Indian Polity in Tamil

1

,e;jpa murpayikg;G murpayikg;G vd;why; vd;d> xU ehl;L kf;fis Ml;rp GhpAk; mbg;gilahd murpay; Kiwiaf; $WtNj me;ehl;bd; murpayikg;G MFk;. murpd; jiyaha mq;fq;fshfpa rl;lkpaw;Wk; rig> eph;thfk;> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;J> mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;J> nghWg;Gfisg; gFj;J> gu];guk; mtw;Wf;F ,ilNaAk;> mtw;Wld; kf;fSf;Fk; cs;s cwTfis newpg;gLj;JtNj murpayikg;G MFk;. murpay; eph;za rig Fwpg;Gfs; 1.

1922y; kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,e;jpah;fSf;nfd murpay; rl;lk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lnkd fUjpdhh;.

2.

Nk 16 1946 - fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO murpay; eph;za rigia Fwpj;J mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ.

3.

5.

9 brk;gh; 1946 - lhf;lh;. rr;rpjhde;j; rpd;`h ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigapd; jw;fhypf jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. 11 brk;gh; 1946 - lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigapd; epue;ju jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig 13 FOf;fis mikj;jJ.

6.

Njhuhakhd tiuT tp.vd;. uht; mth;fshy; jahhpf;fggl;lJ.

7.

Murpayikg;G Kd;Djhuzq;fs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; %d;W thpirfspy; jug;gl;l me;jg; gpd;dzp tptuq;fspy; Rkhh; mWgJ ehLfspd; murpay;

4.

2

rl;lq;fspd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs; njhFj;Jj; jug;gl;bUe;jd. lhf;lh;. gp.Mh;. mk;ngj;fh; jiyikapy; murpay; rl;l tiut[f;F xd;W 1947 Mf];l; 29Mk; njjp epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. 8.

tiuTf;FO 7 cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;lJ. jiyth;: gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fh; kw;w cWg;gpdh;fs;: Nfhghy];thkp Ia;aq;fhh;> Myb fpU~;z];thkp Iah;> Nf.vk;. Kd;rp> iraJ KfkJ rJyh> vd;. khjtuht;> b.b. fpU~;zkhr;rhhp.

9.

1949 etk;gh; 26Mk; Njjp murpay; eph;za rig thapyhf ,e;jpa ,iwahz;ik kf;fshl;rpf; Fbaurpd; murpayikg;ig ,e;jpa kf;fs; ,aw;wp Vw;W nfhz;L jkf;Fj;jhNk mspj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; ,khyag; gzpia %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fs;shfNt murpay; eph;zarig ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;wptpl;lJ.

10. 1950 [dthp 26k; Njjp eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

Kjy;

nfhz;L

,e;jpa

murpayikg;G

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %yq;fs; %yq;fs; 1935k; rl;lk;

Mz;L

filgpbf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs;

,e;jpa

murhq;f murpayikg;gpy; fpl;lj;jl;l 75% ,jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. Ml;rp mikg;gpd; mbg;gil> khepy cwTfis newpg;gLj;JtJ> mtru epiy gpufldk;.

Ihp~; murpay; mikg;G

NewpKiw Nfl;ghLfs;. FbauR jiyth; Njh;th;> uh[;a rigapd;

3

epakd cWg;gpdh;fs; FbauR jiytuhy; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLtJ. fdlh murpay; mikg;G

$l;luR mikg;G> xd;wpa khepy muRfSf;F ,ilNaahd cwT> mjpfhug; gfph;T

M];jpNuypa murpay; mikg;G

xd;wpa-khepyg; nghJg;gl;bay;> xd;wpa-khepy cwT> thzpfk;> ehlhSkd;w chpikfs;

n[h;kd; murpay; mikg;G

mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ mbg;gil chpikfis ePfF ; tJ

A.v];.v. murpay; mikg;G

$l;lhl;rp> ePjpj;Jiwapd; jdpTAhpik> ePjpj;Jiwapd; kWghprPyid> mbg;gil chpikfs;> cah; ePjpkd;w> cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis ePfF ; tJ Fwpj;J

gphpl;b~; murpay; mikg;G

xw;iwf;FbTAhpik> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; Kiw.

Kfg;Giu nghUs;: Kfg;Giu vdg;gLtJ> ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;J itf;Fk; gFjpahFk;. NkYk; mr;rl;lj;jpd; nfhs;iffis Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk;> rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fUj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;Giu nghpJk; cjTfpwJ. hP ngUghhp tof;fpy; “Kfg;GiuahdJ murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjp MfhJ” vd $wg;gl;lJ. (1960)

