Indian Polity Notes-contents

Constitution Introduction Significance of the Constitution Constitutional Developments Regulating Act of 1773 Pitt’s India Act of 1784 Charter Act of 1833 Charter Act of 1853 Government of India Act of 1858 Indian councils Act of 1861 Indian Council Act of 1892 Indian Councils Act of 1909 Government of India Act of 1919 Government of India Act of 1935 Indian Independence Act of 1947 Framing of the Constitution of India Different sources of our Constitution Nature of the Indian Constitution What is a Federation? Indian situation Provisions in the Indian Constitution which are not strictly federal in character The Preamble Chapter – 2 Purposes of the Preamble Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic Justice Liberty Equality: Fraternity The Union and its territory Chapter – 3 Formation of new states Creating new states Reorganisation of States Citizenship Chapter – 4 Acquisition of Indian citizenship Termination of Citizenship Dual Citizenship FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Introduction: Doctrine of Eclipse Doctrine of severability Classification of Fundamental Rights Right to Equality (Art 14 - 18) • Article 14 • Article 15 • Article 16 • Article 17 - Abolition of untouchability • Article18 - Abolition of Titles Right to Freedom (Art 19-22) • Article 19 • Article 20 - Protection in respect of conviction for offences • Ex-post facto legislation • Double Jeopardy

• Prohibition against self incrimination • Article 21 - Protection of Life and Personal Liberty • Article 22 - Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases • Procedure established by law and the due process of law Right against Exploitation (Art 23 & 24) • Article 23 - Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour • Article 24 - Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc Rights to Freedom of Religion (Art 25 -28) • Article 25 - Freedom of conscience, profession, practice and propagation of religion • Article 26 - Freedom to manage religious affairs • Article 27 - Freedoms as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion • Restrictions on Freedom of Religion • Conversions • Article 28 - Freedom as to the attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational Institutions Cultural and Educational Rights (Art 29 – 30) • Article 29 - Protection of interests of minorities • Article 30 - Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions • Minority Institutions and regulatory measures Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art 32) Other Issues related to Fundamental Rights • Right to Information • Is there any erosion in the Fundamental Rights since the Commencement of the Constitution? • Difference between the writ jurisdiction of the SC and the HC • Public Interest Litigation FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES Flag Controversy and the New Flag Code Fundamental Duties in other Countries Enforcement of Duties Eleven Fundamental Duties for Citizens Directive Principles of State Policy The Socialist Principles The Gandhian Principles The Western Liberal Principles Directive Principles subsequently added • 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 • 44th Amendment Act, 1978 Implementation of DPSPs Directives in other parts (not in Part IV) of the Constitution Relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles Difference between FR & DPSP Importance of the DPSP President of India Election of President (Art. 54,55) Qualifications for the election to the office of the President (Article 58) Impeachment of the President (Art. 61) Executive powers of the President Legislative powers Discretionary Powers of the President Bills that require prior recommendation of the President Types of Veto

Emergency Powers Financial Powers Diplomatic powers Military Powers Judicial Powers Constitutional position of the President Vice –President of India Duties of the Vice-President in extraordinary circumstances Qualifications to be the Vice-President Terms of the Office of the Vice-President (Article 67) Office of the Vice-President Vice-Presidents of India Comparison between the President and the Vice-President ATTORNY – GENERAL OF INDIA COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL DUTIES OF CAG CAG: Safeguards for impartiality The central vigilance commission Appointment of Central Vigilance Commissioner and Vigilance Commissioners TERMS AND CONDITIONS REMOVAL OF CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSSIONER Council of Ministers Prime Minister Appointment of the Prime Minister Powers and Functions • In relation to the Council of Minister: • In relation to the President • In relation to the Parliament Role Descriptions of PM Role of Cabinet Cabinet Committees Council of Ministers Vs Cabinet The Parliament • Article 79: Constitution of the Parliament • Functions of the Parliament The Rajya Sabha or the Council of States • Article 80: The Council of /states shall Consist of • Criteria for nomination • Special Powers of the Rajya Sabha • Present allocation of seats in Rajya Sbha • Federal Features of the Rajya Sabha • Removal from the office of Chairman or Deputy Chairman • Qualifications for the Membership of Rajya Sabha • Utility of the Rajya Sabha • Official of the Rajya Sabha • Disqualification of the Members of Parliament • Joint sitting of the Parliament The Lok Sabha or the Lower House • Special powers of the Lok Sabha • Representation of States/UTs in the Lok Sabha • Tenure of the Lok Sabha • Qualifications for the membership of the Lok Sabha • Vacation of Seats • Tenures of the Houses of the People • Penalty for sitting and voting when not qualified • Prerogatives of the Parliament

