Implementing Research
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IMPLEMENTING RESEARCH INTRODUCTION Researching Researching is a skill, a course and a discipline. discipline. We owe almost everything from it. In fact, from the simplest problem-solving at home to the industry eciency are formulated, and implemented based on the principles of researching. Lets face it, researching is unavoidable. !s part of an academic institution, both students and faculty members are obliged to do researching. "arlos #. #. Romulo once said, “A state university is a citadel of truth…Its mission is to constantly search for knowledge… Scholarship is its indispensable arm and failing light. It believes in research above all things human freedom without which there can be no creative ingenuity that can make of knowledge a blessing to society.” $he fundamentality of research is referred to be as essential as our origin for it give gives s us free freedo dom m to nouri nourish sh the the gift gifts s arou around nd us as we deve develo lop p and and mak make innovations out of the raw intellects and ideas for the prosperity of both education and industry. industry. In this conte%t, this book was written. $his book caters the research principles that will help you to conte%tuali&e and materiali&e a '(!R$ research )'peci*c, (easurable, !ttainable, Realistic and $ime-+ound. $ime-+ound. It contains methodologies and practical tips to e%ecute simple yet subs substa tanti ntial al rese resear arch chin ing. g. It disc discuss usses es inte intens nsiv ivel ely y the the form formul ulat atio ion n of rese resear arch ch essentials to come up with productive results and viable implementation of the theories it presents. It also stretches the functions of each research chapter and their functions and interconnections. ach presentation will e%pect you to achieve the tasks for you to use the full e%tent of your research abilities. $hese basic yet comprehensive e%ercises will let you to reali&e that researching is very easy and fun. ur research /ourney will start in committing yourself that you as the new researcher will be conducting research not only for the school re0uirement but also of passion in innovatio innovation n and development. development. With the help of your research research adviser, adviser, you will understand that researching will stop in conclusions or recommendations for it has to be presented, validated, used, and implemented.
Unit I INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
Let me start it by de*ning what a research is. !ccording to (erriam-Webster 1ictionary )2345, Research is a 6studious in0uiry or e%amination7 especially8 or e%per e%perime imenta ntatio tion n aimed aimed at the discov discovery ery and interp interpre retat tation ion of facts, facts, revis revision ion of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.9 n the other words, research is a process of gatheri gathering ng infor informat mation ion for the drive drive of answer answering ing probl problems ems to initia initiate, te, change change,, innovate, create and uncover. uncover. $here are many genres where research may be originated and formulated. $here are various tenacities in which the research is principally based on and de*ned de*ned upon. upon. 'ubse0 'ubse0uen uently tly,, Resear esearch ch is compos composed ed of di:er di:erent ent method methodolo ologic gical al pace paces s to esta establ blis ish, h, con* con*rm rm or rea rearm rm *ndin *ndings gs to purp purpos osel ely y buil build d conc concre rete te foundation of truth through clear and valid procedures for application resolutions. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
#urposes of research may be conte%tual and normative but to give you a comprehensive and general rationali&ation here some of them. $he world and the indust industry ry have have great great bene*t bene*ts s from from resear researche chers rs who are are born born and grown grown in the academe. ur contributions to these arena are acknowledged and necessarily be applied in the real world. !s students, you are in a university to contribute and to bring your researchers to actuality. Researches Researches are gained because of the following general reasons8 4. to e%pla %plain in rea eall worl world d phen phenom omen ena a such such mech mechan anic ics, s, ecol ecolog ogy, y, grav gravit ity y )'huttleworth, 233; 2. to improve improve and innovat innovate e the 0uality 0uality of life life for sustainab sustainabilit ility y . to under understa stand nd how how the worl world d works works ?. to understand understand a problem problem and the nature nature of the problem problem ;. to deter determine mine if if an interventio intervention n is workin working g @. to improve improve an interventi intervention on aimed aimed at solving solving a prob problem. lem. 43.to rapidly solve an immediate problem
Unit I INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