4

Nfrthde;jghujp tof;fpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ngUghhp tof;fpd; fUj;jpid kWj;J Kfg;GiuahdJ murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjpNa MFk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ. (1973) 1976k; Mz;by; 42tJ murpay; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,j;jpUj;jk; Kfg;Giuapy; %d;W nrhw;fis GFj;jp cs;sJ. mjhtJ rkjh;knewp> rkar; rhh;gpd;ik> kw;Wk; xUikg;ghL.
,e;jpah kw;Wk; mjd; vy;iyfs;: gFjp 1 ~uj;J xd;wpypUe;J ehd;F tiu
FbThpik - gFjp 2 ~uj;J Ie;J Kjy; gjpndhd;W tiu FbThpik rl;lk; 1955y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. NkYk; NkYk; 1986k; Mz;L ,r;rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. mbg;gil chpikfs; (~uj;J 12ypUe;J 35 tiu gFjpgFjp-3) mbg;gil chpikfspd; tifg;ghL: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

rkj;Jt chpik (~uj;Jfs; 14-18) Rje;jpu chpik (~uj;Jfs; 19-22) Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd chpik (~uj;Jfs; 23-24) rka Rje;jpu chpik (~uj;Jfs; 25-28) fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tpapy; chpikfs; (~uj;Jfs; 29-30) murpayikg;G jPht ; opfs; ngw chpik (~uj;Jfs; 32-35)


Nkw;gb mbg;gil chpikfspy; nrhj;Jhpik ePff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. mjdhy; ~uj;J 19(i) (f) k; ~uj;J 31k; murpay; mikg;gpypUe;J vL;fg;gl;L ~uj;J 300A = apy; NrHf;ff;gl;Ls;sJ.

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,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; mbg;gil chpikfs; mikf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fNk rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp eilngw Ntz;Lk;.
rpWghd;ikNahh; eyd; ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ mbg;gil chpikfspd; kw;nwhU Nehf;fkhFk;. muR kw;Wk; muR rk;ge;jg;gl;l Jiwfs; jiyapLk;NghJjhd;> mbg;gil chpikfspd; Njitg;ghL vOk;. MjhtJ mbg;gil chpikfis muRf;F vjpuhfj; jhd; vOg;g KbAk;. jdp kdpj nray;fSf;F vjpuhf mbg;gil chpikfisf; Nfhu KbahJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy;> ePjpKiw kWrPuha;T mjpfhuk; gw;wp 13> 32> 226 Nghd;w ~uj;Jfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
~uj;J 14 “rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkj;Jtk;” kw;Wk; “rl;lq;fspd; %yk; rk ghJfhg;G” vd;w ,U nrhw;nwhlh;fSk;> ePjpapd; Ml;rpiaAk; rkePjpiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd.

“rl;lj;jpd;Kd;

rkj;Jtk;”

vd;gjpy;

xUikapy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s “rl;lk;” vd;gJ> ilrp vd;gth; Fwpg;gpl;l ePjpapd; Ml;rp my;yJ rl;lf; Nfhl;ghL my;yJ ePjpf; Nfhl;ghL vd;gijNa Fwpf;Fk;.
~uj;J 15 rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy;> gpwg;gpl NtWghLfspdhy; ghugl;rk; fhl;lhik.
~uj;J 16 rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy;> tk;rhtop> gpwg;gpl> ,Ug;gpl NtWghLfspdhy; kl;Lk; muRg;gjtpia my;yJ Ntiyiag; ngwj; jFjp ,y;iy vd;W ve;jf; FbkfDf;Fk; ghugl;rk; fhl;lf;$lhJ.
1992k;

Mz;L

etk;gh;

16k;

Njjp

kz;ly;

r%fhPjpahfTk;> nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; tpOf;fhL ,lxJf;fL P nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

fkp~d;

gpd;jq;fpa

ghpe;Jiuapd;gb gphptpdUf;F

27


~uj;J 17 jPzl ; hik xopg;G - jPzl ; hikr; rl;lk; 1955> gpd;dh; ,jidNa ‘rptpy; chpikfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;’ vd 1976y; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
~uj;J 18 ‘gl;lq;fs; xopg;G’ vdpDk; uhZtj;jpYk; fy;tpj; JiwapYk; rhjid GhpNthUf;Fg; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
~uj;J 19 Rje;jpu chpik

gl;lq;fs;

toq;Ftjw;F

tpjptpyf;F

6

19 (1) a. Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;J ntspg;ghl;L Rje;jpuk; b. MAjq;fs; ,y;yhky; mikjpahff; $l;lk; $Ltjw;Fr; Rje;jpuk; c. rq;fq;fs; mikg;gjw;Fr; Rje;jpuk; d. ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gFjpf;Fs; vy;yh ,lq;fSf;Fk; Ngha; tUtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; e. ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; trpf;fTk; FbapUg;gjw;Fk; Rje;jpuk; g. ve;jj; njhopiyNah> tpahghuj;ijNah> thzpfj;ijNah Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
1978Mk; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;l 44tJ murpay; rl;l jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;G nrhj;JhpikahdJ ~uj;J 31d; fPo; xU mbg;gil chpikahf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; rpf;fy;fs; gy vOe;jjhy;> 44tJ murpay; rl;l jpUj;jkhdJ nfhz;Ltug;gl;L> mbg;gil chpikahf ,Ue;j nrhj;Jhpik> ~uj;J 300d; fPo; rhjhuz chpikahf;fg;gl;lJ. ~uj;J 31 ePff ; k; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Fw;wq;fSf;Fj; jz;lidaspg;gJ Fwpj;j ghJfhg;G: ~uj;J 20 ,e;jg; gphpT kpf Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; mtru epiyapd; NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ vd;W murpayikg;gpd; 42tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; $WfpwJ.
~uj;J 21 capUf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; ghJfhg;G: rl;lj;jpdhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwg;gb my;yhky; ve;j xU eghpd; capiuAk; jdpr; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; gwpf;f KbahJ vd;W murpayikg;gpd; 21MtJ gphpT cj;juthjkspf;fpwJ. ,JTk; mtru epiyapd;NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ.
~uj;J 22 ifJ nra;ag;gLtjw;Fk;> fhtypy; itf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; vjpuhd ghJfhg;G.