Speaker • Special position of the Speaker • Speaker Pro-tem • Special powers of the Speaker • Speakers of Lok Sabha Categories and Passage of the Bills • Ordinary Bills • Money Bills • Financial Bills Sessions of the parliament • End of the session • Dissolution of the House Constitutional Amendment Bills • Amendment by simple majority • Guillotine The Budget • Parliamentary Control over Financial System • Vote on Account Parliamentary Committees • Details of some of the important Committees are: Committee on Estimates Committee on Public Accounts Committee on Public Undertakings Committee on Welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Panel of Chairmen • Departmentally Related Standing Committee • Leader of the Opposition: Lok Sabha Motions • Motions and Resolutions • Types of Motions Censure Motion No-Confidence Motion Confidence Motion Cut Motions Pay Commissions Questions in Parliament Types of Majority Quorum in Parliament Parliamentary Control over the Executive Anti-Defection Law Law against defection to be made stringent Causes of failure THE STATE EXECUTIVE AND STATE LEGISLATURE THE GOVERNOR • APPOINTMENT AND CONDITIONS • SALARY, ALLOWANCES & IMMUNITIES TO THE GOVERNOR • POWERS AND FUNCTIONS • EXECUTIVE POWERS • LEGISLATIVE POWERS • FINANCIAL POWERS • JUDICIAL POWERS • EMERGENCY POWERS • DISCRETIONARY POWERS OF THE GOVERNOR COMPARISON OF POWERS AND POSITION OF THE PRESIDENT GOVERNOR

AND

THE

SARKARIA COMMISSION REPORT ON THE OFFICE OF GOVERNOR THE CHIEF MINISTER POWERS AND FUNCTIONS: • IN RELATION TO THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS • IN RELATION TO THE GOVERNOR • IN RELATION TO THE STATE LEGISLATURE • THE ADVOCATE GENERAL THE STATE LEGISLATURE THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL (VIDHAN PARISHAD) THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (VIDHAN SABHA) FINANCIAL AND ORDINARY BILLS LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND STATE ADMINISTRATION PANCHAYATI RAJ (PART IX) THE PANCHYATS BALWANT RAY MEHTA COMMITTEE ASHOK MEHTA COMMITTEE GVK RAO COMMITTEE LM SINGHVI COMMITTEE CONSTITUTIONALISATION 73RD AMENDMENT ACT OF 1992 THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ACT THREE-TIER SYSTEM: GRAM SABHA • DURATION OF PANCHAYATS • DISQUALIFICATIONS • RESERVATION OF SEATS • ELECTION OF THE MEMBERS AND THE CHAIRPERSONS • POWERS AND FUNCTIONS STATE ELECTION COMMISSION STATE FINANCE COMMISSION • Problems in the working of Panchayats • At political level and administration level • At social level • At Economic level URBAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT (PART IX A) THE MUNICIPALITIES CONSTITUTIONALISATION STATE ADMINISTRATION CHIEF SECRETARY Powers and functions Similarities between the Chief Secretary and the Cabinet Secretary Differences between the Chief Secretary and the Cabinet Secretary DISTRICT COLLECTOR Role and functions Revenue Administration Law and Order Development Administration Evolution of District and its administration SUB-DIVISION TEHSIL CIRCLE VILLAGE JUDICIARY

