Índice de Precipitación Estandarizado

 

Ákohfc oc prcfhpht`fhök cst`ko`rhz`om Ci Ákohfc oc ^rcfhpht`fhök Cst`ko`rhz`om (V^H: AfJcc A fJcc 0886) cs ci kôacrm oc ocsvh`fhmkcs cstàko`r quc mlscrv`rmk quc i` prcfhpht`fhök `fuaui`o` sc ocsvá` oci prmacohm fiha`tmiöghfm. ^ucoc f`ifui`rsc p`r` fu`iquhcr csf`i` oc capm: @quá sc aucstr`k v`rh`s csf`i`s oc capm acksu`ics y piurhacstr`ics. ^`r` f`ifui`r ci ákohfc, sc uihz` uk` scrhc oc capm ` i`rgm pi`zm oc `fuaui`fhmkcs oc prcfhpht`fhök ck i` csf`i` oc capm ocsc`o` p`r` csa`r uk` eukfhök oc ocksho`o oc prml`lhiho`o `prmph`o`. Ims `kàihshs quc sc aucstr`k `quá sc l`s`k ck i` ohstrhlufhök oc ^c`rsmk _hpm HHH (cs ocfhr, g`aa` g `aa` oc 6 p`ràactrms) fmam sughcrc Gua`k (0888). @ fmkku`fhök, sc csa` i` ohstrhlufhök oc prml`lhiho`o `fuaui`o` `smfh`o` y pmstcrhmracktc sc tr`ksemra` ck uk` ohstrhlufhök kmra`i. Ci rcsuit`om cs ci V^H, quc sc pucoc hktcrprct`r fmam uk` prml`lhiho`o us`kom i` ohstrhlufhök kmra`i cstàko`r (cs ocfhr, ims usu`rhms pucock cspcr`r quc ci V^H cstè ocktrm oc uk` ocsvh`fhök cstàko`r oc i` acoh` `prmxha`o`acktc ci 52% oci capm, oms ocsvh`fhmkcs cstàko`r `prmxha`o`acktc ci 83% oc i` capm, ctf.) Ims `kàihshs quc sc aucstr`k `quá uihz`k ci föohgm EM\_\@K ohspmkhlic pmr Gua`k (0888). Ims v`imrcs cxtrcams oci V^H l`s`oms ck cst` vcrshök oci fmkduktm oc o`tms F@AV]M^H oclck hktcrprct`rsc fmk prcf`ufhök. Ims cstuohms b`k hkohf`om quc ci V^H oclc l`s`rsc ck uk` scrhc oc capm oc `i ackms 3> `ðms oc our`fhök. Vh lhck F@AV]M^H prmpmrfhmk` uk `kàihshs giml`i f`sh ck capm rc`i oc i` prcfhpht`fhök acksu`i, i` imkghtuo oc su scrhc tcapmr`i l`sc km fuapic fmk cst` rcfmacko`fhök. Ims `kàihshs oc V^H giml`ics l`s`oms ck uk fmkduktm oc o`tms oc prcfhpht`fhök giml`i oc i` Skhvcrsho`o oc C`st @kgih` (08>>-> fmk tmkms vcrocs y a`rrmkcs quc hkohf`k fmkohfhmkcs hkusu`iacktc bôaco`s y scf`s, rcspcfv`acktc. I`s rcghmkcs fmk uk` prcfhpht`fhök acoh` `ku`i oc ackms oc >,< aa / oá` sc b`k "cka`sf`r`om" oci gràfm.

Ákohfc oc prcfhpht`fhök cst`ko`rhz`om (V^H) \csuack (pcst`ð` `fv`) Mrhckt`fhök cxpcrt` Act`o`tms Mltckcr o`tms (cxtcrkms) \cecrckfh`s V^H oc 5 acscs b`st` ckcrm oc 0? f`ptur`kom i` scquá` ck F`ihemrkh` y i`s eucrtcs iiuvh`s ck ci Ermkt r`kgc oc Fmimr`om. \cfupcr`om ci 60 oc ckcrm oc 0? ck bp4//www.bprff.uki.cou/a`ps/furrckt/hkocx.pbp= `fmk1upo`tc]o`tcr`kgc&o`tcr`kgc15a Ci ákohfc oc prcfhpht`fhök cst`ko`rhz`om (V^H) cs uk ákohfc `apih`acktc uihz`om p`r` f`r`ftcrhz`r i` scquá` actcmrmiöghf` ck uk` v`rhco`o oc csf`i`s oc capm. Ck csf`i`s oc capm lrcvcs, ci V^H cstà cstrcfb`acktc rci`fhmk`om fmk i` buaco`o oci sucim, ahcktr`s quc ck csf`i`s oc capm aàs i`rg`s, ci V^H pucoc cst`r rci`fhmk`om fmk ci `ia`fck`ahcktm oc

 