7


~uj;J 22 (1) jLg;Gf;fhty; rl;lk;. MNyhridf;FO NghJkhd fhuzk; ,Ug;gjhff; $wpdhy; xopa ve;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gbAk; jLg;G %d;W khjq;fSf;F Nky; Nghf mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ. mj;Jld;> jLg;Gf; fhtYf;F tifnra;Ak; ve;jr; rl;lkhdhYk;> mjpfgl;rk; vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;Fj; jLg;Gf; fhtypy; itf;fyhk; vd;gijAk; fz;bg;ghff; $wpahf Ntz;Lk;.
~uj;J 23 Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;G. rl;ltpNuhjkhf kdpjh;fis tpahghuk; nra;tJ> ‘ngfh;’ eph;gg ; e;jg;gLj;jp Ntiy thq;FtJ Nghd;w Ruz;ly;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G mspf;fpwJ.
~uj;J 24 14 taJf;F cl;gl;l rpWth;fisj; njhopw;rhiyfspNyh> Ruq;fq;fspNyh> gpw mghafukhd njhopy;fspNyh Ntiyf;F mkh;jJ ; tijj; jil nra;fpwJ.
~uj;J 25. Fbkf;fs;> vt;tpjf; fl;Lg;ghLk; ,d;wp ve;jr; rkaj;ijAk; Vw;fTk;> gpd;gw;wTk; gug;gTk; midtUf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; cz;L.
~uj;J 26. vy;yh rkaj;jtUf;Fk;> rkag; gphptpdUf;Fk;> rka kw;Wk; mwepiya mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpg; guhkhpf;f> rkak; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tp~aq;fisj; jhNk eph;tfpj;Jf;nfhs;s> nrhj;Jf;fis thq;fp eph;tfpf;fj; Njitahd mbg;gil chpikia mspf;fpwJ. 27. ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l rkaj;jpd; tsh;rr ; pf;fhfTk;>
~uj;J guhkhpg;gpw;fhfTk; MFk; nryTfSf;fhf thp nrYj;JkhW ve;j xU egiuAk; fl;lhag;gLj;j KbahJ.
~uj;J 28. Kw;wpYk; murhq;f epjpapy; nray;gLk; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; rka Nghjid $lhJ vd;W $WfpwJ.
~uj;J 29. ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapNyDk; trpf;fpd;w Fbkf;fspd; ve;j xU gphptpdUk; jkf;nfd;W gpuj;Nafkhd nkhopiaNah> vOj;J tbtj;ijNah> gz;ghl;ilNah nfhz;lth;fshf ,Ue;jhy; mtw;iwg; Ngzpf;fhf;Fk; chpik mth;fSf;F cz;L.
~uj;J 30. rpWghd;ikapdh; rpWghd;ikapduhdhYk; nkhopr;

midtUk; mth;fs; rkar; rpWghd;ikapduhdhYk; - mth;fs;

8

tpUg;gj;jpw;F chpikAz;L.

Vw;g>

fy;tp

epWtdq;fis

cUthf;fp

eph;tfpg;gjw;F


~uj;J 32. 1. ePjpg;Nguhiz Ntz;Lk; kDit cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;ahky;> xU egh; Neubahf cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;. 2. murpayikg;gpd; 3tJ gFjpapy; cj;jputhjkspf;fg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil chpikfs; kPwg;gLk; nghOJ> cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nguhiz ntspapl mjpfhuk; gilj;Js;sJ. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Ml;nfhzh;tpf;Fk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd Kiwapy; rpiwg;gpbj;J itf;fg;gl;ltiu tpLtpf;fr; nra;a ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ. nraYWj;Jk; ePjpNguhiz: nghJf;flikahd xU nraiy Xh; mjpfhhp my;yJ $l;likg;G my;yJ fPo; ePjpkd;wk; nra;aj; jtwpdhy; mf;flikiar; nra;a ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ. jilAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: fPo; ePjpkd;wNkh> Ml;rp mjpfhhpNah jk; mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp my;yJ rl;l Kuzhf VNjDk; eltbf;if vLj;jhy;> mij Nkw;nfhz;L elj;jhky; nra;a> ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ. newpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: ePjpKiw rhh;ej ; mYty;fisr; nra;Ak; jPHg;ghaq;fs;> mjpfhhpfs;> jk; mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp nray;gl;lhNyh mwKiwf;F khwhf eltbf;if vLj;jhNyh mtw;iw kW Ma;T nra;J ePff ; k; nra;tjw;nfd mit rk;ge;jkhd Mtzq;fisj; jkf;F mDg;GkhW ePjpkd;wk; MizapLtJjhd; newpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz MFk;. jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: nghJ mjpfhug; gjtpapy; cs;stiu mth; vj;jFjpapy; mg;gjtp tfpf;fpwhh; vd;w tpdtp> gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; Mizjhd; jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz MFk;.