PART V: The Union Chapter IV: The Union Judiciary THE SUPREME COURT Safeguards for Maintaining the Impartiality of Supreme Court Judges Qualifications for the Appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court Salary and Allowances Rules of Procedure National Judicial Council (NJC) Bill Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Original Jurisdiction Writ Jurisdiction Appellate Jurisdiction • Plea Bargaining Advisory Jurisdiction Revisory Jurisdiction Removal of the Judges of the Supreme Court Judicial Reforms Judicial Activism & Judicial Review Role of the SC in Strengthening the Constitution in the last 50 years THE HIGH COURTS PART VI: The States Chapter V: The High Courts in the States CHAPTER VI: Subordinate Courts Appointment of the Judges Qualifications for Appointment as a Judge of a High Court Provision for Independence of the Judges of the High Court Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another Jurisdiction of the High Court • Original Jurisdiction • Appellate Jurisdiction • Writ Jurisdiction Administrative functions of the High Courts Comparison between the Supreme Court and the High Courts Supreme Court Verdict on Judicial interference Judges Inquiry Bill 2006 NATIONAL E-COURTS PROJECT Lok Adalats The High Courts: Seats and Jurisdiction THE CENTRE – STATE RELATIONS LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS FINANCIAL RELATIONS PART XII FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, AND SUITS Centre – State Financial Relations Taxing Power of Centre and States Taxes Levied and Collected and Retained by the Centre Taxes Levied by the Centre but Collected and Appropriated by the States: Taxes Levied and Collected by the Centre but Assigned to the States Taxes Levied and Collected by the Centre and Compulsorily Distributed between the Centre and the States Taxes Levied and Collected by the Centre and may be distributed between the Centre and States Taxes Levied and Collected and Retained by States Irritants in the Centre-State Fiscal Relationship INTER - STATE COUNCIL SARKARIA COMMISSION ZONAL COUNCILS NORTH-EASTERN COUNCIL

INTER-STATE RIVER WATER DISPUTE TRIBUNAL EMERGENCY PROVISIONS NATIONAL EMERGENCY (ART 352) Effects of the Proclamation of Emergency STATE EMERGENCY (ART 356) • The 42nd and the 44th Amendment Acts in relation to Art. 356. • Relation Between Articles 355, 356 and 365 • Art 356 and Judicial Review • Federalism, Article 356 and its misuse • Recommendations of S R Bommai Judgment • Recommendation of Sarkaria Commission • NCRWC recommendations FINANCIAL EMERGENCY (ART 360) SCHEDULES OF THE CONSTITUTION ELECTIONS & ELECTION COMMISSION PART XV - ELECTIONS ELECTORAL SYSTEM SINGLE MEMBER CONSTITUENCY SYSTEM SYSTEM OF PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION Single Transferable Vote or Order of Choice List System Disadvantages Two—ballot system ELECTION COMMISSION Constitutional Safeguards to the Office of the CEC THE ELECTORAL ROLL MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS REGISTRATION WITH ELECTION COMMISSION RECOGNITION AND RESERVATION OF SYMBOLS MEDIA COVERAGE STATE FUNDING OF ELECTIONS THE VOTERS IDENTITY CARD DELIMITATION ELECTORAL REFORMS • The Representation of the People (Second Amendment) Act, 2003 • The Election and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2003 • Campus Elections: Lyngdoh Panel recommendations PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS PLANNING COMMISSION National Development Council FINANCE COMMISSION SIXTH CENTRAL PAY COMMISSION UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION THE CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSION CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SAFAI KARAMCHARIS THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ACTS (1951 – 2007) Constitutional evolution under British rule Acts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Regulating Act 1773 Pitt’s India Act 1784 Charter Act 1813 Charter Act 1833 Charter Act 1853 Indian Council Act 1861

7. Indian Council Act 1892 8. Government of India Act 1898 9. Indian Council Act 1909 (Minto-Morley Reforms) 10. Government of India Act 1909 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) 11. Government of India Act 1935 12. Indian Independence Act 1947 The Constituent Assembly (1946 – 1950) STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION Preamble to the Constitution Parts of the Constitution Schedules of the Constitution MODIFYING THE CONSTITUTION Amendments to the Constitution Important of Amendments to the Constitution THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT Qualifications of the President Conditions of service POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT 1. Administrative powers 2. Legislative Powers 3. Financial Powers 4. Judicial Powers 5. Emergency Powers 6. Military Powers 7. Diplomatic Powers 8. President’s Rule 9. Discretionary Powers PRESIDENT’S RULE IN INDIA THE PRESIDENT’S OF INDIA THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF INDIA Election of the Vice-President Powers and functions of the Vice-President COUNCIL OF MINISTERS Conditions of service Collective Responsibility Functions of the Council of Ministers CATEGORIES OF MINISTERS THE PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA Overview ELECTION TO OFFICE Appointment Conditions of service FUNCTIONS OF THE PRIME MINISTER LIST OF PRIME MINISTERS OF INDIA THE DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER THE PARLIAMENT OF INDIA Overview THE RAJYA SABHA (COUNCIL OF STATES) About the Rajya Sabha Membership to the Rajya Sabha Tenure of the Rajya Sabha Functions of the Rajya Sabha THE LOK SABHA (HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE) About the Lok Sabha

