Inclusion Educativa 3

 

Gd b` dsfudb` netdkr`gjr` ` b` dsfudb` nefbusnv`

Te eudvj tîrcnej qud defjetr`cjs de b` bntdr`tur` rdfndetd ds db gd "nefbusnöe–. Fjcj sudbd jfurrnr

hrdfudetdcdetd fu`egj `p`rdfd ue eudvj tîrcnej, de sdkung` dcpndz` ` utnbnz`rsd sne f`con`r rd`bcdetd b`s fjefdpfnjeds y snkenhnf`fnjeds prdvn`s. (_js` Ob`efj, ?=04) Dstj ds bj qud dstà sufdgndegj fje db tîrcnej gd nefbusnöe, qud sd dstà dcpdz`egj ` utnbnz`r fjcj sneöencj gd netdkr`fnöe, fu`egj sd tr`t` gd gjs fjefdptjs y `prjxnc`fnjeds gnstnet`s. Fjcj sd a` vnstj `etdrnjrcdetd, b` netdkr`fnöe dstà rdhdrng` `b krupj dspdfãhnfj gd b`s pdrsje`s fje gnsf`p`fng`g y ds ue cjvncndetj qud surkd gdsgd b` Dguf`fnöe Dspdfn`b d ncpbnf` b` tr`eshjrc`fnöe gd îst`. B` netdkr`fnöe t`conîe ncpbnf` cjgnhnf`r b`s fjegnfnjeds y huefnje`cndetj gd b` dsfudb` fjcùe, pdrj db îeh`sns a` dst`gj càs de bj prncdrj qud de bj sdkuegj. Fje kr`e hrdfudefn`, b` netdkr`fnöe a` ncpbnf`gj tr`sb`g`r db dehjqud dguf`tnvj negnvngu`bnz`gj y rda`onbnt`gjr, prjpnj gd b` dguf`fnöe dspdfn`b, `b fjetdxtj gd b` dsfudb` rdkub`r, gd t`b hjrc` qud de cufajs f`sjs ej sd a` cjgnhnf`gj b` pràftnf` dguf`tnv` gd b`s dsfudb`s, y söbj sd a` `iust`gj b` desdð`ez` y prdst`gj `pjyj dspdfãhnf dspdfãhnfj j ` bjs enðjs "dtnqudt`gjs fjcj gd netdkr`fnöe". Db fjefdptj gd nefbusnöe ds càs `cpbnj qud db gd netdkr`fnöe y p`rtd gd ue supudstj gnstnetj, pjrqud dstà rdb`fnje`g` fje b` e`tur`bdz` cnsc` gd b` dguf`fnöe kdedr`b y gd b` dsfudb` fjcùe. B` nefbusnöe ncpbnf` qud tjgjs bjs enðjs gd ue` gdtdrcne`g` fjcueng`g `prdeg`e iuetjs, negdpdegndetdcdetd gd sus fjegnfnjeds pdrsje`bds, sjfn`bds j fubtur`bds. Vd tr`t` gd bjkr`r ue` dsfudb` de b` qud ej dxnst`e "rdqunsntjs gd detr`g`" en cdf`enscjs gd sdbdffnöe j gnsfrncne`fnöe gd enekùe tnpj< ue` dsfudb` qud cjgnhnqud suost`efn`bcdetd su dstruftur`, huefnje`cndetj y prjpudst` pdg`köknf` p`r` g`r rdspudst` ` b`s edfdsng`gds dguf`tnv`s gd tjgjs y f`g` uej gd bjs enðjs y enð`s, nefbungjs `qudbbjs qud prdsdet`e ue` gnsf`p`fng`g. Cndetr`s qud de b` netdkr`fnöe db îeh`sns dstà de b` `g`pt`fnöe gd b` desdð`ez` de huefnöe gd b`s edfdsng`gds dspdfãhnf`s gd bjs enðjs netdkr`gjs, de b` nefbusnöe db fdetrj

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gd `tdefnöe ds b` tr`eshjrc`fnöe gd b` jrk`enz`fnöe y rdspudst` dguf`tnv` gd b` dsfudb` p`r` qud `fji` ` tjgjs bjs enðjs y tdek`e îxntj de su `prdegnz`id. B` dguf`fnöe nefbusnv` ncpbnf` ue` vnsnöe gnhdrdetd gd b` dguf`fnöe fjcùe o`s`g` de b` adtdrjkdedng`g y ej de b` ajcjkdedng`g. B` `tdefnöe ` b` gnvdrsng`g ds ue` rdspjes`onbng`g gd b` dguf`fnöe fjcùe pjrqud b`s gnhdrdefn`s sje neadrdetds `b sdr auc`ej y dstàe prdsdetds de fu`bqundr prjfdsj gd desdð`ez`-`prdegnz`id. Vne dco`rkj, `b nku`b qud a` jfurrngj de b` sjfndg`g, b`s gnhdrdefn`s de db àcontj dguf`tnvj sd a`e jovn`gj, bj qud a` g`gj buk`r ` b` ffrd`fnöe rd`fnöe gd dstruftur`s y prjpudst`s dguf`tnv`s gnhdrdefn`g`s p`r` gnstnetjs fjbdftnvjs gd `bucejs y `buce`s (enðjs fje gnsf`p`fng`g, enðjs negãkde`s, dtf.).

Joidtnvjs gd b` Dsfudb` Nefbusnv`

F`g` vdz fje c`yjr fb`rng`g b` Dguf`fnöe Kdedr`b fjesngdr` b` edfdsng`g gd qud tjgjs bjs `bucejs rdfno`e ue` dguf`fnöe gd f`bng`g fdetr`g` de b` `tdefnöe ` sus edfdsng`gds negnvngu`bds< joidtnvj qud fjnefngd pbde`cdetd fje db hne gd b` dsfudb` nefbusnv`, pudstj pu dstj qud pdrsnkud qud b` gnvdrsng`g dxnstdetd detrd bjs cndcorjs gd ue` fb`sd rdfno` ue` dguf`fnöe `fjrgd ` sus f`r`ftdrãstnf`s, ` b` vdz qud nefrdcdet` b` pjsnonbng`g gd `prdegnz`id p`r` tjgjs. B` hnbjsjhã` gd b` dguf`fnöe gdhndegd ue` dguf`fnöe dhnf`z p`r` tjgjs, sustdet`g` de qud b`s nestntufnjeds gdode s`tnsh`fdr b`s edfdsng`gds gd tjgjs bjs `bucejs, sd`e fu`bds hudrde sus f`r`ftdrãstnf`s pdrsje`bds, psnfjböknf`s j sjfn`bds.

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B` dguf`fnöe nefbusnv` gdod sdr detdegng` fjcj ue netdetj càs gd `tdegdr b`s gnhnfubt`gds gd `prdegnz`id gd fu`bqundr `bucej de db snstdc` dguf`tnvj. Fjcj ue cdgnj gd `sdkur`r qud bjs `bucejs qud prdsdet`e `bkue` gnsf`p`fng`g tdek`e bjs cnscjs gdrdfajs qud db rdstj gd sus fjcp`ðdrjs dsfjb`rnz`gjs. Ej o`st` qud bjs suidtjs fje gnsf`p`fng`g dstîe netdkr`gjs de bjs fdetrjs jrgne`rnjs, snej qud gdode p`rtnfnp`r pbde`cdetd de b` vng` dsfjb`r y sjfn`b gd bjs cnscjs. Dstj snkenhnf` qud bjs fdetrjs t`etj gd Dguf`fnöe nenfn`b, prnc`rn` y sdfueg`rn` gdode dst`r prdp`r`gjs p`r` `fjkdr y dguf`r ` tjgjs bjs `bucejs y ej sjb`cdetd ` bjs fjesngdr`gjs fjcj dguf`obds. ]jr dsj, b` nefbusnöe `sucd qud b` fjevnvdefn` y db `prdegnz`id de krupj ds b` cdijr hjrc` gd odedhnfn`r ` tjgjs, ej sjbj ` bjs dstugn`etds dtnqudt`gjs fjcj gnhdrdetds. Gd `fudrgj ` ]nb`r @re`nz Vàefadz (?==?) b` dguf`fnöe nefbusnv` ds `etd tjgj…. • 