Let me start it by de*ning what a research is. !ccording to (erriam-Webster 1ictionary )2345, Research is a 6studious in0uiry or e%amination7 especially8 or e%per e%perime imenta ntatio tion n aimed aimed at the discov discovery ery and interp interpre retat tation ion of facts, facts, revis revision ion of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.9 n the other words, research is a process of gatheri gathering ng infor informat mation ion for the drive drive of answer answering ing probl problems ems to initia initiate, te, change change,, innovate, create and uncover. uncover. $here are many genres where research may be originated and formulated. $here are various tenacities in which the research is principally based on and de*ned de*ned upon. upon. 'ubse0 'ubse0uen uently tly,, Resear esearch ch is compos composed ed of di:er di:erent ent method methodolo ologic gical al pace paces s to esta establ blis ish, h, con* con*rm rm or rea rearm rm *ndin *ndings gs to purp purpos osel ely y buil build d conc concre rete te foundation of truth through clear and valid procedures for application resolutions. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
#urposes of research may be conte%tual and normative but to give you a comprehensive and general rationali&ation here some of them. $he world and the indust industry ry have have great great bene*t bene*ts s from from resear researche chers rs who are are born born and grown grown in the academe. ur contributions to these arena are acknowledged and necessarily be applied in the real world. !s students, you are in a university to contribute and to bring your researchers to actuality. Researches Researches are gained because of the following general reasons8 4. to e%pla %plain in rea eall worl world d phen phenom omen ena a such such mech mechan anic ics, s, ecol ecolog ogy, y, grav gravit ity y )'huttleworth, 233; 2. to improve improve and innovat innovate e the 0uality 0uality of life life for sustainab sustainabilit ility y . to under understa stand nd how how the worl world d works works ?. to understand understand a problem problem and the nature nature of the problem problem ;. to deter determine mine if if an interventio intervention n is workin working g @. to improve improve an interventi intervention on aimed aimed at solving solving a prob problem. lem. 43.to rapidly solve an immediate problem
CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
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! good research should employ the following characteristics8 mpiri mp irical cal.. !n emp empiri irica call re resea searc rch h sho should uld add addre ress ss rea real-w l-worl orld d sit situat uation ions s and prob pr oble lems ms tha thatt wi will ll an answ swer er pr prac acti tica cali lity ty ba base sed d on th the e e% e%pe peri rienc ences es an and d observations of the researcher. $his will lead to attainability and relevance of the *ndings which eventually be used by the desire benefactors of the study. study. Logical. Log ical. ! researc research h is systematic. systematic. It follows follows valid steps steps that will help help you *nish your paper. $hese principles contain orderly and se0uential procedure which will contribute to the validity of results and reliability of method. !nalytical !naly tical.. !nalysis !nalysis is the meat your study. study. $here are many many ways to analy&e which varies on the nature, type and purpose of research. It uses critical understanding and in-depth view of what is happening with the realm of the topic and the sub/ect. riginal. !ll work should be your own. Research writing is a mere declaration of honesty. Aour work will stand out if it tackles something new or something old from an innovation of raw or recycled ideas given that there is proper referencing and acknowledgment. Reproducibility. It is the ability of your research to be adapted by the future researcher for the purpose of validity of the instrument, veri*cation of the results and recti*cation of procedure and other technical elements of your paper. $his is also known as replicability. !ccording to "han et al. )233;, 6$he higher the replicability, the more valid and conclusive the results would be.9 "ycl "yclic ical al.. Bsin Bsing g hour hourgl glas ass s mode model, l, from from your your obse observ rvat atio ion, n, you you will ill be formul formulati ating ng a proble problem m and eventua eventually lly be answer answered ed by a more more detail detailed ed 0uestioning through your research instrument and it will be interpreted and analy&ed. ! cyclical research should start and end with a problem and this will cause the future researchers to answer your recommendations. b/e b/ect ctiv ive e and and Cair air. Aour our abil abilit ity y as resea esearrcher cher is limi limite ted d with with your your interpretation and analysis. Dence, you should be seeing your result solely based on the methodology and gathered data. !ccu !ccura racy cy.. Resea esearc rch h has has no room room for for erro errors rs.. (o (ore reov over er,, you you shoul should d be responsible with the e%actness of each datum, completeness of parts and essent essential ials, s, appro appropri priate ateness ness of method method,, and compr comprehen ehensiv sivene eness ss of other other research elements.
CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCHER
$o $o achieve these characteristics of your paper, you should bear in mind that there is no perfect research neither a perfect you. $herefore, you /ust need to be empathi&e and follow these features that a real researcher is doing8 )0td. "han t al. 233;, #aler-"almorin #aler-"almorin and "almorin 4@@5 4. Aou should be intellectua intellectually lly curious. curious. $he satisfaction satisfaction of a researcher researcher should not stop in gathering of data. Aou should be thirsty of discovering new facts taking all sides of process to ensure the holistic conte%t of study. !ustin )234= says that 6the intellectually curious person has a deep and persistent desire to know.9
2. Aou should be careful. !s a beginner, you know that your resources to sustain and *nish the research process is very limited. ! prudent research should engage himself eciently in identifying and utili&ing these resources which include *nancial, intellectual, and institutional support. . #henomenological 'tudies
#henomenology refers to a personNs perception of the meaning of an event, as opposed to the event as it e%ists e%ternally to )outside of that person. $he focus of phenomenological in0uiry is what people e%perience in regard to some phenomenon or other and how they interpret those e%periences. ! phenomenological research study is a study that attempts to understand peopleNs perceptions, perspectives and understandings of a particular situation )or phenomenon. In other words, a phenomenological research study tries to answer the 0uestion N What is it like to eperience such and such!N +y looking at multiple perspectives of the same situation, a researcher can start to make some generali&ations of what something is like as an e%perience from the NinsiderNsN perspective. ! phenomenological study often involves the four steps of8 )a bracketing, )b intuiting, )c analy&ing, and )d describing. 'mall samples )probably no more than 43 participants are most suitable for this type of research. Large samples can become unwieldy. $he data collection tools that are most often used are interviews or speeches, diaries or written documents, drawings or non-verbal materials, and observation or visual tools. )Oan, 4@@3 ?. Frounded $heory $he self-de*ned purpose of grounded theory is to develop theory about phenomena of interest. +ut this is not /ust abstract theori&ing theyNre talking about. Instead the theory needs to be grounded or rooted in observation. Frounded theory is a comple% iterative process. $he research begins with the raising of generative 0uestions which help to guide the research but are not intended to be either static or con*ning. !s the researcher begins to gather data, core theoretical concepts are identi*ed. $entative linkages are developed between the theoretical core concepts and the data. $his early phase of the research tends to be very open and can take months. Later on the researcher is more engaged in veri*cation and summary. $he e:ort tends to evolve toward one core category that is central. )$rochim, 233> $here are several key analytic strategies )$rochim8 )a "oding is a process for both categori&ing 0ualitative data and for describing the implications and details of these categories. Initially one does open coding, considering the data in minute detail while developing some initial categories. Later, one moves to more selective coding where one systematically codes with respect to a core concept. )b (emoing is a process for recording the thoughts and ideas of the researcher as they evolve throughout the study. Aou might think of memoing as e%tensive marginal notes and comments. !gain, early in the process these memos tend to be very open while later on they tend to increasingly focus in on the core concept.
