In Quest of the Dates of the Vedas

In Quest of the Dates of the Vedas A comprehensive study of the Vedic and the Indo-European flora, fauna and climate over the last 10,000 years in light of the information emerging from the disciplines of archaeology, archaeo-botany, geology, genetics and linguistics by Premendra Priyadarshi Partridge Publishers. Published September 2, 2014 http://www.amazon.com/Quest-Dates-Vedas-Comprehensive-IndoEuropean/dp/1482834251/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1424606756&sr=81&keywords=In+quest+of+the+dates+of+the+vedas See Preface at : http://aryaninvasionmyth.wordpress.com/2014/09/29/in-quest-of-the-dates-of-thevedas-preface/

Word-Index

Acacia arabica 276 Acacia catechu 64, 67 Acacia, pre-Harappan 92 Aegilops tauschii 56 Ahar, iron at 41 ahī (cow) 352 ahi-dviṣ (mongoose) philology 84 ahi-phena (opium) 280 aihwatundi 155fn AIT 128-9; horse in 134 aja (goat) 350 ajagara (python) 83,323 akwa (horse), absent in Hittite 130 Allchin, on horse Harappan 136 alligator 300 Altai, past climate 25 Altyn Depe Indus seal 97; Indus inscriptions at 114 Amarakosha, willow 173 āmlā 104fn amulet 37; amulet of zebu Ur 117 Anatolia hypothesis 129-30; Anatolian origin 196 Anatolian, farming words lost in 131 Anau horse 123; Marshall on 139 ancient DNA, goat, France 343 Ancient DNA, horse 164; in Spain 162 Ancient DNA, Indian (human) West Asia 100 Andronovo culture, date of 109, genesis of 112 Andronovo posterior to Pirak 125 Andronovo pottery 40 ant (vamra) philology 259 Anthony, David, claim by 134-5; retracted 135 aṇu millet YV 63

Apis 327 apple, IE cognates 282 apuṣpā, apuṣpī RV 241 Aq Kupruk, caballus horse 139; goat at 340 aquatic animals in YV 83 Arab horse origin 143, 144,147,148; ribs 149 Arabia, horse statue 166 araṇī (fire-stick) 256 araṇya, grassland in RV 153; habitat of horse 153; as forest 153. Aratta 119 aravinda, cognates 281 arid region 88 aridity, and zebu 118; in China 168; in steppe 110; NW India 169 Arkaim 110, 115, 125 Artemisia 190, 191,193; as incense 193 artemisinin for malaria 190 artisans, Indus 115, migration of 116 Arundo grass-reed 92 Aryan arrival, absence of DNA evidence 19 Aryan farmers 128 Ash-tree, see Fraxinus. Asparagus 246 aspen 73-4, 248-; horses’ dislike for 255 aspen, cognates 253; and aśva 253; and aśvattha 254; etymology 254; aspen, habitat 254; a. in northern route 254; medicinal properties 257 ass, philology of 154 Assyria, bull cult in 118 aśvattha 70,73,74, leaves of 70 aśvattha, home of Goddess 240 aśvattha, -pen for horse-sacrifice 255; in TS 256; confusion identification in S.Br. 257; abode of mother Goddess 257 aśvinī kumaras 76,191; and poplar 253 Aśvins RV 253 Atharva-Veda 89, date of 64,89 Australia, Indian migration to 22,96 avaka grass YV 49, 50 Avesta, date of 85 Azzaroli 121-2,124,127 babhru 31,84, 298-9 Bactria, oldest horse of 123 Badam, Inamgaon 137 Bagor, horse at 138 balano (Gk.) oak 209 balbaja grass RV, YV 60, 61, AV 64 Bali, Indian migration to 96 Baltic, absence of oak 198 Baluchistan, desertion of 90; forest 95 banyan 74 baraqat (Arabic word) 265 Barb horse, origin of 147, ribs in 149

