Importance of Livestock in India

Importance of Livestock In India Livestock is an Important sourece of income for a nation.In fact,pastoral production is for resilient than crop production,and more remurative too. The share of livestock production in the aggregate agricultural output in some of the western European countries in about 60 to 80percent.In India,however,the gross value of ooutput from livestock sector ie.animal husbandary and diary development is placed at around 6.5to7percentof India's GDP at current prices.India is endowed with the largest livestock population in the world. The significance of livestock sector in the Indian economy arises also because of its assitance to tackle the serious problems of unemployment and underemployment of weaker sections in the country and for providing subsidary occupation for income generation.It also plays a dominant role in dry-land agriculture particularly semi-arid and arid areas of the country.Animal husbandry and dairy development are being used as a poverty eradication measure.ie; to provide additional employment and increase family income of the rural poor. Livestock provides regular employment to about 11 million in principal status and 9 miliion in subsidiary status.It is equally interesting to note that woman constitute 69 percent of the labour force in livestock sector as against 35 percent in crop farming. Finally,export earnings from livestock related products Rs.8200 crores in 2002-03. Thus livestock sector plays in an important role in Indias economy and socio-economic development of the country. Table{1} shows the livestock position in India according to the different livestock census(taken once in the 5 years.) Table (1) Livestock Resources in India(million) Data source:Annual Repot(2011-2012) Dept of Animal husbandary,Diaring and Fisheries,Ministry of Agriculture. Milk Production

India in the largest producer of milk in the world,is set to produce over 133 million tonne milk during 2012-13 several measures have been initiated by the govt-to increse the productivity of milch animals, which has resulted in increasing milk production significantly from the level of 102.6 million tonnes at the end of tenth plan (2006-07)to 127.9 million tonnes at the end of the eleventh plan (2011-12).The annual growth rate of production of milk in about 5% in 2011-12 compared to 2010-11. The poor yield of Indian cows is proverbial it is estimated that the average yields of cows in India is 220 liters per year, as compared to 3000 to 5000 liters per year in western countries.As regards meet,about three-fourths of the meet million tones in produced in India is from goats and sheep.Beef accounted for only 6%.Thus through cattle accounted for the largest proportion of livestock in India,there contribution to the national income of India was insignificant. Five year Plans and Animal Husbantory The devalopment programes of animal husbantory under the five year plan have a three fold objective-to increase the supply of milk and milk products,to provide draught animals for farm opertions and to rise the output of such products as wool and hides which have commercial importants.The plan have proposed to increase production of livestock products by impriving methods of animal husbandory supported by co-operative marketing structure. Under the impact of development plans,milk production has rises to 97 million tonnes in 2005-06 and is rising continuosly due to the implimentation of "Operation Flood Project" the world's largest integrated diary development progamme started in 1970(milk production was put at 17 million tonnes in 1950-51 and 54 million tonnes 1990-91).This programme has organised about 69000 diary co-operative societies involving 9 million farmers.It links rural milk producers with urban consumers and eleminates the middleman and their commission per capita availability of milk has increases from 124 grams per day in 1950-51 to 302 grams per day in 2005-06. Statement of the problem The study is relevant,particularly,when the govt.is very keen on the promotion and development of diary sector.However it is evident that,in situation continous rising in cost of production of milk,the smallscale milk producers suffer several problems.The present study is a humble attempt to have an analysis the problems of smallscale diary farmers. Objectives

(1) To understand the problems of smallscale diary farmers. (2) To analyse contribution of diary enterprise to standard of living. (3) To examine the socio-economic conditions of diary farmers.

Importance of study Milk production and trade mainly operate as acottage industry in the rural areas.A majority of those involved in this activity are women for whom it provide employment and help to suppliment their family income.Traditionaly dairying and pasturing activities were done to meet the domestic requirments.Urbanisation has increased the demanded for milk and this necessiated procuring,processing,and distribution of milk in a sensitives manner. Now 216000 tonne milk produce in kerala annually.The increase in population and consumption demand a rise in milk production. so it is necessary to take steps to increase cattle population in kerala.To acheve self sufficiency in milk production it is important to understand the problems faced by diary farmers and take remedial measures. Methodology In conducting the study a cross-sectional design in which data was collected at a single point and time was used.Both primary and secondary data have been utilised for the study.The population of study constituted smallscale dairy farmers who had dairy cattle at the point of study in Nettithozhu village.The respondant were selected at random.Strutured questionnaires comprised of closed and open ended question,which were answerd by respondant through interview.The study was conducted in Nettithozhu village between December 2013 and January 2014. the secondary data is collected from kattappana diary and Nettithozhu milk society Area of study The present study is conducted in Nettithozhu,Anakkara village.