Membership to the Lok Sabha Tenure of the Lok Sabha Functions of the Lok Sabha SPEAKER OF THE LOK SABHA Terms of service Functions of the Speaker Important Speakers of the Lok Sabha FUNCTIONS OF PARLIAMENT LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES IN PARLIAMENT Ordinary Bills Money Bills TYPES OF MONEY BILLS Annual Financial Statement: Appropriation Bill: IMPORTANT PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGS • Point of Order • Vote on Account • Guillotine • Quorum • Question Hour • Zero Hour TYPES OF MOTIONS • Adjournment Motion: • Calling Attention Motion • Priviledge Motion • Censure Motion • No Confidence Motion • Cut Motion TERMINATION OF A SESSION OF PARLIAMENT SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Overview About the Supreme Court building COMPOSITION OF THE SUPREME COURT Judges of the Supreme Court Terms of service Ad hoc Judges The office of the Chief Justice Noteworthy Chief Justices INDEPENDENCE OF JUDGES JURISDICTION OF THE SUPREME COURT 1. Original Jurisdiction 2. Appellate Jurisdiction 3. Advisory Jurisdiction POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT 1. Court of Record 2. Judicial Review 3. Other powers HIGH COURTS IN INDIA Overview Jurisdiction of High Courts Judges and Benches Important High Courts and their Jurisdictions THE STATE EXECUTIVE THE GOVERNOR OF A STATE Overview Conditions of service POWERS OF THE GOVERNOR

• Executive powers • Legislative powers • Financial powers • Discretionary powers THE STATE LEGISLATURE Overview The Legislative Assembly The Legislative Council Conditions of service Presiding officers Functions of the state Legislature LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN INDIA Overview Evolution of local government LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN RURAL AREAS Overview Committees to study Panchayat system 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 VILLAGE LEVEL GOVERNMENT The Gram Sabha Constitution of Gram Panchayats Responsibilities of the Panchayat Sources of income BLOCK LEVEL GOVERNMENT Constitution of Panchayat Samiti Functions of the Panchayat Samiti DISTRICT LEVEL GOVERNMENT Constitution of the Zilla Parishad Sources of income Functions of the Zilla Parishad LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN URBAN AREAS Overview MUNICIPAL CORPORATION Sources of income Functions of Municipal Corporations MUNICIPALITY CITY COUNCIL ELECTIONS IN INDIA Overview Constitutional provisions for elections Election process Political parties Judicial Review of election disputes ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA About the Election Commission Powers of the Election Commission Functions of the Election Commission Composition of the Election Commission Terms of service Chief Election Commissioners of India DELIMITATION COMMISSION ATTORNEY GENERAL OF INDIA Overview Terms of service Powers and functions of the Attorney General Solicitor General for India The Advocate General COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA

Overview Terms of service The Indian Audits and Accounts Service (IA&AS) PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES IN INDIA Overview Functions of the Committees TYPES OF COMMITTEES Ad hoc Committees Standing Committees IMPORTANT COMMITTEES Departmentally Related Standing Committees Committee on Estimates Committee on Public Accounts Committee on Public Undertakings Other important committees CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA Overview Civil Services under British rule All India Services Central Civil Services State Civil Services UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION (UPSC) Membership to the Commission Functions of the UPSC