bargad tree 222 barkara 348 barley cultivation 55 Baudhayana Śrautasūtra 119 bdellium 93, sea-trade of 93 beans 59, AV 64, hyacinth 59 beaver 31; cognates 299; in YV 83; 2000 BC skeleton 31,298; at Gufkral 85; at Burzahom 85; bee 326-7 beech 226; distribution 224,227; expansion 226; home of 223 beech, absent Baltic languages 198; cognates in Germanic 218; philology 210,229 beech-line 224,225 Begash 107; horse at 167 Bellwood, Peter 11; bent 174 berry terracotta Harappa 241 betel-nut 207-8 betula philology 196 Betula, see birch. Betula-Salix in steppe 243 bezoar 342 bhago-, meanings of cognates 229 bhāǵo-s 223 Bhargava, M.L. 25 Bhimbetka, camel 367; horse 145 Bhirrana 21,37,40,87 Bhoja etymology 211 bhṛgu 246-7 bhūrja etymology 212 Bhutan, pig DNA 329 birch (tree) absent Iran 201; disappears fr S.Europe 200; Early Holocene India 26; expansion 198; in Gobi 168, extinct 168; in northern route 197, 199; in NW Indus Valley 177; in steppe 168; post-glacial 25 birch (word) absent in southern languages 201; cognates 195-6; Iran and South Europe 195; loss of meaning 196; Tocharian 200 birch-pine forest 198,242 Black Sea coast 5000 BC 25 black-millet 62, 64 Blapek (linguist) 211 Blastophaga 71 blood-horse 145 Bloomfield, on Vedic climate change 23-24; 189; 249 Blyxa octandra see avaka. BMAC 109; absence of horse 113,141; aridity 115; migration to west from 115; mirror 112; ruin of 112 BMAC settlements in Indus Valley 101 boar, Uralic word for 103 Bokonyi, S. 32,124; on extinction of Indian horse 145; on Harappa horse 138 Botai, horse 134; imported from outside 160; mare’s milk 160 bottle-gourd in AV 64; in RV 237; juice of 238 Bouckaert, linguistic study of 130

boxwood 235,236 brahma (mulberry) 274 bramble 155fn; cognates 275 brick, burnt-, 36-37,110,112,318; absence of 21,35,36 Bronze Age Belgium, mulberry in 273, 274 Bronze Age Mesopotamia, Indian DNA in 100 Bronze Age migrations to Ukraine 99 Bronze Age trade 93 buffalo 83; in Early Holocene 32 buka Nepali oak 210 bukka (goat) 347-8 bull, Arpachiyah 117; cognates of 351-52 bull-cult Assyria 118 burgundy colour 266-7 burj (Pers.) 196 Burzahom, beaver at 31 caballus etymology of 157 caballus horse, wild 123; cailā (wood) 232 Calamus rotang 174 Calotropis 277 camel (struz) linguistics 370 camel 86-7, 355-374; Andronovan 356; archaeology of 357-366; Bactrian 357; Bactrian, at Kausambi 364-5; bones 367; domestication 358; dromedary, domestication of 359-60; in Vedas 366; West Asia 360-61 camel, migration, India to East Africa 368 candy 288 cane, Calamus rotang 178 capra 348-9 carp fish 300-301 Caspian (Iranian) horse 123,163 castor 85,299 Castor, see beaver. Castro, horse at 124 cat, domestic, in Harappa 137 cattle migration 114, 117; in steppe 167,168 cedar 239 Cedrus 177; arrival in India 233; absent Mehrgarh 233 Cedrus deodara 231,236; pre-Harappan 92 Cental Asia climate mid-Holocene 26 Central Asia, hunter culture 105 chaga (goat) 349-50 Chakrabarti, D.K. 136 chameleon 315 chariot, Harappa 142-3, copper- 120-21; Daimabad 121; bird- 121; Swat 127 charioteering, IA words for 121 Chinese horse DNA 162 cicer (L.) 277 cīḍā tree 231 citadel 110

Clift et al 78 climate change 173; in Bronze Age 22; Bloomfield on 249; early post-glacial 23-26 climate of, 1500 BC India 25; YV 367; Bronze Age 318, 319 Coix grass 50 comb-shell 294 Commiphora wightii 93 common millet 63 conch 292-3 Conus 293 copper 40-41,95 Costantini 177,216 costum (L.) 192 Costus 189 cotton, seed 76; tree 38 cow in Germanic 353 crab 294-5 craniometry, Tarim Basin skulls 98 crime, in Late Harappa 87 crocodile 85-6,300; in YV 83; not in AV 94 Crooke 143, 144 crops in YV 53-4 crow 87 cuckoo 315-16 Cynodon dactylon 65 Cyprinus 300 Daimabad 121 Dalbergia sissoo, see sissoo. Darra-I-Kur, horse at 140 dāru philology 214 date of migration 200 date-palm 75 Datura 278 death, in Late Harappa 22 deer, sambar, Harappa 91, Mohenjo-Daro 82; spotted- 91 Deh Morasi, iron 41 Dennel, Robin 19 deodar, deodara 231,232 Deotare 33,81,95 Dereivka horse 134; date of 135 desert, flood in 34 desertification 87 deva-dāru 231; philology 232; Sushruta 233; for tuberculosis 233 deva-dāru, name’s confusion 236 Dhavalikar 136 dhupa 230 Dikshit, K.N. 87 Dilmun, Arabia 359 disease in late Harappa 22 Divodasa 30 DNA ancient, horse 161; and human migration 19; study of camel 368; of Kazakh horse 98