De prncdr buk`r, ue` fudstnöe gd gdrdfajs auc`ejs y` qud gdhndegd qud ej sd pudgd sdkrdk`r ` enekue` pdrsje` fjcj fjesdfudefn` gd su gnsf`p`fng`g j gnhnfubt`g gd `prdegnz`id, kîedrj j pdrtdedefn` ` ue` cnejrã` îtenf` •  De sdkuegj buk`r, ds ue` `ftntug, ue snstdc` gd v`bjrds y frddefn`s, ej ue` `ffnöe en ue fjeiuetj gd `ffnjeds De r`skjs kdedr`bds bjs joidtnvjs gd b` dsfudb` nefbusnv` rdspjegde `9

]rjcjvdr db gds`rrjbbj gd ue` sdrnd gd f`p`fng`gds y b` `prjpn`fnöe gd gdtdrcne`gjs fjetdengjs fubtur`bds edfds`rnjs p`r` qud bjs `bucejs pudg`e p`rtnfnp`r de su cdgnj sjfnjfubtur`b. H`vjrdfdr b` nku`bg`g gd jpjrtueng`gds, prjpjrfnje`r ue` dguf`fnöe pdrsje`bnz`g`, hjcdet`egj b` p`rtnfnp`fnöe, b` sjbng`rng`g y fjjpdr`fnöe detrd bjs `bucejs. Ncpubs`r b` gdcjfr`fn` y b` iustnfn`, h`vjrdfndegj h`vj rdfndegj db adfaj "qud tjgjs bjs enðjs y enð`s gd ue` gdtdrcne`g` fjcueng`g `prdeg`e iuetjs, negdpdegndetdcdetd gd sus fjegnfnjeds pdrsje`bds, sjfn`bds j fubtur`bds, nefbusj `qudbbjs qud prdsdet`e gnsf`p`fng`g" (TENFDH, TEDVFJ) Ousf`r b` fjjrgne`fnöe gd bjs gnstnetjs `kdetds y detjrejs detjrej s hjrc`tnvjs (b` h`cnbn`, db o`rrnj, bjs cdgnjs gd fjcuenf`fnöe, dtf.), `v`ez`egj a`fn` b` hjrc`fnöe gd ue` fjcueng`g dguf`gjr`. ]rjcjvdr db gne`cnscj y b` netdr`ffnöe detrd nestntufnjeds p`r` qud b` nefbusnöe sd` ue` rd`bng`g de db cuegj gdb tr`o`ij y de b` sjfndg`g. Fjefndefn`r, t`etj ` b` @gcnenstr`fnöe ]ùobnf` fjcj ` Detng`gds ]rnv`g`s, gd b` edfdsng`g gd hbdxnonbnz`r b`s dstruftur`s dguf`tnv`s. Gds`rrjbb`r b`s dstr`tdkn`s gd netdrvdefnöe y cdgng`s gd `pjyj edfds`rn`s p`r` gdtdft`r y `tdegdr b`s edfdsng`gds y f`r`ftdrãstnf`s pdrsje`bds gdb `buce`gj. B` gnvdrsng`g fjcj rdspjes`onbng`g gd b` dguf`fnöe fjcùe

Bjs cjgdbjs y prjpudst`s dguf`tnv`s dstàe nehbungjs pjr b` pdrfdpfnöe y fjeejt`fnjeds gd v`bjr qud sd tdek`e rdspdftj gd b`s gnhdrdefn`s. Fu`egj sd a`ob` gd gnhdrdefn`s sjfn`bds sd dstà a`ob`egj ej söbj gd `bucejs gnvdrsjs, snej gd `bucejs qud tndede gnhdrdetds jpjrtueng`gds (uejs tndede càs qud jtrjs). Fu`egj sd a`ob` gd gnhdrdefn`s fubtur`bds sudbd fjesngdr`rsd qud a`y ue` fubtur` c`yjrnt`rn` y jtr`s cnejrnt`rn`s qud tndede cdejs v`bjr d nehbudefn` de b` sjfndg`g. Fu`egj a`ob`cjs gd gnhdrdefn`s negnvngu`bds sudbd a`odr ue` tdegdefn` ` v`bjr`r càs ` `qudbbjs qud tndede `bt`s f`p`fng`gds< dspdfn`bcdetd b`s gd tnpj netdbdftu`b.

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B` `tdefnöe dguf`tnv` ` b` gnvdrsng`g dstà fjegnfnje`g` `sncnscj pjr b` fjefdpfnöe qud sd tdek` sjord b`s gnhnfubt`gds gd `prdegnz`id. Fjcj sdð`b` @nesfjw (0>>1), dxnstd ue` tdegdefn` cuy `rr`nk`g` ` pdrfnonr b`s gnhdrdefn`s de huefnöe gd frntdrnjs ejrc`tnvjs, gd t`b c`edr` qud `qudbbjs `bucejs qud ej sd `iust`e ` bjs frntdrnjs dst`obdfngjs fjcj ejrc`bds j dstàeg`rds, sje fjesngdr`gjs gnhdrdetds, fje gnhnfubt`gds j `ejc`bã`s y, de fjesdfudefn`, a`e gd sdr joidtj gd prjkr`c`s j sdrvnfnjs gnhdrdefn`gjs, j sncpbdcdetd sje dxfbungjs gdb snstdc`. Jtr` hjrc` gnstnet` ds fjesngdr`r qud f`g` `bucej tnded ue`s f`p`fng`gds, netdrdsds, cjtnv`fnjeds y dxpdrndefn` pdrsje`b ùenf`, ds gdfnr, b` gnvdrsng`g dstà gdetrj gd "ejrc`b". Gdsgd dst` fjefdpfnöe db îeh`sns dstà de gds`rrjbb`r ue` dguf`fnöe qud v`bjrd y rdspdtd b`s gnhdrdefn`s, vnîegjb`s fjcj ue` jpjrtueng`g p`r` jptncnz`r db gds`rrjbbj pdrsje`b y sjfn`b y ej fjcj ue jostàfubj de db prjfdsj gd desdð`ez`-`prdegnz`id. Te` dsfudb` nefbusnv` ds `qudbb` qud orneg` rdspudst`s ` b`s edfdsng`gds dguf`tnv`s gd tjgjs sus dguf`egjs, sne gnstnefnöe `bkue`. Detndegd b` gnvdrsng`g gd su `buce`gj fjcj ue v`bjr dguf`tnvj, rdspdt`egj y fjcprdegndegj bjs gnhdrdetds tndcpjs p`r` db `prdegnz`id, cjgjs gd `prdegdr y desdð`ez` gnvdrsnhnf`g`. B` dsfudb` tnded ue p`pdb frufn`b de db fucpbncndetj gdb gdrdfaj ` b` dguf`fnöe y a` gds`rrjbb`gj ` bj b`rkj gd su anstjrn` gnvdrs`s dstr`tdkn`s gd `fjcp`ð`cndetj ` b`s tr`ydftjrn`s dsfjb`rds, ` tr`vîs gd bjs prjydftjs nestntufnje`bds< cufa`s gd b`s fu`bds dstàe nefdetnv`g`s y `pjy`g`s pjr bned`cndetjs dspdfãhnfjs gd b`s pjbãtnf`s iurnsgnffnje`bds y e`fnje`bds. Db gds`hãj gd fjesjbng`r ue` dsfudb` fje nku`bg`g gd jpjrtueng`gds prdsdet` dxnkdefn`s fjcpbdi`s p`r` db snstdc` dguf`tnvj p`r` bj fu`b sd tjre` edfds`rnj rdfjejfdr b` p`rtnfnp`fnöe gd jtrjs `ftjrds, p`r` ue tr`o`ij de fjeiuetj, fjcj b`s h`cnbn`s, jrk`enz`fnjeds sjfn`bds, cuenfnpnjs dtf. Ejs rdhdrncjs ` b` nku`bg`g de bjs tîrcnejs gd b` BDE, de b` qud snkenhnf` ‒dehrdet`r sntu` fnjeds gd neiustnfn`, c`rkne`fnöe, dstnkc`tnz`fnöe y jtr`s hjrc`s gd gnsfrncne`fnöe, gdrnv`g`s gd h`ftjrds sjfnjdfjeöcnfjs, fubtur`bds, kdjkràhnfjs, îtenfjs, gd kîedrj j gd fu`bqundr jtr` ãegjbd, qud `hdft`e db didrfnfnj pbdej gdb gdrdfaj ` b` dguf`fnöe– (@rt. ;>). B` dguf`fnöe nefbusnv` fjcj dguf`fnöe p`r` tjgjs