Limitation of study The present study is only concentrating the nettithozhu area of Anakkara village ,Idukki district only 37 dairy farmers are taken as the sample to find the socio-economic condition and the problem faced by diary farmers .The availability of data about the problems of diary farmers is also limited.Unwillingness of the diary farmers and the ignorance of them also limited the study another important constraint is the limited line.

CHAPTER 2 Literature review

Introduction The government social development agencies ,the diary sector highlight the fact that India holds the worlds largest milk producing country .The diary sector is charecterised by a small holder production system of village -based production unit often consisting of the one to three milking animals Formal markets recieve milk deliveries from millions of small holders coordinated through an extensive coorporative strcture .Government policies and budgetory allocations promote a model where diary is one of the constituents of the farmers livelihood basket and most often compliments crop production.

(1)K Narayan nair in 'milk production in kerala trends and propectus'attempts to examine the contribution of animal husbandary and diary devalopment programmes to the increase of milk production in kerala.Its chief findings are;

(a)there has been a conciderable increase in the productivity of milch animals and total milk production in Kerala. (b)The profitability of milk production has gone up over the year and , (c)That milk production in Kerala is mainly undertaken by small and marginal farmers. The papper also makes some broad protections of the demand for milk and milk products by 1990 and concludes that a mere programme of improved cross-breeding can't possibly meet the projected demand. The papper briefly touches upon the demand for a ban on the slaughter of cows in Kerala and argues that there is no economic rationale behind such a demand any ban on the slaughter of cows in the state would be totaly harmful to the growth of livestock economy and surely affect adversly several devalopment project already undertaken. 2.The contribution of small-scale dairy farming to community welfare : A case study of morogoro municipality by urassa JK and Raphael - A socioeconomic survey contected in morogoro muncipality to study the contribution of small scale dairy farming to the welfare of community.It can be concluded from the study that small scale dairy farming contribute a great deal to the household welfare in form food security , shelter income generation and other social services . It may also concluded from the study that small scale dairy farming in the study area is mainly carried out as an income supplimentary activity rather than as a main source of income . It may further concluded that the dairy enterprise is mostly a male domain in the muncipality . In order to protect promote and develop the small holder dairy enterprise he suggest; (1) provision of training in dairy husbandry to the small scale dairy farmers . (2) Improvement or modernisation of existing vetenary clinics and extra services . (3) provision of capital (loan or credit )support to small scale dairy farmers . 3. Harsh vivek in his 'policy environment for development of dairy in India' attempt to take a look at some of the government policies over the past few decades and assess the impact of such policies on the growth and development of dairy sector in the country starting from the ' operation flood ,in the 1970 to the delicensing the dairy sector in 1991 . It emerge from the study that govt. had a bais in favour of small and cottage units in dairy processing due to the presumed contributions of such units providing livelihood , to small and marginal farmers in the rural