dog in Harappa 137 dolphin 83 domestic horse, origin 159; US report 159 domestication of plants in YV 51 domestication of wheat 55-6 domestication, horse, multiple 164 donkey, African origin 154 drainage system YV 36 draught in Indus 111 dromas (camel) cognates 269 dromedary camel, Central Asia 367; Harappa 361 Dupree, Afghan Neolithic 140 durum 55, at Mehrgarh 56 dūrvā grass 65 Duryodhana, horn of 152 Early Harappa 21 Early Holocene, climate 68,194; ecosystem 32; P-E 175 earth-quake in Himalaya RV 34 east to west migration 163 echidna 312 echinos 313 ecology, influence on language 214 ecosystem, Early Holocene 21 hi 312 einkorn 55; in Levant 56 ekka 142 elephant 88; with horn 152 Eleusine 60-62 elite dominance 128 emmer 55 ephedra 92,185 epiphyte Ficus rel. 256 Epona 156 Equus (etymology) 156 Equus hemionus in RV, YV, AV 154 Equus namadicus 136, date of 136,140; 19th century 143 Equus sivalensis, see sivalensis. Etruscan tombs 122; arrival 127 etymology aika 119; satta 118; panza 119 Eurocentric 40,56,104,135-6,187,268-9,340-41,343; Meadow 138; Witzel 178,182,227 European horse different 144 Event, 4.2 Kilo 82,218,367 Event, 8.2 Kilo 30,40,64,67,194 Ewart 123,144,146; on sivalensis 146 excavation report, Harappa 142 fagus from phagos 210 Fagus, see beech. farming 21 fauna RV 45; Sama-Veda 80, YV 81-8 fern 246,261

ferret 313 fever, willow for 174,180 Ficus, charcoal at Mehrgarh 256; in AV 64; infectoria 203; religiosa in TS 256; in Shatapatha Br. 256; not in Early Holocene 261; species 69-74; migration of word 264 figurine, Mehrgarh 110 fig-wasp 71,259 finger millet 8,60,61,62,64 Finno-Ugric 102 fire-worship 38 fir-pine forest Anatolia 243 flax 282; cognates of 268 flood from glaciers RV 34 flora RV 49 fluvial 28 fly (insect) 326 food-gathering 52 food-production, increase in 120 forager 60 forest, open- 21 fortified culture 110 foxtail millet 62-3 foxtail-millet 8; Frachetti 2012, 9,105, 108 Fraxinus 246; philology 195 frog, hibernation RV 33; cognates 297 Gagghar river basin 53,54,55 gallnut 205 Ganga Valley 310; archaeology 21; Neolithic 129 gardabha 154; philology 154 gau, cognates of 353 Gause’s Law Competitive Exclusion 160 gavīdhuka see Coix grass. genetic diversity, horse 166 gharial, Harappa 88 ghoṅghā 293 Ghundai, iron 41 Gimbutas 159 Giosan et al 78; Sarasvati geology 35 giraffe 380 glaciers, Himalayan 21; water trapped in 28 glans as oak 208-9 glass, synthetic at Indus 116; not in RV 116; in Shatapatha Br. 117; volcanic 117 Gmelina 257 goat 339-51; archaeology 339-41; burial, Mehrgarh 339; DNA data manipulation 343-4 goat lineage C northern route 344 Goat-Cult Neolithic 140 Gobi, last willow forest 175 goddess, with horn 152, Goddess, sahuḍaśṛṅgikā 152 golden willow 174,176,179,180-1,187