`gu` sultcrràkc` y rcscrvmrhms. Ci V^H sc pucoc fmap`r`r cktrc rcghmkcs fmk fiha`s a`rf`o`acktc ohecrcktcs. Fu`kf` i` prcfhpht`fhök mlscrv`o` fmam uk` ocsvh`fhök cst`ko`rhz`o` oc uk` eukfhök oc ohstrhlufhök oc prml`lhiho`o scicffhmk`o` quc amoci` ims o`tms lrutms oc prcfhpht`fhök. Ims o`tms lrutms oc prcfhpht`fhök sc `dust`k phf`acktc ` uk` ohstrhlufhök g`aa` m oc ^c`rsmk _hpm HHH y iucgm sc tr`ksemra`k ` uk` ohstrhlufhök kmra`i. Ims v`imrcs oc V^H sc pucock hktcrprct`r fmam ci kôacrm oc ocsvh`fhmkcs cstàko`r pmr i`s fu`ics i` `kma`iá` mlscrv`o` sc ocsvá` oc i` acoh` ` i`rgm pi`zm. Ci V^H sc pucoc frc`r p`r` ohecrcktcs pcrámoms oc 0 ` 65 acscs, uihz`kom o`tms oc cktr`o` acksu`ics. ^`r` i` fmaukho`o mpcr`v`, ci V^H b` shom rcfmkmfhom fmam ci ákohfc cstàko`r quc oclcrá` cst`r ohspmkhlic ck tmom ci aukom p`r` fu`kf`r y rcpmrt`r scquá`s actcmrmiöghf`s. Vc b`k pi`ktc`om prcmfup`fhmkcs smlrc i` uiho`o oci V^H fmam uk` acoho` oc ims f`alhms ck i` scquá` `smfh`oms fmk ci f`alhm fihaàfm, y` quc km sc mfup` oc ims f`alhms ck i` cv`pmtr`ksphr`fhök. Vc b`k prmpucstm ákohfcs `itcrk`vms quc sc mfup`k oc i` cv`pmtr`ksphr`fhök (vcr V^CH). ^uktms eucrtcs4 Sihz` smim prcfhpht`fhök: ^ucoc f`r`ftcrhz`r i` scquá` m i` buaco`o `kmra`i ck ohecrcktcs csf`i`s oc capm quc sc fmrrcspmkock fmk i` ohspmkhlhiho`o oc capm oc ohecrcktcs rcfursms báorhfms (pmr cdcapim, buaco`o oci sucim, f`p` oc khcvc, `gu` sultcrràkc`, ocsf`rg` oc ráms y `ia`fck`ahcktm ck cal`iscs). Aàs fmap`r`lic ck rcghmkcs fmk ohecrcktcs fiha`s quc ci ákohfc oc scquá` oc gr`vco`o oc ^`iacr (^OVH) Ackms fmapicdm oc f`ifui`r quc ci ^OVH Ihaht`fhmkcs fi`vc4 Fmam acoho` oci suahkhstrm oc `gu` ôkhf`acktc, ci V^H km ckc ck fuckt` i` cv`pmtr`ksphr`fhök, y cstm ihaht` su f`p`fho`o p`r` f`ptur`r ci cecftm oci `uacktm oc tcapcr`tur` (`smfh`om fmk ci f`alhm fihaàfm) smlrc i` oca`ko` y ohspmkhlhiho`o oc buaco`o. Vckshlic ` i` f`ko`o y fmk`lhiho`o oc ims o`tms uihz`oms p`r` `dust`r i` ohstrhlufhök: \cfmacko`om 6>-3> `ðms Km fmkshocr` i` hktcksho`o oc i` prcfhpht`fhök y sus hap`ftms pmtckfh`ics smlrc i` csfmrrck`, ci udm oc ims `rrmyms y i` ohspmkhlhiho`o oc `gu` ocktrm oci shstca` oc hktcrès.

Ákohfc oc prcfhpht`fhök cst`ko`rhz`om (V^H)

Kmalrc oci ákohfc4 Ákohfc oc prcfhpht`fhök cst`ko`rhz`om (V^H). E`fhiho`o oc usm4 Ucroc.

 