country-side . development of the modern dairy industry . Only by operating at a large scale can a fairm generate surpluses Accoding to him scale is important in the development of modern dairy industry.Only by operating at a large scale can a firm generate surpluses to invest in building a sustainable procurement base for procurement and processing milk . In the absences of any concerned effort on part of the govt. to promote the development large scale dairy plants in india , the Indian dairy industry became cluttered with innumourous sub-optimal plants considerably below the potential and expected performance. The paper finds following weaknesses of dairy sector. . Lowest produtivity of milch animals in the world . . Dairy sector dominated largly by informal unorganised players. .Vertical integration (coordination)still not very robust in case of many dairy firm/cooperation. .Most dairy brands are nacent and not very popular among consumer.weak marketing for procurred dairy product. .Risk management and insurance facilities are still not very available. 4. An Economic Analysis of production efficiency in Alberta Dairy production by Scott R.Jffery & Heather R Grant. The world trade Oraganisation is currently formulating an agenda for a new round of global trade negotiation.Therefore the livelihood of increased competition within Canada's supply managed dairy industry is probably. Concequantly,there is a greater need for producers to be concerned with efficiency in the international market place.This study assessed the cost efficiency and competatives of dairy producers by estimating the economic cost associated with milk production and deriving the physical and ecomomic efficiency of producers.Result support the presence of economies of size and economies of yield within the Alberta milk producton.A link between incresed hard size labour productivity, and lower total cost was identified in the analysis. 5.' Livestock development in Kerala' by Thara s. nair .The paper attempt at an overall review of the policies and programmes implimented so far in the livestock sector of Kerala.It also analysis the constraints in milk production.The rapid diffusion of cross breeding technology in Kerala can be attributed to various factors .The most important among them are (a) increasing demand for milk(b)favorable movement of milk price (c)increasing

opportunities of marketing milk.The paper concludes that the complete success story because there are basic limitation which sevenly constrain the effectiveness of various programmes and policies.The most crusial among there is the scarcity of most essential input feed. The cattle sector in the state is dependent exclusively on the supply of paddy straw.Which is the only source of roughage.coarse grains like millet and sorghum,oilseed and nitrogen rich pulses are pratically unimportnt in Kerala's agriculture.Because of the shift in the cropping pattern in favour of plantation and perennialcrops the area under paddy has been dwindling and concequantly the supply of paddy straw fall short of demand.Green fodde ,on the other hand is yet to be incorporated as part of states cropping system.Added to this the heavy demographic pressure on land which makes it difficult to divert land under food and cash crops to fodder crops.The concequances of this constraint are also reflected in the cattle economy of the state viz the flow increase in the productivity milch animals.The paper suggest that the small and marginal farmers and agricultural labours for whom livestock provide a supplimentry sourse income need to be educated in scientific method of rearing ,feeding and management of animals. CHAPTER 3 Socio-economic house hold charecteristics Major household charecteristics of the respondent are shown in the table 1.The age of the respondent ranged between 31-80 years .The study indicated that most(54%) of the respondent were above the age 51 years . From the study 67.56 of the respondents were male where as only 5.4% Were female . In Nettithozhu the results shows that men have more interest in milk production. The education level of the respondents ranged from primary school education to those with university education more than 50% of the respondent had attanined primary school education including same with university education .Table 1.Neverthless the level of education had no significant effect on the level of milk production of the diary cattle.The result of the study shows that the diary farm did not constitute the major source of income most of the respondent depended on other activities (Table 1). Diary cattle ownership ranged between one to more than six diary cattle with about 81.09% having less than 6 diary cattle.

Nettithozhu ksherolpadaka unit Nettithozhu ksherolpadaka unit is the best milk society under Kattappana diary situated at Nirmalacity.The amount of milk collected from Nettithozhu society is higher than other societies milk providing in Kattappana diary .The milk collected in nettithozhu society is of higher quality .The society is very successful in collecting high quality milk with the help of the device milk analyser .There are total 866 members in Nettithozhu society it include 155 women members . 150 Members are providing milk throughout the year . Nettithozhu milk society is very effective in meeting the needs of farmers society is providing various financial assistance to diary farmers from diary development board ,NABARD and milma. Milma provides Rs 1 lack to purchase one and two cows respectively. NABARD Provides Rs 2500 as subsidy for it for the development of green fodder milma and diary development board provides Rs 6000 per acre for 5 hector and 50 acre respectively. Tube well ,springler ,grass cutter , rubber mat etc.... have also subsidy. The society have many collection centres throughout the locality which contribute to more milk collection. Nettithozhu society