Gossypium 76 grape 57-8, Harappa 57, Swat Valley 57 grape-pips 57 grape-vine 184 grassland 89; in RV 153; Early Holocene 21; Thar 81,82,95 grass-reed 178,181 Greek horses 163 grey ware 111 gṛha etymology 43-4 grinding-stone, absence of 108 gulgulu, AV 93 Gupta, S.P., horse 138 Hakra-ware 40 handmade pottery 38,39,40 Harappa horse, Upinder Singh 137; Harappa, culture 35; end of 87; foreign settlers in 100-101 Harappa, Populus in 248 Harappan animals 318 hedgehog 312; and pig 331 Hellenthal, G. 19 hemionus, Turkmenistan 123; Hemphill 98 Herodotus 299 Himalayan horses 154 hiraṇa, cognates 354 hiraṇyamaya vetasa 176 honey 326-7 horn, ornamental 151; of horse 150 horse (ekwa), philology 155-6; loss of cognates in Hittite 156; loss from Slavic 156-7 horse bad omen in Harappa 11,154; as food in RV 152; taboo in Indus-Valley 11 horse bone, Malvan 136; Harappa 159; 1500 BC 149; rare in Kurgans 168 horse breeds: Etruscan 122,124,126; Oriental 122, 124; Kazakh 122; daft 122; draught 122; Przewalskii 122; Mongolian 122; steppe 122; Vyatka 122; Akhal Teke 122; European 123; sivalensis, 10,11, 123, 124; BMAC 123; Oldest of Bactria 123; Marwari 123,127; Anau 123; Bhutia 124; Spiti 124; Kathiawari 127; of Thar 127; Dereivka 134 horse, domestication in Europe 165; Afghanistan 139; horse, Dereivka 10; draught type 148 horse habitat 152-3,169; in Harappa and early India 137-8; hunting of 105; Indian countrybred 139; Javanese 144, 145; Sulu 144,145 horse, glacial period extinction 136 horse, lumbar vertebrae 136; -jaw, Marshall 139 Hulas 72 human migration, DNA study 19-22 humped bull, in West Asia 117, Susa 118, Tell Agrab 118 hunter society of steppe 105 hunter-gatherers 95 hydra 298 hyena YV 83; as food Greece 331 Iberian ancient horse 162 ichneumon YV 83 iltis (philology) 84

Inamgaon, sivalensis horse 137 incense 230; plant 192; -wood 237 incised coarse ware 112 Indian migration Central Asia 98, Syria 100 Indo-Aryan, enclaves of 99,104; language in steppe 102,104; loan words 115; Margiana 118; migration to West Asia 100; Mittani 118; vocabulary dispersal 99; West Asia 102 Indo-Iranian in Siberia 97-98 Indra 28 Indus trade with steppe 108 Indus Valley Civilization, abandoning of 22 Indus Valley, BMAC settlers in 101 invasion vs. language-conversion 11, 13 iron 40, 41; AV 94; YV 95; in Bronze Age India 41 iron, Chanhu Daro 41 Iron-Age 42 iron-ore 42 J2b migration 20 jackal 323 jackal, Russian word for 103 jahaka 313, 314 jāmbūla 281-2 Jammu-horse, private allele 164 jamun 281 jartila 50 Jeitun, einkorn at 56 Joglekar 136 Joshi, Manjunath 341 jowar 64-5 jujube 76,77 juniper 241; medicinal role 234; modern distribution 230; smoke of the God 235; trade at Meluhha 235 juniper, Akkadian name of 240 Juniperus macropodis, Harappa 234 Juniperus, see juniper. kaddu (gourd) 237 kadru 237-8 kakar-singhi 205 kākṛāsingi 205 Kala river 41 kamala, cognates 281 kamaṭha 296 kañcana 294 kāṇḍa 287 Kanewal, camel at 363 kaṅgha 293 kaṅkata 293 Kantanen on cow DNA 107 kapila (horse) 157 karāṛ 206 karka, karkaṭa, 294

karkandhu 76 karkaṭa tree 204-5 karkaṭa, cognates 295 karpāsa 284-5 kaṣāya 320 kaśikā 313 kastor 299 kasturi, kastūrī 85,299 Katelai, horse burial at 121-2,125 Kathiawar horse 144 Kayatha horse 139 Kazakh horse 148 Kazanas, on horse in Indian archaeology 11; KD phase, camel at 363 k dāra 236; IE philology of 237 Kennedy on Harappan horse 140 Kenoyer, on skeletons 100-101 k śarī, philology of 320,321 khadira, see Acacia catechu. Khair-Sissoo Forest 67 khāṇḍa 287 khara, philology of 154-5, kharjūra 75 khas (perfume) 193 kīkaṭa RV 276 kikkar, kikkir (Acacia arabica) 276; cognates 277 Kikkuli 121 konj (horse, Slavic) 157 Kot Diji, decline in pottery 30; iron at 117 kṛdara YV 236,238 Kuntasi horse-bone 136 Kurgan, graves 114; hypothesis 159 kuṣṭha 189,192-4; for fever 190; in China 190; trading in AV 190 kutsa 191,194 kuutth 191 kuyava 30 Kyzyl Khak 105 Labeo 308 Lachs Theory 12,301-8 Lagenaria siceraria 237 lākṣā, lakṣā 307,302 lakṣaṇa 307 lakṣmaṇa TS 307-8 lakṣmī (etymology) 307 lakso- 301 lāñchana 307 language change 24,41,128 language of Vedas 41 Larsen (pig DNA study) 103