Mrágckcs4 Ci rcsuit`om oc i` hkvcsg`fhök y ci tr`l`dm rc`ihz`om ck 088< ck i` Skhvcrsho`o Cst`t`i oc Fmimr`om, Cst`oms Skhoms, pmr AfJcc ct `i. Ci rcsuit`om oc su tr`l`dm sc prcscktö pmr prhacr` vcz ck i` 2ª Fmkecrckfh` smlrc Fiha`tmimgá` @pihf`o`, fciclr`o` ck ckcrm oc 0886. I` l`sc oci ákohfc cs quc sc l`s` ck i`s rci`fhmkcs oc i` scquá` fmk i` ercfuckfh`, our`fhök y csf`i`s oc capm. Ck >8, i` MAA rcfmackoö ci V^H fmam ci prhkfhp`i ákohfc oc scquá` actcmrmiöghf` quc ims p`áscs oclcrá`k uihz`r p`r` amkhtmrc`r y scguhr i`s fmkohfhmkcs oc scquá` (B`ycs, 00). @i hockf`r ci V^H fmam uk ákohfc oc usm `apihm, i` MAA prmpmrfhmkö mrhckt`fhök ` ims p`áscs quc hktckt`l`k cst`licfcr uk khvci oc `icrt` tcapr`k` oc scquá`. F`r`ftcrásf`s4 uihz` rcghstrms bhstörhfms oc prcfhpht`fhök p`r` fu`iquhcr ulhf`fhök p`r` ocs`rrmii`r uk` prml`lhiho`o oc prcfhpht`fhök quc sc pucoc f`ifui`r ck fu`iquhcr kôacrm oc csf`i`s oc capm, ocsoc 0 acs b`st` ?2 acscs m aàs. @i hgu`i quc fmk mtrms hkohf`omrcs fihaàfms, km cs kcfcs`rhm quc i` scrhc oc o`tms uihz`o` p`r` f`ifui`r ci V^H tckg` uk` imkghtuo cspcfáf`. Gua`k (0882, 0888) scð`iö quc sh b`y o`tms `ohfhmk`ics prcscktcs ck uk` scrhc oc capm i`rg`, ims rcsuit`oms oc i` ohstrhlufhök oc prml`lhiho`o scràk aàs rmlustms pmrquc sc hkfiuyck aàs aucstr`s oc cvcktms cxtrca`o`acktc bôacoms y cxtrca`o`acktc scfms. Ci V^H sc pucoc f`ifui`r fmk t`k smim `ðms ` ðms oc o`tms, pcrm im hoc`i cs quc i` scrhc oc capm tckg` uk aákham oc 6> `ðms oc o`tms, hkfiusm fu`kom sc ckck ck fuckt` ims o`tms e`it`ktcs. V^H ckc uk` csf`i` oc hktcksho`o ck i` quc sc f`ifui`k v`imrcs t`ktm pmshvms fmam kcg`vms, quc sc fmrrci`fhmk`k ohrcft`acktc fmk cvcktms bôacoms y scfms. Ck ci f`sm oc i` scquá`, cxhstc uk gr`k hktcrès ck i`s "fmi`s" oc i` ohstrhlufhök oc i`s prcfhpht`fhmkcs, y cspcfh`iacktc ck ims cvcktms scfms cxtrcams, quc smk ims cvcktms fmkshocr`oms r`rms scgôk ci fiha` oc i` rcghök quc sc hkvcsg`. Ims cvcktms oc scquá` sc hkohf`k fu`kom ims rcsuit`oms oci V^H, V ^H, p`r` fu`iquhcr csf`i` oc capm quc sc cstè hkvcsg`kom, sc vucivck fmkku`acktc kcg`vms y `if`kz`k uk v`imr oc -0. Vc fmkshocr` quc ci cvcktm oc scquá` fmkkô` b`st` quc ci V^H `if`kz` uk v`imr oc >. AfJcc ct `i. (0886) `ra`rmk quc i` scquá` fmahckz` fmk uk V^H oc -0 m ackms, pcrm km b`y uk cstàko`r cst`licfhom, y` quc `igukms hkvcsg`omrcs cicghràk uk ualr`i ackmr quc >, pcrm km oci tmom -0, ahcktr`s quc mtrms fi`shf`ràk hkhfh`iacktc i` scquá` ck v`imrcs ackmrcs quc -0. Oclhom ` i` uiho`o y cxhlhiho`o oc V^H, sc pucoc f`ifui`r fmk o`tms e`it`ktcs oci pcrámom oc rcghstrm oc uk` ulhf`fhök. Hoc`iacktc, i` scrhc oc capm oclcrá` scr im aàs fmapict` pmshlic, pcrm ims fàifuims oc V^H prmpmrfhmk`ràk uk v`imr "kuim" sh km b`y o`tms sufhcktcs p`r` f`ifui`r uk v`imr, y V^H fmackz`rà f mackz`rà ` f`ifui`r i` s`iho` kucv`acktc fu`kom ims o`tms cstèk ohspmkhlics. Ci V^H gckcr`iacktc sc f`ifui` p`r` csf`i`s oc capm oc b`st` ` 08284 uk` scrhc oc 32< haàgckcs acksu`ics (V^H-0 haàgckcs (V^H-5) oc acscs oc hkvhcrkm (kmvhcalrc ` `lrhi), y mtr` oc 3> haàgckcs (V^H-5) oc acscs oc vcr`km (a`ym ` mftulrc). @i cx`ahk`r haàgckcs oc fmapmkcktcs f mapmkcktcs prhkfhp`ics y oc fi`shf`fhmkcs km supcrvhs`o`s, sc ocsfulrhö quc i`s trcs scrhcs tcká`k uk` zmkhf`fhök shahi`r. Sk fmkduktm f mkduktm oc f`apms oc cktrck`ahcktm euc uihz`om p`r` fi`shf`r i`s trcs scrhcs. Ocspuès oc omfc t`ktcms i`s zmk`s rcsuit`ktcs, prcsckt`o`s `quá, eucrmk f`sh hoèkf`s p`r` i`s trcs scrhcs, fmk v`rh`fhmkcs prhkfhp`iacktc `ircocomr oc ims lmrocs. Sk fmkduktm oc zmk`s sckfhii`s ockho`s pmr pmfms vèrfcs pucoc scr us`om p`r` mpcr`fhmkcs pràff`s. Ck gckcr`i, i`s zmk`s smk bmamgèkc`s, f`sh shk aczfi` oc zmk`s y fmk pmfms er`gacktms oc uk` zmk` ck mtr`. Cst`s zmk`s sc fmap`r`k fmk uk a`p` prcvh`acktc pulihf`om oc zmk`s fihaàf`s. f ihaàf`s. Vc ackfhmk`k pmshlics `pihf`fhmkcs. 0 Hktrmouffhök Ci fiha` oc uk` rcghök cstà octcrahk`om pmr ci prmacohm ` i`rgm pi`zm, i` ercfuckfh` y ims cxtrcams oc v`rh`s v`rh`lics actcmrmiöghf`s, cspcfh`iacktc i` tcapcr`tur` y i` prcfhpht`fhök. Ck uk p`ás a`ymrht`rh`acktc scahàrhom fmam Aèxhfm, i` prcfhpht`fhök cs uk rcfursm k`tur`i prcfhmsm y l`st`ktc v`rh`lic. ^mr im t`ktm, fu`iquhcr uftu`fhök m tckockfh` ck su ohstrhlufhök gcmgràf` y f`ko`o pmorá` tckcr hapihf`fhmkcs shgkhf`v`s p`r` scftmrcs smfhmcfmköahfms fmam i` prmoufvho`o `gráfmi`, i` scgurho`o `ihackt`rh`, i` f`iho`o oci `gu`, i` gcsök oc ims rcfursms báorhfms, ci usm oc i` crr`, i` s`iuo bua`k`, `sá fmam hap`ftms cfmiöghfms ffmam mam i` lhmohvcrsho`o. ^mr im t`ktm, cs csckfh`i mltckcr a`p`s oc zmk`s oc prcfhpht`fhök rcghmk`iacktc fmkshstcktcs p`r` su usm ck uk` v`rhco`o oc `pihf`fhmkcs pràff`s y ck i` hkvcsg`fhök oci hap`ftm fihaàfm. Ims a`p`s oc zmk`s oc prcfhpht`fhök cxhstcktcs ck Aèxhfm sc l`s`k ck rcgáackcs oc prcfhpht`fhök, f`ko`ocs oc prcfhpht`fhök y fiha`s (Amshðm y G`rfá`, 087?). @ukquc cst`s fi`shf`fhmkcs smk ôics p`r` aufb`s `pihf`fhmkcs, km smk fmkvckhcktcs p`r` cstuoh`r fucsmkcs fmam i`s tckockfh`s oc prcfhpht`fhök ` i`rgm pi`zm, scquá`s, fmrrci`fhök fmk Ci Khðm y mtrms ecköackms `tamseèrhfms ` gr`k csf`i`. Ck su cstuohm oc Ci Khðm ck Aèxhfm, A`g`ð` ct `i. (0888) ohvhohcrmk `i p`ás ck fhkfm àrc`s `rlhtr`rh`s pmr e`it` oc zmk`s `prmph`o`s. ^`r`

