Impacto Vial Del Centro Comercial Open Plaza en Huancayo - Perú

 

„BÒF MAN MDÂNFOF T NB SAKFLKDNDBKDÛL LBKDFLBN‚ 

QLDXAS[DM

M YASQ

L

NF[

LMA[

HBKQN]BM MA DLOALDASDB A[KQANB YSFHA[DFLBN MA BSRQD]AK]QSB

]A[D[  „DJYBK]F MAN KAL]SF KFJASKDBN FYAL YNBWB AL NB A[]SQK]QSB QSCBLB MAN [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL MAN MD[]SD]F MA EQBLKBTF‚  EQBLKBTF‚  

YSA[AL]BMF YFS7

C/Brq. KFL]SASB[ YBKEAKF, Ybjanb @bteardla C/Brq. SFCNA[ JBKEQKB, Lbdseb Astahbly

NÊLAB MA DLXA[]DOBKDÛL7

]SBL[YFS]A T QSCBLD[JF YBSB FY]BS AN ]D]QNF YSFHA[DFLBN MA BSRQD]AK]F

EQBLKBTF  ‛  YASQ  YASQ 3925

 

„BÒF MAN MDÂNFOF T NB SAKFLKDNDBKDÛL LBKDFLBN‚ 

QLDXAS[DM

M YASQ

L

NF[

LMA[

HBKQN]BM MA DLOALDASDB A[KQANB YSFHA[DFLBN MA BSRQD]AK]QSB

]A[D[  „DJYBK]F MAN KAL]SF KFJASKDBN FYAL YNBWB AL NB A[]SQK]QSB QSCBLB MAN [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL MAN MD[]SD]F MA EQBLKBTF‚  EQBLKBTF‚  

YSA[AL]BMF YFS7

C/Brq. KFL]SASB[ YBKEAKF, Ybjanb @bteardla C/Brq. SFCNA[ JBKEQKB, Lbdseb Astahbly

NÊLAB MA DLXA[]DOBKDÛL7

]SBL[YFS]A T QSCBLD[JF YBSB FY]BS AN ]D]QNF YSFHA[DFLBN MA BSRQD]AK]F

EQBLKBTF  ‛  YASQ  YASQ 3925

3

 

B[A[FS7 BSR. KBSNF[ BNCAS]F [BL]B JBSDB KEDJCFS

;

 

MAMDKB]FSDB B7 MDF[, pfr mbrlfs nb fpfrtuldmbm ma vdvdr y oudbrlfs al kbmb pbsf qua mbjfs. LQA[]SB[ JBMSA[, pfr kraar al lfsftrbs y pfr su bpfyf dlkflmdkdflbn al tfmf jfjaltf. LQA[]SF[ MFKAL]A[, pfr kfjpbrtdr sus kflfkdjdaltfs a djpunsbrlfs b saoudr bmanblta al luastrb prfhasdûl.

=

 

BOSBMAKDJDAL]F[ Al prdjar nuobr borbmakajfs b Mdfs pfr mbrlfs vdmb a dnujdlbr luastrf kbjdlf y sar ul djpunsf pbrb nforbr luastrbs jatbs prfhasdflbnas. Al saoulmf nuobr borbmakar b nb Qldvarsdmbm Yarublb Nfs Blmas pfr mbrlfs nb fpfrtuldmbm ma hfrjbr pbrta ma astb orbl hbjdndb uldvarsdtbrdb y tbjcdäl b kbmb ulf ma luastrfs mfkaltas pfr crdlmbrlfs sus kflfkdjdaltfs murblta luastrb hfrjbkdûl bkbmäjdkb, aspakdbnjalta b luastrf bsasfr qudal lfs crdlmû su bpfyf kflstbltajalta. T pfr ÷ntdjf b luastrb hbjdndb pfr su bpfyf dlkflmdkdflbn, qudalas lfs ebl jftdvbmf murblta luastrb hfrjbkdûl prfhasdflbn. Lf eb sdmf salkdnnf an kbjdlf ebstb befrb, parf orbkdbs b sus bpfrtas, dljalsb cflmbm y bpfyf nf kfjpndkbmf ma nforbr astb jatb eb sdmf pfsdcna rabndzbr.

1

 

EFGB MA KFLHFSJDMBM MA NF[ GQSBMF[

---------------------------------------------------------------Mr. Kbsdf Burandf ]FSSA[ NÛYAW MAKBLF

---------------------------------------------------------------Brq. Sdkbrmf KACSDBL JBTKF GQSBMF

---------------------------------------------------------------Brq. Kbrnfs Bltfldf KASXBL]A[ YDKÛL GQSBMF

---------------------------------------------------------------Brq. Bnagblmrf Amobr NBWF CASLBSMF GQSBMF

---------------------------------------------------------------Jo. Jdouan Âloan KBSNF[ KBLBNA[ [AKSA]BSDF MFKAL]A

8

 

DLMDKA

MAMDKB]FSDB  BOSBMAKDJDAL]F[    BOSBMAKDJDAL]F[ SA[QJAL  BC[]SBK]    BC[]SBK] DL]SFMQKKDFL KBYÊ]QNF D7 AN YSFCNAJB MA DLXA[]DOBKDÛL 2.2.

YNBL]ABJDAL]F MAN YSFCNAJB

39

2.3.

HFSJQNBKDÛL T [D[]AJB]DWBKDÛL MAN YSFCNAJB

3=

2.3.2. Yrfcnajb oalarbn

31

2.3.3. Yrfcnajbs aspakêhdkfs 2.;. GQ[]DHDKBKDÛL

31

2.;.2. Gustdhdkbkdûl prâktdkb f sfkdbn

31

2.;.3. Gustdhdkbkdûl jatfmfnûodkb

31

2.=.

38

MANDJD]BKDFLA[

2.=.2. Mandjdtbkdûl aspbkdbn

38

2.=.3. Mandjdtbkdûl tajpfrbn

3?

2.=.;. Mandjdtbkdûl akflûjdkb

3?

2.1.

NDJD]BKDFLA[

3?

2.8. FCGA]DXF[ 2.8.2. Fcgatdvf oalarbn

35

2.8.3. Fcgatdvfs aspakêhdkfs

34

KBYÊ]QNF DD7 JBSKF ]AFSDKF 3.2.

BL]AKAMAL]A[

;2

3.3.

JBSKF KFLKAY]QBN

;5

3.;.

MAHDLDKDÛL MA ]ÄSJDLF[

=2

3.;.2. Kflkaptubndzbkdûl ma kdumbm

=3 ?

 

3.;.3. Kflkaptubndzbkdûl ma djpbktf urcblf

=;

3.;.;. Kflkaptubndzbkdûl ma kaltrf kfjarkdbn

==

3.;.=. Kflkaptubndzbkdûl ma astrukturb urcblb

=1

3.;.1. Kflkaptubndzbkdûl ma dlmdkbmfr

=4

3.;.8. Jatfmfnfoêb pbrb nb fctalkdûl ma dlmdkbmfras

=4

3.;.?. Jatfmfnfoêb pbrb nb jamdkdûl ma djpbktf urcblf 3.=. EDYÛ]A[D[

11

3.=.2. Edpûtasds oalarbn

18

3.=.3. Edpûtasds aspakdhdkbs aspakdhdkbs

18

3.1.

XBSDBCNA

3.1.2. Mahdldkdûl kflkaptubn ma nb vbrdbcna

1?

3.1.3. Mahdldkdûl fparbkdflbn ma nb vbrdbcna

1?

3.1.;. Fparbkdflbndzbkdûl ma nb vbrdbcna

15

KBYÊ]QNF DDD7 JA]FMFNFOÊB ;.2.

JA]FMF MA DLXA[]DOBKDFL

82

;.3.

]DYF MA DLXA[]DOBKDÛL

82

;.;.

LDXAN MA DLXA[]DOBKDÛL

83

;.=.

MD[AÒF MA DLXA[]DOBKDÛL

83

;.1.

YFCNBKDÛL T JQA[]SB

;.1.2. ]bjbòf ma nb pfcnbkdûl

8;

;.1.3. ]bjbòf ma nb juastrb

8;

;.8.

]ÄKLDKB[ A DL[]SQJAL]F[ MA SAKFNAKKDÛL MA MB]F[ 8=

;.8.2. ]äkldkbs

8=

;.8.3. Dlstrujaltfs

8=

;.?.

YSFKAMDJDAL]F MA NB DLXA[]DOBKDÛL

81

;.5.

]ÄKLDKB[ T BLÂND[D[ MA MB]F[

88

KBYÊ]QNF DX7 SA[QN]BMF[ =.2.

KBSBK]ASDWBKDFL MAN FCGA]F MA A[]QMDF

84

=.2.2. Qcdkbkdûl

84

=.2.3. Astrukturb kndjâtdkb

?2 5

 

=.2.;. Malsdmbm y pfcnbkdûl

?2

=.2.=. Wflbs ma rdasof f vunlarbcnas

?3

=.2.1. Astrukturb urcblb

?1

=.3. KBSBK]ASDWBKDFL MAN K.K. FYAL YNBWB

?4

=.3.2. Qcdkbkdûl

?4

=.3.3. Bktdvdmbmas =.3.;. Bpfrtas urcblfs

59 53

=.;. SA[QN]BMF[

5;

=.;.2. Bntarbkdûl al nfs usfs ma suanf

5;

=.;.3. Bujaltf al an kfstf man suanf urcblf

4=

=.;.;. Oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas

44

=.;.=. Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas

292

=.;.1. Bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr

29=

=.;.8. Mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs

29?

=.;.?. Bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas =.;.5. Bcblmflf y matardfrf man aspbkdf p÷cndkf

295 229

=.;.4. Bntarbkdûl al an vfnujal man boub

22;

=.;.29. Bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa

22=

=.;.22. Bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb

228

=.=. ]DYF MA DJYBK]F [AO×L NB JBOLD]QM A DJYFS]BLKDB

224

KBYÊ]QNF X7 MD[KQ[DFL MA SA[QN]BMF[

1.2. Q[F[ MA [QANF 1.2.2. Bntarbkdûl ma nfs usfs ma suanf

23; 23;

1.2.3. Bujaltf al an kfstf man suanf urcblf

231

1.2.;. Oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas

238

1.2.=. Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas

238

1.3.

23?

[D[]AJB XDBN

1.3.2. Bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr

23?

1.3.3. Mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs

235

1.3.;. Bprfpdbkdûl pucndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas

234

1.;.

ARQDYBJDAL]F QSCBLF 4

 

1.;.2. Bcblmflf y matardfrf man aspbkdf p÷cndkf 1.=.

234

[ASXDKDF[

1.=.2. Bntarbkdûl al an vfnujal ma boub

2;9

1.=.3. Bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa

2;2

1.=.;. Bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb

2;2

KFLKNQ[DFLA[

2;;

SAKFJALMBKDFLA[

2;8

SAHASALKDB[ SAHASALK DB[ CDCNDFOSBHDKB[

2;5

 BLAUF[

2=2

29

 

DLMDKA MA ]BCNB[ ]BCNB L¹ 927 Jätfmfs y täkldkbs ma prfkasbjdaltf ma nb dlhfrjbkdûl

;8

]BCNB L¹ 937 Kfjpbrbkdûl altra an bltas y maspuäs man jbnn Sabn Ynbzb ]rugdnnf

;5

]BCNB L¹ 9;7 Dmaltdhdkbkdûl ma nbs mdjalsdflas ma nb astrukturb urcblb

12

]BCNB L¹ 9=7 Dmaltdhdkbkdûl ma djpbktfs urcblfs

13

]BCNB L¹ 917 Knbsdhdkbkdûl y sanakkdûl ma dlmdkbmfras man djpbktf urcblf ]BCNB L¹ 987 Dlmdkbmfras man djpbktf urcblf y su fcgatdvf

1; 1=

]BCNB L¹ 9?7 Dlmdkbmfras ma djpbktf urcblf y sus kbtaofrêbs avbnubkdûl

15

]BCNB L¹ 957 Mbtfs pbrb an kânkunf pbrb an tbjbòf ma nb juastrb

8;

]BCNB L¹ 947 Kânkunf pbrb an tbjbòf ma nb juastrb

8;

]BCNB L¹ 297 Yrfkasf jatfmfnûodkf ma nb dlvastdobkdûl

81

]BCNB L¹ 227 Xbnfrbkdûl ma nb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum ma nfs djpbktfs urcblfs

88

]BCNB L¹ 237 Jbtrdz man tdpf ma djpbktf sao÷l nb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum

8?

]BCNB L¹ 2;7  2;7 Ârab  Ârab y pfrkaltbga sao÷l tdpf ma usf ma suanf urcblf

53

]BCNB L¹ 2=7  2=7 Bntarbkdûl  Bntarbkdûl ma usf kfjarkdbn

5;

]BCNB L¹ 217 Bntarbkdûl ma usf rasdmalkdbn

58

]BCNB L¹ 287 Bntarbkdûl ma usf dlmustrdbn

55

]BCNB L¹ 2?7 Bntarbkdûl ma usf rakrabtdvf

49

]BCNB L¹ 257 Bntarbkdûl ma ftrfs usfs

43

]BCNB L¹ 247 Xbnfr kfjarkdbn man suanf urcblf al an suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl

43

]BCNB L¹ 397 Bujaltf man kfstf man suanf Bv. Harrfkbrrdn.

4=

]BCNB L¹ 327 Bujaltf man kfstf man suanf Yrfn. [bl Kbrnfs.

48

]BCNB L¹ 337 Bujaltf man kfstf man suanf Kbnna Bjbzflbs.

4?

]BCNB L¹ 3;7  3;7 Qsfs kfjpbtdcnas y lf kfjpbtdcnas

44 44  

]BCNB L¹ 3=7 Bntarbkdûl al nb oalarbkdûl ma nfs usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas.

44

]BCNB L¹ 317 L÷jarf tftbn ma bktdvdmbmas al an suc saktfr.

292

]BCNB L¹ 387 Bntarbkdûl al nb mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas. ]BCNB L¹ 3?7 Kbltdmbm ma hnftb vaedkunbr vae dkunbr 392= ‛ 392?

293 29=

]BCNB L¹ 357 Bujaltf al nb hnftb vaedkunbr.