Last Glacial Maximum 19; oak refugia 219; goat in 341; population growth after 20; sealevel rise after 178 Lawler on Begash 107 lead 41 leech 84 lentil 7,52,59-60 leprosy, treatment 190 Lethyrus bean 52 Levant, camel in 360 Levine 9; on horse 134 LGM, see Last Glacial Maximum lily 281 Linearbandkeramik 329 linguistic study, biased 130; manipulation of 130-1,131fn; linum 282 lion 79,317-322; at Kish 87; archaeology 88; AV 89-90; YV 91; cognates of 322 lion-seal 319 lizard 315 lobster 296 lopasha, cognates 324 Lothal, iron 41 lotus 281; in RV 68 Lydekkar 143,147 Mackay on Harappan chariot 121 madar 277 madder 278-9 madhu 326 madhura-vṛkṣa 274 Mahagara, horse at 138 makara, IE cognates 300 malaria, treatment of 174,189 mandāra 277 mandible of horse, 139 Mani (author) 87 manipulation by Naderi 343-4 manjari 291 mare’s milk, Botai 160 Margaret, cognates 291 Margiana, Indus objects at 114 Marshall, J. on horse 139,143,234 martya 103 Maruta 385 Marwari horse 141 maśaka 326 mat of reed 93, Shatapatha Brahmana 93 Meadow, Eurocentricity of 138-9 meat-import, camel’s 366 Mehrgarh 21; camel at 363; Populus at 248 Mehrgarh II 21; burnt bricks in 37 meka (goat) 347

Meluhha, son of 97; juniper cultivation at 235 mēṣa, cognates 338 Mesopotamia, juniper trade 235 metals in YV 41 Middle-Asia 97 Mid-Holocene, climate 8,10,26; cotton use in 38; Ficus in 75; Optimum 75; and RV 30,33; sesame in 50 migration of, J2b 212; R1a1a 199 migration to Central Asia 98; to SEA 207 migration, Bronze-Age 22,96-101; dating of 220; J2b 228; south to north 108, 114, 115 millets 60-63 mīna (fish) 301 miners 115 minnow 301 mistletoe, Russian word for 103 Mittani 102,118; names 119 mohana (opium) 279 Mohenjo-Daro, climate 90; horse 193,137; horse jaw 139; Prosopis 91; sambur deer 82; seal 239-240; tiger 87 Moisture, Effective 175 mollusc 292-4 mongoose 84 monsoon change 21,27, 28; southwest as Varuna 44 Morus, see mulberry. mosquito 326 Mother Deity 246 mouse 309-311 mtDNA M Central Asia 98 mulberry 273-6; spread of 273; philology 274 Mundigak, iron at 41 musk 85, -deer 85,299 nabha 131fn naḍa (reed) 92,176 nadītamā 78 nakula 84 nalada 191-3 nalina 281 namadicus, see Equus namadicus. nard 192 Nardostachys 191 Neneveh, bull at 117 Neolithic, Central European 107 Newstead pony/horse 144, 147 nīla, flax 283 nipple, IE cognates 259 nīvara 52,53 nomad 120; in Thar 82 nomadism as niche 168; steppe, date of 168 noria 30,110 north to south migration 161