9

mbg;gilf; flikfs; 1976Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; (42tJ jpUj;jk;) rl;lkhdJ> ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fSf;F gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfspd; njhFg;gpid 51--A vDk; xU ~uj;ijf; nfhz;l gFjp mwpKfg;gLj;jp cs;sJ. ,jw;fhf 51 Gjpjhf murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;~uj;jpd; fPo; mg;gj;J mbg; mb g;gilf; flikfs; gpd;tUkhW $wg;gLfpwJ. gj;J Gjpjhf murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ~uj;jpd; fPo; mg;gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfs; gpd;tUkhW $wg;gLfpwJ. 1. murpayikg;gpidg; gpd;gw;Wjy;> kw;Wk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> mikg;Gfs;> Njrpaf;nfhb kw;Wk; ,tw;wpw;F khpahij nrYj;J ; jy;; 2. ekJ ehl;L tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij J}z;ba cah;ej ; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis gpd;gw;Wjy; kw;Wk; Nghw;wp tsh;jj ; y; 3. ,e;jpahtpd; xw;Wik> ,iwik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il epiyepWj;jy; kw;Wk; ghJfhj;jy; 4. ehl;bidg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; nghOJ Njrpag; gzpGhpjy; 5. rkak;> nkhop kw;Wk; tl;lhuk; my;yJ gphpT NtWghLfisf; fle;J ,e;jpa kf;fSf;Fs; nghJ rNfhjuj;Jt czh;T kw;Wk; ,zf;fj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;; ngz;fspd; Nkd;ikiaj; jho;jJ ; fpd;w gof;fq;fisj; Jwj;jy;. 6. ekJ gy;tifahd fyhr;rhuj;jpd; cah;ej ; ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;F kjpg;G mspj;jy; kw;Wk; NgZjy; 7. fhLfs;> Vhpfs;> MWfs; kw;Wk; td tho;fi ; f cs;spl;l ,aw;if Rw;Wg;Gw #oiy ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; thOk; caphpdq;fSf;fhf ,uf;fk; nfhs;Sjy; 8. Ma;twpT tpisT epiy> kdpj eyk; kw;Wk; tprhuiz czh;T kw;Wk; rPhj ; pUj;jq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; 9. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;F ghJfhg;G mspj;jy;;

10

10. vy;yhj; JiwfspYk;> jdpkdpjd; kw;Wk; $l;Lr; nray;ghLfspd; Kjd;ik epiyia Nehf;fp KaYjy; kw;Wk; ,jdhy;> ehL Kaw;rpapd; cah;gb epiy rhjidfis Nehf;fp epiyahf caUfpwJ. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;
~uj;J 52. ,e;jpahtpw;F xU FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,th; ,e;jpa murpd; jiytuhf tpsq;Ffpwhh; vd;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; nrayhl;rp mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiythplk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdTk;> ,th; mt;tjpfhuj;ij ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gf;Fl;gl;L NeubahfNth> jdJ fPOs;s mjpfhhpfs; %ykhfNth nraYWj;jyhk; vd;W $WfpwJ. jFjpfs; 1. xU ,e;jpa FbkfdhfTk; 2. 35 taJ epuk;gpatuhfTk; 3. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kf;fs; rigf;Fg; Nghl;baplj; jFjp ngw;wtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; 4. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpNyh my;yJ VjhtnjhU khepy murhq;fj;jpNyh my;yJ Nkw;fz;l murhq;fq;fspd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; VjhtnjhU tl;lhu my;yJ gpw mjpfhu mikg;gpNyh Mjha mbg;gilapy; mike;j ve;j xU gjtpiaAk; tfpg;gtuhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. Cjpak; khjr;rk;gsk; - &.1>50>000 NkYk; thlif chpikAz;L.

juhky;

murhq;f

FbapUg;ig

gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s

11

Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLk; Kiw kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. khwhf> mth; xU Njh;jy; FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,j;Njh;jy; FO (m) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fisAk; (M) khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fPoitahd rl;lg;Nguitapd; Njh;eJ ; vLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhFk;. ,t;thW ~uj;J 54 $WfpwJ. ,j;Njh;jy; FOtpduhy; FbauRj; jiytiuj; Njh;en ; jLf;Fk; NghJ tpfpjg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLk;. cWg;gpdh;fs; mspf;Fk; Xl;L> xw;iwkhw;W Xl;L MFk;. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;> jhk; gjtp Vw;w jpdj;jpy; ,Ue;J 5 Mz;Lfs; njhlh;eJ ; gjtp tfpf;fyhk;. xUth; vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdhYk; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpj; Njh;jYf;Fg; Nghl;baplyhk;. “FbauRj; jiyth; kPJ gopr;rhw;WtJ” njhlh;ghd eilKiwfis ~uj;J 61 $WfpwJ. FbauRj; jiyth; jhkhfNt jdJ gjtpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;ayhk;. my;yJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; VjhtJ xU mitapy; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; ehd;fpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fSf;Ff; Fiwahj cWg;gpdh;fs; ifnahg;gkpl;l xU jPhk ; hdj;jpd; thapyhf> FbauRj; jiyth; kPJ Fw;wQ;rhl;lyhk;. Fw;wr;rhl;L jPhk ; hdj;jpd; efy; FbauRj; jiytUf;F mJ njhlq;fg;gLk; 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd;ghfNt nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpwF mj;jhP k ; hdk; rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;Ff;Ff; Fiwahj cWg;gpdh;fshy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fis gw;wp ~uj;J 109 $WfpwJ 1. nrayhl;rpj; Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; - cr;r kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; khepyq;fspd; MSeh;fs;> ml;lhh;dp n[duy;> jzpf;ifj;