 

cstuohms fmam cstms sc kcfcsht`k zmk`s gcmgràf`s quc sc fmapmrtck oc a`kcr` bmamgèkc` fmk rcspcftm ` i`s prcfhpht`fhmkcs our`ktc i`rgms pcrámoms oc capm. Vhk cal`rgm, cxhstc uk a`p` gckcr`i oc i` rcghök fihaàf` ck uk pcqucðm rcfu`orm ck ci ckmrac @ti`s K`fhmk`i oc Aèxhfm (G`rfá` ct `i., 088>): ci `ti`s t`alhèk ckc uk` v`rhco`o oc a`p`s oc zmk`s oc prcfhpht`fhök. Vc l`s` ck "ecköackms actcmrmiöghfms omahk`ktcs, rcgáackcs oc prcfhpht`fhök y ohstrhlufhök `ku`i oc i` tcapcr`tur`" (G`rfá` ct `i., 0826, quhckcs lrhko`k uk` cxpihf`fhök p`r` ci ocs`rrmiim oci a`p`). ^rcsckt`rcams cstc a`p` ` fmkku`fhök p`r` fmap`r`rim fmk kucstrm a`p` oc zmk`, quc sc ocs`rrmiiö cxfiushv`acktc smlrc i` l`sc oc o`tms oc prcfhpht`fhök. Ci ákohfc oc prcfhpht`fhök cst`ko`rhz`om (V^H) euc ocs`rrmii`om pmr AfJcc ct `i. (0886) p`r` f`tcgmrhz`r i` iiuvh` mlscrv`o` fmam uk` ocsvh`fhök cst`ko`rhz`o` fmk rcspcftm ` uk` eukfhök oc ohstrhlufhök oc prml`lhiho`o oc iiuvh`. Hkohf` föam f öam i` prcfhpht`fhök p`r` fu`iquhcr our`fhök o`o` (0 acs, < acscs, ctf.) ck uk shm oc mlscrv`fhök p`rfui`r sc fmap`r` fmk ci rcghstrm oc prcfhpht`fhök ` i`rgm pi`zm ck ci ahsam shm oc i` ahsa` our`fhök (Cow`ros y AfJcc, 0887). Ci ákohfc sc fmap`r` auy e`vmr`licacktc fmk v`rhms mtrms ákohfcs oc "scquá`" (Jcy`kt`sb (J cy`kt`sb y Or`fup, > pmr fhcktm oc su prcfhpht`fhök `ku`i our`ktc cstc pcrámom oc schs acscs, uk` f`r`ftcrásf` kmt`lic y` quc gr`k p`rtc oc i` pmli`fhök y i` prmouffhök `gráfmi` sc ckfucktr`k ocktrm m fcrf` oc cst` àrc`. Km sc pucoc hockf`r uk smim shstca` fhrfui`tmrhm quc prmouzf` prcfhpht`fhmkcs ck tmom Aèxhfm, o`om su r`kgm ck i`tuocs, `ituocs y shstca`s fhrfui`tmrhms (Amshðm y G`rfá`, 087?: F`v`zms y B`stcrkr`tb, 088>: A`g`ð` ct `i., 0888: Bhgghks ct `i., 0888: Xu y W`ii`fc, >>). Vc pucoc cspcr`r quc e`ftmrcs fmam i`s hkv`shmkcs oc `hrc oc Cst`oms Skhoms y F`k`oà y i`s tmrackt`s trmphf`ics hkuy`k ck i`s prcfhpht`fhmkcs ck i` a`ymrá` oc i`s àrc`s.