Nostratic, oak 211 nyagrodha 69 oak (philology), Dardic kaṛék 204; Hindi karhār 204; Pashto kharawa’h 204 oak 177; absence from Italy 228; arrival in N. Europe 198; distribution in past 215; Early Holocene 212; expansion in Europe 219; habitat 220 oak savannah Iran 216; Indus Valley 216; Jammu 216; Nepal 217; Iran 217 oak, names in European 202-3; no common name 202 olive (philology) 285 opium 279-280 Oriental horse, origin of 122 orja (Arya) 103 oṣadhi 70 Osborn 123; on sivalensis 146 ostrich 375, linguistics of 376-7; RV 379 otter 297-8 Outram 160 oyster 291-2 Padova, horse burial at 127 pain, willow for 174 palāla (millet) 64 Pamir 106,107,108,164 Panicum, dactylon 65; frumentaceum 62, 64; italicum 62; miliaceum 63; miliare 64; sumatrens 64 panther 323 Panthera leo, see lion. Paraechinus 312 Parjanya RV 266 parkaṭī 203; abundance 265; Austronesian cognates 206; European meanings 264; philology of 206,263; thunder-God 264-5 parṇa 246,261 parnā-mṛga RV 378 parrot in Harappa 137 pastoral 66; economy 113 pastoralism 21 patella 292 patolaka 291 pearl 292 perkwu-s (PIE) 203, chimera word 203 Petrovka 114 phagos applied to beech 215; philology 210 Philippines Agricultural Review 149 Philippines, sivalensis horse in 147 Phoenix species 75 Phragmites 181; P. karaka 92 pig 328-31; Europe 329; absent from Balto-Slavic 331 Pindos horse 163 pine 239; -forest Early Holocene 186; in Iran 244; philology 186 Pinus in India 242 pinus-steppe 243-243 pipal, Goddess in 240

Piper longum 77 pipīlikā, ant AV, 259; absent in RV 260 pippakā 315 pippala (trembling) cognates of 258; IE philology of 250 pippala (tree) 69,70,72; leaves 72; transfer of name 260 pippali, pippalī 77,257 Pirak, horse 113; horse figurines 140; camel figurine 365 Pistachio 205 Pistacia 205 pit-dwelling 43-4 plāk- cognates meaning garment 270; meaning shape of pipal leaf 269-270 plākṣa 74 plākṣa and parkati 267; and plexus 267; and wood 269; cognates meaning flickering 270; fluttering 271 playa 33; Thar 81 pl k- cognates meaning weaving 271 plough, philology of 131-3; polecat 313 Pontic-Caspian steppe, hunter culture 105; absence of cattle from 105; poplar 70,71,72, agro-forestry 73, cultivation 73 poplar, no common name in Europe 250; habitat 252; and horse 252; philology of 250; salicylic acid in 252; and Sarasvati river 252 poplar-cultivation 251; in YV 251; end of 260 population growth, after LGM 20, 21; and migration 119-20 Populonia burial 124; Populus 71,177,248-262 porcupine 296,314 Port, Derawar 40 Post-glacial Asia 199 potter’s wheel 38-9 pottery, handmade 38,39,40,111, in RV 4; Grey-ware 111; Quetta Ware 97; red 39; Sintashta 112 pṛdaku 322 premolar, large 149 pre-orbital, pit 144, depression 149 prishniparni 77 private allele, Yunnan 164; Jammu 164 priyaṅgu 8,62-3 production, of food 22; industrial 22 proso millet 63 Prosopis 74,91,256 Proto-Indo-European 15 pṛṣadaśva 384 pṛṣatī 384 Pṛsnigu 77 pṛthu-dāru 239; cognates of 239 Przewalskii (horse) 9,148; different species 160; non-domesticable 160; never domesticated 165; not ancestral 158,159; Ridgeway on 159; dissimilar to Swat h. 124; in AIT 134 pūga betel-nut 211 puṇḍarīka 323

Pupulus tremula, see aspen. pura, meaning of, 34 Purandara 29,34 Purukutsa 77 puṣkara, RV 68 pūtudrū 239 python 83-4 quercus altered meaning N. Europe 199; IA cognates of 204-5; meanings of cognates in Europe 204; Valpi on 203 Quercus, see oak. Quetta, BMAC person in 101 quinine 174 qust (Arabic) 192 R1a1a migration 20; Y DNA ancient 97 racehorse 148 ragi millet 60, 64 rain in desert RV 33; YV 82 rainy beginning of year 33-4 Rakhigarhi, Early Harappa, 21 rattan palm 178 Rau Wilhelm on Vedic pottery 39 Ray Lankester on horse 147 reduplication 299 reed, AV 176-7; grass- 92, refugia, 19-20, 21; in India 197; beech 226; Populus in 249 resveratrol 185 rhinoceros 82,85-6; in Harappa 88; not in AV 94 ribs, seventeen pairs of 146,148,149 rice 52-55,64 Ridgeway, on Indian horse 144 riding, date of 141; riding, onset of 120; in Ur 123 Rig-Veda, absence of rice 7; climate change in, 23; date-palm in 7; millets in 7; wheat in 7 Rig-Veda-10.97 in Harappan seal 239-240 Rissman, on domestication 144; on horse 139 rohiṇī 307-8 Rohira 92 Ṛṣya-śṛñga ṛṣi 152 Rule, Allen’s 123; Bergmann’s 123; Russian lang., IA words in 103 Saami (Uralic), IA loanwords in 103 Sahoo, Sanghamitra 19,20,104 Said Kala Tepe, iron at 41 Saka, see Shaka. sāl tree 69 śāla, see Shorea. salicin 174, in Populus 174 salicylic acid 71,174,180,188,252,258 Salix alba 174,180 Salix babylonica 178, in Jammu 179; Salix tetraspermia, Amarakosha 173