291

]BCNB L¹ 347 Astbkdflbjdaltfs axdstaltas al an suc saktfr.

29?

]BCNB L¹ ;97 Jboldtum ma nb prasalkdb ma kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn.

29?

]BCNB L¹ ;27 Bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas.

295

]BCNB L¹ ;37  ;37 Djpfrtblkdb ma nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs al an saktfr.

229

]BCNB L¹ ;;7 Bntarbkdûl al nb djpfrtblkdb ma nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs.

222

]BCNB L¹ ;=7 Djpfrtblkdb ma nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs vs Fpal pnbzb

223

]BCNB L¹ ;17 Jboldtum man vfnujal man boub 3929 ‛ 392= - 392?

22;

]BCNB L¹ ;87 Bntarbkdûl al an vfnujal man boub 3929 ‛ 392= - 392?

22=

]BCNB L¹ ;?7 Jboldtum al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa 3929  ‛ 392= - 392?

221

22

 

]BCNB L¹ ;57 Bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa 3929 ‛ 392= - 392?

228

]BCNB L¹ ;47 Jboldtum al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb 3929  ‛ 392= - 392?

22?

]BCNB L¹ =97 Bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb 3929 ‛ 392= - 392?

225

]BCNB L¹ =27 Jboldtum a djpfrtblkdb ma nfs djpbktfs

224

]BCNB L¹ =37 Djpbktf al nfs usfs ma suanf

239

]BCNB L¹ =;7 Djpbktf al an sdstajb vdbn

239

]BCNB L¹ ==7 Djpbktf al an aqudpbjdaltf urcblf ]BCNB L¹ =17 Djpbktf al sarvdkdfs

232 232

23

 

DLMDKA MA OSBHDKF[ OSBHDKF L¹ 927 Yrfkasf pbrb nb fctalkdûl ma dlmdkbmfras

1=

OSBHDKF L¹ 937 Bntarbkdûl man usf kfjarkdbn man 3929 bn 392?

51

OSBHDKF L¹ 9;7 Bntarbkdûl man usf rasdmalkdbn man 3929 bn 392?

5?

OSBHDKF L¹ 9=7 Bntarbkdûl man usf dlmustrdbn man 3929 bn 392?

54

OSBHDKF L¹ 917 Bntarbkdûl man usf rakrabtdvf man 3929 bn 392?

42

OSBHDKF L¹ 987 Bntarbkdûl ma ftrfs usfs man 3929 bn 392?

4;

OSBHDKF L¹ 9?7 Bujaltf al an kfstf ma suanf Bv. Harrfkbrrdn 3929 bn 392?

41

OSBHDKF L¹ 957 Bujaltf al an kfstf ma suanf Yrfn [bl Kbrnfs 3929 bn 392?

48

OSBHDKF L¹ 947 Bujaltf al an kfstf ma suanf Kbnna Bjbzflbs 3929 bn 392?

45

OSBHDKF L¹ 297 Oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas man 3929 bn 392?

299

OSBHDKF L¹ 227 Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas man 3929 bn 392?

29;

OSBHDKF L¹ 237 Bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr man 3929 bn 392?

298

OSBHDKF L¹ 2;7 Mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs man 3929 bn 392?

29?

OSBHDKF L¹ 2=7 Jboldtum ma nb bprfpdbkdûl ma nbs kbnnas man 3929 bn 392?

295

OSBHDKF L¹ 217 Djpfrtblkdb ma nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs man 3929 bn 392? OSBHDKF L¹ 287 Djpfrtblkdb man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb

229 223

OSBHDKF L¹ 2?7 Jboldtum al nb bntarbkdûl man vfnujal man boub

22;

OSBHDKF L¹ 257 Jboldtum al nb bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa

221

OSBHDKF L¹ 247 Jboldtum ma nb bntarbkdûl pfr an pbof ma alaroêb anäktrdkb

22?

2;

 

SA[QJAL

Nb prasalta tasds raspflma bn sdoudalta prfcnajb ma dlvastdobkdûl7 ¶Kuân as an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf pfr an Kaltrf Kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al nb astrukturb urcblb man sucsaktfr Kflstdtukdûl6 sdalmf an fcgatdvf prdlkdpbn7 „Matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf pfr an Kaltrf Kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al nb astrukturb urcblb man sucsaktfr sucsaktfr Kflstdtukdûl‚ , nb edpûtasds pnbltabmb as7 „An kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka ul djpbktf urcblf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb al nb astrukturb urcblb man sucsaktfr Kflstdtukdûl‚.   Kflstdtukdûl‚.

Ybrb an masbrrfnnf jatfmfnûodkf sa kflsdmarû an jätfmf kdaltêhdkf, taldalmf ul tdpf ma dlvastdobkdûl bpndkbmb, ma ldvan maskrdptdvf - axpndkbtdvf y kfltblmf kfl ul mdsaòf lf axpardjaltbn  ‛  ‛   nflodtumdlbn . Nb pfcnbkdûl hua nb astrukturb urcblb man sucsaktfr Kflstdtukdûl taldalmf ulb juastrb ma ;3? ma ul tftbn ma 3285 pfcnbmfras. Asta astumdf sa cbsû al nb jamdkdûl ma nfs dlmdkbmfras ma djpbktf urcblf masma nb vbnfrbkdûl ma nb jboldtum a djpfrtblkdb. [a kflknuyû kflknuyû qua an djpbktf urcblf urcblf prfmukdmf pfr an Kaltrf Kfjarkdbn Fpa Fpal l Ynbzb al nb astrukturb urcblb as laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb, sdalmf su jbyfr djpbktf laobtdvf al an sdstajb vdbn, pfr astf sa

rakfjalmû ebkar ulb raastrukturbkdûl man sdstajb vdbn.

Ybnbcrbs knbvas7 Djpbktf urcblf, astrukturb urcblb, suc saktfr

2=

 

BC[]SBK]

]eds teasds raspflms tf tea hfnnfwdlo rasabrke prfcnaj7 _ebt ds tea urcbl djpbkt prfmukam cy tea Fpal Ynbzb [efppdlo Kaltar dl tea urcbl struktura fh tea Kflstdtutdfl suc-saktfr6 Cadlo tea jbdl fcgaktdva7 "Matarjdla tea urcbl djpbkt prfmukam cy tea Fpal Ynbzb [efppdlo Kaltar dl tea urcbl struktura fh tea sucsaktfr Kflstdtutdfl", tea eypfteasds ds7 "]ea Fpal Ynbzb sefppdlo kaltar prfmukas b laobtdva urcbl djpbkt fh orabt djpfrtblka fh vary edoe jboldtuma dl tea urcbl struktura fh tea Kflstdtutdfl sucsaktfr." Hfr tea jatefmfnfodkbn mavanfpjalt tea skdaltdhdk jatefm wbs kflsdmaram, ebvdlo b typa fh bppndam rasabrke, fh b maskrdptdva - axpnblbtfry navan blm kfultdlo fl b lfl - axpardjaltbn - nflodtumdlbn masdol. ]ea pfpunbtdfl wbs tea urcbl struktura fh tea Kflstdtutdfl suc-saktfr ebvdlo b sbjpna fh ;3? sattnars. ]eds stumy wbs cbsam fl tea jabsurajalt fh urcbl djpbkt dlmdkbtfrs hrfj tea bssassjalt fh tea jboldtuma blm djpfrtblka. Dt wbs kflknumam tebt tea urcbl djpbkt prfmukam cy tea Fpal Ynbzb [efppdlo Kaltar dl tea urcbl struktura ds b vary djpfrtblt laobtdva fh vary edoe jboldtuma, cadlo dts orabtast laobtdva djpbkt fl tea rfbm systaj, sf dt wbs rakfjjalmam tf jb`a b rastrukturdlo fh tea rfbm systaj.

@aywfrms7 urcbl djpbkt, urcbl struktura, suc saktfr

21

 

DL]SFMQKKDFL Nb prasalta tasds lbka b pbrtdr ma nb krakdalta majblmb kfjarkdbn qua sa eb dmf masbrrfnnblmf al al Eublkbyf al nfs ÷ntdjfs bòfs, nf qua eb mbmf nuobr b nnb b bparturb y hulkdflbjdaltf ma nbs kbmalbs kfjarkdbnas jâs djpfrtbltas b ldvan lbkdflbn, kfjf sfl „Sabn Ynbzb‚ y „Fpal Ynbzb‚ , taldalmf kfjf bltakamalta

qua an kfjarkdf al luastrb kdumbm lf sa alkualtrb kfrraktbjalta frobldzbmf,

oalarblmf kflhndktfs al an trâlsdtf vaedkunbr y pabtflbn, an matardfrf ma aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs, nb prfndharbkdûl man kfjarkdf y pbrbmarfs dlhfrjbnas, altra ftrfs bspaktfs y tbjcdäl nb ask askbsaz bsaz ma astumdfs qua a astäl stäl ranbkdflbmf ranbkdflbmfss kfl an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmukal astfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas al an altfrlf urcblf ma luastrb kdumbm pbrb qua ma asta jfmf sa puambl pravar nfs djpbktfs qua puambl oalarbr. Yfr asta jftdvf asta trbcbgf ma dlvastdobkdûl sa kaltrb b astumdbr an kbsf man Kaltrf Kfjarkdbn „Fpal Ynbzb‚  y an djpbktf urcblf qua vdala prfmukdalmf al nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr malfjdlbmf „Kflstdtukdûl‚, yb qua asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn eb prasaltbmf mdvarsfs dlkflvaldaltas masma su kflstrukkdûl y al su rakdalta bparturb. Kbca jalkdflbr tbjcdäl qua nb mdlbjdzbkdûl ma asta saktfr as avdmalta, yb qua sa astâl oalarblmf kbjcdfs bkanarbmfs y fcsarvbcnas, parf ¶Kuân as an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka6 ¶Astfs djpbktfs sarâl calahdkdfsfs6

Kfl astb

dlvastdobkdûl sa qudara kflfkar an djpbktf urcblf man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb, matarjdlbr al quä jboldtum sa vdalal mblmf, sd sfl djpbktfs pfsdtdvfs f laobtdvfs y sd sfl nf suhdkdaltajalta djpfrtbltas pbrb tfjbrnfs al kualtb y pnbltabr astrbtaodbs ma jdtdobkdûl qua puambl jagfrbr nb astrukturb urcblb y b nb vaz nb kbndmbm ma vdmb ma nfs pfcnbmfras y vdsdtbltas man saktfr. [ao÷l nfs butfras (_accar, Myk`jbl, Outtalcaro, _eabtfl, & Cbuar, 24?9), al su ndcrf „Dlmbobkdflas sfcra nb Astrukturb Qrcblb‚, jalkdflbl qua nb

astrukturb urcblb kflstb ma kubtrf kfjpflaltas, nfs kubnas sfl7 Qsfs ma suanf, [dstajb vdbn, Aqudpbjdaltf Qrcblf, Dlhrbastrukturb y [arvdkdfs, ma astfs kfjpflaltas sa astumdbrb nfs dlmdkbmfras jâs djpfrtbltas y qua b su vaz astäl ranbkdflbmfs bn djpbktf urcblf ma nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas. Nuaof astfs dlmdkbmfras sarâl kfjpbrbmfs al mfs pardfmfs ma tdajpf7 bltas ma nb dlstbnbkdûl

28

 

man K.K. Fpal Ynbzb, pbrb pfmar var an krakdjdaltf lfrjbn sdl ldlo÷l tdpf ma fcgatf brqudtaktûldkf ma orbl alvarobmurb (bòfs 3929 y 392=) y murblta nb dlstbnbkdûl man K.K Fpal Ynbzb (bòf 392?) pbrb kflfkar nfs kbjcdfs bkanarbmfs qua vdala oalarblmf. Asta trbcbgf ma dlvastdobkdûl prasaltb nfs sdoudaltas kbpêtunfs7 Al an Kbpêtunf D, sa kflstdtuya pfr an pnbltabjdaltf man prfcnajb ma dlvastdobkdûl maskrdcdalmf nb edstfrdb ma nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas (jbnns) y nfs kbjcdfs qua puamal trbar al su altfrlf dljamdbtf, hfrjunblmf an sdoudalta prfcnajb prdlkdpbn ¶Kuân as an djpbktf urcblf man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl6, saoudmf man fcgatdvf oalarbn qua sa eb pnbltabmf kfjf „Matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al nb astrukturb u rcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl‚   y fcgatdvfs aspakêhdkfs pbrb kbmb kfjpflalta. [aoudmbjalta sa mb nb gustdhdkbkdûl, nfs bnkblkas y ndjdtbkdflas man tajb. Al an Kbpêtunf DD, sa mb b kflfkar bnkblkas ma nb vbrdbcna ma astumdf „Djpbktf urcblf‚, bsê kfjf nbs cbsas taûrdkbs qua raspbnmal an masbrrfnnf ma nb prasalta

tasds, nfs bltakamaltas dltarlbkdflbnas y lbkdflbnas qua talobl ranbkdûl kfl an tajb, tbjcdäl sa tdala an jbrkf kflkaptubn al mflma sa maskrdcal nfs tärjdlfs qua oudbrfl an masbrrfnnf masbrrfnnf ma nb prasalta dlvastdo dlvastdobkdûl bkdûl y nb fparbkdflbndz fparbkdflbndzbkdûl bkdûl ma nb vbrdbcna djpbktf urcblf, al mflma sa dlmdkb kbmb kfjpflalta a dlmdkbmfr qua sa bcfrmbrfl al an tajb. Al an Kbpêtunf DDD, sa maskrdca an mdsaòf, tdpf y ldvan ma nb prasalta dlvastdobkdûl. ]bjcdäl sa maskrdca nb pfcnbkdûl qua sarâ astumdbmb y an tbjbòf ma nb juastrb, bma bmajâs jâs sa bcfrmbl bcfrmbl nfs bspaktfs jatfmfnûodkfs utdndzbmfs pbrb nb jamdkdûl man djpbktf urcblf masma nb parspaktdvb ma nb jboldtum a djpfrtblkdb. Al an Kbpêtunf DX, sa kbrbktardzb an askalbrdf qua hua fcgatf ma astumdf (astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl), tbjcdäl sa kbrbktardzb an fcgatf dltarvdldalta qua as an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb. Nuaof sa ebka nb

2?