Period

Milk collection

1-4-09 to 31-3-10

633140.6 kg

1-4-10 to 31-3-11

590940 kg

242

1-4-11 to 31-3-12

607690 kg

220

1-4-12

754766.4 kg

No.of Farmers 234

230

to 31-3-13

1-4-13

90,30,69.4 kg

257

to 31-3-14

Bardiagram

Socio-economic charecteristics of small scale Diary Farmers

Partner

Frequency

Percentage

Total farmers surveyed

37

100

Age of respondent 31-40 41-50

8

21.6

9

24.3

51-60

15

40.5

61-70

2

5.4

71-80

3

Genderwise contribution Frequency to dairing

8.1

percentage

Male

25

Female

2

5.40

Both

10

27.02

Respondent education

Frequency

Illiterate

1

67.56

Percentage 2.7

Primary school

8

21.6

Secondary

20

54.09

Higher secondary

5

13.51

Above higher secondary

Respondent other source of income

3

8.1

Frequency

Percentage

Bussiness

2

Agriculture

31

Others

5.4

83.78

4

10.81

(carpentary,rural employment guarantee programme)

Diary cattle ownership

Frequency

Percentage

1-2

4

10.81

3-4

11

29.72

5-6

15

40.54

6

7

18.91

Milk production and income generated

The average milk production per day per respondent an 6-10 litres.Gross income from milk sales ranged between 0 to 2175litres per day

Table : Daily milk production and sales for the surveyed small holder dairy farmers .

Parameter

Frequency

Percentage

Milk production/cow/day

0

1

2.7

1-5

14

37.8

6-10

22

59.5

Average milk production/cow/day=6.31 Litre Milk sales

Frequency

percentage

Gross income

1-5 29-145

7

6-10

9

19.4

25

174-290

11-15

6

16.6

319-360

16-20

6

16.6

464-580

21-25

1

2.7

609-725

26-30

4

11.1

754-870

31-75

3

8.3

899-2175

Average milk sales/day=19.75 Dairy cattle management by the respondents diary cattle feeding

Result from the study show that most farmers (89.2%)used zero grazing system to rear their cattle as table.Farmers mostly prefer the zero grazing concepts as it reduced diseases challenges. It was also observed in the study that all the respondents were supplimenting their cattle. How ever some of them (16.2%)only offered maize bran and minerals to their cattle where as the rest (83.7%)offered cotton seed cake and sun flower cake. Table 2: Dairy cattle feeding by the respondent

Parameter Feeding system

Frequency 33

Zero grazing Partial grazing

Supplimentary feeding Farmers not purchasing

89.2 4

10.8

0

0

Farmers purchasing 37 Maize bran &minerals only 6 Cotton seed

percentage

31

16.2 83.7

Contribution of the diary enterprises to standard of living

The study revealed that small scale diary farming contributed very much to the welfare of the household involved in it. Income or profit frome the diary enterprise was mainly used an following activities ,furnishing houses 15.7% hose construction/rehabilitation(20%)investing in other income generating activities(22.9%).Education and on other things (such as food ,health service etc....)21.4%.

Reason for prefering diary farming Fre Profitable position & Getting countinuous income 7

9.7

Less investment couples with immediate return

1.3

1

Under any circumstance there is a market for milk

3 4.1

Lack of knoledge on other activities

15 20.8

Peaceful and no tension

14 19.4

Milk used for domestic use

10 13.8

Livestock and crop production is better Problems of diary farmers

Inadequate availability of quality input

22 30.5

%

Availability of quality input is a pre-condition for smooth production both in industry and agriculture.Diary farming requires high yeilding verities of cow,green and diary and dry fudder compounded cattle feed veterinary facilities and so on. Shortage of high yielding verities of Bovins The availability of high yielding verities of bovines is very limited .While cross-bread cows cost between Rs 1000 and Rs per litre in Kerala .Though it is comparatively cheaper in Thamilnadu their quality is often not assured.Consequently some farmers are cheated by brokers of Thamilnadu. Their are many reasons for the lower availability and higher demand for high yeilding verities of cow. Firstly as diary farming is wide spread ,newly born high yielding verities of cows are absorbed by the farmers substitute the old ,weak ,and low yielding verities by the new ones secondly with the development of diary co-operatives more and more people are coming to the field of diaring . This also result in higher demand for high yielding milk animals ,Thirdly with the development of commercialised diarying ,farmers are eager to subtitute their low yielding lows by high yielding lows leading to higher demand for the latter.Lastly,diary loan given under Integrated Rural Development Programme result in incresing demand for high yielding verities of cow and consequent increase in thier prices. Shortage of Green and dry Fodder Though Idukki district is bussed with a generally abundant supply of green fodder is supply is insufficient diarying summer season diary such periods farmers have to depend in paddy straw which is purchased mainly from Tamilnadu. In Nettithozhu society farmers get financial aid for green fodder development from Milma and Diary development boared.But farmers having land area can not use this fund effectively in this area green fodder development is limited by scarcity of land. Table