salix (philology) 182 Salix, see willow. Salmanasar II 360 salmon 301-2 śalyaka, cognates 311-12,314 Sama-Veda 8, climate of 78-80 sāmī, śamī,74,256; AV 91 śaṅka, śaṅkha 293 saṅkaṭa 293 sanobar (juniper) 231 śaphara (fish) 300 sapta-mātrikā 240; Harappa 234 Sarasvati, disconnect from glaciers 34; dried 27; Goddess in AV 27,79,94; river in Vedas 27; drying of 78-9 Sarazm 106,108; contact with Indus 108; domestic sheep 108 Sargat culture 97 sarpa 315; philology 84 satellite data 78 Saussurea 191,192 Scythian era horse DNA 161 SEA horse in Spain 162 sea voyage in YV 44 seal no. DK 6847, 239; M-478A, 245 Senuwar 59 sepia 292 sesame 285; in YV 50; cultivation of 51-2; Indus Valley 51; Mesopotamia 51 Sesamum, see sesame. kas 313 Setaria italicum 62 Seven Mothers 234-5,240; RV 235 sewer workers YV 37 Shah Tepe, camel at 365 Shahr-i-sokhta, camel at 362,365 Shaka migration 98 shaman 240; in RV 257 Shamash, hymn to 235 Sharma, G.R. 136; on Bolan horse 138; on goat 341 Sharma, R.S. on Indian horse 138 Shatapatha Brahmana, glass in 116, date of 117 sheep 106,331-39; archaeology 335-7; Central Asia, from India 333; domestic at Sarazm 108; in steppe, only recent 333-4; wild, NW India 331-2 sheep philology 338-9 sheep, wild, absent Europe 334 Shell, Turbinella 101 Shetland poly, domestication 165 Shikarpur horse 139; -bone 136 Shinde, V. (2008) 7,43,52-5 Shiva in Syrian inscription 235 Shorea 69 Shortughai, camel 363

shrew 311-12 shuka 316 Siberia, Indo-Iranian migration to 97; western 97 siṃha 321 śimśapā, see sissoo. Sind Ibex 342 Singh, Bhagwan 29 singhos 321 Sintashta 104,114 sippikā 291,292 sīrā Goddess 73 sīsam 41 sissoo 67, in RV 67; absent from AV 91; leaves of gold 68; Mehrgarh 67, Mesopotamia 68; pollen, pre-Harappan 92 sivalensis (horse) 123,126,144; extinction of 136,140; habitat 169; migration 127; in Southeast Asia 137 sivalensis ancestor of, native Indian horse 143; Arab horse 143 skin-burn, treatment of 49 skull-pit (in horse) 143, 145 snake 84,315; in YV 83-4 snake-eater 312 soma 184; -drink RV 92; God AV 92; grape 58; lord of plants 240; philology 185; tuberculosis treatment by, 58-9 Son Valley horse 138 Sorex 311 sorghum 64-5 Southeast Asia, Bronze Age migration to 22 southern route, oak in 217,228; pine in 244; poplar in 250 Spanish horse, local domestication 162,165, 166 spider 295 spoked-wheel 121 śṛgāla, cognates 323 śṛñgāra 152 steppe-hypothesis rejected 99 steppe, absence of- beech in 223,224,225,227,228; domestic sheep in 167; pig in 329-30 steppe, climate of, at 4200 BC 135; Early Holocene 242; farming in 135; forest before 3000 BC 168; nomadism in 135; oak in 221; pastoralism in 135; turned forest 199 steppe, southern influence on 112 steppe-horse domestication 159; no local domestication 162; origin of 165 steppe-nomadic complex 108 sthan, meaning in Russian 103 sthava 372; cognates of 373-4 Stockwell horse 143 store-room YV 236,238 suber (L.) 208 sugar 287 Sultana, on goat DNA 342 Sulu horse 148 Sumer, lion in 88; traveller’s account 235 śūnā Goddess 73