6. @iguk`s `pihf`fhmkcs oci V^H Ims hkvcsg`omrcs b`k capic`om V^H p`r` cx`ahk`r kuacrms`s fucsmkcs fmam scquá`s, tcicfmkcxhmkcs fmk shstca`s fhrfui`tmrhms ` gr`k csf`i`, hkuko`fhmkcs y rckohahcktm oc fuivms. Lmroh y fmi. (>0) (< >>0) ocamstr`rmk quc V^H sc pucoc uihz`r fmam bcrr`ahckt` ck i` rcfmkstruffhök bhstörhf` oc cvcktms oc scquá` ck iug`rcs oc Ht`ih`. Iimyo-Bugbcs y V`ukocrs (>0). Ci ecköackm oc Ci Khðm Msfhi`fhök oci Vur (CKMV) sc b` rci`fhmk`om fmk v`rhms ecköackms actcmrmiöghfms y fihaàfms cxtrcams ck tmom ci aukom. Ecrkàkocz y Ecrkàkocz (>< ) uihz`rmk V^H p`r` cstuoh`r i`s hkuko`fhmkcs rcfurrcktcs quc `ecft`k `i sur oc i` prmvhkfh` oc Föroml` ck @rgckk`, fmam uk` bcrr`ahckt` p`r` amkhtmrc`r ci rhcsgm oc hkuko`fhmkcs ck cs` rcghök. V^H cxpihf` s`se`ftmrh`acktc ci ocs`rrmiim oc i`s fmkohfhmkcs quc fmkoudcrmk ` i`s trcs prhkfhp`ics hkuko`fhmkcs ck i` rcghök our`ktc ims ôiams % oc ims rckohahcktms oc a`áz oc i` tcapmr`o` shguhcktc, y cst` hkemra`fhök pmorá` hkuhr ck i` cicffhök oc fuivms. Ck uk cstuohm pmstcrhmr, X`am`b ct `i. (>>) `k`ihz`rmk i`s fmkscfuckfh`s ` i`rgm pi`zm oc i` iiuvh` cxprcs`o` fmam V^H y khtrögckm ecrihz`ktc (K) smlrc ims rckohahcktms y i`s prml`lhiho`ocs oc rhcsgm oci a`áz ck Kclr`sj`. I` rcgrcshök oci rckohahcktm fmam v`rh`lic ocpckohcktc y ci V^H oc `lrhi oc 0< acscs fmam v`rh`lic hkocpckohcktc cxpihf`rmk b`st` ci 5?% oc i` v`rh`lhiho`o oci rckohahcktm ck uk` rci`fhök furvhiákc`. Sihz`om fmk mtrms frhtcrhms, ci V^H pucoc scr uk` guá` pràff` p`r` i` cicffhök oc fuivms, khvcics oc K y ocfhshmkcs oc a`kcdm p`r` fmkscrv`r `gu` ck shstca`s oc scf`km.

?. Aètmoms ?.0 Ckemquc oc acohfhök I` prcfhpht`fhök cs uk ecköackm fiha`tmiöghfm aàs ohfhi oc cstuoh`r quc i` tcapcr`tur`, pmrquc cs ohsfmkkum, `igukms oá`s km rcfhlck prcfhpht`fhmkcs, ahcktr`s quc mtrms oá`s rcfhlck tr`z`s oc `luko`ktcs f`ko`ocs oc prcfhpht`fhök. ^mr cst` r`zök, ci pcrámom oc acohfhök làshfm p`r` aufbms cstuohms oc prcfhpht`fhök cs i` prcfhpht`fhök tmt`i p`r` f`o` acs. Vh lhck i` prcfhpht`fhök tmt`i pucoc pcrahr i` fmap`r`fhök cktrc cst`fhmkcs p`r` uk` smi` cst`fhök y pucoc pcrahr fmap`r`fhmkcs cktrc rcghmkcs bôaco`s y scf`s, km cxpihf` i`s ocsvh`fhmkcs oc i` kmra`iho`o. Cs ocfhr, 0> fa `ohfhmk`ics oc prcfhpht`fhök pmr ckfha` oc i`s f`ko`ocs kmra`ics p`r` Ucr`fruz, ck i` fmst` oci Gmiem oc Aèxhfm, pucock scr ackmrcs ck rci`fhök fmk < fa oc prcfhpht`fhök pmr ckfha` oc i`s f`ko`ocs kmra`ics p`r` Vmkmr`, ck ci kmrmcstc. Cow`ros y AfJcc (0887) y ck su tr`l`dm prcfursmr (AfJcc ct `i., 0886) rcfmkmfhcrmk i` hapmrt`kfh` oc cstuoh`r i`s ocsvh`fhmkcs rci`v`s oc i` kmra`iho`o y ocs`rrmii`rmk ci Ákohfc oc ^rcfhpht`fhök Cstàko`r. V^H cs uk ákohfc f`ifui`om smlrc i` l`sc oc pcrámoms oc capm scicffhmk`oms (phf`acktc 0, y ocspuès oc 0883. I` Ehgur` 0 prcsckt` ci kôacrm oc cst`fhmkcs quc rcpmrt`k prcfhpht`fhök our`ktc ci pcrámom oc capm scicffhmk`om4 ckcrm oc 08?> b`st` Ohfhcalrc oc 0828. 0 828. Vh lhck cs ocsc`lic uk pcrámom oc capm i`rgm, `ktcs oc 08?> b`lá` pmf`s cst`fhmkcs. X sh lhck bulm uk a`rf`om `uacktm ck ci kôacrm oc 0850 b`lrá` `fmrt`omoci`cst`fhmkcs our`fhök. ck 0850, b`lcr fmackz`om i` scrhc tcapmr`i ` p`rr I`s àrc`s a`rf`o`acktc sulrcprcsckt`o`s ck ims prhacrms `ðms sc ckfmktr`rmk ck L`d` F`ihemrkh` Kmrtc, Kmrtc oc Vmkmr`, Kmrtc oc Fbhbu`bu` y i` ^ckáksui` oc Xuf`tàk. Km cxhs` t`i csf`scz ck i`s zmk`s ermktcrhz`s oc Cst`oms Skhoms, Gu`tca`i` y Lcihfc, pmr im quc cxhs` fhcrtm fmktrmi cxtcrkm p`r` rcprcsckt`r i`s àrc`s csf`s`s. I` ôkhf` cxfcpfhök eucrmk i`s p`rtcs oc i` pckáksui` oc Xuf`tàk, omkoc km cxhs`k puktms cxtcrkms. ^mr cst` r`zök, sc cst`licfhcrmk `igukms puktms fcrm `rfh`ics ck ci mfè`km icdms oc i` crr` p`r` `scgur`r quc `i ackms ims v`imrcs cxtr`pmi`oms tckocrá`k ` fcrm ck iug`r oc v`imrcs quc pmorá`k scr hrr`fhmk`ics. I` Ehgur` < aucstr` i` rcprcsckt`fhök oc i`s cst`fhmkcs (puktms) ohspmkhlics ck uk `ðm phfm, 0873. I` _`li` < prcsckt` ci kôacrm tmt`i oc cst`fhmkcs oc rcpmrtc (6606) y ci kôacrm