Fje cufa` hrdfudefn` sd bdd y sd a`ob` qud b` dguf`fnöe ds ue gdrdfaj p`r` tjgjs y qud tjgjs bjs `bucejs/`s gdode `ffdgdr de nku`bg`g gd fjegnfnjeds, pdrj bj qud sd josdrv` ds qud dsd tjgjs ds sjbj p`r` `bkuejs, pjr bj qud a`orã` `bkuejs `bucejs qud qudg`e hudr` gd ds` `spnr`fnöe uenvdrs`b. B`s nestntufnjeds dguf`tnv`s gdode nefbunr ` bjs `bucejs, rdspdt`egj b` gnvdrsng`g gd su `buce`gj y b`s gnhdrdefn`s detrd dstjs, onde sd` pjr r`zjeds gd kîedrj, prjfdgdefn`, dten`, f`p`fng`g, fubtur`. B` nefbusnöe detdegng` fjcj rdspdtj pjr b` gnvdrsng`g gdb `buce`gj de bjs fdetrjs dsfjb`rds, vdegrà ` sdr ue` o`sd edfds`rn` p`r` ue` sjfndg`g nefbuydetd y rdspdtujs` fje b` gnvdrsng`g gd sus fnug`g`ejs y pjr dbbj sdkur`cdetd càs gdcjfràtnf` y fjadsnje`g`. Te` tdrfdr` r`zöe p`r` ncpubs`r ue` dguf`fnöe p`r` tjgjs fje ue` jrndet`fnöe nefbusnv` dst`rã` vnefub`g` ` ue` fudstnöe gd rdfursjs y` qud b`s dsfudb`s nefbusnv`s vdegrã`e ` sdr ej sjbj ue` jpfnöe îtnf` y sjfn`bcdetd gdsd`obd, `b tndcpj qud dhnf`fds pdg`köknf`cdetd a`ob`egj, snej t`conîe rdet`obds y ùtnbds p`r` prjcjvdr b` dguf`fnöe gd tjgjs y fje dbbj db gds`rrjbbj sjstdengj y b` dst`onbng`g gd b`s e`fnjeds qud càs bj edfdsnt`e. Gdsgd dst` pdrspdftnv` b` prnjrng`g sdrã` b` gd `sdkur`r qud dxnstndsde dsfudb`s suhnfndetds p`r` `fjkdr ` tjg` b` pjob`fnöe, qud tjgjs bjs krupjs tuvndr` `ffdsj ` gnfa`s dsfudb`s y qud b` f`bng`g gd dst`s `gdfu`g` p`r` jhrdfdr ue` dguf`fnöe oàsnf`.

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‒Db gds`rrjbbj gd dsfudb`s nefbusnv`s - dsfudb`s f`p`fds gd dguf`r ` tjgjs bjs enðjs- ej ds pjr bj t`etj ue` hjrc` gd `sdkur`r db rdspdtj gd bjs gdrdfajs gd bjs enðjs gnsf`p`fnt`gjs gd hjrc` qud `ffdg`e `f fdg`e `

uej u jtrj tnpj gd dsfudb`, snej qud fjestntuyd f jestntuyd ue` dstr`tdkn` dsdefn`b p`r` k`r`etnz`r qud ue` ue ` `cpbn` k`c` gd krupjs tdek` `ffdsj ` fu`bqundr hjrc` gd dsfjb`rng`g ‒( Gysje, ?==09 04=) B` dguf`fnöe nefbusnv` de db `ub`

Bjs detjrejs nefbusnvjs sd fjestruyde p`rtndegj p`rtndegj gd b` rdhbdxnöe y bb` ` cjgnhnf`fnöe sjord b` prjpn` `ffnöe, y s`odcjs bj fjcpbdij qud dstj rdsubt`. Ds dspdr`obd qud b` rdhbdxnöe y b` cjgnhnf`fnöe ousqude k`r`etnz`r9 ➯ 

B` `fdpt`fnöe y b` v`bjr`fnöe gd b`s gnhdrdefn`s gd f`g` f `g` dstugn`etd, fjcj ue` jpjrtueng`g gd `prdegnz`id p`r` tjgjs. ➯  B` pjsnonbng`g gd gdhnenr ntnedr`rnjs pdrsje`bnz`gjs p`r` bjs enðjs, enð`s y iövdeds gdsgd ue càxncj gd snekub`rng`g pjsnobd. ➯  B` gdhnenfnöe gd dstr`tdkn`s gd netdrvdefnöe qud hjf`bnfde su `tdefnöe de b` desdð`ez` y qud prjtdi`e db netdrîs supdrnjr gd bjs enðjs, enð`s y iövdeds. ➯  Db gds`rrjbbj gdb sdetngj gd fjcueng`g, sjbng`rng`g y pdrtdedefn` pbur`b.

@ftu`r y pjtdefn`r b` nefbusnöe de db `ub` fjcj prnefnpnj rdftjr rdqundrd ue kr`e fjcprjcnsj pjr p`rtd gd bjs gjfdetds y `gubtjs de kdedr`b, fje dbbjs cnscjs, fje f`g` `bucej de su snekub`rng`g y de bj krup`b, y ej sjbj a`fn` bjs dstugn`etds fje gnsf`p`fng`g, fje gnhnfubt`gds gd `prdegnz`id, `bt`s f`p`fng`gds j fje f`r`ftdrãstnf`s gnvdrs`s gd gnstnetj tnpj (fjkentnv`s, îtenfj-fubtur`bds j sjfnjdfjeöcnf`s, detrd jtr`s). Vn onde `sucnr dstd fjcprjcnsj pudgd gdrnv`r de gnhdrdetds sdetncndetjs fjcj b` sjbdg`g j pdrfdpfnjeds fjcj b` ne`o`rf`onbng`g, bj qud sd snkud suknrndegj, càs `bbà gd bj negnvngu`b qud f`g` uej a`k`, ds kdedr`r dsp`fnjs fjbdftnvjs p`r` db `utjfjejfncndetj y b` pràftnf` fjbdftnv` gdb rdspdtj y b` fjehn`ez`. Vd prjpjed sdkunr `pjyàegjejs uejs de jtrjs y gdsgd bjs gnhdrdetds rjbds qud didrfdcjs de gnstnetjs cjcdetjs y dsp`fnjs, de bj dsfjb`r detrd bjs dqunpjs tîfenfj-dguf`tnvjs, fjjrgne`gjrds, dqunpj gnrdftnvj, supdrvnsjrds< fje tr`o`ij fjb`ojr`tnvj detrd fjbdk`s gd ue cnscj kr`gj/`ðj y `rtnfub`gj fje bjs fjbdk`s gd bjs jtrjs kr`gjs/`ðjs, envdbds y cjg`bng`gds. B` dguf`fnöe nefbusnv`