 

prasaltbkdûl ma nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs pfr kbmb dlmdkbmfr, ebkdalmf nb kfjpbrbkdûl altra nfs bòfs 3929, 392= y 392? maskrdcdalmf nbs vbrdbkdflas prfmukdmbs y ma astâl jblarb matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf pfr an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb sdalmf jamdmfs b pbrtdr man pultf ma vdstb ma nb jboldtum a djpfrtblkdb. Al an Kbpêtunf X, sa prasaltb nb mdskusdûl ma nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs b pbrtdr ma nb kfjpbrbkdûl, kfjpbrbkdûl, ebkdalmf a ann kfltrbsta kfl nfs bltakamaltas bltakamaltas kdtbmfs kdtbmfs al nb prasalta dlvastdobkdûl y ma astb jblarb pfmar matarjdlbr sd nfs djpbktfs sfl pfsdtdvfs f laobtdvfs, jamdr al qua jboldtum a djpfrtblkdb sa mbl y nnaobr b kflknusdflas. Hdlbnjalta sa prasaltbl prasaltbl nbs kflknusdflas b pbrtdr ma nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs fctaldmfs y sa mb nbs rakfjalmbkdflas hdlbnas kfjf jamdmb ma jagfrbjdaltf pbrb nb jdtdobkdûl ma nfs djpbktfs alkfltrbmfs, tbjcdäl sa prasaltbl nfs blaxfs man masbrrfnnf ma nb prasalta dlvastdobkdûl.

25

 

KBYD]QNF D

24

 

YNBL]ABJDAL]F MAN YSFCNAJB

2.2. YNBL]ABJDAL]F MAN YSFCNAJB7 Qlb ma nbs prdlkdpbnas bktdvdmbmas qua tdala ulb kdumbm as an kfjarkdf prfjfvdalmf an masbrrfnnf akflûjdkf pbrb nb pfcnbkdûl, maltrf ma nbs orblmas dlhrbastrukturbs qua oalarbl mdlâjdkb akflûjdkb sa tdala b nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas (jbnns), astbcnakdjdaltfs tbl dlhnuyaltas al nb sfkdambm qua ebkal pfsdcna qua nb astrukturb urcblb ma nb kdumbm y an astdnf ma vdmb ma nfs pfcnbmfras sa jfmdhdqua. Nfs jbnns suroal al nfs pbêsas masbrrfnnbmfs ma Aurfpb y Bsdb, kfl ul hdl kflsujdstb, yb qua nfs kdumbmblfs kfltbcbl kfl ulb akflfjêb sfnvalta. Al an sdonf UU, astbs dlhrbastrukturbs bpbrakal al Astbmfs Qldmfs, macdmf b nb majblmb kflsujdstb ma nb pfcnbkdûl y kfjf raspuastb b krabr suckaltrfs urcblfs qua oalaral bktdvdmbm al nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs ma nb pardhardb ma nb kdumbm, yb qua astfs sa kbrbktardzbcbl pfr nb dlbktdvdmbm y masfnbkdûl, al kflsakualkdb nb orbl jbyfrêb ma kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas lf kflsdmarb an djpbktf urcblf qua puama oalarbr al su altfrlf. Nbtdlfbjärdkb lf as bgalb b asta krakdjdaltf kfjarkdbn, ld tbjpfkf b astb tdpfnfoêb ma dlhrbastrukturb, as pfr annf qua al jukefs pbêsas nbtdlfbjardkblfs sa fcsarvb an surodjdaltf ma nfs jbnns.

39

 

Saobzzfnd, G. (3921) al su brtêkunf Nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas y su djpbktf al masma ma nfs bòfs lfvaltb vvdala dala axdstdalmf nb kdumbm   bhdrjb qua al Bjärdkb nbtdlb mas ul prfkasf ma prdvbtdzbkdûl ma nb pnbldhdkbkdûl urcblb, yb qua vdala sdalmf raodmf pfr ajprasbs prdvbmbs mamdkbmbs b nb kflstrukkdûl qua vanbl pfr kflsaoudr calahdkdfs calahdkdfs nnukrbtdvfs ukrbtdvfs y lf pfr kfls kflsaoudr aoudr an cdal kfj÷l pbrb nb pfcnbkdûl, pfr asta jftdvf suroal anajaltfs qua rfjpal kfl nbs kbrbktarêstdkbs pfsdtdvbs ma nfs kaltrfs urcblfs, ulf ma astfs anajaltfs sfl nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas tdpf jbnn, astbs ajprasbs bhdrjbl qua an jbnn tdala ul djpbktf urcblf calahdkdfsf bn oalarbr pfnfs ma masbrrfnnf, sdl ajcbrof astb bsavarbkdûl as kuastdflbcna, yb qua jukebs vakas lf sa oalarb ul luavf pfnf ma masbrrfnnf sdlf qua astbs sa trbsnbmbl maltrf ma nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas, nfs nu nuobras obras mflma sa masbrrfnnbcbl bktdvdmbmas kfjf kfjprbs, fkdf y trbcbgf quambl bcblmflbmfs y as bsê kfjf nb vdmb urcblb sa trbsnbmb ma nb kdumbm b nfs nf s kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas. Al Broaltdlb, axdsta ulb orbl mdvarsdmbm ma astbcn astbcnakdjdaltfs akdjdaltfs kfjarkdbnas, kfjarkdbnas, tbn kfjf nf dlmdkb ]annb y Yftfk`f (3994) al an brtêkunf Nfs sefppdlo avfnukdflbl kfjf lafkaltrfs urcblfs, al mflma sa jalkdflb qua nb dlsarkdûl ma nfs kaltrfs

kfjarkdbnas al nb kdumbm prfmuka nb butfsaoraobkdûl ma pramdfs ma prfpdambm prdvbmb, rfjpdalmf kfl nb ranbkdûl altra an aspbkdf p÷cndkf y prdvbmf kflvdrtdälmfsa al cbrrarbs urcblbs qua qudacrbl nb trbjb ma kdumbm bcdartb, yb qua nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas bncarobl ul orbl l÷jarf ma bktdvdmbmas urcblbs, b astf sa maca ma sujbr nbs kfjpndkbkdflas al an trâlsdtf vaedkunbr y pabtflbn pfr nb orbl bhnualkdb ma vdsdtbltas. Al nbs ârabs urcblbs nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas dlmukal b nb malsdhdkbkdûl y pfr ftrf nbmf bn vbkdbjdaltf ma kaltrbndmbmas trbmdkdflbnas. As bsê qua nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas sa kflvdartal al pultfs ma kaltrbndmbm, ebkdalmf qua nbs bktdvdmbmas qua sa masbrrfnnbcbl al nb zflb kaltrf ma ulb kdumbm, befrb sa trbsnbmal b nfs bnramamfras, astfs nuobras pardurcblfs lf sa alkualtrbl macdmbjalta pnbldhdkbmfs pbrb sfpfrtbr nb majblmb kfjarkdbn, vaedkunbr y pabtflbn qua kflkaltrbl nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas. Al an Yar÷ tbjcdäl sa eb vdstf nb dlhnualkdb ma astfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas, oalarblmf djpbktfs urcblfs, raspaktf raspaktf b astb prfcn prfcnajâtdkb ajâtdkb Kbstbòamb, N. (392=) rahdara nf sdoudalta7

32

 

Al nb jbyfrêb ma kdumbmas parublbs, nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas sa astâl kflvdrtdalmf al nfs luavfs aspbkdfs kfjpnajaltbrdfs ma alkualtrf sfkdbn, kunturbn y ma rakrabkdûl. Dlmdkbmfras jbkrfakflûjdkfs, an buoa ma nb jdlarêb y an turdsjf y nb kflsfndmbkdûl ma nb knbsa jamdb, vdalal oalarblmf ul jbyfr pfmar bmqudsdtdvf al nb pfcnbkdûl, qudalas majblmbl b nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas yb lf sûnf kfjf agas kaltrbnas ma bcbstfs, sd lf kfjf kdumbmas kfjarkdbnas, saourbs y mdlâjdkbs qua hfrjbndzbl an kfjarkdf. Nb edstfrdb ma nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas dldkdb al Ndjb, al nfs bòfs 89— kfl an KK. [bl Dsdmrf y K.K. Sdssf, al nfs ?9— y 59— kfl K.K. Ynbzb [bl Jdouan, K.K. Kbjdlf Sabn y

K.K. Bralbnas, pbrb pfstardfrjalta radlvaltbrsa al nb mäkbmb man 49— kfl an Gfk`ay Ynbzb. B nb bktubndmbm, an Orupf Dltarcbl` (Sabn Ynbzb), an Orupf Hbnbcannb (Fpal Ynbzb), Bmjdldstrbmfrb Yblbjardkblb (Jaob Ynbzb y Jaob Axprass) y Kaltalbrdf (Ynbzb man [fn, Ynbzb ma nb Nulb y Jdl`b) sfl nfs fparbmfras qua bmjdldstrbl jâs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas al tfmf an pbês. As bsê qua an talar ul nuobr f kfjarkdf mflma ebkar nbs kfjprbs raprasaltb an jbyfr y prdjar dlmdkbmfr ma sbtdshbkkdûl (81.8% al Ndjb) dlhnuyalmf pfsdtdvbjalta al nb kbndmbm ma vdmb. Bsdjdsjf, 2 ma kbmb 1 ndjaòfs fpdlb qua an kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn / kfjarkdf bjcunbtfrdf as ulf ma nfs prfcnajbs jâs djpfrtbltas qua bhaktbl nb kbndmbm ma vdmb al nb kbpdtbn. (pârr.2) Eublkbyf, sa kbrbktardzb pfr talar kfjf bktdvdmbm prdlkdpbn an kfjarkdf, as pfr annf qua as kflsdmarbmb kfjf nb „Kbpdtbn Hardbn man Yar÷‚, bmajâs pfr sar nb kdumbm jâs djpfrtblta ma nb zflb kaltrf, nfs dlvarsdfldstbs ebl vdstf ul orbl pftalkdbn akflûjdkf y kfjarkdbn0 al kflsakualkdb nb kbmalb ma Kaltrfs Kfjarkdbnas Sabn Ynbzb bcra sus puartbs bn p÷cndkf eublkbêlf al an bòf 3995 ucdkâlmfsa al an bltdouf tarralf ma nb astbkdûl man harrfkbrrdn kaltrbn, rapftalkdblmf astb ârab ma kfjarkdf dltalsdvf. Nb bparturb man Kaltrf Kfjarkdbn Sabn Ynbzb prfmugf ul djpbktf urcblf trbskalmaltbn pbrb Eublkbyf, bsê pfr agajpnf sa fcsarvû an kbjcdf man usf ma suanf ma nfs tarralfs kfndlmbltas ma nb  Bv. Odrânmaz y nb Bv. Harrfk Harrfkbrrdn, brrdn, nfs jdsjfs qua arbl utdndzbmfs kfjf vdvdalmb, pbrb nuaof sar usbmfs usbmfs kfjf tdalmb tdalmbss kfjarkdbnas, kflnnavblmf kflnnavblmf b ul bkanarbmf dlkrajaltf al an kfstf ma nfs tarralfs kfndlmbltas. Al an sdstajb vdbn sa parkdca an kbjcdf ma nb Bv. Harrfkbrrdn nb kubn arb ulb vêb mdskfltdlub, kflvdrtdälmfsa

33

 

maspuäs al ulb prdlkdpbn bvaldmb kfltdlub, kfl raspaktf b nfs sarvdkdfs sa dlkrajaltû an ldvan man kflsujf ma nb alaroêb anäktrdkb pfr nb utdndzbkdûl axkasdvb ma nbs nujdlbrdbs y blulkdfs pucndkdtbrdfs y pfr ÷ntdjf kbca rasbntbr qua asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn as ul luavf pultf ma alkualtrf ma nb kdumbm pfr fhrakar ul bjcdalta jâs saourf ftfroblmf kfjfmdmbmas ma kfjarkdf, mdvarsdûl y altrataldjdaltf b nfs kflsujdmfras, maspnbzblmf b nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs kfjf nb pnbzb „Kflstdtukdûl‚, an pbrqua „Eubjbljbrkb‚,   altra ftrfs, kflvdrtdälmfsa al ul aqudpbjdaltf urcblf ma orbl alvarobmurb. Xdalmf astb orbl bkaptbkdûl qua tdala asta ma tdpf ma astbcnakdjdaltf pfr pbrta ma nb pfcnbkdûl, nb kbmalb kfjarkdbn „Fpal Ynbzb‚, makdma dlvartdr al luastrb kdumbm, dldkdblmf su kflstrukkdûl an bòf 392=.

¶YFS RQÄ A[]QMDBS AN DJYBK]F QSCBLF MAN KAL]SF KFJASKDBN FYAL YNBWB6  ]aldalmf kfjf bltakamalta an kbsf man K.K. Sabn Ynbzb al luastrb kdumbm, lf kbca mumb qua an djpbktf urc urcblf blf prfmukdmf pfr an K.K. Fpal Ynbzb sab an jdsjf, sdl ajcbrof b mdharalkdb man Sabn Ynbzb, an kubn sa ucdkû al ul zflb mflma sa kflkaltrb an kfjarkdf dltalsdvf ma nb kdumbm pfr nb prasalkdb ma nfs jarkbmfs jbyfrdstbs, an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb sa dlsartû al ulb zflb kfl talmalkdb b sar ul ârab rasdmalkdbn pfr an askbsf jfvdjdaltf kfjarkdbn qua axdstêb bltas ma su hulkdflbjdaltf. Yfr asta jftdvf b kfltdlubkdûl sa maskrdcal nfs bspaktfs pfr nfs kubnas sa maca astumdbr an djpbktf urcblf man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb7   Yfr su ucdkbkdûl7



An kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb eb prasaltbmf dlkflvaldaltas masma su kflstrukkdûl, yb qua masma ul dldkdf lf sa eb rabndzbmf ul kfrraktf astumdf ma su dlsarkdûl al an kfltaxtf urcblf taldalmf mdhdkuntbmas pbrb fctalar nb ndkalkdb ma kflstrukkdûl. Nb prasalkdb man Sdf [eunnkbs y nb sfcrasbturbkdûl ma butfjûvdnas al nb bv bvaldmb aldmb Harrfkbrrdn, sfl mfs hbktfras qua kflmdkdflbl ul astumdf man djpbktf urcblf ma asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn.