Constitution Introduction Significance of the Constitution Constitutional Developments Regulating Act of 1773 Pitt’s India Act of 1784 Charter Act of 1833 Charter Act of 1853 Government of India Act of 1858 Indian councils Act of 1861 Indian Council Act of 1892 Indian Councils Act of 1909 Government of India Act of 1919 Government of India Act of 1935 Indian Independence Act of 1947 Framing of the Constitution of India Different sources of our Constitution Nature of the Indian Constitution What is a Federation? Indian situation Provisions in the Indian Constitution which are not strictly federal in character The Preamble Chapter – 2 Purposes of the Preamble Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic

1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 Chapter 2 &3

Chapter 4

Republic Justice Liberty Equality: Fraternity The Union and its territory Chapter – 3 Formation of new states Creating new states Reorganisation of States Citizenship Chapter – 4 Acquisition of Indian citizenship Termination of Citizenship Dual Citizenship FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Introduction: Doctrine of Eclipse Doctrine of severability Classification of Fundamental Rights Right to Equality (Art 14 - 18) • Article 14 • Article 15 • Article 16 • Article 17 - Abolition of untouchability • Article18 - Abolition of Titles Right to Freedom (Art 19-22) • Article 19 • Article 20 - Protection in respect of conviction for offences • Ex-post facto legislation • Double Jeopardy • Prohibition against self incrimination • Article 21 - Protection of Life and Personal Liberty • Article 22 - Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases • Procedure established by law and the due process of law Right against Exploitation (Art 23 & 24) • Article 23 - Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour • Article 24 - Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc Rights to Freedom of Religion (Art 25 -28) • Article 25 - Freedom of conscience, profession, practice and propagation of religion • Article 26 - Freedom to manage religious affairs • Article 27 - Freedoms as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion • Restrictions on Freedom of Religion • Conversions • Article 28 - Freedom as to the attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational Institutions Cultural and Educational Rights (Art 29 – 30) • Article 29 - Protection of interests of minorities • Article 30 - Right of minorities to establish and administer

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

7.5 7.6 7.7 7.9 7.10 7.10 7.12

7.13 7.14

7.16 7.16

7.17 7.17 7.17

7.18 7.18 7.18

educational institutions • Minority Institutions and regulatory measures Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art 32) Other Issues related to Fundamental Rights • Right to Information • Is there any erosion in the Fundamental Rights since the Commencement of the Constitution? • Difference between the writ jurisdiction of the SC and the HC • Public Interest Litigation FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES Flag Controversy and the New Flag Code Fundamental Duties in other Countries Enforcement of Duties Eleven Fundamental Duties for Citizens Directive Principles of State Policy The Socialist Principles The Gandhian Principles The Western Liberal Principles Directive Principles subsequently added • 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 • 44th Amendment Act, 1978 Implementation of DPSPs Directives in other parts (not in Part IV) of the Constitution Relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles Difference between FR & DPSP Importance of the DPSP President of India Election of President (Art. 54,55) Qualifications for the election to the office of the President (Article 58) Impeachment of the President (Art. 61) Executive powers of the President Legislative powers Discretionary Powers of the President Bills that require prior recommendation of the President Types of Veto Emergency Powers Financial Powers Diplomatic powers Military Powers Judicial Powers Constitutional position of the President Vice –President of India Duties of the Vice-President in extraordinary circumstances Qualifications to be the Vice-President Terms of the Office of the Vice-President (Article 67) Office of the Vice-President Vice-Presidents of India Comparison between the President and the Vice-President ATTORNY – GENERAL OF INDIA COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL DUTIES OF CAG CAG: Safeguards for impartiality

7.19

Chapter 9

Chapter 8

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 41

The central vigilance commission Appointment of Central Vigilance Commissioner and Commissioners TERMS AND CONDITIONS REMOVAL OF CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSSIONER Council of Ministers