Vt`neo`fl y Vt`neo`fl (0>>?) gdhnede b` dsfudb` nefbusnv` fjcj `quîbb` qud dguf` ` tjgjs bjs dstugn`etds gdetrj gd ue ùenfj snstdc` dguf`tnvj, prjpjrfnjeàegjbds prjkr`c`s dguf`tnvjs `prjpn`gjs, qud sd`e dstncub`etds y `gdfu`gjs ` sus f`p`fng`gds f `p`fng`gds y edfdsng`gds, y fu`bqundr `pjyj j `yug` qud t`etj dbbjs fjcj bjs prjhdsjrds pudg`e edfdsnt`r p`r` tdedr îxntj. ]drj, `gdcàs, ds ue` dsfudb` ` b` qud tjgjs pdrtdedfde, gjegd tjgjs bjs dstugn`etds sje `fdpt`gjs y `pjy`gjs pjr sus fjcp`ðdrjs y pjr bjs jtrjs cndcorjs gd b` fjcueng`g dsfjb`r de b` s`tnsh`ffnöe gd sus edfdsng`gds. B`s f`r`ftdrãstnf`s gd b`s `ub`s nefbusnv`s sje (Vt`neo`fl y Vt`neo`fl, 0>>?)9 Hnbjsjhã` gdb `ub`. - Wjgjs bjs enðjs `prdegde de db `ub` jrgne`rn`. B` gnvdrsng`g hjrt`bdfd b` fb`sd y jhrdfd ` tjg`s sus cndcorjs jpjrtueng`gds gd `prdegnz`id y gd cdijr`. _dkb`s gdb `ub`. - B` dsfudb` gdod jhrdfdr ue tr`tj nku`bnt`rnj y ue rdspdtj cutuj detrd bjs `bucejs, bjs jtrjs cndcorjs gd b` dsfudb` y b` fjcueng`g. Vd rdsucd de bjs snkundetds prnefnpnjs9 ‒tdekj gdrdfaj `prdegdr gd `fudrgj fje cn prjpn` f`p`fng`g< dstj snkenhnf` qud e`gnd cd nesubt`rà pjr cn

4

 

hjrc` gd `prdegdr–>8)9 Fb`sds qud `fji`e b` gnvdrsng`g. Te furrãfubj `cpbnj qud utnbnfd db `prdegnz`id fjjpdr`tnvj, b` nestruffnöe tdcàtnf`, db pdes`cndetj frãtnfj, b` rdsjbufnöe gd prjobdc`s y b` v`bjr`fnöe. Desdð`ez` y `prdegnz`id netdr`ftnvj. @pjyj ` bjs prjhdsjrds. ]`rtnfnp`fnöe gd bjs p`grds. @sã cnscj, b`s dstr`tdkn`s qud gdode utnbnz`rsd p`r` `pbnf`r dstjs prnefnpnjs sje9 @krup`r ` bjs `bucejs adtdrjkîed`cdetd y h`vjrdfdr db `prdegnz`id fjjpdr`tnvj gd bjs cnscjs. Wdedr `cpbn`s dxpdft`tnv`s p`r` tjgjs bjs `bucejs. Bjs p`grds, db prjhdsjr`gj, bjs dstugn`etds y b` fjcueng`g gdode fjb`ojr`r de b` dguf`fnöe gd bjs enðjs. Bjs prjhdsjrds h`fnbnt`e `b `bucej ue `prdegnz`id snkenhnf`tnvj y frd`tnvj, `sã fjcj db gds`rrjbbj gd gdstrdz`s sjfn`bds Bjs prjhdsjrds gdode dst`r fjcprjcdtngjs de bbdv`r ` f`oj ue` desdð`ez` nefbusnv`. Gdsnke`r ue` pdrsje` p`r` qud h`fnbntd db `pjyj y dst`obdfdr krupjs gd tr`o`ij de h`vjr gd b` dguf`fnöe dspdfn`b.

8

 

Gdsc`etdb`cndetj gd bjs fdetrjs gd dguf`fnöe dspdfn`b. ]`r` K`rfã`, (0>>4)9 B` dsfudb` p`r` tjgjs ds ue` dsfudb` càs `ondrt` ` b` fjcueng`g, càs p`rtnfnp`tnv` de sus prjobdc`s y de sus sjbufnjeds. A`y ue` c`yjr ncpbnf`fnöe gd bjs p`grds y fjjpdr`fnöe fje jtr`s nestntufnjeds. B` dsfudb` p`r` tjgjs ds ue` dsfudb` qud, `b rdspjegdr ` gnvdrs`s edfdsng`gds, gdod rdpb`etd`r su furrãfubj (quî, föcj y fuàegj desdð`r) y gdod pb`enhnf`r su `ftnvng`g gd c`edr` gnhdrdetd. B` dsfudb` p`r` tjgjs ds ue` dsfudb` qud gdod nefbunr eudvjs sdrvnfnjs, ej söbj p`r` bjs eudvjs `bucejs snej t`conîe p`r` bjs prjhdsjrds (sdrvnfnjs gd hjrc`fnöe, gd `pjyj, gd jrndet`fnöe, dtf.). B` dsfudb` detndegd b` jrk`enz`fnöe gd b` desdð`ez` gd ue` c`edr` gnhdrdetd9 db föcj desdð`r f`g` gã`. B` dsfudb` p`r` tjgjs ds ue` utjpã` ` b` qud sd `bugd de f`sn f `sn tjgjs bjs p`ãsds de bjs qud b` netdkr`fnöe `v`ez`, ds ue p`sj càs de b` netdkr`fnöe, ue f`cnej ` sdkunr. ]`r` Vlrtnf, V`nbjr y Kdd (0>>8), b` nefbusnöe ds `bkj càs qud ue eudvj cjgdbj gd sdrvnfnjs < ds ue` eudv` fubtur` qud ffjrrdspjegd jrrdspjegd ` bjs fjegnfnjeds anstörnf`s gdb dcdrkdetd snkbj QQN, ue` eudv` hjrc` fubtur`b gjcne`g` pjr db suoidtnvnscj, qud prjpjed ue prjfdsj gd gnsfusnöe sjfn`b `fdrf` gd b` fjestruffnöe y rdfjestruffnöe gdb fjejfncndetj y qud a` nehbungj de b`s rdhjrc`s dstruftur`bds gd b` jrk`enz`fnöe dsfjb`r, de b`s rdhjrc`s pdg`köknf`s gd b`s fb`sds y de b`s rdhjrc`s nestntufnje`bds ` envdb gd fjcueng`g. 0-

º@ PTD A@FD _DHD_DEFN@ B@ W_@^DFWJ_N@ DGTF@WNX@ NEWDK_@B:

B` tr`ydftjrn` dguf`tnv` a`fd cdefnöe `b rdfjrrngj gdb `bucej gdetrj gd ue` nestntufnöe dguf`tnv`, kr`gj, fnfbj j sn a` p`s`gj pjr gnhdrdetds nestntufnjeds y qud ds bj qud a` ngj fjestruydegj de t`b prjfdsj. ]`r` qud b` cnsc` sd` `ojrg`g` gdsgd ue` pdrspdftnv` netdkr`b sd gdode tdedr de fudet` v`rnjs h`ftjrds, b` pjstur` gdb `bucej, ds gdfnr, fjcj dsd enðj/` vd ` dstd prjfdsj, fjcj sd sndetd necdrsj de dst` fjestruffnöe suoidtnv` `gdcàs gdb detjrej, b` h`cnbn`, su prjpn` anstjrn` gd vng`, b` `pdrtur` gd b` nestntufnöe dguf`tnv` detrd jtrjs h`ftjrds gdtdrcne`etds gdb prjfdsj dguf`tnvj netdkr`b gdb `bucej. ?-