12

jiyth;> nghJg; gzpf;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;. jho;jj ; g;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh;fSf;Fz;lhd jdp mYtyh;fs;> jho;jj ; g;gl;l gFjpapd; tptuj;ij jahh; nra;Ak; FO gpw;gl;Nlhh; epiyia MAk; FO kw;Wk; nkhop thhp rpWghd;ikapNdhUf;F jdp mYtyh; ,th;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij FbauR jiyth; ngw;Ws;shh;. 2. ,uhZt mjpfhuq;fs; 3. J}jhz;ik mjpfhuq;fs; 4. rl;lkd;wj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mitf; $l;lq;fisg; nghWj;j tiuapy; mitfisf; $l;Lk; mjpfhuKk;> xj;jpitf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; FbauRj; jiythplk; cs;sJ. kf;fsitiaf; fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkyitahd> khepyq;fsitiaf; (uh[;a rig) fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiytUf;F nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. NkYk;> FbauR jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rigfspy; ciu epfo;jj ; Tk;> my;yJ ,U rigfspd; $l;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; ciu epfo;jj ; Tk; chpikg; ngw;W cs;shh;. rigfSf;Fr; nra;jp mDg;Gk; chpikiaAk; ,th; ngw;Ws;shh;. (~uj;J 86) Nkyitahd khepyq;fsitf;f 12 cWg;gpdh;fisAk;> fPoitahd kf;fsitf;F 2 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;fisAk; epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;. FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh Fwpj;J jdJ ,irtpid mspf;fyhk;. (~uj;J 111) my;yJ epWj;jp itf;fyhk;> my;yJ gz kNrhjh jtpu rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fspy; jhk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tpguk; Fwpj;J kPzL ; k; kW ghprPyid nra;tjw;fhf mk;kNrhjhit mitf;Nf jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;. mk;kNrhjh FbauRj; jiythpd; Nahridg;gb jpUj;jg;gl;Nlh my;yJ jpUj;jg;glhkNyh kPzL ; k; mtUila ,irtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhy;> FbauRj; jiyth; jd;Dila ,irtpid mspf;f> kWf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; epjp kNrhjhf;fisf; FbauRj; jiythpd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; nra;a KbahJ.

13

XU rhjhuz kNrhjh Fwpj;J> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfSf;F ,ilNa Kuz;ghL vONkahapd;> mjidj; jPhj ; J ; itf;f> ,U mitfspd; $l;L $l;lj;jpw;F Vw;ghL nra;a FbauRj; jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L (~uj;J 108). ,;ej ; pa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh; murhq;fj ; jpw;F rl;l rk;ge;jkhd tp~aq;fspy; MNyhrid toq;fTk; rl;l rk;ge;jkhf ,lg;gLg; gpw gzpfis nra;aTk; cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp Mf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfis cila xUtiu ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQuhf FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. (~uj;J 76) FbauRj; jiyth; tpUk;Gk;tiu muRj;jiyik tof;fwpQh; gjtp tfpg;ghh;. vdpDk; murhq;fj;jpd; MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa mth; epakpf;fg;gLtjhy; Ml;rp khwpaTld; ml;lh;dp-n[duYk; gjtp tpyFtJ xU kughf cUthfptpl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fs; midj;jpYk; Kjypy; jd;Dila fUj;ijf; Nfl;FkhW $Wk; chpik mtUf;F cz;L. ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L mitfspYNk $l;lj;njhlhpd; eltbf;iffspy; gq;F nfhz;L NgRfpd;w chpikAk; mtUf;F cz;L vdpDk; jPhk ; hdq;fspd;kJ P thf;fspf;Fk; chpik fpilahJ. ehlhSkd;wk; FbauRj;jiyth;>; khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsit vd;w ,uz;L mitfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;ljhf ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; mike;Js;sJ. FbauRj;jiyth;: ehlhSkd;wj;jp;y; ,uz;L mitfspd; $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhjNghJ> FbauRj; jiyth; cldbahfr; nray;glNtz;ba mtrpakhd #o;epiy