 

hockf`om ocktrm oc f`o` cst`om y i` our`fhök oc ims rcghstrms oc prcfhpht`fhök acksu`i. Vh lhck i` cst`fhök oc hkemracs prmacohm ckc o`tms oc prcfhpht`fhök acksu`i vàihoms our`ktc ¾ W). Cstc prmfcsm prmoudm 5>> `rfbhvms V^H-0< p`r` Aèxhfm (08?> ` 0828, acksu`iacktc) y 3> `rfbhvms oc f`o` scrhc V^H-5, vcr`km c hkvhcrkm.

^`r` ci `kàihshs csp`fh`i sc uihzö Horhsh-6 hktcrf`i`oms, ` i` vcz, p`r` i` fi`shf`fhök km supcrvhs`o`. @emrtuk`o`acktc, i`s fi`scs ocrhv`o`s oc ims ohecrcktcs pcrámoms aucstr`ics prmoudcrmk fi`scs pràff`acktc hoèkf`s. ^`r` i` cxpimr`fhök sc uihz`rmk Bypcr@utmVhg (uk aètmom oc fi`shf`fhök km supcrvhs`om) oc Horhsh y ci `kàihshs oc scrhcs oc capm (haàgckcs oc fmapmkcktcs prhkfhp`ics), y i` scfuckfh` oc aöouims BypcrVhg-BypcrSkahx-B`rockcr sc uihzö p`r` prcp`r`r haàgckcs fi`shf`o`s oc ims f`apms oc cktrck`ahcktm. O`om quc km pmorá` b`lcr uk` ihaht`fhök iöghf` ck ci kôacrm oc zmk`s ` ocrhv`r, cst`licfhams ims shguhcktcs frhtcrhms p`r` iicg`r ` uk kôacrm r`zmk`lic oc zmk`s fmbcrcktcs4 0) F`o` zmk` oclc fulrhr uk àrc` r`zmk`licacktc gr`koc, fmam i` ^ckáksui` oc Xuf`tàk, >> Iáahtc oc f`r`ftcrcs4 3>>> I` zmk` mrhckt`i sc fcktr` ck ci cst`om oc Ucr`fruz. Vc cxckoc b`st` i` ffmst` mst` mcstc. Vh lhck sc tr`t` oc uk` zmk` lhck ockho` ck fu`ktm `i ákohfc oc prcfhpht`fhök cst`ko`rhz`om, pmr su ulhf`fhök gcmgràf` y gr`k v`rh`fhök ck i`s cicv`fhmkcs cs uk` zmk` l`st`ktc fmapicd` ck fu`ktm ` zmk`s fihaàf`s tr`ohfhmk`ics, fmk 0 0 sulpms fihaàfms. _hckc oms zmk`s àrho`s, LV, y trcs zmk`s tcapi`o`s sulbôaco`s, F (w), ck trcs v`rhco`ocs, y uk` zmk` tcapi`o` bôaco`, F (a). Vus zmk`s scahfàiho`s smk auy bôaco`s, (@) F (ea) y bôaco`s (@) F (a). _hckc trcs àrc`s f`ihcktcs, @w sulbôacom, @a bôacom y @ auy bôacom (ea). Fmhkfhoc ck gckcr`i fmk i` rcghök fihaàf` 7 (Gmiem oc Aèxhfm), pcrm uk` pmrfhök fmhkfhoc fmk i` rcghök 5 (Kmrcstc). I` zmk` oc Fbh`p`s cs l`st`ktc bmamgèkc`, pcrm fmk `igukms v`fáms hktcrkms. ^mr su pmshfhök gcmgràf` y fmkgur`fhök ckc mfbm sulpms fihaàfms. Vus fiha`s fàihoms smk sulbôacom, @w, `a bôacom y @ea auy bôacom. _hckc oms àrc`s scah-f`ihcktcs, sulbôaco` (@) F (w) y bôaco` (@) F (a). _`alhèk fuckt` fmk oms zmk`s tcapi`o`s, Fw sulbôaco` y Fa bôaco`. Vhk cal`rgm, km cs uk` rcghök fihaàf` bmamgèkc`. Fmhkfhoc fmk p`rtc oc i` rcghök 0> (^`fáfm Vur) y i` p`rtc sur oc i` rcghök 7 (Gmiem oc Aèxhfm). Sk fmkscdm sc cxckoc b`st` Gu`tca`i`. I` zmk` oc Xuf`tàk cs auy bmamgèkc`. Vöim cktrc cst`s zmk`s cs rci`v`acktc shapic ck i`s zmk`s fihaàf`s, fmk fhkfm sulpms fihaàfms fmk oms zmk`s scf`s, LV, y trcs zmk`s sulbôaco`s, @w ck trcs sulpms. _`alhèk ckc uk` zmk` fàiho` y bôaco` ck ci sur. Cst` zmk` cs f`sh hoèkf` ` i` rcghök 00 (^ckáksui` oc Xuf`tàk). Km b`y uk` p`rfhp`fhök shgkhf`v` oc Aèxhfm ck i` Tmk` oc Gu`tca`i`. F`lc scð`i`r quc, ck gckcr`i, i`s v`rh`fhmkcs scahfàiho`s y tcapi`o`s oc i`s ohskt`s zmk`s sc oclck ` i` prcsckfh` oc amkt`ð`s.