WN]JV GD FJEHNKT_@FNJEDV GD @]J^J

Fu`egj sd a`fd cdefnöe ` ue` tr`ydftjrn` dguf`tnv` netdkr`b ej gdodcjs gdi`r gd b`gj gjs fjefdptjs hueg`cdet`bds qud v`e ` c`rf`r dstd prjfdsj9 b`s pjsnonbng`gds y o`rrdr`s fje b`s qud sd defudetr` db `bucej ` b` ajr` gd tr`esnt`r su dsfjb`rng`g. ]`r` dbbj dxnstde b`s bb`c`g`s fjehnkur`fnjeds gd `pjyj, vnst`s fjcj ue pudetd, ue fjeiuetj gd pb`eds y dstr`tdkn`s p`r` bjkr`r qud db `bucej fje gnsf`p`fng`g fucpb` fje db joidtnvj gd dst`r nefbungj. Dst`s sje b`s qud v`e ` gdtdrcne`r b` hjrc` h jrc` gd `ojrg`id gdb prjfdsj gd desdð`ez` y `prdegnz`id gdb `bucej, y dst`s v`e ` sdr db`ojr`g`s gd `fudrgj ` b`s b `s edfdsng`gds negnvngu`bds gdb enðj, gdonîegjs gdonîegjsd d fjesngdr`r su rntcj gd `prdegnz`id, b` cjtnv`fnöe, db pdrhnb gdb `bucej, db ]DN nestntufnje`b, b` jrndet`fnöe gd b` nestntufnöe detrd jtr`s.

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Detrd b`s fjehnkur`fnjeds gd `pjyj fuy` hne`bng`g `puet` ` b` c`yjr `utjejcã` pjsnobd gdb `bucej de db àcontj dguf`tnvj nestntufnje`b gjegd sd gdsdcpdð`, sd cdefnje`e9 tnpj gd `pjyj qud edfdsnt` db `bucej y` sd` pdrc`edetd j netdrcntdetd. `pjyj ` sntu`fnjeds j prjfdsjs fjefrdtjs qud sd rd`bnz`e de b` dsfudb` j de db `ub` p`r` bjkr`r gdtdrcne`gj fjetdengj j `ftnvng`g dspdfãhnf`. `pjyj ` b` nestntufnöe dsfjb`r de su fjeiuetj `puet` ` gds`rrjbb`r y cdijr`r bjs rdfursjs dsfjb`rds gnspjenobds p`r` jptncnz`r b` nefbusnöe gdb `bucej y fucpbnr fje bjs joidtnvjs. @pjyj Needfds`rnj-`ffdsjrnj, rdhndrd ` qud b` pdrsje` ej edfdsnt` gd b` netdrvdefnöe gd jtrj. @pjyj sjbnfntug-tr`cnt`fnöe, `quã b` pdrsje` sjbnfnt` ue `pjyj dspdfãhnfj qud db jtrj prjvdd. @pjyj fjb`ojr`fnöe-`fudrgj, b` pdrsje` rdfjejfd b` edfdsng`g y gdfngd quî tnpj gd `pjyj ds db cdijr  iuetj fje db jtrj, fjcj p`rds y detrd p`rds. @pjyj negnf`fnöe- `fdpt`fnöe, db jtrj rdfjejfd j dstruftur` b` edfdsng`g y gdfngd db tnpj gd `pjyj, b` pdrsje` bj `fdpt` j bj rdfa`z`. @pjyj jobnk`fnöe- fucpbncndetj b` netdrvdefnöe gdb jtrj ds negnspdes`obd pjr b` bncnt`fnöe gd b` pdrsje`. Detrd b`s fjehnkur`fnjeds sd cdefnje`e b`s gd `ffdsj `b `prdegnz`id, ` bjs fjetdengjs y `fà sd a`fd rdhdrdefn` ` b`s `g`pt`fnjeds furrnfub`rds dspdfãhnf`s p`r` f`g` `bucej gd `fudrgj ` sus edfdsng`gds p`rtnfub`rds y pjsnonbng`gds. Vd tjc`rà de fudet` b` cdtjgjbjkã`, snkenhnf`tnv`s j ej snkenhnf`tnv`s, gd f`etng`g, b` dv`bu`fnöe. B`s bb`c`g`s gd `ffdsj `b dsp`fnj hãsnfj dgnbnfnj, ds gdfnr tjc`egj de fudet` sn db buk`r fudet` fje b`s sdð`bnz`fnjeds, o`r`eg`s, r`cp`s, cjonbn`rnj, dtf. tjgj bj qud a`fd `busnöe `b dsp`fnj hãsnfj prjpn`cdetd gnfaj. 6-

@ ]@_WN_ GD BJ @OJ_G@GJ ºFT@B DV DB _JB GDB GJFDEWD DE B@ NEFBTVNJE:

Db rjb gdb gjfdetd ds suc`cdetd ncpjrt`etd de db prjfdsj gd nefbusnöe, ds ue` pndz` fb`vd p`r` bjkr`r b` nesdrfnöe gdb `bucej de b`s `ub`s y `b snstdc` dguf`tnvj. Ds b`cdet`obd qud cufajs gd dbbjs (b` c`yjrã`) fjetneùde fje db gnsfursj gd qud ej dstàe f`p`fnt`gjs p`r` tr`o`i`r fje dstjs enðjs, qud gdode `snstnr fje `pjyj gdb c`dstrj dspdfn`b qunde ds db qud gdod a`fdr db tr`o`ij. Gd `fudrgj `b fursj y `b c`tdrn`b bdãgj de b` f`rtnbb` sje v`rnjs h`ftjrds qud a`fde qud dst` pràftnf` nefbusnv` sd` `sucng` pjr db gjfdetd gdsgd su rjb fjcj netdkr`etd gdb prjfdsj, fjcj h`fnbnt`gjr j o`rrdr` p`r` db cnscj. Detrd dbb`s sd pudgde cdefnje`r bjs `pjyjs fje bjs qud fjet`r` db gjfdetd p`r` rd`bnz`r b` nefbusnöe, `gdcàs gd qud ej dstà sjbj y kdedr`bcdetd a`y ue dqunpj qud `fjcp`ð` `b enðj, ue` h`cnbn` qunde rdsp`bg` t`conîe p`r` qud sd bjkrd gd c`edr` s`tnsh`ftjrn` y bj cdejs fjeh fjehbnftnv` bnftnv` pjsnobd. Vd gdod cdefnje`r t`conîe qud ej de tjgjs bjs f`sjs db enðj fudet` fje tjgj bj edfds`rnj p`r` qud dstd prjfdsj pudg` tdedr c`yjr `snstdefn` y `pjyjs pjr gnvdrsjs h`ftjrds, gdsfjejfncndetj, gn`keöstnfjs dquãvjfjs, h`bt` gd jor` sjfn`b, dtf bj qud böknf`cdetd ds ue` gnhnfubt`g suc`g` `b prjfdsj nefbusnvj.

1

 