Defficiency of Quality cattlefeed The real problem in the case of concentrates and compounded cattle feed is not their general scarcity but the scarcity of quality feed.As the quality of feed directly affects the yeild of cow,it should superior in quality but majority of

the feeds are of substandard quality .It is interesting to not that though their are a large number of compines producing compounded cattle feed in the state ,the number of compines producing cattle feed with ISI mark is very low .This means that the bulk of the cattle feed sold in Kerala is of substandard quality. Inadequate veterinary Facilities

Availability of cheap and expert veterinary facilities within the easy reach of farmers is highly essential for the success of diary farming. Increasing price of input

Rising price of inputs in diary farming is another problem comforting diary farmers prices of milk animals ,concentrates ,diary fodder and compounded cattle feed are increasing at a faster rate than the increase in price of milk .This makes diary farming with purchased feeds less profitable. The prices of milk animals ,materials of cow shed and veterinary services also have increased considerably. Insufficient price of milk

The most serious problem faced by diary farmers belonging to both society areas ,the average price recieved by members of diary co-operatives is Rs per litre while the members of diary co-operatives get Rs .... from direct sales of consumers (217).

Findings * Diary farming is mainly carried out as an income supplimenting activity . *Diary farming is high costly hence the profit is low . *Diary farmers do not get remunerative price for milk. *Green fodder development is limitted by the availability of land .

*The farmers have more number of cow have more profit . *The majority of farmers have taken credit and the repayment of credit is difficult is the case of diary farmers having lessthan 6 cows. *The farmers have difficulties in increasing no of cows mainly because of labour problems. *Govt help mostly going into the hand of diary farmers who have large number of cows. Suggetion * Farmers should be made familiar with scientific foddr cultivation and fodder conservation diary co-operatives should come foward to cultivate green fodder and make it available to farmers at reasonable price . *For solving the problem of defficiency of quality feed ,government should encourage MICMA to produce sufficient quantity of quality feed and make it to farmers through diary cooperatives and other agencies at reasonable prices . *Cattle feed should be exempted from all kinds of taxes to keep its price as low as possible . *cattle feed should be made available in 10 kg bags because majority of the small farmers find it easy to buy small packets than 50 kg bags which cost amound 1020 per bag .Transport cost also can be saved by farmers is 10 kg bag are made available. *Veterinary service should made free . *Govt should ensure that diary farming was remunerative for farmers . *Provision of training in diary husbandary to the small scale diary farmers *Provision of the good quality heifers to small scale diary farmers which will reduce the tendency of their accepting any diary cattle coming their way as sometimes they turn out to be of 1000 productivity . *Provision of capital (loan/credit) support to small scale diary farmers .The capital should be directed towards modernisation of production. Appendix

Questionaire 1. Name of the diary farmer : 2.sex

:

3.Age

:

Male/Female

4.Educational Qualification : Below 5-10, Hs,above HSS 5.Source of income

:

6.Land holding

:

7.Number of cattle holding

: 1-2,3-4,5-6, >6

8.Average milk/cow/day

:

9.Average milk sales/day

:

10.Why you prefer diary farming : 11.What about your standard of living in our society : 12.Do you get remunerative price for milk : 13.Dou you have green fodder cultivation : 14.What are the problems faced in diary farming : 15.Do :

you

have

any

16.Do you get profit or loss?

assistance

from

govt

or

other

agencies.

:

17.Do you borrow money from bank or any other agencies for diary farming : 18.Do you get sufficient money from diary farming to repay the borrowings :

19.Are you satisfied with diary farming 20.Any suggetion to improve the diary farming Signature

:Investigator - Diary farmer-

: : :