3;

 

  Yfr nb krakdalta mdlâjdkb kfjarkdbn al an suc saktfr7



Ftrf ma nfs bspaktfs pfr an kubn sa maca astumdbr an djpbktf urcblf ma asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn as qua masma su bparturb vdala prfmukdalmf trblshfrjbkdflas urcblbs al ul kfrtf pardfmf ma tdajpf. Al nb bktubndmbm nfs kbjcdfs sfl avdmaltas b sdjpna vdstb, bsê talajfs nb bparturb bkanarbmb ma luavfs astbcnakdjdaltfs kfjarkdbnas, nb prfndharbkdûl man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn al nb vêb p÷cndkb, nb sbturbkdûl vaedkunbr y pabtflbn ma nbs kbnnas prdlkdpbnas, nb maorbmbkdûl y masdltaorbkdûl ma nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs man rdf [eunnkbs, anavbmf kfstf man suanf urcblf, nb trblshfrjbkdûl man usf dlmustrdbn y rasdmalkdbn bn usf kfjarkdbn, altra ftrfs, ma astb jblarb as avdmalta qua nb astrukturb urcblb ma astb pbrta ma nb kdumbm sa kflvdarta al ul luavf pfnf ma masbrrfnnf akflûjdkf y urcblf pfr kflkaltrbr mdvarsbs bktdvdmbmas, as bsê qua nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl al ul djpfrtblta fcgatf ma astu astumdf mdf macdmf b nfs djpbktfs urcblfs qua vdalal fkurrdalmf masma nb prasalkdb ma asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn, taldalmf al kflsdmarbkdûl qua bltas ma nb bpbrdkdûl man Fpal pnbzb, astb pbrta ma nb kdumbm arb pfkf kflkurrdmb tbltf kfjarkdbn, vaedkunbr y pabtflbnjalta, Yfr tfmf nf axpuastf al astbs nêlabs y taldalmf al kflsdmarbkdûl astfs mfs bspaktfs (nb ucdkbkdûl man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb y nb krakdalta mdlâjdkb kfjarkdbn qua sa astâ mblmf al an suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl bktubnjalta), astb dlvastdobkdûl sa frdaltb b matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb y mbr b kflfkar sd sfl djpbktfs laobtdvfs f pfsdtdvfs pbrb nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl y al quä jboldtum jboldtum a djpfrtblkdb sa vdalal mblmf.

2.3. HFSJQNBKDÛL T [D[]AJB]DWBKDÛL MAN YSFCNAJB7  B pbrtdr ma nb kbrbktardzbkdûl man prfcnajb sa puama rabndzbr nb c÷squamb ma nf qua sa sa qudara dlv dlvastdobr astdobr kfl asta trbcbgf trbcbgf ma tasds, pnbltablmf an prfcnajb prdlkdpbn y nfs prfcnajbs aspakêhdkfs, nfs kubnas huarfl ouêbs pbrb an masbrrfnnf ma tfmb nb dlvastdobkdûl.

3=

 

2.3.2. Yrfcnajb oalarbn7   ¶Kuân as an djpbktf djpbktf urcblf urcblf qua prfmuka an Kaltrf Kfjarkdbn F Fpal pal Ynb Ynbzb zb al



nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl6

2.3.3. Yrfcnajbs aspakêhdkfs7 Nfs prfcnajbs aspakêhdkfs astâl mbmfs pbrb kbmb kfjpflalta ma nb astrukturb urcblb, taldalmf nfs sdoudaltas prfcnajbs7 b) ¶Kuân as an djpbktf urcbl urcblf f qua prfmuka an kkaltrf altrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Y Ynbzb nbzb al nfs usfs ma suanf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl6  c) ¶Kuân as an djpbktf urcbl urcblf f qua prfmuka an kkaltrf altrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbz Ynbzb b al an sdstajb vdbn man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl6  k) ¶Kuân as an djpbktf urcblf urcblf qua prfmuka an kkaltrf altrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Y Ynbzb nbzb al an aqudpbjdaltf urcblf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl6  m) ¶Kuân as an djpbktf urcbl urcblf f qua prfmuka an kkaltrf altrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al nfs sarvdkdfs man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl6 

2.;. GQ[]DHDKBKDÛL7 2.;.2. Gustdhdkbkdûl prâktdkb prâktdkb f sfkdbn7  Nfs rasuntbmfs ma nb dlvastdobkdûl, d lvastdobkdûl, parjdtal dmaltdhdkbr prfcnajbs prdfrdtbrdfs maltrf ma nb astrukturb urcblb ma nb kdumbm b pbrtdr ma nb jamdkdûl ma nfs dlmdkbmfras ma djpbktf urcblf, nfs kubnas pfmrêbl sar bcfrmbmfs al huturfs prfyaktfs urcblf-brqudtaktûldkfs.

31

 

Al nb mdjalsdûl usfs ma suanf, parjdtdrâ rafrobldzbr astfs usfs, zfldhdkbrnfs pfr zflbs pbrb ulb jagfr mdstrdcukdûl. Al nb mdjalsdûl man sdstajb vdbn, parjdtdrâ dmaltdhdkbr prfyaktfs vdbnas urcblfs al hulkdûl man sdstajb vdbn oalarbn. Al nb mdjalsdûl ma aqudpbjdaltf urcblf, parjdtdrâ ra-mdsaòbr nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs ma rakrabkdûl, kfl jbyfras btrbkkdflas pbrb an mdshruta ma nb pfcnbkdûl. T pfr ÷ntdjf al nb mdjalsdûl ma sarvdkdfs, parjdtdrâ dmaltdhdkbr huturfs prfyaktfs pbrb an bcbstakdjdaltf ma boub, masboþa y alaroêb anäktrdkb.

2.;.3. Gustdhdkbkdûl jatfmfnûodkb7  Yfrqua prasaltb ul jätfmf ma avbnubkdûl pbrb pfmar jamdr an djpbktf urcblf

prfmukdmf pfr kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas cbsbmf a al l nb kflstrukkdûl ma

dlmdkbmfras. Jatfmfnfoêb qua puama astbcnakarsa kfjf raharalta pbrb huturbs dlvastdobkdflas sdjdnbras.

2.=. MANDJD]BKDFLA[7 2.=.2. Mandjdtbkdûl aspbkdbn7 An aspbkdf oaforâhdkf astâ kflstdtudmf pfr nb astrukturb urcblb ma Eublkbyf jatrfpfndtblf jatrfpfndtblf saktfrdzbmf pfr nfs mdstrdtfs ma Eublkby Eublkbyf, f, An ]bjcf y Kednkb, pbrb an masbrrfnnf ma nb prasalta tasds sa kflsdmarû kfjf nuobr ma astumdf nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr KK-23 malfjdlbmf KFL[]D]QKDÛL, macdmf qua maltrf ma nb astrukturb urcblb ma asta suc saktfr partalakdalta bn mdstrdtf ma Eublkbyf sa alkualtrb an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb.

38

 

Ndjdtas7 Lfrta7 Sdf [eunnkbs

Asta7 Bv. Harrfkbrrdn

[ur7 Bv. Odrânmaz

Fasta7 Kbnna Sabn

JBOAL L¹ 927 Astrukturb Astrukturb urcblb man [uc saktfr Kk-23 Kflstdtukdûl Kflstdtukdûl HQAL]A7 Offona Offona Abrte

2.=.3. Mandjdtbkdûl tajpfrbn7 [a kflsdmarû tras bòfs ma astumdf7 3929 y 392= , astfs bòfs raprasaltbl an astbmf ma nb astrukturb urcblb bltas man hulkdflbjdaltf man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb y an bòf 392? an kubn raprasaltb an astbmf bktubn ma nb astrukturb urcblb kfl nb prasalkdb man Fpal pnbzb. Nfs rasuntbmfs qua sa fctalmrâl ma nfs bòfs 3929 y 392= prdlkdpbnjalta, sa avbnubrâl al hulkdûl ma nb dlhfrjbkdûl alkfltrbmb y tbjcdäl b nb mdspfldcdndmbm ma nbs parsflbs y butfrdmbmas qua puambl hbkdndtbr mdkefs mbtfs, yb qua pfr sar bòfs pbsbmfs nb kartazb ma nfs mbtfs puamal sar sucgatdvfs.

2.=.;. Mandjdtbkdûl Akflûjdkb7 Nfs rakursfs akflûjdkfs, jbtardbnas a dlhfrjâtdkfs sarâl bsujdmfs al su tftbndmbm pfr nbs butfrbs ma nb prasalta dlvastdobkdûl.

3?

 

2.1. NDJD]BKDFLA[7 [d cdal as kdartf qua nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas prfmukal ulb mdvarsdmbm ma djpbktfs an prasalta trbcbgf ma tasds sa sa kaltrb bn astumdf man

DJYBK]F

QSCBLF macdmf b nbs ndjdtbkdflas ma tdajpf y prdlkdpbnjalta ma nfs raquardjdaltfs bkbmäjdkfs. ]aldalmf al kflsdmarbkdûl astf b kfltdlubkdûl sa maskrdca nfs dlmdkbmfras b astumdbr man djpbktf urcblf7 ur cblf7 

DLMDKBMFSA[ MAN DJYBK]F QSCBLF7 Nfs dlmdkbmfras sarâl bquannfs qua astäl ranbkdflbmfs kfl an djpbktf urcblf ma nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas tfjâlmfsa kfjf raharalkdb nfs bltakamaltas kdtbmfs al an jbrkf taûrdkf, pbrb an masbrrfnnf ma nb prasalta tasds sfnbjalta ssa a kflsdmarû bquannfs djpbktfs urcblfs qua sa prfmukal al nb A[]SQK]QSB QSCBLB, sdalmf asta an nêjdta ma astumdf y lf dlknudr ftrfs bspaktfs urcblfs. Ybrb nb kflstrukkdûl ma nfs dlmdkbmfras sa knbsdhdkû kbmb djpbktf urcblf sao÷l kbmb kfjpflalta ma nb astrukturb urcblb taldalmf nf sdoudalta7

3. Bntarbkdûl al nfs usfs ma suanf ;. Bujaltf al an kfstf man suanf urcblf =. Oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas

Qsf ma suanf

1. Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas 8. Bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr ?. Bprfpdbkdûl pucndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas

[dstajb vdbn

5. Mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs 4. Bcblmflf y matardfrf man aspbkdf p÷cndkf mastdlbmf b nb rakrabkdûl

Aqudpbjdaltf urcblf

29. Bntarbkdûl al an vfnujal ma boub 22. Bntarbkdûl man hulkdflbjdaltf man man masboþa

[arvdkdfs

23. Bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr nb alaroêb alaroêb anäktrdkb

35

 

Ybrb _accar y ftrfs0 kdtbmfs p pfr fr Bkuòb, Y. (392;) an astumdf ma nb astrukturb urcblb kflstb ma kdlkf kfjpflaltas urcblfs, pbrb astb tasds sa kflsdmarû kubtrf kfjpflaltas (usfs ma suanf, sdstajb vdbn, aqudpbjdaltf urcblf y sarvdkdfs), yb qua an astumdf ma aspbkdfs varmas arb drranavblta pbrb an tajb ma dlvastdobkdûl y huarfl maskrdtfs kfjf aspbkdfs ma rakrabkdûl. 

2.8. FCGA]DXF[7 2.8.2. Fcgatdvf Oalarbn7   Matarjdlbr an djpbkt djpbktf f urcblf qua prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbz Ynbzb b al



nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl.

2.8.3. Fcgatdvfs Aspakêhdkfs7 Nfs fcgatdvfs aspakêhdkfs astâl mbmfs al hulkdûl b kbmb kfjpflalta ma nb astrukturb urcblb, bsê talajfs nfs sdoudaltas fcgatdvfs aspakêhdkfs7

2. Matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al nfs usfs ma suanf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. 

3. Matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al an sdstajb vdbn man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. 

;. Matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al an aqudpbjdaltf urcblf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. 

=. Matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al nfs sarvdkdfs man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. 