)c Integrative diagrams and sessions are used to pull all of the detail together, to help make sense of the data with respect to the emerging theory. $he diagrams can be any form of graphic that is useful at that point in theory development. $hey might be concept maps or directed graphs or even simple cartoons that can act as summari&ing devices. $his integrative work is best done in group sessions where di:erent members of the research team are able to interact and share ideas to increase insight. ;. Distorical Research It is a supplementary procedure to observation in which the researcher seeks to test the authenticity of the reports or observations made by others. It is employed to establish facts in order to arrive at conclusions concerning past events or predict future events. Its primary sources of information of information are original documents, relics, remains, and artifacts. It may include te%tbooks, encyclopedias, newspapers, periodicals, and review of research and other references as secondary sources. $hese source should be authentic. )Mey, 4@@? Kuantitative Research It focuses more in counting and classifying features and constructing statistical models and *gures to e%plain what is observed. )%plorable.com, 233@ %perimental It is a systematic and scienti*c approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables. )+lakstad, 233;
Eon-e%perimental n the hand, in a non-e%perimental research, the research does not have complete control over the conditions of the study. 4. % #ost Cacto Research % post facto study or after-the-fact research is a category of research design in which the investigation starts after the fact has occurred without interference from the researcher. 1espite studying facts that have already occurred, e% post facto research shares with e%perimental research design some
of its basic logic of in0uiry. % post facto research design does not include any form of manipulation or measurement before the fact occurs, as is the case in true e%perimental designs. )'ilva, 234ect" con"idering the a!aila$le #aterial" and re"ource". 'he PP 7n"titute of 'echnology @7tech "hould re!i"e the policy on the Engli"h proficiency progra# and it" integration into "u$>ect" and into the on+ca#pu" rule" and regulation". 'he PP 7tech faculty #e#$er" "hould $e #ade a%are of the i#portance of Engli"h proficiency in their field) and they "hould $e trained for Engli"h proficiency in "e#inar" and %or&"hop"G
Ta.#e '% C'ntents& It presents the content of the paper from the $itle #age to the !ppendices. It also shows the pagination. $A'LE O* CON$EN$&
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Chapter 4
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UNIT III WRITING CHAPTER 0 T!e P'.#em and Its Bac,)'/nd
$he "hapter 48 $he #roblem and Its +ackground is the comprehensive presentation of the overview of the research problem. It also contains the rationale and the /usti*cation of the research ob/ectives. It determines the coverage of the study and it tells how important your study is. Curthermore, it clari*es the terminologies used in the entire paper. $his book will also teach you the appropriate level of language, point of view and desirable writing mechanics. +ased on the logical se0uence of the presentation this chapter considers the following parts8 Introduction7 +ackground of the 'tudy7 $heoretical Cramework7 "onceptual Cramework7 'tatement of the #roblem7 Dypotheses and !ssumptions7 'cope and Limitations of the 'tudy7 'igni*cance of the 'tudy7 and 1e*nition of $erms. $hese parts vary according to methods, types of research, and house style of the institution. !ll chapters should have an introductory paragraph e%cept for "hapter 4 because it has its own subchapter introduction. INTRODUCTION
Introduction is the presentation of the problem, its importance, reason and purpose into a broad conte%t. It is an attempt to rationali&e the root cause of the ob/ectives. !ccording to 'huttleworth )2345, 6! good introduction e%plains how mean to solve the research problem, and creates leads to make the reader want to delve further into your work.9 Eevertheless, it doesnt need to be attractive but directness and conciseness are its primordial characteristics. It is the *rst thing people see, hear, or e%perience about your paper so let them know the immediate substance of your motivation and discovery. Ideally, it should be the last thing to do to make sure that you introduce what you are actually doing. Dere are some helpful ways to develop an introduction8 4. 1eductive approach is advisable to arrange the ideas from general point of discussion to speci*c details. 2. 'tart with a couple of sentences that introduce your topic to your reader. Aou do not have to give too much detailed information7 save that for the body of your paper. (ake these sentences as interesting as you can. )'amuels, 2342 . $hen state your thesis statement, which may be done in one or more sentences. $his is your clinching or transitional sentences to +ackground of the 'tudy.
?. $he length of your introduction depends on the length and comple%ity of your paper
'ample Introduction
C!a"te 0 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Int'd/cti'n In 234 th, much lower than "hina at th, Russia at 2@ th, or India - where nglish is an ocial language - at 4= th. $he #hilippines, another developing country, needs to meet global standards, and its citi&ens pro*ciency in the nglish language is a key to its development and competitiveness. +ased on a recently conducted study of the Flobal nglish "orporation, the #hilippines is named the worlds best country in business nglish pro*ciency, even beating the Bnited 'tates. ne way to uphold this good result is the schools being persistent and consistent in their implementation of the +ilingual ducation #olicy )1"' rder Eo. 52, s. 4@;?. +ased on this policy, Cilipino is the medium of instruction at schools in all sub/ects e%cept in the natural sciences and in mathematics in which nglish is used. !t the higher education institutions and universities, however, instructors are free to choose their medium of instruction although the ma/ority of classes use nglish or at least a code-switching variety of nglish and Cilipino )Fon&ales 0td. in Oillafuerte 2. Revise and edit your background study. "omplete several drafts of your work, revising and *lling in information as you go. ach time that you read over your work, try to leave it better than it was before. ItNs also a great idea to have someone else look it over as well.