6873/3>>> Iáahtc oc f`r`ftcrcs4 3>>> 2. Ohsfushök Ci fmkfcptm V^H euc ocs`rrmii`om p`r` fu`kf`r uk oèfht oc prcfhpht`fhök p`r` ohecrcktcs csf`i`s oc capm. Vh lhck i` a`ymr p`rtc oci tr`l`dm sc b` fcktr`om ck i`s fmkohfhmkcs oc scquá`, ci V^H cs hgu`iacktc fmapctcktc p`r` cxprcs`r a`gkhtuocs oc cxfcsm oc prcfhpht`fhök, ck rci`fhök fmk im kmra`i. Euc ohscð`om fmam uk ákohfc quc rcfmkmfc i` hapmrt`kfh` oc i`s csf`i`s oc capm ck ci `kàihshs oc i` ohspmkhlhiho`o y ci usm oci `gu`. Ci V^H mercfc uk` acdmr rcprcsckt`fhök oc i` buaco`o y scquco`o `kmra`ics quc ims ákohfcs oc scquá` oc ^`iacr. Ci ^OVH b` shom ci ákohfc aàs prmahkcktc oc scquá` actcmrmiöghf` ck ims Cst`oms Skhoms, y tcká` i` hktckfhök oc ahr`r rctrmspcfv`acktc i`s fmkohfhmkcs bôaco`s y scf`s uihz`kom tèfkhf`s oc l`i`kfc báorhfm oci sucim. _hckc uk` cstruftur` fmapicd` fmk uk` acamrh` cxfcpfhmk`iacktc i`rg`, shk cal`rgm, sc b` uihz`om fmk uk èxhtm ihaht`om ck ims CC. SS. (^. Cd., Gua`k ct `i., 088) ^rhacrm, ims o`tms oc prcfhpht`fhök sc ocsfrhlck ck fu`ktm ` su acoh`, ocsvh`fhök cstàko`r y scsgm. Ck fu`rtm iug`r, ims v`imrcs tr`ksemra`oms pmr g`aa` sc vucivck ` tr`ksemra`r, fmk ohecrcktcs eöraui`s scgôk i` a`gkhtuo oc ims v`imrcs tr`ksemra`oms pmr g`aa`4 Ck quhktm iug`r, ci Ákohfc oc ^rcfhpht`fhök Cstàko`r rcsuit` oc i`s tr`ksemra`fhmkcs t, fmk ohecrcktcs eöraui`s scgôk i` a`gkhtuo oc ims v`imrcs tr`ksemra`oms g`aa`4 oökoc f> 1 ,2>.>0>6>06>2. Ck ci shguhcktc cdcapim oc bmd` oc fàifuim, i` `pihf`fhök oc cst`s eöraui`s o` fmam rcsuit`om4 0) I` acoh` oc prcfhpht`fhök oc ckcrm sc `dust` oc 3?,?< ` i` acoh` oci V^H oc >,>0, > y 6) ci scsgm sc rcoufc oc >,77 ` ->,63 ^mr im t`ktm, sc b` fuapihom i` hktckfhök oci fàifuim oci ákohfc oc prcfhpht`fhök cstàko`r.

 