Chapter 48 Vigilance

Prime Minister Appointment of the Prime Minister Powers and Functions • In relation to the Council of Minister: • In relation to the President • In relation to the Parliament Role Descriptions of PM Role of Cabinet Cabinet Committees Council of Ministers Vs Cabinet The Parliament • Article 79: Constitution of the Parliament • Functions of the Parliament The Rajya Sabha or the Council of States • Article 80: The Council of /states shall Consist of • Criteria for nomination • Special Powers of the Rajya Sabha • Present allocation of seats in Rajya Sbha • Federal Features of the Rajya Sabha • Removal from the office of Chairman or Deputy Chairman • Qualifications for the Membership of Rajya Sabha • Utility of the Rajya Sabha • Official of the Rajya Sabha • Disqualification of the Members of Parliament • Joint sitting of the Parliament The Lok Sabha or the Lower House • Special powers of the Lok Sabha • Representation of States/UTs in the Lok Sabha • Tenure of the Lok Sabha • Qualifications for the membership of the Lok Sabha • Vacation of Seats • Tenures of the Houses of the People • Penalty for sitting and voting when not qualified • Prerogatives of the Parliament Speaker • Special position of the Speaker • Speaker Pro-tem • Special powers of the Speaker • Speakers of Lok Sabha Categories and Passage of the Bills • Ordinary Bills • Money Bills • Financial Bills Sessions of the parliament • End of the session

Chapter 20 & 21

Chapter 22

• Dissolution of the House Constitutional Amendment Bills • Amendment by simple majority • Guillotine The Budget • Parliamentary Control over Financial System • Vote on Account Parliamentary Committees • Details of some of the important Committees are: Committee on Estimates Committee on Public Accounts Committee on Public Undertakings Committee on Welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Panel of Chairmen • Departmentally Related Standing Committee • Leader of the Opposition: Lok Sabha Motions • Motions and Resolutions • Types of Motions Censure Motion No-Confidence Motion Confidence Motion Cut Motions Pay Commissions Questions in Parliament Types of Majority Quorum in Parliament Parliamentary Control over the Executive Anti-Defection Law Law against defection to be made stringent Causes of failure THE STATE EXECUTIVE AND STATE LEGISLATURE THE GOVERNOR • APPOINTMENT AND CONDITIONS • SALARY, ALLOWANCES & IMMUNITIES TO THE GOVERNOR • POWERS AND FUNCTIONS • EXECUTIVE POWERS • LEGISLATIVE POWERS • FINANCIAL POWERS • JUDICIAL POWERS • EMERGENCY POWERS • DISCRETIONARY POWERS OF THE GOVERNOR COMPARISON OF POWERS AND POSITION OF THE PRESIDENT AND THE GOVERNOR SARKARIA COMMISSION REPORT ON THE OFFICE OF GOVERNOR THE CHIEF MINISTER POWERS AND FUNCTIONS: • IN RELATION TO THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS • IN RELATION TO THE GOVERNOR • IN RELATION TO THE STATE LEGISLATURE • THE ADVOCATE GENERAL

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

THE STATE LEGISLATURE THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL (VIDHAN PARISHAD) THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (VIDHAN SABHA) FINANCIAL AND ORDINARY BILLS LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND STATE ADMINISTRATION PANCHAYATI RAJ (PART IX) THE PANCHYATS BALWANT RAY MEHTA COMMITTEE ASHOK MEHTA COMMITTEE GVK RAO COMMITTEE LM SINGHVI COMMITTEE CONSTITUTIONALISATION 73RD AMENDMENT ACT OF 1992 THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ACT THREE-TIER SYSTEM: GRAM SABHA • DURATION OF PANCHAYATS • DISQUALIFICATIONS • RESERVATION OF SEATS • ELECTION OF THE MEMBERS AND THE CHAIRPERSONS • POWERS AND FUNCTIONS STATE ELECTION COMMISSION STATE FINANCE COMMISSION • Problems in the working of Panchayats • At political level and administration level • At social level • At Economic level URBAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT (PART IX A) THE MUNICIPALITIES CONSTITUTIONALISATION STATE ADMINISTRATION CHIEF SECRETARY Powers and functions Similarities between the Chief Secretary and the Cabinet Secretary Differences between the Chief Secretary and the Cabinet Secretary DISTRICT COLLECTOR Role and functions Revenue Administration Law and Order Development Administration Evolution of District and its administration SUB-DIVISION TEHSIL CIRCLE VILLAGE JUDICIARY PART V: The Union Chapter IV: The Union Judiciary THE SUPREME COURT Safeguards for Maintaining the Impartiality of Supreme Court Judges Qualifications for the Appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court