+aac )2343 states 6the background of the study also describes how the present study to be conducted will attempt to bridge knowledge gaps earlier identi*ed7 and where or how further progress in the academic can be mad thru the study.9 +aac also suggests that $his also usually re0uires a reference to some reports of previous research in the *eld and related areas, both academic and non-academic, theoretical discussions, ocial statistics, newspaper articles or reports, and, perhaps
even personal accounts or e%periences phenomenon)a being investigated.
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researcher
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n the given e%ample below the researcher uses the locales vision, mission and ob/ective as the /usti*cation of the study. De also uses his observation and the rule of pro%imity as the rationali&ation.
'ample +ackground of the 'tudy
Bac,)'/nd '% t!e St/d$
$he #olytechnic Bniversity of the #hilippines )#B# is a government, non-sectarian, non-pro*t institution of higher learning and operates year-round with two semesters and a summer. $he Bniversity employs 4,=;< full-time and part-time faculty members with a few of the former holding administrative positions. $here are ?3? regular and casual administrative employees who provide support services to the Bniversity population ) pup.edu.ph. With more than twenty campuses serving more than ?3,333 students, the #B# is the largest university in !sia in terms of student population. $he main campus is located in 'ta. (esa, (anila. It has )45 *fteen colleges, and one of which is the Institute of $echnology ) pup.edu.ph. $he Institute of $echnology )Itech o:ers si% diploma courses8 "omputer ngineering $echnology )1"$, lectrical ngineering $echnology )1$, lectronics "ommunications ngineering $echnology )1"$, Information "ommunication $echnology )1I"$, and (echanical ngineering $echnology )1($, and ce (anagement $echnology )1($. $he researcher has chosen #B# Institute of $echnology as the focus of the study because he is a faculty member of the "ollege of !rts and Letters, servicing the institute with nglish sub/ects, such as nglish Frammar and "omposition, 'tudy and $hinking 'kills, 'peech and ral "ommunication, and $echnical Report Writing. $he /usti*cation of this research is rooted in the assessment of the vision, mission, and goals of the #B# Institute of $echnology. It envisions to be a leading institution that provides skilled globali&ed workforce in a technologically-driven culture. It aims to produce competent graduates who are communicatively capable. $o achieve this goal, both students and faculty members should be pro*cient in nglish. $he institutes mission is to foster student learning for immediate /obs through high-0uality, application-oriented courses that integrate technology, communication skills development and management. Dence, to be highly employable, graduates should be pro*cient in nglish and have the ability to engage in pre-employment re0uirements and nglish- or communication-related evaluations of employers, like /ob interviews, simulations, and written e%aminations. ne of the goals of Itech is to ensure teaching-learning eciency and e:ectiveness by means of highly 0uali*ed and committed faculty members. Dowever, the Institute of $echnology has only four )= nglish teachers. $wo of them are
"rief description of the locale
Rule of Pro!imity
&ustification using the vision, mission and o'(ectives
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
$he theoretical framework presents and reviews the theory or theories directly related to the area of sub/ect or study is based on. It provides a conte%t for e%amining a theoretical rationali&ation of the study. $his also serves as a guide to systematically identify logical, precisely de*ned relationships among variables. $heories are used to e%plain, predict and master phenomena. It also makes generali&ations about observations and consists of an interrelated, coherent set of ideas and models. (ehta )234. 'hortened form of the publishers name ?. Aear of publication Uournal !rticle 4. !uthors name 2. Cull title of the article . Inclusive page numbers of the article Eewspaper or (aga&ine !rticle 4. !uthors name 2. Cull title of the article
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