34

 

KBYD]QNF DD

;9

 

JBSKF ]AFSDKF

3.2. BL]AKAMAL]A[7  Bn raspaktf ma nb prasalta dlvastdobkdûl dlvastdobkdûl sa ebl sanak sanakkdflbmf kdflbmf nfs sdo sdoudaltas udaltas bltakamaltas dltarlbkdflbnas y lbkdflbnas7

  Ybquatta, K. (399?). Al su astumdf „Nbs luavbs orblmas kaltrbndmbmas



kfjarkdbnas al nfs pnblas ma masbrrfnnf urcblf ma nb k dumbm ma Jäxdkf‚, jalkdflb qua7   B nf nbrof ma nbs ÷ntdjbs mfs mäkbmbs, astfs sêjcfnfs ma ulb onfcbndzbkdûl akflûjdkb kbmb vaz jâs parkaptdcna sa ebl juntdpndkbmf al nfs pbdsbgas jatrfpfndtblfs ma Bjärdkb Nbtdlb. Ebl mbmf nuobr b nb kflsfndmbkdûl ma luavbs kaltrbndmbmas kuyf pfmar astrukturblta as dllaobcna. T sa ebl djpuastf al nfs jfmfs ma vdmb ma ul orbl l÷jarf ma kdumbmblfs, lf sfnf kfjf nuobras ma kflsujf, sdlf tbjcdäl kfjf luavfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs urcblfs.(pârr.2) Al asta astumdf tbjcdäl sa jalkdflb qua7 Astfs orblmas lfmfs kfjarkdbnas „prfvfkbl prfcnajbs ma trâhdkf y sbturbkdûl

ma astbkdflbjdaltfs, bntarbkdûl ma nb djboal urcblb, dlkrajaltf ma nfs

;2

 

kfstfs y trblshfrjbkdûl ma nfs usfs ma suanf‚. Ma jblarb oalarbn, nbs ârabs urcblbs qua prasaltbl ulb malsdmbm jbyfr ma fhdkdlbs y kfjarkdf. [a nas btrdcuya hdlbnjalta b nfs orblmas kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas nb raspflsbcdndmbm ma kfltrdcudr b prdvbtdzbr an aspbkdf p÷cndkf. Nb bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas, pnbzbs p÷cndkbs, ârabs mapfrtdvbs y pbrquas sa astbrêb parmdalmf al nb kdumbm y sa astbrêb prfmukdalmf ulb „altraob bn kbpdtbn prdvbmf ma bktdvdmbmas y aspbkdfs qua bltas fkupbcb an saktfr p÷cndkf‚. ( Orblmas

kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas y pnbldhdkbkdûl urcblb7 rakflfkdjdaltf pbrkdbn y astdojbtdzbkdûl. pârr.25) [a puama lftbr qua nb pnbldhdkbkdûl urcblb lf as sdajpra al calahdkdf ma nb prfpdb kdumbm, jukebs vakas astb pnbldhdkbkdûl sa va ndobmb b dltarasas akflûjdkfs y pfnêtdkfs ma nbs butfrdmbmas b kbrof. [d cdal as kdartf, nfs jbnns puamal oalarbr djpbktfs pfsdtdvfs kfjf an masbrrfnnf akflûjdkf ma nb kdumbm, parf b nb vaz trbal kflsdof djpbktfs urcblfs laobtdvfs oalarblmf kbfs y masfrmal pargumdkblmf b nb astrukturb urcblb y b nb pfcnbkdûl. Ma astb dlvastdobkdûl, lfs dltarasbl nfs djpbktfs urcblfs maskrdtfs pfr nb butfrb yb qua sarâl utdndzbmfs kfjf cbsa pbrb nb kfls kflstrukkdûl trukkdûl ma nfs dlmdkbmfras man djpbktf urcblf ma nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas, as bsê qua b kfltdlubkdûl sa lfjcrb astfs djpbktfs urcblfs7 - Dlkrajaltf al an kfstf man suanf. - ]rblshfrjbkdûl ma nfs usfs man suanf. - Bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas. - Bujaltf man trâlsdtf vaedkunbr. - [bturbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs. - Bcblmflf y matardfrf man aspbkdf aspbkdf p÷cndkf. - Malsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas.

 



[ao÷l [byaoe, @. (3929), al su dlhfrja hdlbn hdlbn ma pbsbltêb tdala pf pfrr lfjcra

„¶An kaltrf kfjarkdbn kfjf bntarlbtdvb bn aspbkdf pucndkf ma nbs kdumbmas6

Maskrdca nf sdoudalta 7 

;3

 

Al asta trbcbgf sa altalmarâl b nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas kfjf amdhdkdfs f kflgultfs ma amdhdkdfs prfvdstfs ma astbkdflbjdaltfs y ma sarvdkdfs kfjulas kflstrudmfs kfjf ulb uldmbm brqudtaktûldkb pnbldhdkbmb, masbrrfnnbmb y fparbmb pbrb sarvdr prdjfrmdbnjalta b ul sanaktf orupf ma kfjarkdfs prfpdfs ma ulb ârab qua puamal kfltbr bmajâs ma su bktdvdmbm kfjarkdbn kfl ftrbs tbl vbrdbmbs kfjf nb rakrabtdvb, kfjuldkbkdflbn, kaltrfs ma fhdkdlb, rasdmalkdbn, pbrquas tajâtdkfs f kubnqudar ftrb qua puamb btrbar orblmas orupfs eujblfs. Nb rabndzbkdûl man jdsjf maca kflsdmarbr an altfrlf hêsdkf dljamdbtf, bn doubn qua ul blândsds ma jarkbmf, ranbkdûl fhartb-majblmb, talmalkdbs kfjarkdbnas, altra ftrfs. Nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas oalarbl ul djpbktf al nb kdumbm, al jukefs kbsfs asta djpbktf puama sar pfsdtdvf f laobtdvf. [d cdal as kdartf qua nfs kflstruktfras cuskbl calahdkdbrsa kfl nb kflstrukkdûl ma nfs jdsjfs, astfs b su vaz macal tfjbr al kflsdmarbkdûl su altfrlf pbrb qua puamb dltaorbrsa kfl nb kdumbm y b su aspbkdf y bsê pfmar mbr ul bpfrta b nb jdsjb, bn p÷cndkf y nb sfkdambm al oalarbn, yb qua an jdsjf puama oalarbr ul djpbktf urcblf, sfkdbn y kunturbn.

Ma nf askrdtf pfr nb butfrb sa puama jalkdflbr qua pbrb kflstrudr ul kaltrf kfjarkdbn sa maca tfjbr al kflsdmarbkdûl an altfrlf hêsdkf dljamdbtf pbrb su dltaorbkdûl kfl nb kdumbm, al an qua puamb oalarbr ul orbl bpfrta calähdkf b nb sfkdambm y nfs djpbktfs qua sa oalaral sabl jbyfrjalta pfsdtdvfs. B kfltdlubkdûl nb butfrb axpfla matarjdlbltas pbrb an mdsaòf nfs kubnas sfl7

2.

Yrforbjb7 [a trbtb m ma a ulb jazknb ma juntdusfs, tfmf al ul jdsjf nuobr qua bmajâs sa bmbpta b nbs lakasdmbmas l akasdmbmas kunturbnas y urcblbs.

3.

Dltaorbkdûl kfl an altfrlf7 Yfmajfs alkfltrbr mfs knbsas ma kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas kbtbnfobmfs raspaktf b su dltaorbkdûl kfl an altfrlf0 bquannfs qua sa bmbptbl y sa dltaorbl kfl su altfrlf urcblf bcrdälmfsa b nb kdumbm, b sus cunavbras, astbkdflas ma jatrf, pnbzbs y bvaldmbs djpfrtbltas dj pfrtbltas ma tbn jblarb qua kubnqudar tdpf ma trblsa÷lta puamb bkkamar sdl jbyfras prfcnajbs bn jdsjf y mdshrutbr ma tfmf nf qua annfs fhrakal y bquannfs qua

;;

 

astâl tftbnjalta karrbmfs b nb kdumbm y sus vêbs ma bkkasf sfl juy ndjdtbmbs. ;. [dstajb aspbkdbn7 As djpfrtblta djpfrtblta kflsdmarbr al an mdsaòf ma nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas su nûodkb brqudtaktûldkb man aspbkdf prfpfrkdflbrâl nb kfjfmdmbm man usubrdf. =. Sanbkdûl kfl an kbrrf7 An astbkdflbjdaltf as as an kfjpflalta man kaltrf kfjarkdbn kfl an kubn jukefs ma nfs vdsdtbltas tdalal an prdjar kfltbktf, pfr nf qua asb djprasdûl macarâ sar orbtb y kflhfrtbcna nb bkkdûl ma bpbrkbr y ma ranbkdflbr asta kfjpflalta kfl nfs laofkdfs. 1. Sanbkdûl kfl an pabtûl7 Nfs kaltrfs kfjark kfjarkdbnas, dbnas, macal tbjcdäl astumdbr an aspbkdf axtardfr kfjf hbktfr matarjdlblta pbrb nforbr an äxdtf man jdsjf, as makdr, nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas macal astbr dltaorbmfs b su altfrlf y macal sar ma hâkdn bkkasf tbltf vaedkunbr kfjf pabtflbn. Nb butfrb ebka raharalkdb b vbrdfs êtajs qua sa maca kflsdmarbr pbrb ul bmakubmf mdsaòf ma kaltrf kfjarkdbn qua talob dltaorbkdûl kfl an aspbkdf dljamdbtf y kfl an kdumbmblf qua sarâ an kflsujdstb, qua sab ma hâkdn bkkasf tbltf vaedkunbr kfjf pabtflbn, sustaltbcna, bktdvdmbmas j÷ntdpnas, dltaorbkdûl kfl an altfrlf y puamb kujpndr kfl tfmbs t fmbs sus axpaktbtdvbs. Ftrf hbktfr djpfrtblta as nb dltaorbkdûl kfl an pabtûl nf kubn matarjdlb nb kfjfmdmbm man jdsjf y äxdtf man kaltrf, yb qua bn dltaorbrsa bn usubrdf asta sa sdalta kfjpralmdmf pfr an brqudtaktf, sdalta qua astâ eakef pbrb än y sus lakasdmbmas, yb qua as ma hâkdn bkkasf y hâkdn bprakdbkdûl Ma tfmf annf sa nnaob b nb kflknusdûl ma qua ulb dlhrbastrukturb kfjf ul kaltrf kfjarkdbn maca sar bkfoamfr tbltf dltardfr kfjf axtardfrjalta, palsbmf al sar kflstrudmf kfjf ul nuobr kflhfrtbcna qua talob ulb brjflêb kfl an altfrlf dljamdbtf jâs lf pfr an kfltrbrdf qua na mä nb aspbnmb bn kfltaxtf qua nf rfmab. Luastrf pbês lf as bgalf b nb orbl majblmb ma nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas (jbnns) pfr pbrta ma nb pfcnbkdûl, as bsê qua sa tdala an sdoudalta bltakamalta lbkdflbn7

;=

 

  Blounf, K. (3928), al su trbcbgf ma dlvastdobkdûl „An djpbktf urcblf man jbnn



bvalturb pnbzb al nb urcbldzbkdûl nb Asjarbnmb, ]rugdnnf  ‛  Yar÷‚,  blftb nf sdoudalta7 An trbcbgf ma tasds ma jbastrêb tuvf kfjf fcgatdvf ma astumdf an Djpbktf Qrcblf Man Jbnn Bvalturb Ynbzb al nb Qrcbldzbkdûl Nb Asjarbnmb, ucdkbmf al an mdstrdtf ma ]rugdnnf, kfl an prfpûsdtf ma sbcar sd axdstal djpbktfs urcblfs laobtdvfs qua bntarbl nb kbndmbm ma vdmb al nb jalkdflbmb Qrcbldzbkdûl y sd ästfs sfl sdoldhdkbtdvfs kfjf pbrb tfjbrnfs al kualtb pbrb an masbrrfnnf ma pfnêtdkbs ma jdtdobkdûl al nb kdumbm. Al an trbcbgf sa alkfltrbrfl rasuntbmfs pfsdtdvfs kfjf sfl nb mdvarsdhdkbkdûl y bujaltf ma nfs vbnfras man tarralf pbrb nfs pfcnbmfras ma nb zflb zflb y rasuntbmfs laob laobtdvfs tdvfs kfjf nb bpbrdkdûl ma bjcunbltas qua dlvbmal nb vêb p÷cndkb, an bcblmflf ma kfjprbs b nfs jarkbmfs bnambòfs b nb zflb y an dlkrajaltf man trâhdkf y bkkdmaltas ma trâlsdtf0 utdndzblmf an jätfmf kdaltêhdkf maskrdptdvf kfl täkldkbs blbnêtdkbskubltdtbtdvbs, pfr nf qua sa rakfjdalmb rabndzbr pfnêtdkbs ma ofcarlblzb, sflmafs ma ma jbr`atdlo, jbr`atdlo, rutbs ma bkkasf vdbn y bkflmdkdflbr tfmbs astfs dlstrujaltfs b ul Ynbl ma Mas Masbrrfnnf brrfnnf Qrcblf pbrb avdtbr huturfs djpbktfs laobtdvfs. (p. vd)

Qlf ma nfs bspaktfs qua hua ma pbrtdkunbr dltaräs pbrb an masbrrfnnf ma nb prasalta tasds as nb jatfmfnfoêb utdndzbmb, al nb qua an dlvastdobmfr eb frmalbmf nb dlhfrjbkdûl fctaldmb jamdblta jätfmfs y täkldkbs ma rakfnakkdûl ma mbtfs. Nfs jätfmfs y täkldkbs sa prasaltbl b kfltdlubkdûl7

;1

 

HB[A MA

MA[KSDYKDFL

A[]QMDF

]AKLDKB[

Astb hbsa kfjpralma an tdpf ma MDBOLF[]DKF

astumdf bn qua partalaka an trbcbgf qua sa makdmdû ebkar.

Nb

dlvastdobkdûl

maskrdptdvb,

maskrdca nfs mbtfs, al asta kbsf sa rabndzû nb fcsarvbkdûl mdraktb y sa blbndzû nfs mfkujaltfs [aoudmbjalta sa mbrâ pbsf b nb

[a rabndzb an rasujal maskrdcdalmf rakfnakkdûl ma mbtfs pbrb an jbrkf an jftdvf ma nf qua dlvastdof y an taûrdkf pbrb an kflfkdjdaltf man MA[KSDY]DXB

prfpûsdtf, kfjf sa nnavû b kbcf nb

tajb b trbväs ma ul kfjcdlbtfrdf

dlvastdobkdûl

ma tafrêbs nbs kubnas sarvdrâl pbrb

y

nfs

prdlkdpbnas

hulmbjaltbr an prfcnajb y astumdf

rasuntbmfs y kflknusdflas

ma dlvastdobkdûl Nb tafrêb kubltdtbtdvb sa cbsb al

 B[YAK]F QSCBLF7 

KQBL]D]B]DXB

borupbr y jamdr7

  Matarjdlbkdûl man hnugf



vaedkunbr   Dmaltdhdkbkdûl ma usfs ma suanf



  Matarjdlbkdûl ma raltbs



  Sabndzbr kubmrfs ma Axkan pbrb jamdr an pfrkaltbga ma usfs ma suanf

  Dmaltdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas kfjarkdbnas





  Kbnkunbr an brblkan pramdbn



  Kbnkunbr



ma mbtfs. ma

nfs

pnblfs

Wfldhdkbkdûl y usfs ma suanf Dmaltdhdkbkdûl urcblêstdkfs

kbltdmbm

ma

  Kbnkunbr

nb

kbltdmbm

ma

valmamfras bjcunbltas

Frmalbjdaltf y blândsds astbmêstdkf Masbrrfnnf

nb

bktdvdmbmas kfjarkdbnas

  Dmaltdhdkbrfl ma valmamfras bjcunbltas

 BLBND]DKF

  An hnugf vaedkunbr (juastraf)

bktubnas 

MA[BSSFNNF-



ma

Astb hbsa kfjpralma al mbr ulb

ma raspuastb bn alulkdbmf man prfcnajb mblmf pbsf b nb

pbrâjatrfs

Edpûtasds usblmf nb täkldkb ma nnuvdb ma dmabs

;8

 

Yrfkasbjdaltf

y

mdskusdûl

ma

mbtfs7 Kflhrfltbkdûl parjdsdcnas,

KFJYBSB]DXB

kfl mbtfs

nêjdtas edstûrdkfs,

kubmrfs Axkan, pnblfs lfrjbtdvfs, y

Nb

al ftrfs trbcbgfs sdjdnbras. Kfl astf sa nnaob b nb atbpb ma nb

kflknuyalta as nb atbpb hdlbn al nb qua sa mbl sfnukdflas b nb

mdskusdûl, al nb kubn eby qua

prfcnajâtdkb pnbltabmb

dltarpratbr

nfs

rasuntbmfs

täkldkb

ma

dlvastdobkdûl

pbrb

kflhdrjbr f rahutbr nb edpûtasds y kfjpbrbr nfs rasuntbmfs ma ftrbs dlvastdobkdflas ]BCNB L¹ 927 Jätfmfs y täkldkbs ma prfkasbjdaltf ma dlhfrjbkdûl HQAL]A7 Anbcfrbkdûl man butfr ma nb tasds (pp.31, 38, 3?)