Chapter 26 & 27

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

Chapter 23

Salary and Allowances Rules of Procedure National Judicial Council (NJC) Bill Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Original Jurisdiction Writ Jurisdiction Appellate Jurisdiction • Plea Bargaining Advisory Jurisdiction Revisory Jurisdiction Removal of the Judges of the Supreme Court Judicial Reforms Judicial Activism & Judicial Review Role of the SC in Strengthening the Constitution in the last 50 years THE HIGH COURTS

Chapter 28

PART VI: The States Chapter V: The High Courts in the States CHAPTER VI: Subordinate Courts Appointment of the Judges Qualifications for Appointment as a Judge of a High Court Provision for Independence of the Judges of the High Court Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another Jurisdiction of the High Court • Original Jurisdiction • Appellate Jurisdiction • Writ Jurisdiction Administrative functions of the High Courts Comparison between the Supreme Court and the High Courts Supreme Court Verdict on Judicial interference Judges Inquiry Bill 2006 NATIONAL E-COURTS PROJECT Lok Adalats The High Courts: Seats and Jurisdiction THE CENTRE – STATE RELATIONS LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS FINANCIAL RELATIONS PART XII FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, AND SUITS Centre – State Financial Relations Taxing Power of Centre and States Taxes Levied and Collected and Retained by the Centre Taxes Levied by the Centre but Collected and Appropriated by the States: Taxes Levied and Collected by the Centre but Assigned to the States Taxes Levied and Collected by the Centre and Compulsorily Distributed between the Centre and the States Taxes Levied and Collected by the Centre and may be distributed between the Centre and States Taxes Levied and Collected and Retained by States Irritants in the Centre-State Fiscal Relationship INTER - STATE COUNCIL SARKARIA COMMISSION ZONAL COUNCILS

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

NORTH-EASTERN COUNCIL INTER-STATE RIVER WATER DISPUTE TRIBUNAL EMERGENCY PROVISIONS NATIONAL EMERGENCY (ART 352) Effects of the Proclamation of Emergency STATE EMERGENCY (ART 356) • The 42nd and the 44th Amendment Acts in relation to Art. 356. • Relation Between Articles 355, 356 and 365 • Art 356 and Judicial Review • Federalism, Article 356 and its misuse • Recommendations of S R Bommai Judgment • Recommendation of Sarkaria Commission • NCRWC recommendations FINANCIAL EMERGENCY (ART 360) SCHEDULES OF THE CONSTITUTION ELECTIONS & ELECTION COMMISSION PART XV - ELECTIONS ELECTORAL SYSTEM SINGLE MEMBER CONSTITUENCY SYSTEM SYSTEM OF PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION Single Transferable Vote or Order of Choice List System Disadvantages Two—ballot system ELECTION COMMISSION Constitutional Safeguards to the Office of the CEC THE ELECTORAL ROLL MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS REGISTRATION WITH ELECTION COMMISSION RECOGNITION AND RESERVATION OF SYMBOLS MEDIA COVERAGE STATE FUNDING OF ELECTIONS THE VOTERS IDENTITY CARD DELIMITATION ELECTORAL REFORMS • The Representation of the People (Second Amendment) Act, 2003 • The Election and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2003 • Campus Elections: Lyngdoh Panel recommendations PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS PLANNING COMMISSION National Development Council FINANCE COMMISSION SIXTH CENTRAL PAY COMMISSION UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION THE CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSION CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SAFAI KARAMCHARIS THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ACTS (1951 – 2007) Constitutional evolution under British rule

Chapter 15

Chapter 34

Chapter 35 & 36 Chapter 45 Chapter 37

Acts 1. Regulating Act 1773 2. Pitt’s India Act 1784 3. Charter Act 1813 4. Charter Act 1833 5. Charter Act 1853 6. Indian Council Act 1861 7. Indian Council Act 1892 8. Government of India Act 1898 9. Indian Council Act 1909 (Minto-Morley Reforms) 10. Government of India Act 1909 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) 11. Government of India Act 1935 12. Indian Independence Act 1947 The Constituent Assembly (1946 – 1950) STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION Preamble to the Constitution Parts of the Constitution Schedules of the Constitution MODIFYING THE CONSTITUTION Amendments to the Constitution Important of Amendments to the Constitution THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT Qualifications of the President Conditions of service POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT 1. Administrative powers 2. Legislative Powers 3. Financial Powers 4. Judicial Powers 5. Emergency Powers 6. Military Powers 7. Diplomatic Powers 8. President’s Rule 9. Discretionary Powers PRESIDENT’S RULE IN INDIA THE PRESIDENT’S OF INDIA THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF INDIA Election of the Vice-President Powers and functions of the Vice-President COUNCIL OF MINISTERS Conditions of service Collective Responsibility Functions of the Council of Ministers CATEGORIES OF MINISTERS THE PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA Overview ELECTION TO OFFICE Appointment Conditions of service FUNCTIONS OF THE PRIME MINISTER