Suncus 311 supari 208 suparṇā 378 suparna oak 208-9,238 suparṇī (philology) 209 suparṇikā 209 supippala 72-3,251; flowers of 258 Surkotada horse 137, 154,159 Sushruta-Samhita 234; tuberculosis 241 śuṣṇa 3,194 Sutlej River 78 swastika 114 Swat horse 121-2,127; figurine 125; grape 57; human DNA 19; swine, cognates 330 śyāmā 62, śyāma 94 śyāmaka 62 śyāmam 41 Syria, Indian DNA in ancient 100 taboo against horse-seals 150 Tajikistan, sivalensis 136 takmāna 189 tar from pine 214 Tarakai Qila 59-60 Tardiglacial 20-21 Tarim Basin skull 98 Tarpan horse 148 tear-gland, horse 144 Tentek-sor, absence of cattle from 105; Asian Wild Ass at 105; horse bones at 167 terpene 231 Terqa, Indian DNA in 100 tetraploid 61; wheat 55 textile from Ficus fibres 267-8 Thar grassland 90; hunter-gatherers in 95; lakes in 95; playa 33 Thar, afforestation of 81 Thieme 301-2 Thompson, J.A. 10; on sivalensis horse 148 thorn-apple 277 Thoroughbred, ancestry of 143,147 tiger 79; absence from Rig-Veda 14; t. in Harappa 91; in YV 83 tikṣṇa 350-51 tila, cognates 286 tittira 316 toad, cognates 296 Tokwa 59 tonga (chariot) 142 tortoise 86,88,295; in YV 83 Tosi on camel 361 trade, pre-historic Afro-Arabian 93 Trautmann, Eurocentric 136

traveller to Sumer 235 treatise, Hittite 121 tree with fruit RV 240 tree without flower RV 240,245 tree-line 219 tri-kadruka RV 237 trikakuta 151 true horse 160 tuberculosis 234,241; and Vitis (soma) 58-9; treatment 185 Tulasidas 41 Turkmenistan, Indus seal in 97; wheat Neolithic 56 turtle 88,295 Tus’ratta 119 Udmurt 102 udumbara 74 Ukraine, Eastern human invasion into 99 Ukrainian cow, DNA study of 107 Underhill, Peter 20,97 unicorn, seals 150; Harappan 151 Uralic languages 102 Uraria 77 US Bureau report on sivalensis 147; on horse origin 159; uṣṭra cognates 369-70,371-2 vaca, Calamus rotang 178 vājinī-vatī 252 Varaha 151 Varuna, ends drought 27; the Rain-God 44 vata tree 74 Vats, M.S. 120; on unicorn 150 Vedic pottery 39 vetasa 173; vetasa AV 93; for fever MaxMuller 180; for pain TS 179; habitat in river 181 vetche 52 Vetiveria 193 vetra 178, Vindhyan Neolithic 129 violence at Harappa 87 Vitastā river 176 Vitis 59,177; V. vinifera pre-Harappan 92; v. philology of 183 vrīhi 52 Vrtra 28,29 Vṛtrasura 83 war-chariot 142 wasp 326fn 30 water-logging YV 52 water-wheel 110; in RV 30 wax, bees’ 327 weaving, oldest 268 wheat 52,54; absent from RV 57; import in Begash 107-8; in Bronze Age Ukraine 56; wild 55 wild camel RV 366 wild cat 331

wild horse, Indus 125; death of 125; in RV wild mares from many regions 165 wild rice 52,53 willow 93; as common tree 186; golden- 93; habitat of 175,176; Early Holocene, Central Asia 175; Early Holocene steppe 185-6; in homeland 176; in northern route 185; soil-type for 176; species in India 179 willow pollen at Mehrgarh 174,177; at Jammu 177; absence from steppe 175 willow, in Indo-Aryan lang. 187; philology 182-3 willow-forest, Mongolia 168, Gobi 168 Witzel demolished 261; on beaver 298; on beech 213,216,218,223; on oak 221; on beech in Greece 227; on birch 196-7; on camel 371; on mouse 309; on willow 178-9 wolf 79,90,324-5 wool 38; RV 32; of camel 361 writing 38 Yajur Veda climate 367; use of bricks in, 36, 37 yakṣma RV 241; treatment of 190 Yamuna River 78 Zagros, goat 340 zebu 352; DNA in Ukraine 107; migration to west Asia 117, to Oman 118 Zeder, Melinda 338, 340 Zeravshan valley 113 Ziziphus 76