Ftrf bltakamalta bltakamalta lbkdflbn al an kkubn ubn sa puam puama a fcsarvbr an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf pfr nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas al nbs kdumbmas as an sdoudalta7

 



 Bcbltf y Jfrbnas (3929) as an trbcbgf ma dlvastdobkdûl  Djpbktf urcblf  ‛  „

bjcdaltbn kfjf kflsakualkdb ma nb dlstbnbkdûl man jbnn Sabn Ynbzb  ‛  ]rugdnnf‚ jalkdflbl qua7  Ybrb an bòf 399?, sa dlbuourbcb an jbnn Sabn pnbzb al ]rugdnnf, an kubn bncarobcb edparjarkbmfs, kdlas, zflbs rakrabtdvbs, altra ftrfs parf nf kuastdflbcna bquê arb ma quä jblarb y b quä ldv ldvan an sa vdalal mblmf nfs djpbktfs urcblfs y sd sarvdrêbl ma bnof bnof jamdrnfs pbrb pfm pfmar ar ebkar pnblas m ma a jdtdobkdûl pbrb an huturf y ma astb jblarb pfmar kfltrbrrastbr nfs djpbktfs prfmukdmfs. An fcgatdvf ma astb dlvastdobkdûl hua sbcar sd axdstêbl djpbktfs urcblfs aspakdbnjalta laobtdvfs qua bntarbrbl nb kbndmbm ma vdmb al an saktfr. Ma astb dlvastdobkdûl sa eb pfmdmf axtrbar kfjf bpfrta djpfrtblta nbs kfjpbrbkdflas qua ebka an butfr, man bltas y maspuäs ma nb djpnbltbkdûl man Jbnn Sabn Ynbzb al kubltf b nbs kbrbktarêstdkbs urcblbs.

;?

 

KBSBK]ASD[]DKB[ QSCBLB[

Dlkrajaltf ma raltbs al an kfstf man suanf

[ao÷l rasdmaltas man nuobr al an bòf 3991 nfs tarralfs nnaobcbl b kfstbr 299 mûnbras an j3 y al nb bktubndmbm nfs prakdfs fskdnbl altra ;99 b 199 mûnbras an j3.

Kbjcdf ma usf ma suanf

Qsf rasdmalkdbn b kfjarkdbn, al nb Bv. Yrfnflobkdûl Xbnnagf (kfjarkdf bjcunbtfrdf).

]rbjb, parhdn urcblfs a djboal urcblb

Nb prasalkdb man Jbnn Sabn Ynbzb eb kbjcdbmf an parhdn urcblf ma astb zflb, kflvdrtdälmfsa ma ul pbdsbga rustdkf b urcblf.



Matardfrf ma nb Djboal Qrcblb



  Jbyfr prfmukkdûl ma cbsurb, tbltf man kfjarkdblta kfjf man pabtûl.   Yrasalkdb axkasdvb ma pblanas pucndkdtbrdfs al nbs hbkebmbs y bzftabs ma amdhdkbkdflas kfjarkdbnas.

]BCNB L¹ 937 Kfjpbrbkdûl altra an bltas y maspuäs man jbnn Sabn Ynbzb - ]rugdnnf HQAL]A7 Anbcfrbkdûl man butfr ma nb tasds

3.3. JBSKF KFLKAY]QBN7 Kdumbm7 As ul sdstajb ma anajaltfs, mflma sa kujpnal hulkdflas tbltf akflûjdkbs, kunturbnas y sfkdbnas, kflvdrtdälmfsa bsê al ul aspbkdf ma usf kfnaktdvf. Nb kdumbm astâ kflhfrjbmf pfr nfs aspbkdfs bcdartfs y tbjcdäl pfr nbs dlhrbastrukturbs ma nb kdumbm, as makdr as an tfmf.

Djpbktf urcblf7 As nb bntarbkdûl ma nb astrukturb ma nb kdumbm macdmf b nb prasalkdb ma ul prfyaktf ma orbl askbnb.

Kaltrf kfjarkdbn7 An kaltrf kfjarkdbn as bquan aspbkdf karrbmf qua kflkaltrb nbs bktdvdmbmas urcblbs maltrf ma sus rakdltfs parf qua lulkb raajpnbzbrb bul pbrqua f ulb pnbzb, yb qua ul kaltrf kfjarkdbn lf puama bncarobr nb dlhdldmbm ma bktdvdmbmas urcblbs qua axdstal.

;5

 

Astrukturb urcblb7 As an nuobr f aspbkdf al mflma an sar eujblf masbrrfnnb sus bktdvdmbmas, kflhfrjbmf pfr ul kflg kflgultf ultf ma kfjpflaltas qua hulkdflbl maltrf ma nb kdumbm kfjf „sucsdstajbs‚, y kbmb ulf ma annfs kujpna ul rfn .

Qsf ma suanf7 As nb fkupbkdûl y hulkdûl qua sa na mb bn tarrdtfrdf. Asta prfkasf ma nb fkupbkdûl man suanf y nbs mdvarsbs bktdvdmbmas qua sa rabndka al än, kflnnavbl b nb kflhfrjbkdûl ma nb kdumbm y pfr alma b su astrukturbkdûl urcblb. Nb knbsdhdkbkdûl man usf man suanf sa mb b pbrtdr ma nb hulkdûl qua kujpna, pfr agajpnf ma usf rasdmalkdbn (rasdmalkdbn ma malsdmbm bntb, jamdb y cbgb), usf kfjarkdbn (kfjarkdf jatrfpfndtblf, mdstrdtbn, saktfrdbn y zflbn), usf dlmustrdbn (dlmustrdb ndvdblb, y pasbmb), usf borêkfnb, aqudpbjdaltfs ma usf p÷cndkf (ftrfs usfs), altra ftrfs. d lhrbastrukturbs qua kflhfrjbl nb ram vdbn, al mflma Xdbndmbm7 As an kflgultf ma dlhrbastrukturbs sa masbrrfnnb an trbhdkf yb sab urcblf f dltarurcblf. Asta sdstajb dlknuya nbs kbrratarbs y kbnnas, al mflma sa astumdb nb kbpbkdmbm ma trblsdtf qua tdala kbmb vêb.

]rblspfrta7 sa altdalma pfr trblspfrta kfjf an maspnbzbjdaltf al ul vaeêkunf (jamdf f sdstajb ma trblspfrta) qua sa utdndzb pbrb jfvdndzbrsa ma ul b nbmf b ftrf. 

Aqudpbjdaltf

urcblf7  As

an

kflgultf

ma

amdhdkdfs

y

aspbkdfs,

pramfjdlbltajalta ma usf p÷cndkf, al mflma sa rabndzbl bktdvdmbmas kfjpnajaltbrdbs b nbs ma ebcdtbkdûl y trbcbgf, qua prfpfrkdflbl b nb pfcnbkdûl sarvdkdfs ma cdalastbr sfkdbn y ma bpfyf b nbs bktdvdmbmas akflûjdkbs, sfkdbnas, kunturbnas y rakrabtdvbs as ul kfjpflalta matarjdlblta ma nfs kaltrfs urcblfs y pfcnbkdflas rurbnas0 nb mftbkdûl bmakubmb ma ästa, matarjdlb nb n b kbndmbm ma vdmb ma nfs ebcdtbltas qua nas parjdta masbrrfnnbrsa sfkdbn, akflûjdkb y kunturbnjalta. ([AMA[FN, 2444)

Dlhrbastrukturb y sarvdkdfs7 [fl bquannbs fcrbs qua mbl sfpfrta hulkdflbn b nb kdumbm, astbs fcrbs astâl mastdlbmbs b sbtdshbkar nbs lakasdmbmas câsdkbs ma nb

;4

 

kfjuldmbm tbnas kfjf nb anaktrdkdmbm, an boub, bnkbltbrdnnbmf, sarvdkdfs ma tanakfjuldkbkdûl, sarvdkdf ma rakfgf y prfkasbjdaltf ma nfs rasdmufs sûndmfs, altra ftrfs. Asta sdstajb maca talar nb kbpbkdmbm ma bcbstakar nb majblmb ma nb pfcnbkdûl, yb qua macdmf bn krakdjdaltf pfcnbkdflbn jukebs zflbs rurbnas sa ebl trblshfrjbmf al zflbs urcblbs, al kflsakualkdb astfs saktfras lf kualtbl kfl astfs sarvdkdfs câsdkfs, qua sfl prdjfrmdbnas pbrb ulb bmakubmb kbndmbm ma vdmb ma nfs kdumbmblfs.

Dlmdkbmfr7  As ulb uldmbm ma jamdmb qua sdrva pbrb matarjdlbr, prfkasbr y avbnubr mbtfs kubndtbtdvfs f kubltdtbtdvfs, matarjdlbl fcgatdvfs f djpbktfs.

Jboldtum man djpbktf7 Nb jboldtum as an tbjbòf f nb mdjalsdûl man djpbktf prfmukdmf al ul matarjdlbmf altfrlf urcblf macdmf b nb dlsarkdûl ma ul prfyaktf ma orbl alvarobmurb. Astb jamdkdûl ma rabndzb al vbnfrbkdflas kubltdtbtdvbs.

Djpfrtblkdb man djpbktf7 Nb djpfrtblkdb as nb ranavblkdb qua tdala ul djpbktf sfcra an jamdf urcblf. Ybrb su avbnubkdûl sa kflsdmarb krdtardfs sfkdbnas y sa mb pfr vbnfrbkdflas kubndtbtdvbs.

Bntarbkdûl al nfs usfs ma suanf7 As nb jfmdhdkbkdûl qua suhra an suanf urcblf raspaktf b nb lfrjbtdvb vdoalta macdmf b ul fcgatf dltarvdldalta.

Bujaltf al an kfstf man suanf urcblf7 As an dlkrajaltf qua sa mb al an prakdf man suanf urcblf. Oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas7 [fl bquannbs bktdvdmbmas qua lf sa alkualtrbl al nfs usfs parjdtdmfs sao÷l nfs pnblas ma masbrrfnnf urcblf.

Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas7 As an dlkrajaltf ma ma nb vbrdambm ma bktdvdmbmas, kfjf cfmaobs, cftdkbs, rastburbltas, dltarlat, ndcrarêbs, atk., nbs kubnas sa vbl oalarblmf sao÷l nfs raquardjdaltfs ma nb pfcnbkdûl.

=9

 

Bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr7 As an dlkrajaltf ma vaeêkunfs p÷cndkfs y prdvbmfs, nfs kubnas sa mbl pfr nb bmqudsdkdûl ma luavfs vaeêkunfs pbrb usf prdvbmf f pfr nb bpbrdkdûl ma luavbs nêlabs ma trblspfrta nfs kubnas ebkal qua an sdstajb vdbn kfnbpsal.

Bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas7 As an jbn usf ma nfs aspbkdfs ma kdrkunbkdûl pabtflbn y vaedkunbr rastrdlodalmf nb jfvdndmbm hnudmb. Astf sa mb jukebs vakas b kbusb man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn nfs kubnas fcstruyal nbs vêbs ma kdrkunbkdûl

Mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs7 As nb kbltdmbm qua maca kucrdr an l÷jarf ma astbkdflbjdaltfs qua sa bsdolbl b ul saktfr cbsbmf cb sbmf al nb lfrjbtdvdmbm vdoalta.

Bcblmflf y matardfrf man aspbkdf p÷cndkf mastdlbmf b nb rakrabkdûl7 As nb pfkb ma djpfrtblkdb y usf qua mbl nfs pfcnbmfras y nbs butfrdmbmas b nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs ma usf rakrabtdvf. 

Bntarbkdûl al an vfnujal man boub7 As an dlkrajaltf f mdsjdlukdûl al nb kbltdmbm man vfnujal vfnujal qua prastb an sarvdkdf ma boub boub pftbcna.

Bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa7 As nb ahdkdalkdb f dlahdkdalkdb man hulkdflbjdaltf man sarvdkdf ma masboþa.

Bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb7 As an dlkrajaltf f mdsjdlukdûl al an pbof pfr an kflsujf ma alaroêb anäktrdkb.