14

,Ug;gjhf mth; jpUg;jpaile;jhy;> ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lj;ijg; NghyNt nray;tr P R ; ila mtrur; rl;lj;ij FbauRj;jiyth; gpwg;gp;ff ; yhk;. khepyq;fsit: sit xd;wpaj;jp;d; gy;NtW mq;fq;fshfpa khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; xd;wpa Neub Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; cs;s kf;fsp;d; kiwKf gpujpepjpj;Jt mikg;ghf khepyq;fsit jpfo;fpwJ. kf;fs;njhif mjpfKs;s cj;jug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J kpf mjpfgl;rkhf 34 cWg;gpdh;fSk;> kzpg;G+h;> kpN[huk;> rpf;fpk;> jphpGuh Nghd;w rpwpa khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J jyh xU cWg;gpdUk; khepyq;fsitf;Fj; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. murpayikg;gpd;gb khepyq;fsitapy; 250; - f;Fk; kpfhj cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ug;gh;. ,th;fspy; 12 Ngh; FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;. 238 Ngh; khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;> Neub Ml;rpg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLth;. kf;fsit : kf;fshy; Neubahfj; Njh;en ; jLg;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. 18 taJ epuk;gpa ,e;jpaf; Fbkfd; xt;nthUtUk;> rl;lj;jpd;gb jFjpapog;Gr; nra;ag;glhj gl;rj;jpy;> kf;fsitj; Njh;jypy; thf;fspf;Fk; chpik ngw;wtuhthh;. khepyq;fspy; cs;s njhFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nehpilahfj; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; 530 - f;F kpfhkYk;> Neub Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nehpilahfj; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; 20 - f;F kpfhkYk; nfhz;ljhf kf;fsit ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W murpayikg;Gf; $WfpwJ. NkYk;> Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa rKjhaj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; ,uz;L cWg;gpdh;fisf; FbauRj; jiyth; kf;fsitf;F epakdk; nra;ayhk;. ,t;thwhf> kf;fsitapy; mjpfgl;rkhf 552 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;.

15

ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs; jFjpfs:; ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khepyq;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhf Ntz;Lkhdhy; 30 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; kf;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhfj; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gl 25 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kf;fsitf;Fk; khepyq;fsitf;Fk; jitth; xUtUk;, Jizj;jiyth; xUtUk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd murpayikg;Gf; $WfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; FbauRj; Jizj;jiytNu khepyq;fsitapd; jiytUk; Mthh;. khepyq;fsitapd; Jizj;jiytuhf jkf;Fs;NsNa xUtiu me;j mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;en ; jLj;Jf; nfhs;th;. kf;fsitapd; jiytiuAk; (rghehafh;) Jizj;jiytiuAk; (Jiz rghehafh;)> jkf;Fs;NsNa me;j mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fNs Njh;en ; jLg;gh;. kf;fsitj;jiytUk;> Jizj;jiytUk;> kf;fsitapd; cWg;gpdh;fshf ePbf;f Kbahj epiyapy; gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;. ,Uthpy; vtNuDk; gjtp tpyf vz;zpdhy; kw;wtUf;Fj; jkJ gjtptpyfy; fbjj;ij mDg;g Ntz;Lk;. mth;fisg; gjtp ePff ; k; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> 14 ehl;fs; Kd;dwptpg;Gf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L kf;fsitapd; ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdh;fsp;d; MjuNthL xU jPhk ; hdj;ij epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. khepyq;fsitj;Jizj; jiytiug; gjtp ePff ; k; nra;tjw;fhd ,Nj Nghd;w Vw;ghL gphpT 90-y; nrhy;yg;gl;L cs;sJ. kf;fsitj; jiyth; njhlh;eJ ; gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;. XU $l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; ,d;ndhU $l;lj; njhlUf;Fk; ,ilNa MWkhj fhy ,ilntsp ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. nghJthf xt;Nthuhz;Lk; %d;W ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;lq;fs; eilngWk; mit 1. gl;n[l; $l;lj;njhlh; (gpg;uthp>Nk) 2. kiof;fhyf; $l;lj;njhlh; ([{iy>nrg;lk;gh;) 3. Fsph;fhyf; $l;lj;njhlh; (etk;gh;>brk;gh;). Mdhy; khepyq;fsitapd; gl;n[l;

16

$l;lj;njhlh; kl;Lk; %d;W-ehd;F thufhy ,ilntspAld; ,uz;L gFjpfshf eilngw;W> xuhz;by; ehd;F $l;lj;njhlh;fshf eilngWk;. ve;j Xh; mitahdhYk;> mjid elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F mitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; gj;jpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fl;lhak; M[uhfp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gz kNrhjhf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida epjp kNrhjhf;fs; jtpu NtW ve;j kNrhjhthdhYk; mjid VNjDk; Xh; mitapy; Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;. mt;thW mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; kNrhjh> FbauRj; jiythpd; xg;GjYf;F mDg;gg;gLk; Kd;dh;> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L mitfspYk;> jpUj;jq;fs; VJkpd;wpNah> ,uz;L mitfSk; xg;Gf;nfhz;l jpUj;jq;fSlNdh> Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gz kNrhjhitj; jtpu> VNjDk; xU kNrhjh rk;ge;jkhf ,uz;L mitfSf;Fk; ,Wjpahff; fUj;J NtWghLfs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iwj; jPhg ; g ; jw;fhff; FbauRj; jiyth; ,uz;L mitfspd; $l;Lf; $l;lj;ij miof;fyhk;. gz kNrhjh:kNrhjh:xU kNrhjh> gzkNrhjhth vd;w Iak; Njhd;wpdhy;> mjpy; kf;fsitj; jiythpd; jPhg ; N ; g ,WjpahdJ. gzkNrhjhitf; FbauR jiythpd; xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;Gk;NghJ> mJ xU gzkNrhjh vd;W kf;fsit jiyth; rhd;wspf;f Ntz;Lk;. gzkNrhjhitf; FbauRj;jiythpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy;> kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;. kf;fsitapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;dh; khepyq;fsitf;F mDg;gg;gLk; gzkNrhjhtpd; kPJ VNjDk; jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd ghpe;Jiufs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iw 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; khepyq;fsit my;yJ VNjDk; xU jpUj;jj;ijNah> jpUj;jq;fs; midj;ijANkh epuhfhpj;Jtplyhk;. jpUj;jq;fis kf;fsit Vw;Wf; nfhz;lgbNa ,uz;L mitfSk; me;j kNrhjhit Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhff; fUjg;gLk;. khepyq;fsitapy; ,Ue;J 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; me;j kNrhjh