Jtrjs h`ftjrds qud cdefnje`r sje b` dxpdrndefn` dxpd rndefn` gjfdetd9 rdb`fnje`g` fje b`s vnvdefn`s y dxpd dxpdrndefn`s rndefn`s (rdb`fnje`g` fje b` f`etng`g gd `ðjs y fje bjs f`sjs) de bb` ` tr`ydftjrn` gdb gjfdetd y b`s gdtdrcne`g`s sntu`fnjeds qud bds a` tjf`gj vnvnr sn a`e tr`o`i`gj j ej fje pràftnf`s nefbusnv`s. B`s f`r`ftdrãstnf`s gd bjs dstugn`etds9 sn ds prjguftj gd ue` gnsf`p`fng`g tr`esntjrn`, pdrc`edetd j qud sd prdsdet` de ue pdrnjgj dsfjb`r dspdfnhnfj. Wndcpj y rdfursjs gd `pjyj9 rdb`fnje`gj `b tndcpj y dsp`fnj p`r` bbdv`r ` f`oj b` pb`enhnf`fnöe, fjjrgne`fnöe gdong`cdetd fjesdesu`g` gd b` pràftnf` pdg`köknf` nefbusnv`. B` hjrc`fnöe gjfdetd y f`p`fnt`fnöe9 a`fd cdefnöe ` b` hjrc`fnöe gd bjs gjfdetds y db fjejfncndetj `gqunrngj p`r` `ojrg`r b` gnvdrsng`g de b`s `ub`s. @ftu`bnz`rsd y hjrc`rsd pdrc`edetdcdetd p`r` bbdv`r `gdb`etd b` t`rd` gd dguf`r de nku`bg`g gd jpjrtueng`gds. 7ºFT@BDV GDODE VD_ B@V FJC]DWDEFN@V @GPTN_NG@V ]J_ TE GJFDEWD PTD W_@O@I@ DE B@ GNXD_VNG@G:  Ds suc`cdetd ncpjrt`etd qud bjs gjfdetds pdrfno`e qud b`s pjsnonbng`gds gd `prdegnz`id y gd p`rtnfnp`fnöe gd sus `bucejs ej dstàe gdhneng`s sjb`cdetd pjr sus fjegnfnjeds pdrsje`bds, snej pjr h`ftjrds netdrvnendetds fjcj b` fubtur` nestntufnje`b, b` jrk`enz`fnöe dsfjb`r j fje b` hjrc` gd prdsdet`r b`s `ftnvng`gds pdg`köknf`s p`r` su `prdegnz`id. Bjs rdsubt`gjs sdràe gnhdrdetds gd `fudrgj ` fjcj sd` b` netdr`ffnöe gdb `bucej fje db fjetdxtj y b`s rdspudst`s qud db rdfno` ` b` gnvdrsng`g. A`y gjfdetds qud prjcubk`e pr`ftnf`s nefbusnv`s, fje bjs `pjyjs edfds`rnjs p`r` b` dvjbufnöe gdb `bucej, b` cjtnv`fnöe y db `fjcp`ð`cndetj p`r` qud bjkrd nku`bg`g gd jpjrtueng`gds de su detjrej y dstj sd vdrà rdhbdi`gj de b`s rdspudst`s gdb `bucej y de su rdegncndetj, f`sj fjetr`rnj sn db gjfdetd ej c`etnded ds` pdrspdftnv` gd `ojrg`id hbdxnobd d nefbusnv` sdrà ue` o`rrdr` `b prjfdsj. Vdkùe bj bdãgj de db c`tdrn`b onobnjkràhnfj, gd `fudrgj ` Dfadnt`, Kdr`rgj (?==;), b`s fjcpdtdefn`s hueg`cdet`bds qud gdrnv`e gd dsjs gds`hãjs sje9 » Wdedr ue` `ftntug rdhbdxnv` y frntnf`, prjpn` gd ue netdbdftu`b fjcprjcdtngj, t`etj hrdetd ` sus prjpnjs pdes`cndetjs, dcjfnjeds y pràftnf`s fjcj hrdetd ` b` rd`bng`g dguf`tnv` y sjfn`b » Wdedr furnjsng`g d nenfn`tnv` p`r` neg`k`r y rdsjbvdr sus gug`s d nnefdrtngucords efdrtngucords » V`odr ousf`r y rdfjpnb`r nehjrc`fnöe rdbdv`etd sjord b`s gnhnfubt`gds j prjobdc`s fje bjs qud sd defudetrd » Vdr dstr`tîknfj, dstj ds sdr f`p`z gd `pbnf`r prjfdgncndetjs snstdcàtnfjs y jrgde`gjs p`r` `e`bnz`r b` nehjrc`fnöe y tjc`r gdfnsnjeds » Vdr f`p`z gd tr`o`i`r fjb`ojr`tnv`cdetd y fjjpdr`tnv`cdetd fje jtrjs » V`odr c`etdedr oude`s p`ut`s gd fjcuenf`fnöe, gd gn`bjkj y gd dsfufa` » V`odr pdgnr y jhrdfdr `yug` . Cjstr`r dcp`tã` `etd b`s edfdsng`gds y dcjfnjeds gd bjs b js jtrjs » V`odr fjcp`rtnr y det`ob`r rdb`fnjeds gd rdfnprjfng`g y gd fjehn`ez` fje bjs fjcp`ðdrjs y `bucejs » @sucnr rndskjs y dst`r `ondrtjs `b f`conj

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» V`odr hni`rsd cdt`s p`r` supdr`rsd y qudrdr sdkunr `prdegndegj DEHJPTD CTBWNGNCDEVNJE@B GD FJC]_DEVNJE GD B@ GNVF@]@FNG@G NEWDBDFWT@B

Vd pudgd `ojrg`r de fjefdptj ‖ gnsf`p`fng`g netdbdftu`b- gdsgd gjs pdrspdftnv`s9 -

Vd fdetr` de jpdr`fnjeds josdrv`obds y cdgnobds

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Gdhnenfnöe de rdb`fnöe fje bjs jtrjs

Dxnstde gnhdrdefn`s ej söbj gd bdeku`id `b dxpjedr tîrcnejs fjcj gnsf`p`fng`g netdbdftu`b y rdtr`sj cdet`b. Dstd ùbtncj vd b` gnsf`p`fng`g fjcj ue gdhdftj gd b` pdrsje` (fjegnfnöe netdre` gdb suidtj), cndetr`s qud db prncdrj bj vd fjcj db `iustd detrd b`s f`p`fng`gds gd b` pdrsje` y db fjetdxtj de b` qud dst` sd gdsdevudbvd (dst`gj gd huefnje`cndetj). Vne dco`rkj, `co`s sd rdb`fnje`e fje bncnt`fnjeds de db huefnje`cndetj auc`ej tnpj. C`rfj fjefdptu`b gdb huefnje`cndetj auc`ej

B` c`enhdst`fnöe gd gnsf`p`fng`g netdbdftu`b `ojrg`gj gdsgd dstd dehjqud, prjpjed b` netdr`ffnöe detrd a`onbng`gds netdbdftu`bds, fjeguft` `g`pt`tnv`, s`bug, p`rtnfnp`fnöe y `pjyjs negnvngu`bnz`gjs. negnvngu`bnz`gj s. Db ‒huefnje`cndetj auc`ej– `o`rf` tjg`s b`s `ftnvng`gds vnt`bds, nefbuydegj huefnjeds fjrpjr`bds,

`ftnvng`gds sjfn`bds, negnvngu`bds, s`bug, h`ftjrds `condet`bds. @ b`s bncnt`fnjeds gd dstd sd bd gdejcne` ‒gnsf`p`fng`g–.  A`onbng`gds netdbdftu`bds

B` netdbnkdefn` ds ue` f`p`fng`g cdet`b kdedr`b k dedr`b qud nefbuyd db r`zje`cndetj, pb`enhnf`fnöe, rdsjbufnöe gd prjobdc`s, pdes`cndetj `ostr`ftj, fjcprdesnöe gd ngd`s fjcpbdi`s, `prdegnz`id ràpngj y `prdegnz`id ` p`rtnr gd b` dxpdrndefn`. B` netdbnkdefn` ej fjesnstd de ue` a`onbng`g cdcjrãstnf` j cdr`cdetd `f`gîcnf`< snej qud sd tr`t` gd ue` f`p`fng`g p`r` fjcprdegdr db detjrej, rdsjbvdr prjobdc`s j g`rbd sdetngj ` b`s fjs`s, dtf. Fjeguft` `g`pt`tnv`

Vje a`onbng`gds fjefdptu`bds, sjfn`bds, pràftnf`s qud b`s pdrsje`s `prdegde p`r` gdsdevjbvdrsd de b` vng` fjtngn`e`. B`s a`onbng`gds `g`pt`tnv`s ncpbnf`e ue` sdrnd gd jtr`s a`onbng`gds fjcj9 B` dv`bu`fnöe gd b` fjeguft` `g`pt`tnv` sd o`s` de db rdegncndetj a`ontu`b gd ue suidtj gdsdevjbvnîegjsd gdsdevjbvnîegjs d de t`rd`s gn`rn`s y ej de su rdegncndetj càxncj. -

B`s bncnt`fnjeds fjnefngde fje jtr`s àrd`s gd b`s cnsc`s a`onbng`gds `g`pt`tnv`s.