3.;. MAHDLDKDÛL MA ]ÄSJDLF[7 Ybrb pfmar talar jbyfr altalmdjdaltf man prasalta trbcbgf ma dlvastdobkdûl, b kfltdlubkdûl sa kflkaptubndzbrbl bnoulfs tärjdlfs qua byumbrbl b kfjpralmar nbs mdjalsdflas qua bcbrkb asta trbcbgf7

=2

 

3.;.2. Kflkaptubndzbkdûl ma kdumbm7 Axdsta ulb alfrja mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma mahdldkdflas bkarkb ma nb kdumbm, masma nbs mahdldkdflas oalarbnas bsfkdbmbs b tajbs sfkdbnas, akflûjdkfs f kunturbnas ebstb mahdldkdflas al tajbs aspakêhdkfs kfjf akflfjêb urcblb, sfkdfnfoêb urcblb, pnbldhdkbkdûl y mdsaòf urcblf. Bsê talajfs pfr agajpnf, nbs sdoudaltas mahdldkdflas7  Nb kdumbm pbrb Cfrgb y Juxd (3999), as ul sdstajb ma ramas kflhfrjbmf pfr nbs kbnnas, pnbzbs, dlhrbastrukturbs ma kfjuldkbkdûl, aqudpbjdaltfs kunturbnas y ârabs kfjarkdbnas nfs kubnas tdalal aspbkdfs ma usfs kfnaktdvf yb qua parjdtal an pbsaf y an alkualtrf ebkdalmf prasalta nb mdvarsdmbm sfkdbn y kunturbn ma nb sfkdambm. As bsê qua nb kdumbm as an aspbkdf ma dltarranbkdûl altra nbs parsflbs. An kflkaptf ma kdumbm eb dmf avfnukdflblmf, pbrb [bnjfl y Brblof (3993), al su brtêkunf „Nb brqudtakturb al nb kdumbm‚ mahdlal b nb kdumbm kfjf7  An nuobr ma nb kflvdvalkdb, nb tfnarblkdb y nb sfkdbndzbkdûl y, pfr nf tbltf, an nuobr ma krabkdûl ma nb kunturb. Al asta saltdmf, nf prfpdbjalta urcblf lf kflsdsta al nb bonfjarbkdûl ma amdhdkdfs sdlf al nfs aspbkdfs qua astâl altra nfs amdhdkdfs7 nfs amdhdkdfs sfl prdvbmfs y nf rabnjalta p÷cndkf sfl nfs aspbkdfs bcdartfs. Masma an pultf ma vdstb hêsdkf, ästb as, nb prdjarb prakdsdûl qua as lakasbrdf ebkar7 nb kdumbm astâ eakeb pfr an aspbkdf p÷cndkf0 astf as nf hulmbjaltbn, nf qua mahdla nf urcblf. (p.219) Yfr ÷ntdjf sa tdala nb mahdldkdûl qua ebka Nuds Sbkdflarf, kdtbmf pfr, Tbltfrlf, F. (3922) nb kdumbm as7 ]fmf bsaltbjdaltf eujblf mftbmf ma kdartbs hulkdflas akflûjdkbs y kunturbnas y qua suparb ul kdartf ujcrbn ma pfcnbkdûl. Lf axdsta ul bkuarmf dltarlbkdflbn sfcra kuânas macal sar nbs hulkdflas qua kflhdaral rblof ma kdumbm ld uldhfrjdmbm sfcra su tbjbòf al pfcnbkdûl. Bsê, nbs Lbkdflas Qldmbs al ul astumdf sfcra nb urcbldzbkdûl julmdbn nnbjû kdumbm b nfs bsaltbjdaltfs jbyfras ma ;9.999 ebcdtbltas0 al bnoulfs pbêsas nfs kalsfs nnbjbl kdumbmas b pbrtdr ma 39.999 ebcdtbltas a dlknusf nfs 29.999. (p.;)

=3

 

Ma astbs mahdldkdflas, pbrb nb prasalta tasds pfmajfs kflknudr qua nb KDQMBM as ul sdstajb ma anajaltfs, mflma sa kujpnal hulkdflas tbltf akflûjdkbs, kunturbnas y sfkdbnas, kflvdrtdälmfsa bsê al ul aspbkdf ma usf kfnaktdvf qua parjdta nb kflvdvalkdb y nb sfkdbndzbkdûl altra nfs kdumbmblfs. Nb kdumbm axprasb nb kunturb y nb edstfrdb prfpdb ma ul nuobr y su pfcnbkdûl, astâ kflhfrjbmf pfr nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs, pfr nbs ramas ma kfjuldkbkdûl, nfs aqudpbjdaltfs p÷cndkfs y prdvbmfs y tbjcdäl pfr nb dlhrbastrukturb ma nb kdumbm, as makdr as an kflgultf ma tfmfs nfs aspbkdfs al mflma sa oalarb an masbrrfnnf ma bktdvdmbmas urcblbs.

3.;.3. Kflkaptubndzbkdûl ma djpbktf urcblf7 Ybrb pfmar altalmar asta tärjdlf prdjarf sa mahdla djpbktf, bsê talajfs qua pbrb Ndcartb, C. (399?), an djpbktf as jamdr kflkratbjalta nf qua sa eb bnkblzbmf macdmf b nbs bntarbkdflas yb sabl hbvfrbcnas f lf pbrb an jamdf prfmukdmfs pfr ulb matarjdlbmb bk bkkdûl, kdûl, ma astb mahdldkdûl pfmajfs pbrtdr pbrb kflkaptubndzbr an djpbktf urcblf. An djpbktf urcblf tdala mdvarsbs mahdldkdflas, nb Mdrakkdûl oalarbn ma masbrrfnnf urcblf ma Jaxdkf (3923) al nfs „Astumdfs ma djpbktf urcblf y ma djpbktf urcblf-bjcdaltbn‚ mahdla bn djpbktf urcblf kfjf bquan dlstrujaltf pfr an kubn sa puama jamdr nb kfjpbtdcdndmbm ma nfs prfyaktfs al sus atbpbs ma kflstrukkdûl, fparbkdûl y jbltaldjdaltf kfl su altfrlf urcblf y obrbltdzbr an calahdkdf pbrb nb pfcnbkdûl y var al quä jamdmb bhaktb b nbs kbrbktarêstdkbs ma nb astrukturb vdbn, sbldtbrdb altra ftrfs. An mdktbjal man djpbktf urcblf tdala kfjf fcgatdvf avbnubr nbs pfsdcnas bntarbkdflas laobtdvbs qua pargumdkbl bn altfrlf urcblf y ma astb jblarb pnbltabr jamdmbs ma pravalkdûl, jdtdobkdûl f kfjpalsbkdûl sao÷l kfrraspflmb. Altflkas, pfmajfs mahdldr qua an DJYBK]F QSCBLF, as bquan kbjcdf f bntarbkdûl prfmuktf ma nb dlsarkdûl ma prfyaktfs ma orbl askbnb kbpbkas ma trblshfrjbr nb astrukturbkdûl ma su altfrlf y bhaktbr ma jblarb pfsdtdvb f laobtdvb b nb pfcnbkdûl.

=;

 

3.;.;. Kflkaptubndzbkdûl ma kaltrf kfjarkdbn7

Nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas sfl prfyaktfs brqudtaktûldkfs dlhnuyaltas al an astdnf ma vdmb ma nb pfcnbkdûl as pfr astf qua pbrb Earlâlmaz, Earlâlmaz y Earlâlmaz (392;), an kaltrf kfjarkdbn as dltarpratbmf kfjf7 Nb kdumbm maltrf ma nb kdumbm sd sa pbrta maltrf ma nb mahdldkdûl jâs oalärdkb ma nb kdumbm, astb as altalmdmb kfjf ârab urcblb kfl ulb pfcnbkdûl malsb al mflma pramfjdlbl nfs sarvdkdfs sarvdkdfs y nb dlmustrdb. As prakdsbjalta masma as astb tb bjbnobjb ma dltarpratbkdflas qua pfmajfs ebkar nb blbnfoêb, ma altalmar nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas, kfjf ulb prfndharbkdûl ma jdkrfkfsjfs mdsajdlbmfs pfr tfmb nb orbl urca al kuyf dltardfr sa kflguobl nbs dltarranbkdflas sfkdbnas ma prfmuktdvdmbm y fkdf, kfl nfs jâs mdvarsfs jbtdkas sfkdfkunturbnas, bltrfpfnûodkfs, akfnûodkfs y urcblêstdkfs. (p.;?)

Jamdlb al su trbcbgf „Kaltrf kfjarkdbn kfjf aspbkdf ma kflsujf, sfkdbcdndmbm y mdstdlkdûl‚, kdtbmf pfr Kfrlagf, D. (3998) mahdla nf sdoudalta7

An kaltrf kfjarkdbn lf as ulb kfltdlubkdûl ma nbs hfrjbs trbmdkdflbnas man kfjarkdf ld man pbsbga kfjarkdbn, lf as ul aspbkdf bcdartf bn usf, sdlf ul rakdltf karrbmf, ul tarrdtfrdf bdsnbmf y saoraobmf ma nb astrukturb pbrtdkdpbtdvb ma nb kdumbm0 as ul aspbkdf alkarrbmf sfcra sê jdsjf qua lf kfrraspflma b nb dmab ma nb kbnna urcblb, ld b su hnudr, ld b nb kflkaltrbkdûl vdtbn y sfkdbn ma nb pnbzb pfr su bnagbjdaltf ma nb trbjb y man kaltrf ma nb kdumbm. Bulqua maspdartbl al an vdsdtblta nb lfstbnodb pfr nb kbnna trbmdkdflbn (pucndkdmbm, jdkrf kdumbm), nbs parsflbs alkualtrbl al su dltardfr nb uldmbm parmdmb altra annbs y nb kdumbm, altra nb kdumbm y nb lbturbnazb, altra nb kdumbm y nb kfjuldmbm. An kaltrf kfjarkdbn lf raprfmuka al paquaòb askbnb nfs orblmas asquajbs pbrtdkdpbtdvfs urcblfs, ld nb vdmb al kfjuldmbm qua na mb saltdmf b nb kdumbm. (p.23)

Ybrb nb prasalta tasds mahdldjfs qua, nfs KAL]SF[ KFJASKDBNA[ sfl aspbkdfs karrbmfs al mflma sa kflkaltrbl nbs bktdvdmbmas qua lfrjbnjalta sa masbrrfnnbcbl al nb kbnna, sfl ulb ul b kdumbm maltrf ma ftrb kdumbm, parf qua lulkb

==

 

raajpnbzbrb bul pbrqua f ulb pnbzb, yb qua ul kaltrf kfjarkdbn lf puama bncarobr nb dlhdldmbm ma bktdvdmbmas urcblbs qua axdstal.

DJYBK]F QSCBLF MA NF[ KAL]SF[ KFJASKDBNA[7 [a sbca qua nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas sfl aqudpbjdaltfs kfjarkdbnas qua oalarbl masbrrfnnf akflûjdkf, sdl ajcbrof pfkf sa sbca ma nfs djpbktfs laobtdvfs f pfsdtdvfs qua puambl prfmukdr al an bspaktf urcblf, kfl raspaktf b astb prfcnajâtdkb Sdvarfs, J. (3928) dlmdkb nf sdoudalta7 An jbnn eb oalarbmf djpbktfs al nbs astrukturbs ma nbs kdumbmas mflma sa dlsartb7 djpbktfs al nb jfvdndmbm, al an trblspfrta y nb oaltrdhdkbkdûl, macdmf b su axpblsdûl al nbs orblmas kdumbmas. Masma bnoulfs saktfras ma nb pfcnbkdûl sa mahdalma nb dmab kbsd dlkuastdflbcna ma nfs jbnns kfjf rabktdvbmfras akflûjdkfs y oalarbmfras ma ajpnaf nfkbn pbrb ulb kfjulb y as pfsdcna qua lf sab bsê. (p. 95) Sdvarfs, kfltdl÷b maskrdcdalmf an djpbktf urcblf ma nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas kdtblmf b Kâkaras y Hbrêbs jalkdflblmf qua nfs jbnns sa ebl djpnajaltbmf al jukebs kdumbmas ma Kedna y ebl kbjcdbmf su altfrlf dljamdbtf btrbyalmf ftrbs orblmas suparhdkdas kfjarkdbnas pfr asta jftdvf as qua prfmukal alfrjas djpbktfs al nb jfvdndmbm urcblb, yb qua oalarbl jbyfr mdlâjdkb masma astb parspaktdvb pbrb bnoulfs urcbldstbs nfs jbnns nnaobl sar ul halûjalf laobtdvf pbrb nb kdumbm.

3.;.=. Kflkaptubndzbkdûl ma astrukturb urcblb7 Nb astrukturb urcblb pbrb Tbltfrlf, F. (3922), sa mahdla ma nb sdoudalta jblarb7 An sfpfrta ma nb kdumbm y su raprasaltbkdûl, parf lf kfjf sd huarb ulb hftforbhêb mflma puamal bprakdbrsa nfs matbnnas y eakefs kdrkulstblkdbnas, sdlf ulb sêltasds mflma bpbrakal bquannbs bktdvdmbmas, aspbkdfs y ranbkdflas qua tdalal ulb kdartb parmurbcdndmbm al an tdajpf. Astâ kflhfrjbmb pfr anajaltfs hêsdkfs parf qua lf sa boftb al nf jarbjalta kflstruktdvf, sdlf

=1

 

qua sa trbtb ma aspbkdfs sfkdbnas al nfs kubnas sa bncarob nb jdsjb vdmb eujblb. As ul kflgultf ma anajaltfs urcblêstdkfs y brqudtaktûldkfs man pbsbmf qua b÷l tdalal ulb prasalkdb kflkratb al an prasalta y ebl ma kflmdkdflbr an huturf. (p. 9?). Ybrb Bkuòb, Y. (392;) kflsdmarb b nb astrukturb astrukturb urcblb kfjf ul kkflgultf flgultf ma sdstajbs ma pbrtas kfjpnagbs ranbkdflbmbs altra sê, asta ranbkdûl sa rahdara bn aspbkdf urcblf y b kbmb kfjpflalta ma nb kdumbm. Ma astf, sa mahdla nb A[]SQK]QSB QSCBLB kfjf an sfpfrta ma nb kdumbm, yb qua astâ kflhfrjbmf pfr anajaltfs qua parjdtal qua an an sar eujblf masbrrfnna masbrrfnna sus bktdvdmbmas bktdvdmbmas kfl lfrjbndmbm, astfs anajaltfs hulkdflbl maltrf ma nb kdumbm kfjf „sucsdstajbs‚  y kbmb ulf ma annfs kujpna ul rfn mdstdltf parjdtdalmf qua nb kdumbm talob ul hulkdflbjdaltf frmalbmf y kflmdkdflal su krakdjdaltf b huturf, astfs anajaltfs sfl7 usfs ma suanf al mflma sa pnbldhdkb nb kfjpbktbkdûl man tarrdtfrdf, vdbndmbm y trblspfrta al mflm mflma a sa astumdb nb jfvdndmbm kfrrakt kfrraktb b man pabtûl y man trblspfrta p÷cndkf y prdvbmf, aqudpbjdaltf urcblf al mflma sa fcsarvb nfs astbcnakdjdaltfs lakasbrdfs pbrb nb pfcnbkdûl y sarvdkdfs, nfs kubnas macal kucrdr nbs lakasdmbmas câsdkbs.