@ktcfcocktcs oci ákohfc oc prcfhpht`fhök cst`ko`rhz`om Ocs`rrmii`om pmr _bma`s AfJcc ck i` Skhvcrsho`o Cst`t`i oc Fmimr`om @ompt`om pmr ci Fcktrm K`fhmk`i oc Ahg`fhök oc i` Vcquá` y ci Fcktrm Fihaàfm \cghmk`i Mffhockt`i @o`pt`om p`r` su usm ck B`wàh pmr i` Mfhk` oc ^rmkösfms oc KWV Bmkmiuiu ck >> ½Puè cs ci V^H= Sk aètmom cst`oásfm p`r` cv`iu`r i`s prcfhpht`fhmkcs Aàs rcprcsckt`vm quc us`r i` prcfhpht`fhök acoh` fmam uk` rcprcsckt`fhök oc im quc cs "kmra`i". ½Puè p`s` fmk ci prmacohm= I`s ohstrhlufhmkcs oc i`s prcfhpht`fhmkcs km sucick scguhr uk` ohstrhlufhök g`ussh`k` ("furv` ("f urv` oc f`ap`k`"). I`s ohstrhlufhmkcs oc i`s prcfhpht`fhmkcs cstàk scsg`o`s y i`s f`ko`ocs aàs l`d`s smk aàs ercfucktcs. Ci rcsuit`om cs quc ci prmacohm cstà scsg`om b`fh` v`imrcs aàs `itms Ims o`tms oc prcfhpht`fhmkcs cstàk acdmr rcprcsckt`oms pmr uk` ohstrhlufhök g`aa` @i f`ifui`r ci V^H, ims v`imrcs oc iiuvh` mlscrv`oms sc `dust`k prhacrm ` uk` ohstrhlufhök g`aa` I` ohstrhlufhök g`aa` sc tr`ksemra` iucgm ck uk` ohstrhlufhök g`ussh`k` (uk` "furv` oc f`ap`k`"). I` `kma`iá` cst`ko`rhz`o` sc f`ifui` iucgm fmk rcsuit`oms quc ckck uk prmacohm oc fcrm y uk` ocsvh`fhök cstàko`r oc ukm. IÁKC@ HKEC\HM\4 _moms ims p`sms `ktcrhmrcs b`fck quc ci V^H sc` hkocpckohcktc t`ktm oc i` ulhf`fhök fmam oci r`kgm oc v`imrcs, oc amom quc i`s ohecrcktcs cst`fhmkcs y àrc`s fihaàf`s sc rcprcsckt`k oc a`kcr` cquht`v`. ½^mr què V^H= Ci ákohfc oc scvcrho`o oc i` scquá` oc ^`iacr (^OVH) sc us` `apih`acktc ck aufb`s p`rtcs oc ims CC. SS. ^C\M ^OVH km `ptm p`r` `it` v`rh`lhiho`o csp`fh`i oci fiha` BH Ci ^OVH ocpckoc oc ims o`tms oc buaco`o y tcapcr`tur` oci sucim quc km cstàk ohspmkhlics b`lhtu`iacktc ck B`wàh. V^H ocpckoc smim oc ims o`tms oc iiuvh` \co oc hkemracs rcgui`racktc ohspmkhlic \csuit`oms kmra`ihz`oms4 ohecrcktcs àrc`s sc pucock cv`iu`r pmr hgu`i ^ucoc us`rsc p`r` amkhtmrc`r fmkohfhmkcs bôaco`s m scf`s V^H cs cxhlic4 sc pucoc `pihf`r ` mtrms pms oc o`tms (pmr cdcapim, f`uo`i, khvcics oc cal`iscs, ctf.) Sk` kmt` smlrc i`s eucktcs oc o`tms 32 piuvhöactrms (oc ukms 6>> shms) oc 6 rcocs oci KWV

 

07 hkemracs oc f`ihlrcs ck capm rc`i m f`sh ck capm rc`i ?0 acohomrcs icck c hkemra`k a`ku`iacktc acksu`iacktc Vcicffhök l`s`o` ck4 Slhf`fhök4 sc hktcktö tckcr v`rhms shms pmr zmk` fihaàf` f ihaàf` \cghstrm oc hkemracs4 oclc scr cxtcksm y fmk`lic Ims shms ck capm rc`i pcrahtck fàifuims oc V^H hkacoh`t`acktc ocspuès oc k oc acs p`r` 07 shms (hkemrac "ràphom"). ?0 shms a`ku`ics ckck uk rctr`sm oc ` 6> oá`s ck i` ohspmkhlhiho`o oc o`tms. ("rcpmrtc fmapictm). ^rmfcsm oc ocs`rrmiim oc prmouftms V^H U`imrcs oc V^H f`ifui`oms p`r` f`o` f `o` shm ` p`rr oc o`tms shk prmfcs`r Acoh`s oc i` zmk` fihaàf` octcrahk`o`s Vc frcö uk lmick oc tcxtm quc ckuacr` ims v`imrcs oc V^H p`r` f`o` shm y p`r` f`o` pcrámom oc capm (pcrámoms oc 0, ) `ðms o`tms oc prcfhpht`fhök oci ohstrhtm oc Vur`t. Ckfmktr`r ci ákohfc oc scquá` fmk l`sc ck uk` csf`i` oc capm oc omfc acscs y fmap`r`rim fmk ci scquá` oc i` cst`fhök. Ims v`imrcs pmshvms oc V^H `pukt`k ` fmkohfhmkcs kmra`ics ` fmkohfhmkcs bôaco`s y ims v`imrcs kcg`vms hkohf`k kmra`i fmkohfhök ` fmkohfhök scf`. Ci aètmom V^H ohm fmam rcsuit`om uk` v`rh`fhök oci 3>% oc i` fmkohfhök kmra`i ` bôaco` y oc kmra`i ` scf`. rcspcfv`acktc. © 03 Ims @utmrcs. ^ulihf`om pmr Ciscvhcr LU \cvhshök pmr p`rcs l`dm i` rcspmks`lhiho`o oci fmahtè mrg`khz`omr oc HFW\FMC 03. Jcywmros4 ákohfc oc prcfhpht`fhök cst`ko`rhz`om: Vcquá`: Ákohfc oc scquá`: ^rcfhpht`fhök. * @utmr fmrrcspmkohcktc. _ci .4 + 80-/ ).  ). \cvhshök pmr p`rcs l`dm i` rcspmks`lhiho`o oci fmahtè mrg`khz`omr oc HFW\FMC 03 ^àghk` < 0 ?7,3? 0828 55,67 55,?0 088> > >> ?5,