17

jpUg;gp mDg;gg;glhtpl;lhYk;> kf;fsit Vw;Wf;nfhz;l tbtj;jpNyNa me;j kNrhjh ,uz;L mitfspYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk;. Xh; cWg;gpdh; NgrpaJ Fwpj;Njh> thf;fspj;J Fwpj;Njh> ehlhSkd;wj;ijj; jtpu NtW ve;j mjpfhu mikg;gpNyh my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh ve;jtpjkhd eltbf;ifAk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ vd;W murpay; rl;lk; tpjpj;Js;sJ. ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs; Xh; cWg;gpdh; Ngrpa Ngr;R ePjpkd;wj;ij mtkjpg;gjhf ,Ue;jhYk;$l> ve;j xU ePjpkd;wKk; mth; kPJ eltbf;if vLf;f KbahJ. ePjpgjpfisg; gjtp ePff ; k; nra;tjw;fhd jPhk ; hdj;jpd; kPJ NgRk;NghJ jtpu kw;w rkaq;fspy;> mth;fspd; elj;ijia tpkh;rpf;f $lhJ. fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk;:ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; gjtpapy; ,Ue;Jk;> khepyr; rl;lNguit cWg;gpdh; gjtpapy; ,Ue;Jk; ,lj;ijf; fhypnra;tJ rk;ge;jkhf Ik;gj;jpuz;lhtJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1985> murpayikg;gpd; 101> 102> 190> 191 Mfpa gphpTfisj; jpUj;jpaJld;> Gjpa ml;ltiz xd;iwAk; (gj;jhtJ ml;ltiz) Nrh;jj ; J. fl;rpj;jhty; fhuzkhf cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtpapog;gJ rk;ge;jkhd rpy tifAiufs; ,e;jj; jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; Nrh;ff ; g;gl;ld. ePjpj;Jiw (~uj;J 124-147 kw;Wk; 214-237) cr;r ePjpkd;wk;:-

18

jiyik ePjpgjp xUtUk;> gpw ePjpgjpfs; vOtiuAk; nfhz;ljhf cr;rePjpkd;wk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W murpay; rl;lj;jpd; 124tJ gpHpT $WfpwJ. vdpDk; Vida ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjd; %yk; mfpfhpf;f ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1986Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd;gb> jiyik ePjpgjpiaj; jtpu cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; kw;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 25 Mf eph;zapf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjpfs; Nghd;Nwhiuf; fye;jhNyhrpj;J cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfisf; FbauRj;jiyth; epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. jiyik ePjpgjp epakdk; jtpu kw;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; NghJ fl;lhakhfj; jiyik ePjpgjpiaf; fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xt;nthUtUk; 65 taJtiu gjtpapy; ,Uf;fyhk;. FbauRj; jiythpd; Mizapd; NghpNyNa cr;rePjpkd;w ePjp;gjp xUtiug; gjtpapypUe;J ePff ; KbAk;. FbauRj;jiyth; mj;jifa Miziag; gpwg;gpf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; rk;ge;jgl;l ePjpgjpf;Fj; jpwik ,y;iy vd;Nwh> mth; KiwNflhf ele;Jnfhz;lhh; vd;Nwh fhuzk; fhl;b> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L mitfspYk; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; M[uhfp thf;fspj;Jg; ngUk;ghd;ik MjuTld;> jdpj;jdpahf xU jPhk ; hdj;ij epiwNtw;w> mjid ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; me;jf; $l;l njhlhpNyNa FbauRj;jiythplk; rkh;gg ; pf;f Ntz;Lk;. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpahf gjtptfpj;j xUth;> ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; ve;j xU ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; tof;FiuQuhfj; njhopy; Ghpaf; $lhJ vd;W murpay; mikg;Gj;jil tpjpj;Js;sJ. jw;NghJ cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpf;F> khjnkhd;Wf;F (&gha; 1>00>000) Vida ePjpgjpfSf;F 90>000 &ghAk;> Cjpakhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Cjpak; jtpu Vida gbfs;> ,ytrf; FbapUg;G> ehLKOtJk; gazk; nra;agazr; nryTfs;> Xa;T+jpak; Nghd;w gpw rYiffSk; mth;fSf;F cz;L.