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B`s hjrt`bdz`s y gdonbng`gds gd a`onbng`gds `g`pt`tnv`s gdondr`e fjetdxtu`bnz`rsd.

V`bug

Vd pudgd gdhnenr db fjefdptj fjcj dst`gj gd ondedst`r hãsnfj, hã snfj, cdet`b y sjfn`b. B` s`bug ds ue dbdcdetj netdkr`gj gdetrj gd ue huefnje`cndetj negnvngu`b, dst` fjegnfnöe pudgd `hdft`r fu`bqundr jtr` gncdesnöe gd huefnje`cndetj gdb fudrpj auc`ej. ]`rtnfnp`fnöe

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Vd rdhndrd `b gdsdevjbvncndetj gdb suidtj de b` sjfndg`g, dstj ds ncpjrt`etd p`r` db `prdegnz`id gd b` pdrsje` y fjestntuyd ue` f`r`ftdrãstnf` prnefnp`b gd gds`rrjbbj, frdfncndetj, gd b`s pdrsje`s de sus fjetdxtjs. Wnded rdb`fnöe fje `ftnvng`gds fjcj b` vng` de db ajk`r, tr`o`ij, dguf`fnöe, jfnj, dspnrntu`bng`g, `ftnvng`gds fubtur`bds, dtf. Fjetdxtj

Vje netdrrdb`fnjeds qud b`s pdrsje`s vnvde gã` ` gã` y dstà fjcpudstj pjr snstdc`s9 Db detjrej sjfn`b necdgn`tj (cnfrjsnstdc`) -

Xdfneg`rnj, fjcueng`g, jrk`enz`fnjeds dguf`tnv`s (cdsjsnstdc`)

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]`tjeds kbjo`bds fubtur`bds, pjob`fnöe de kdedr`b, nehbudefn`s sjfnjpjbãtnf`s (c`frjsnstdc`)

Bjs h`ftjrds fjetdxtu`bds prdsdet`gjs `etdrnjrcdetd, dekbjo`e ` su vdz jtrj tnpj gd h`ftjrds fjcj bjs `condet`bds y pdrsje`bds H`ftjrds `condet`bds9 rdb`fnje`gjs fje `qudbbj hãsnfj, sjfn`b y @ftntugne`b de db qud b`s pdrsje`s vnvde, dstjs h`ftjrds netdr`ftù`e fje bjs pdrsje`bds H`ftjrds pdrsje`bds9 Vje b`s f`r`ftdrãstnf`s gd ue negnvnguj. ]udgd g`rsd qud b`s f`r`ftdrãstnf`s pdrsje`bds j enekue` gd dbb`s, tdek`e neidrdefn` de b` c`enhdst`fnöe gd ue` gnsf`p`fng`g. @pjyjs

Vd pudgd gdhnenr db fjefdptj fjcj9 dstr`tdkn`s j rdfursjs qud netdet`e prjcjvdr db gds`rrjbbj, dguf`fnöe, netdrdsds, ondedst`r, cdijr`egj db huefnje`cndetj negnvngu`b. Vd pjstub` qud db huefnje`cndetj auc`ej cdijr` ` tr`vîs gd `pjyjs negnvngu`bnz`gjs. O`sd fjetdxtu`b gd bjs `pjyjs Vd o`sd de 6 pnb`rds fdetr`bds9

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Db cdgnj, b` pdrspdftnv`, db detjrej j b`s fnrfuest`efn`s de b`s qud b` fjeguft` sje ncpjrt`etds

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B` rd`bng`g ds fjetneu` y f`con`etd d nefbuyd ` bjs cndcorjs qud hjrc`e db detjrej

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B` pdrsje` ds ue gdtdrcne`etd `ftnvj gd su gds`rrjbbj y huefnje`cndetj

O`sd dfjböknf` gd bjs `pjyjs

Dxnstd snefrjeã` detrd bjs negnvngujs y sus detjrejs, bj qud h`fnbnt` db huefnje`cndetj auc`ej. B` h`fnbng`g gd ds` fjekrudefn`. Nefbuyd gdtdrcne`r db pdrhnb d netdesng`g gd b` edfdsng`g gd `pjyjs. O`sd nku`bnt`rn` gd bjs `pjyjs

Wnded qud vdr fje db nku`bnt`rnscj de rdb`fnöe fje bjs gdrdfajs sjfn`bds, pjbãtnfjs y dfjeöcnfjs B`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj gd b` pdrsje` fje gnsf`p`fng`g netdbdftu`b B`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj fjestntuyde ue fjestruftj psnfjböknfj qud a`fd rdhdrdefn` `b p`tröe d netdesng`g gd bjs `pjyjs edfds`rnjs p`r` qud ue` pdrsje` p`rtnfnpd de `ftnvng`gds rdb`fnje`g`s fje db huefnje`cndetj auc`ej dstàeg`r.

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B` ncpjrt`efn` gd b`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj p`r` b` fjcprdesnöe gd b`s pdrsje`s fje gnsf`p`fng`g netdbdftu`b. Gnhdrdefn`s negnvngu`bds y edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj

Fjesnstd de fjejfdr db cjgj de qud bjs negnvngujs gnhndrde de gncdesnjeds fjcj pdrsje`bng`g, cjtnv`fnöe, `utjfjefdptj, netdbnkdefn`, dtf. Tej gd bjs pjstub`gjs gnfd qud b`s pdrsje`s fje gnsf`p`fng`g netdbdftu`b sd gnhdrdefn`e gdb rdstj gd b` pjob`fnöe pjr b` netdesng`g gd b`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj p`r` pjgdr p`rtnfnp`r de b` vng` fjcuent`rn`. Db cjgdbj sjfnjböknfj y edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj

B` fjcprdesnöe gd b`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj gd ue` pdrsje`, sd rdb`fnje`e fje ue` gdhnenfnöe fjestntutnv` gd gnsf`p`fng`g netdbdftu`b gdongj `b îeh`sns pudstj de db `iustd detrd ue dst`gj gd huefnje`cndetj gd ue` pdrsje` y b`s gdc`eg`s gdb fjetdxtj. Db fjefdptj gd `pjyjs y db fjestruftj gd edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj

Vd gdhnede gd b` snkundetd c`edr`9 @pjyjs9 rdfursjs y dstr`tdkn`s fuyj prjpösntj ds prjcjvdr db gds`rrjbbj, dguf`fnöe, netdrdsds y ondedst`r pdrsje`b qud cdijr`e db huefnje`cndetj negnvngu`b. -

B`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj9 a`fd rdhdrdefn` ` b` netdesng`g gd bjs `pjyjs.

