sntucjnmfls bmfbl ñfnjcglftl lxnstl fuinbcbls? cdrldc, qul li cjtm aurçbnjm fuim jmgm li nflxnstlftl, pulblf iildcr c tlflr lxnstlfjnc jmgm

 

cjtms aurçbnjms vcinbms y lenjcjls? csç jmgm, tcftm ims cjtms nflxnstlftls jmgm ims fuims smf susjlptnhils bl prlsjrnpjnúf y bl jcbujnbcb‗ 3 

Br. Inzcrbm Rchmcbc Júrbmvc 8  Xlenlrl lfeãtnjcglftl qul ’ufm bl ims tlgcs gcs ngpmrtcftls blftrm bl ic jc tldmrçc bl ic :

fuinbcb qul bl ims cjtms aurçbnjms, jmfstntuyl li túpnjm ic ’fuinbcb tcjntc m vnrtuci‗ Xlenlrl ic fuinbcb lxprlsc im m qul tlxtuci ls cquliic qul lsbl bljicrcbc bnrljtcglftl pmr ic. fmrgc aurçbnjc, pmr im dlflrci jmf ics lxprlsnmfls1 ls fuim, hcam scfjnúf bl fuinbcb, y mtrcs lxprlsnmfls, qul nfbnqul ic cjlptcjnúf pmr pcrtl bli snstlgc aurçbnjm bl uf cjtm  aurçbnjm lf pcrtnjuicr pcrtnjuicr lf ufc jnrjufstcfjnc jnrjufstcfjnc lspljn lspljnci, ci, lftmfjls sl lstã cftl uf supulstm supulstm bl fuinbcb tlxtuci. ^ lf jucftm c ic fuinbcb tcjntc m vnrtuci rlenlrl ls cquliic qul snf vlfnr bljicrcbc bnrljtcglftl pmr li supulstm bl `lj`m bl ufc fmrgc aurçbnjc sl blbujl m nfenlrl bnrljtcglftl pmr li supulstm bl `lj`m bl ufc fmrgc aurçbnjc, sl blbujl m nfenlrl bli jmftlfnbm bl uf cjtm aurçbnjm, pmr jmftrcvlfnr li gnsgm mrblf puhinjm, ics hulfcs jmstughrls ufc m vcrncs fmrgcs ngplrctnvcs ‚ ngplrctnvcs  ‚cdrldccdrldc- qul ic fuinbcb vnrtuci sl lfjulftrc tãjntcglftl jmftlfnbc lf ics fmrgcs aurçbnjcs y qul `cjl lvnblftl jucfbm uf cjtm  aurçbnjm lf pcrtnjuicr tnlfl uf jmftlf jmftlfnbm nbm niçjntm, fm smim pmr jmftrcvlfnr jmftrcvlfnr ics fmrgcs ngplrctnvcs, snfm tcghnîf pmr jmftrcvlfnr uf prnfjnpnm bl mrblf pñhinjm m ics hulfcs jmstughrls? snlfbm csç, lstc jctldmrçc bl fuinbcb ’lxndl ufc nftlrprltcjnúf fm smim bl ic fmrgc aurçbnjc, snfm tcghnîf bl ics hcsls m eufbcglftms bli snstlgc aurçbnjm, jmfemrgcbm pmr fmrgcs ngplrctnvcs, mrblf puhinjm y hulfcs jmstughrls, ls bljnr ’ ufc nftlrprltcjnúf nftldrci bli snstlgc aurçbnjm, fm smim sus fmrgcs, snfm tcghnîf bl sus eufbcglftms  aurçbnjms lf su tmtcinbc tmtcinbcb b -enfcinbcb- rlenrnlfbm rlenrnlfbm qul ic utninbcb l ngpmrtcfjnc ngpmrtcfjnc bl ic fuinbcb vnrtuci, lstã lf li gljcfnsgm bl scivcducrbc bli prnfjnpnm bl ildcinbcb lf li ãghntm bl jlilhrcjnúf bl ims cjtms aurçbnjms y jmftrctms . Lf jucftm sl rlenlrl, lspljçenjcglftl c ic nflxnstlfjnc bl ims cjtms aurçbnjms, puftucinzc qul li júbndm jnvni plrucfm smicglftl rljmfmjl bms gmbcinbcbls bl nfvcinblz m nflenjcjnc lstrujturci ic fuinbcb y ic cfuichninbcb, nflenjcjnc eufjnmfci y lf gmbm cidufm sl rlenlrl c ic nflxnstlfjnc jmgm jctldmrçc prnfjnpci m cjjlsmrnc bl nflenjcjnc. Liim ls csç pmr jucftm ic nflxnstlfjnc ls ufc jctldmrçc bl

nflenjcjnc qul smim sl cjlptc lf ims snstlgcs qul fm cjlptcf ic fuinbcb vnrtuci, jmgm jmfsljulfjnc bli prnfjnpnm qul ’fm `cy fuinbcb snf tlxtm‗. tlxtm‗ . Lstc ls austcglftl ic rczúf pmr li juci lf li snstlgc ildci plrucfm fm sl rljmfmjl ic nflxnst nflxnstlfjnc lfjnc  jmgm jctldmrçc bl nflenjcjnc, snlfbm ics gnsgcs tmtciglftl nffljlscrncs, ci lstcr jicrcglftl jmfscdrcbc ic fuinbcb vnrtuci lf li mjtcvm nfjnsm bli crtçjuim 83>, bli J.J., blhnbcglftl jmfjmrbcbm jmf li crtçjuim U bli tçtuim prlingnfcr bli júbndm jnvni. Li Br. Rchmcbc slócic tcghnîf qul c gcymr pcrtl bl fuinbcbls lspljnenjcs smf supulstms bl fuinbcb vnrtuci m tcjntc, trctãfbmsl lstc jctldmrçc bl ufc emrguic dlfîrnjc pcrc prnvcr bl leljtms aurçbnjms c tmbms ims cjtms juym jmftlfnbm slc niçjntm, snf fljlsnbcb bl cjubnr c uf tnpm plfci‗.  plfci‗.   >

 Mh. Jnt. [ãds. ->2  Cfçhci Rmrrls Rmrrls Uãsqulz, Uãsqulz, cjtm aurçbnjm, aurçbnjm, Lb. Zcf Gcrjms, Gcrjms, lbnjnúf 3>>0, Ingc Ingc  ‚  ‚ [lrñ.  [lrñ. Inzcrbm Rchmcbc Júrbmvc, fuinbcb bli cjtm aurçbnjm, lb. Drnaily, 8bc lbnjnúf, sltnlghrl 8;;8, Ingc ‚ Ingc ‚ [lrñ.  [lrñ. Unbci Xcgnrlz Elrfcfbm.- ’Rlmrçc Dlflrci bli Cjtm Aurçbnjm‗, Lb. Juiturci Juzjm Z.C. prnglrc lbnjnúf, Ingc-[lrñ, 3>0>.