19

VNjDk; xU rkaj;jpy; cr;rePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa ePjpgjpfs; ,y;iy vd;why;> ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffisj; njhlh;eJ ; elj;Jtjw;fhf> cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjpfspilNa cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf epakdk; ngWk; jFjpAilath;fisj; Njitahd fhyj;jpw;Fj; jw;fhypf ePjpgjpfshf epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; jiyik ePjpgjpf;F cz;L. vdpDk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l cah;ej P pkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpiaf; fye;jhNyhrpj;j gpd;dUk;> FbauRj;jiythpd; Kd; mDkjpiag; ngw;w gpd;dUNk ,j;jifa jw;fhypf epakdq;fisr; nra;ayhk;. cr;rePjpkd; pkd;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptuk;Gk;:  cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; %y ePjptuk;G.

~uj;J 131

 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nky;KiwaPlL ; ePjptuk;G.

~uj;J

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132

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143

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~uj;J 129

cah;ej P pkd;wk;: xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; Xh; cah;ej P pkd;wk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd murpayikg;G tpjpf;fpwJ. vdpDk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjd; %yk;> ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ; khepyq;fSf;F nghJthdjhfTk; my;yJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;Fk; xU Neub Ml;rpg; gFjpf;Fk; nghJthdjhfTk;> Xh; cah;ej P pkd;wj;ij ehlhSkd;wk; cUthf;fyhk;. cr;rePjpkd;wj;ijg; NghyNt xt;Nthh; cah;ej P pkd;wKk; Xh; Mtz ePjpkd;wkhfj; jpfo;tJld;> %ytprhuiz tuk;G> Nky;KiwaPlL ; tprhuiz tuk;G Mfpatw;Wld;> ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;Gf;fhfj; jz;lid mspf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; cilajhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

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cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy MSeiuAk; fye;jhNyhrpj;J> cah;ej P pkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfisf; FbauRj; jiyth; epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. cah;ej P pkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpiaj; jtpu kw;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk;NghJ> cah;ej P pkd;w jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk;> FbauRj;jiyth; fye;jhNyhrpj;J KbntLg;ghh;. 62 tajhFk; tiu cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjpahfg; gjtpapy; ,Uf;fyhk;. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpiag; gjtp;ef P f ; k; nra;tjw;fhd eilKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yNk cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjpiaAk; gjtpePff ; k; nra;aKbAk;. khjr;rk;gsk; : njhd;D}W Mwhapuk; &gha; cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpiaf; fye;jhNyhrpj;J> Xh; cah;ej P p kd;wj;jpypUe;J ,d;Ndhh; cah;ej P pkd;wj;jpw;F ePjpgjpfisf; FbauRj; jiyth; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ayhk; vdpDk; cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjp xUtiu mtUila xg;Gjy; ,d;wp ,lkhw;wk; nra;af;$lhJ vd;W cr;rePjpkd;wk; jPhg ; g ; spj;jpUf;fpwJ. FbauRj;jiythpd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;W> Xa;Tngw;w ePjpgjp xUtiu cah;ej P pkd;wj;jpy; nghWg;G ePjpgjpahf cah;ej P pkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjp epakpf;fyhk;. Xt;nthh; cah;ej P pkd;wj;jpw;Fk; jd;Dila mYtyh;fs; kPJ KOikahd fl;Lg;ghL ,Uf;Fk;. ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; Vida mYtyh;fspy; CjpaKk; kw;wgbfSk;> me;je;j khepyj;jpd; xUq;fpizg;G epjpaj;jpypUe;J toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. cah;ej P pkd;wj;jpd; ePjptuk;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;  gjpT nra;J nfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk;.

~uj;J 215

 vy;yh ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; Nkw;ghh;itapLk; mjpfhuk;.

~uj;J 227

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 tof;Ffisj; jhNd vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk;.  rpy ePjpg;Nguhizfis ntspapLk; mjpfhuk;.  nghJ ePjptuk;G.

~uj;J

~uj;J 228

~uj;J

226

225

 mjpfhhpfisAk; Copah;fisAk; epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; Ml;rpnkhop

kj;jpa murpd; Ml;rpnkhop Njtehfhp vOj;JUtpYs;s ,e;jp Mf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> kj;jpa murpy; mYty; Kiw Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba vz;fspd; tbtk;> ,e;jpa vz;fspd; gd;dhl;L tbtkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ~uj;J 343 (1) $WfpwJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;G njhlq;fpa 15 Mz;L fhy msTf;F mj;jifa njhlf;fj;ij xl;b Kd;G Mq;fpy nkhop> kj;jpa murpd; ve;j mYty; Kiw Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jNjh me;j mYty; Kiw Nehf;fq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; ,J njhlh;eJ ; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mdhy; Nkw;nrhd;d fhy mstpd; NghJ> kj;jpa murpd; mYty;Kiw Nehf;fq;fspy; vjw;fhfNtDk; Mq;fpy nkhopNahLk; $l Njtehfhp tbt vz;fisAk; (,e;jp nkhop vz;fs;) gad;gLj;Jtjw;F FbauRj; jiyth; Miz thapyhf mjpfhukspf;fyhk; vd ~uj;J 343 (2) $WfpwJ.

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