2.1 – 2.6

Chapter 10

LIST OF PRIME MINISTERS OF INDIA THE DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER THE PARLIAMENT OF INDIA Overview THE RAJYA SABHA (COUNCIL OF STATES) About the Rajya Sabha Membership to the Rajya Sabha Tenure of the Rajya Sabha Functions of the Rajya Sabha THE LOK SABHA (HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE) About the Lok Sabha Membership to the Lok Sabha Tenure of the Lok Sabha Functions of the Lok Sabha SPEAKER OF THE LOK SABHA Terms of service Functions of the Speaker Important Speakers of the Lok Sabha FUNCTIONS OF PARLIAMENT LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES IN PARLIAMENT Ordinary Bills Money Bills TYPES OF MONEY BILLS Annual Financial Statement: Appropriation Bill: IMPORTANT PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGS • Point of Order • Vote on Account • Guillotine • Quorum • Question Hour • Zero Hour TYPES OF MOTIONS • Adjournment Motion: • Calling Attention Motion • Priviledge Motion • Censure Motion • No Confidence Motion • Cut Motion TERMINATION OF A SESSION OF PARLIAMENT Loading ...SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Overview About the Supreme Court building COMPOSITION OF THE SUPREME COURT Judges of the Supreme Court Terms of service Ad hoc Judges The office of the Chief Justice Noteworthy Chief Justices INDEPENDENCE OF JUDGES JURISDICTION OF THE SUPREME COURT

1. Original Jurisdiction 2. Appellate Jurisdiction 3. Advisory Jurisdiction POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT 1. Court of Record 2. Judicial Review 3. Other powers HIGH COURTS IN INDIA Overview Jurisdiction of High Courts Judges and Benches Important High Courts and their Jurisdictions THE STATE EXECUTIVE THE GOVERNOR OF A STATE Overview Conditions of service POWERS OF THE GOVERNOR • Executive powers • Legislative powers • Financial powers • Discretionary powers THE STATE LEGISLATURE Overview The Legislative Assembly The Legislative Council Conditions of service Presiding officers Functions of the state Legislature LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN INDIA Overview Evolution of local government LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN RURAL AREAS Overview Committees to study Panchayat system 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 VILLAGE LEVEL GOVERNMENT The Gram Sabha Constitution of Gram Panchayats Responsibilities of the Panchayat Sources of income BLOCK LEVEL GOVERNMENT Constitution of Panchayat Samiti Functions of the Panchayat Samiti DISTRICT LEVEL GOVERNMENT Constitution of the Zilla Parishad Sources of income Functions of the Zilla Parishad LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN URBAN AREAS Overview MUNICIPAL CORPORATION Sources of income Functions of Municipal Corporations MUNICIPALITY

CITY COUNCIL ELECTIONS IN INDIA Overview Constitutional provisions for elections Election process Political parties Judicial Review of election disputes ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA About the Election Commission Powers of the Election Commission Functions of the Election Commission Composition of the Election Commission Terms of service Chief Election Commissioners of India DELIMITATION COMMISSION ATTORNEY GENERAL OF INDIA Overview Terms of service Powers and functions of the Attorney General Solicitor General for India The Advocate General COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA Overview Terms of service The Indian Audits and Accounts Service (IA&AS) PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES IN INDIA Overview Functions of the Committees TYPES OF COMMITTEES Ad hoc Committees Standing Committees IMPORTANT COMMITTEES Departmentally Related Standing Committees Committee on Estimates Committee on Public Accounts Committee on Public Undertakings Other important committees CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA Overview Civil Services under British rule All India Services Central Civil Services State Civil Services UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION (UPSC) Membership to the Commission Functions of the UPSC