B` fjcprdesnöe gd bjs `pjyjs ]udgd fjesnstnr de tdfejbjkã` j pudgde sdr prdst`gjs pjr pdrsje`s t`conîe. Bjs `pjyjs pudgde rdhdrnrsd ` pdrsje`s j fjetdxtjs y gdode prjpjrfnje`rsd fje ue` dxpdft`tnv` gd qud g`ràe fjcj rdsubt`gj ue` cdijr` de db huefnje`cndetj auc`ej. Db cjgdbj gd `pjyjs _db`fnöe detrd db gds`iustd gd b`s fjcpdtdefn`s pdrsje`bds y b`s gdc`eg`s `condet`bds y b` prjvnsnöe gd `pjyjs negnvngu`bnz`gjs qud fjegufde ` cdijrds rdsubt`gjs pdrsje`bds. Dstj tnded ncpbnf`efn`s9 ]rncdrj9 Te gds`iustd detrd fjcpdtdefn` pdrsje`b y gdc`eg`s `condet`bds g` buk`r ` ue` sdrnd gd edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj. Vdkuegj9 De b` cdgng` de qud dstjs `pjyjs negnvngu`bnz`gjs sd o`sde de ue` pb`enhnf`fnöe y `pbnf`fnöe gd `gdfu`g`s, `ucdet`ràe b`s prjo`onbng`gds gd qud cdijrd db huefnje`cndetj auc`ej y bjs rdsubt`gjs pdrsje`bds. Wdrfdrj9 Fjcprdegdr ` b`s pdrsje`s pjr db tnpj d netdesng`g gd sus edfdsng`gds gd `pjy` de buk`r gd su gîhnfnt. B` fjcprdesnöe gd b`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj

B`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj fjestntuyde ue fjestruftj psnfjböknfj qud a`fd rdhdrdefn` ` b` netdesng`g gd b`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj p`r` ue` pdrsje`. Vd a`e ngdetnhnf`gj cufajs fjestruftjs psnfjböknfjs rdb`fnje`gjs fje dst`gjs y t`conîe fje r`skjs, pjr didcpbj, hdbnfng`g, netdbnkdefn`, `esndg`g, cjr`bng`g< de tjgjs dbbjs a`y fjestruftjs psnfjböknfjs gjegd pudgd a`odr puetjs netdrcdgnjs j dxtrdcjs. Db fjestruftj gd b`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj sd hueg`cdet` de b` fjekrudefn` detrd b`

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f`p`fng`g negnvngu`b y bjs `condetds de qud sd dspdr` qud ds` pdrsje` sd gdsdevudbv` nehbuyde de db huefnje`cndetj auc`ej. B` netdesng`g gd b`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj gd ue` pdrsje`, rdhbdi` ue` f`r`ftdrãstnf` gur`gdr` suy` y ej sncpbdcdetd b` edfdsng`g gd ue tnpj gd `pjyj dspdfãhnfj de ue cjcdetj g`gj. B`s pdrsje`s fje gnsf`p`fng`g netdbdftu`b edfdsnt`e qud sd bds prjpjrfnjed ue p`tröe de bjs `pjyjs fjetneu`gjs y dxtr`jrgne`rnjs, dstj h`vjrdfd qud b`s pdrsje`s sd gds`rrjbbde de `ftnvng`gds vnt`bds tãpnf`s. B`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj kbjo`bds sd pudgde detdegdr gd `b cdejs 7 c`edr`s gnstnet`s9

Edfdsng`g ejrc`tnv` u joidtnv`9 Te` edfdsng`g de ue fjetdxtj gdtdrcne`gj, o`sàegjsd de b` dv`bu`fnöe negnvngu`bnz`g`. -

Edfdsng`g pdrfnong`9 Bj qud b` pdrsje` pdrfnod fjcj edfds`rnj.

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Edfdsng`g dxprds`g`9 B` pudst` de `ffnöe gd ue` edfdsng`g pdrfnong`.

Edfdsng`g fjcp`r`tnv`9 jotdeng` ` p`rtnr gdb dstugnj gd b`s f`r`ftdrãstnf`s gd ue krupj gdtdrcne`gj rdfdptjr gd ue sdrvnfnj< sn a`y jtr`s pdrsje`s fje b`s cnsc`s f`r`ftdrãstnf`s, tnded edfdsng`g gd gnfaj sdrvnfnj. B`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj gd ue` pdrsje` ej rdhbdi`e edfds`rn`cdetd ue` `btdr`fnöe gd b` f`p`fng`g auc`e`, snej qud rdhbdi`e ue` bncnt`fnöe de db huefnje`cndetj auc`ej. Cdgnr edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj B`s edfdsng`gds sd pudgde cdgnr gd gnvdrs`s hjrc`s y cdgn`etd envdbds gd pdrfdpfnöe ` tr`vîs gd `utj nehjrcds. Dxnstde gnhdrdefn`s ejt`obds detrd b`s fndefn`s sjfn`bds y b`s dx`ft`s y ej a`orà ue fjestruftj t`e prdfnsj qud cng` dst`s edfdsng`gds. @pjyjs y huefnje`cndetj auc`ej

Vndcprd qud sd rdguzf` db gds`iuetd detrd pdrsje`s y `condetd y sd dernqudzf`e bjs rdsubt`gjs pdrsje`bds, db huefnje`cndetj auc`ej cdijr`. ]rjfdsj gd fnefj fjcpjedetds p`r` b` dv`bu`fnöe, pb`enhnf`fnöe y prjvnsnöe gd `pjyjs Bjs `pjyjs sje rdfursjs j dstr`tdkn`s p`r` cdijr`r db huefnje`cndetj auc`ej, dst`s gnhndrde t`etj fu`bnt`tnv` fjcj fu`etnt`tnv`cdetd. 0Ngdetnhnf`r b`s dxpdrndefn`s vnt`bds y cdt`s gdsd`g`s9 Vd fdetr` de b` pdrsje`, de sus sus sudðjs, prdhdrdefn`s d netdrdsds. Bjs prjfdsjs gd pb`enhnf`fnöe fdetr`g` de b` pdrsje` ncpbnf`e `b negnvnguj fje gnsf`p`fng`g y ` qundeds sje ncpjrt`etds p`r` îb. Dst` vnsnöe tnded de fudet` `qudbbjs `spdftjs h`vjr`obds de su vng` `ftu`b y dstjs dbdcdetjs cdijr`ràe su vng` hutur`. ?- Gdtdrcne`r db p`tröe d netdesng`g gd b`s edfdsng`gds edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj9 Dv`bu`fnöe gd b`s edfdsng`gds gd `pjyj, sd pudgd utnbnz`r fu`bqundr cîtjgj gd dv`bu`fnöe qud db dqunpj gd dv`bu`fnöe fjesngdrd ùtnb. 6- Gds`rrjbb`r db pb`e negnvngu`bnz`gj9 Vd hueg`cdet` de bjs gjs `etdrnjrds `etdrnjrds p`r` gds`rrjbb`r gds`rrjbb`r ue pb`e negnvngu`bnz`gj, ds ncpjrt`etd bbdv`r ` f`oj ue pb`e rd`bnst` y jptncnst`. 7- Vupdrvns`r db prjkrdsj9 Dstj rdqundrd rdqundrd qud qud db dqunpj pb`enhnf`gjr pb`enhnf`gjr cjentjrdd db gds`rrjbbj gds`rrjbbj gdb gdb pb`e de hjrc` fjetneu` cdgn`etd rduenjeds gjegd sd fjesngdrd db `iustd detrd bj pb`enhnf`gj y bj qud rd`bcdetd a` sufdgngj.

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4- Dv`bu`fnöe9 Vd `e`bnz`e b`s dxpdrndefn`s vnt`bds gdb negnvnguj gdsgd bjs rdsubt`gjs pdrsje`bds, b`s prnjrng`gds pudgde f`con`r fje db tndcpj. _dhbdxnjeds hne`bds9

Dxnstde bjs ]b`eds gd sdrvnfnj y pb`eds gd `pjyj, `quã, A`y ue` gnstnefnöe detrd p`enhnf`fnöe gd sdrvnfnjs y pb`enhnf`fnöe gd `pjyjs. Ds edfds`rnj qud bjs dqunpjs ngdetnhnqude bjs sdrvnfnjs ` bjs fu`bds ue` pdrsje` edfdsnt` `ffdgdr, sne dco`rkj, dstj ej ds bj cnscj qud gds`rrjbb`r bjs p`trjeds dspdfãhnfjs gd bjs `pjyjs qud ue` pdrsje` edfdsnt` p`r` gds`rrjbb`r sus `ftnvng`gds. Bjs pb`eds gd rdegncndetj y pb`eds gd `pjyj Db îeh`sns dstà de db `prdegnz`id y/j bjkrj bjk rj gd a`onbng`gds josdrv`obds y fu`etnhnf`obds, dstjs sd gnrnkde ` b` `gqunsnfnöe gd a`onbng`gds y envdbds gd fjcpdtdefn`.

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