KFJYFLAL]A[ MA NB A[]SQK]QSB QSCBLB7 Al kubltf sa rahdara b nb astrukturb urcblb y sus kfjpflaltas axdsta ulb mdvarsdmbm ma tafrêbs, tafrêbs, as bsê q qua ua pbrb Bkuòb, Y. (392;) al su blândsds man ndcrf „Dlmbobkdflas sfcra nb astrukturb urcblb‚ dlmdkb qua nfs kfjpflaltas ma nb

astrukturb urcblb sfl sucsdstajbs qua obrbltdzbl nb hulkdflbndmbm dltarlb ma nb kdumbm. Bkuòb, kfltdl÷b mahdldalmf b astfs kfjpflaltas nfs kubnas sa prasaltbl b kfltdlubkdûl7   Q[F MA [QANF QSCBLF7



[a mahdla kfjf usfs man suanf b nbs bktdvdmbmas urcblbs nfkbndzbmbs al ul matarjdlbmf pultf man aspbkdf Nfs usfs man suanf puamal sar rurbnas f urcblfs. Kbrbktardzbrajfs bquê, nfs prdlkdpbnas usfs urcblfs.

=8

 

  Knbsdhdkbkdûl sao÷l nfs mdstdltfs tdpfs ma bktdvdmbm7   Sasdmalkdbn

f

(bjbrdnnf lbrblgb u fkra sao÷l nb malsdmbm ma fkupbkdûl), Kfjarkdbn (rfgf), Dlmustrdbn (vdfnatb), Dlstdtukdflbn (bzun), Aspbkdfs varmas p÷cndkfs (varma).   Knbsdhdkbkdûl sao÷l orbmf ma pramfjdldf ma nb bktdvdmbm7   Qsfs mfjdlbltas, Qsfs kfjpnajaltbrdfs, kflhndktdvfs a dlkfjpbtdcnas (qua

f

raqudaral kflmdkdflbjdaltf f rastrdkkdûl).   Knbsdhdkbkdûl sao÷l talalkdb f mfjdldf7  p÷cndkfs, sajdp÷cndkfs,

f

prdvbmfs.   [D[]AJB XDBN7



An sdstajb vdbn dlknuya an kflgultf ma nb ram vdbn urcblb y raodflbn bsê sa tdala7

 Sam vdbn prdlkdpbn7 sfl nbs vêbs qua kblbndzbl nfs jbyfras vfn÷jalas ma

f

trâlsdtf, rakaptbl nfs prdlkdpbnas jfvdjdaltfs urcblfs y raodflbnas y vdlkunbl nbs prdlkdpbnas bktdvdmbmas f pultfs djpfrtbltas dltrb a dltarurcblfs y an trâlsdtf pasbmf. Nbs vbrdbcnas b kflsdmarbr su astumdf sfl7  kbrbktarêstdkbs hêsdkbs ma nbs vêbs, vfnujal vaedkunbr, astbmf ma nbs vêbs, aspbkdf pbrb astbkdflbjdaltf, saòbndzbkdûl nujdlfsb, parhdn trblsvarsbn y orbmf ma kflsfndmbkdûl jfrhfnûodkb ma nb vêb y ma sus cfrmas.    Sam vdbn dltarsaktfrdbn7 sfl an kflgultf ma kbnnas qua kflaktbl mdharaltas

f

saktfras dltarlfs ma nb kdumbm, rakaptbl nfs jfvdjdaltfs urcblfs, ma butfjûvdnas y kfnaktdvfs, vdlkunbl bktdvdmbmas cbrrdbnas f lfmfs pardhärdkfs.   Sam vdbn sakulmbrdb7 kflstdtudmf pfr an kflgultf ma vêbs qua parjdta an

f

bkkasf mdraktf b nfs cbrrdfs y ulal nbs dltarsaktfrdbnas altra sê.   Sam vdbn nfkbn7  kflstdtudmb pfr an trbzbmf ma kbnnas nfkbnas ma bkkasf

f

mdraktf b nb vdvdalmb. Lf tdala td ala rastrdkkdflas ma mdsaòf. [a prdfrdzbl nbs cbgbs vanfkdmbmas, y an jfvdjdaltf ma pabtflas. =?

 

  ARQDYBJDAL]F QSCBLF7



[a altdalma pfr aqudpbjdaltf an kflgultf ma rakursfs a dlstbnbkdflas kucdartbs y/f ndcras, hdgbs f jûvdnas, kfl mdstdltbs garbrquêbs y orbmfs ma kfjpnagdmbm, prastbmfs pfr an Astbmf u ftrfs pbrb sbtdshbkar mdharaltas lakasdmbmas ma nb kfjuldmbm. Nfs aqudpbjdaltfs puama knbsdhdkbrsa sao÷l7   [ao÷l hulkdflas7  amukbtdvf, sbldtbrdf, bmjdldstrbtdvf, dlstdtukdflbn,

f

randodfsf, sfkdbn, hdlblkdarf, rakrabtdvf, mapfrtdvf, turêstdkf, ftrfs (qua quamal mahdldmfs pfr bktdvdmbmas mdharaltas ma nbs rasdmalkdbnas f dlmustrdbnas).   [ao÷l tbjbòf al hulkdûl ma nb majblmb7 raquardjdaltf ma nb kbltdmbm

f

ma ebcdtbltas, tdpf ma pfcnbkdûl, ambmas, saxf, lakasdmbmas ma sbnum, amukbkdûl, bmjdldstrbkdûl atk.   [ao÷l an ârab ma dlhnualkdb y kfcarturb7 Mapalma ma nb askbnb y rbmdf

f

ma dlhnualkdb ma nbs jdsjbs y nb kbltdmbm ma ebcdtbltas b nfs qua sdrva, cbrrdbn, saktfrdbn, urcblf, raodflbn, atk.   [ao÷l mapalmalkdb bmjdldstrbtdvb  (juldkdpdf, prfvdlkdb, lbkdûl y

f

saktfr ma bktdvdmbm sao÷l ldvan, kfjf pfr agajpnf7 amukbkdûl ldvan prfvdlkdbn, turdsjf ldvan lbkdflbn, atk.)   [ASXDKDF[7



[a altdalma pfr sarvdkdfs b bquannfs lakasbrdfs pbrb an hulkdflbjdaltf a edodala man kaltrf urcblf y qua sfl raounbmfs y/f kfltrfnbmfs pfr nb bmjdldstrbkdûl. Annfs sfl7 Sam ma boub pftbcna, Masboþas knfbkbnas7 al ram f pfr sdstajbs dlmdvdmubnas Masboþas pnuvdbnas7 suparhdkdbnas pfr kbnnas f al ram, Sam ma alaroêb anäktrdkb mfjdkdndbrdb, Bnujcrbmf p÷cndkf, Obs7 alvbsbmf f al ram ]anähflfs0 Ftrbs (kfjf ]X pfr kbcna, Dltajat). Cbrrdmf y ndjpdazb , Sakfnakkdûl ma rasdmufs, ]rbtbjdaltf ma nfs rasdmufs, Saobmf ma kbnnas, Kudmbmf y jbltaldjdaltf man bnujcrbmf p÷cndkf, Kudmbmf y jbltaldjdaltf ma

=5

 

nfs aspbkdfs varmas0 Kudmbmf, jbltaldjdaltf y rapbrbkdûl ma nb ram vdbn0 Ftrfs. Nfs bspaktfs b kflsdmarbr sfl7 ]dpfs ma sarvdkdfs qua sa prastal0  Ârabs ma kfcarturbs ma nfs sarvdkdfs0 Hrakualkdbs0 Kbndmbm ma nfs sarvdkdfs0 Kfstfs.

3.;.1. Kflkaptubndzbkdûl ma dlmdkbmfr7 Ybrb (Jflmrboûl, Y), al su brtêkunf ¶Ruä sfl nfs dlmdkbmfras6 jalkdflb qua, „Earrbjdaltbs pbrb knbrdhdkbr y mahdldr, ma hfrjb jâs prakdsb, fcgatdvfs a

djpbktfs (...) sfl jamdmbs vardhdkbcnas ma kbjcdf f rasuntbmf (...) mdsaòbmbs pbrb kfltbr kfl ul astâlmbr kfltrb an kubn avbnubr, astdjbr f majfstrbr an prforasf (...) kfl raspaktf b jatbs astbcnakdmbs, hbkdndtbl an rapbrtf ma dlsujfs, prfmukdalmf (...) prfmuktfs y bnkblzblmf fcgatdvfs‚.(p. 13).

Ybrb nfs butfras (Nûpaz, C, Xânkbrka, K, & Cbrcblkef, J) al su pucndkbkdûl „Dlmdkbmfras Kubltdtbtdvfs y Kubndtbtdvfs  pbrb nb Avbnubkdûl ma nb Bktdvdmbm

Dlvastdobmfrb7 ¶Kfjpnajaltbrdfs6 ¶Kfltrbmdktfrdfs6 ¶Axknuyaltas6, nf mahdlal kfjf… „ulb earrbjdaltb hulmbjaltbn ma bpfyf bn avbnubmfr. Mdstdltfs

dlmdkbmfras sfl knbsdhdkbmfs al kubltdtbtdvfs y kubndtbtdvfs pfr mdvarsfs butfras. b utfras. Al astbs knbsdhdkbkdflas sa bprakdb ul usf lf lfrjbndzbmf ma nb tarjdlfnfoêb‚ (p.

92). Ma astbs mahdldkdflas pfmajfs bhdrjbr qua ul dlmdkbmfr as ulb uldmbm ma jamdmb qua sdrva pbrb matarjdlbr, prfkasbr y avbnubr mbtfs kubndtbtdvfs f kubltdtbtdvfs, matarjdlbl fcgatdvfs f djpbktfs.

3.;.8. Jatfmfnfoêb pbrb nb dmaltdhdkbkdûl ma dlmd dlmdkbmfras7 kbmfras7 Ybrb nb  Ouêb man Mdsaòf, Kflstrukkdûl a Dltarpratbkdûl ma Dlmdkbmfras, ul dlmdkbmfr as ulb axprasdûl kubndtbtdvb f kubltdtbtdvb fcsarvbcna, qua parjdta maskrdcdr kbrbktarêstdkbs, kfjpfrtbjdaltfs f halûjalfs ma nb rabndmbm b trbväs ma nb avfnukdûl ma ulb vbrdbcna. Yfr nf n f oalarbn, sfl hâkdnas ma rakfpdnbr, bntbjalta

=4

 

ranbkdflbmfs kfl ftrfs mbtfs y ma nfs kubnas sa puamal sbkbr râpdmbjalta kflknusdflas ÷tdnas y hdmamdolbs. Ql dlmdkbmfr maca kujpndr kfl tras kbrbktarêstdkbs câsdkbs7

[djpndhdkbkdûl7  Nb rabndmbm al nb qua sa bkt÷b as juntdmdjalsdflbn, ul dlmdkbmfr puama kflsdmarbr bnoulb ma tbnas mdjalsdflas (akflûjdkb, sfkdbn, kunturbn, pfnêtdkb, atk.), parf lf puama bcbrkbrnbs tfmbs.

Jamdkdûl7  Yarjdta kfjpbrbr nb sdtubkdûl bktubn ma ulb mdjalsdûl ma astumdf al an tdajpf f raspaktf b pbtrflas astbcnakdmfs.

Kfjuldkbkdûl7  ]fmf dlmdkbmfr maca trblsjdtdr dlhfrjbkdûl bkarkb ma ul tajb al pbrtdkunbr pbrb nb tfjb ma makdsdflas.

DMAL]DHDKBKDFL MA NB[ MDJAL[DFLA[ MA NB A[]SQK]QSB QSCBLB7

Nuaof ma maskrdcdr nfs kfjpflaltas ma nb astrukturb urcblb sao÷l  Bkuòb, Y. (392;), pbrb pbrb an masbrrfnnf ma nb prasalta tasds sa kflsdmarû b astfs kfjpflaltas kfjf mdjalsdflas, yb qua ndjdtbl an aspbkdf ma astumdf, ma asta jfmf nb anakkdûl ma nfs dlmdkbmfras man djpbktf urcblf sa kfltaxtubndzbl sao÷l nbs kubndmbmas ma nfs kfjpflaltas ma nb astrukturb urcblb. B kfltdlubkdûl sa prasaltb nb tbcnb kfl nbs kubndmbmas jâs rasbntbltas ma kbmb kfjpflalta7

19

 

MDJAL[DFLA[

Q[F MA [QANF

KQBNDMBMA[

-

]dpfs ma usf ma suanf7 (kfjarkdbn, rasdmalkdbn,

-

dlmustrdbn, ftrf usfs, rakrabtdvf) Qsfs mfjdlbltas7 qua bktdvdmbm as nb qua pravbnaka

-

Qsfs kflhndktdvfs7 Bquannfs usfs qua sa alkualtrbl rastrdlodmfs

[D[]AJB XDBN

-

Kfstf man suanf urcblf

-

Xfnujal man trblsdtf

-

Majblmb ma nfs aspbkdfs pbrb astbkdflbjdaltfs

-

]rblsorasdflas man aspbkdf ma astbkdflbjdaltf y kdrkunbkdûl pabtflbn

ARQDYBJDAL]F

-

Astbmf ma kflsarvbkdûl

QSCBLF

-

Hrakualkdb y tdajpf ma usf

-

Sam ma boub pftbcna

-

Sam ma masboþa

-

Sam ma alaroêb anäktrdkb

[ASXDKDF[

]BCNB L¹ 9;7 Dmaltdhdkbkdûl ma nbs mdjalsdflas ma nb astrukturb urcblb HQAL]A7 Anbcfrbkdûl prfpdb

DMAL]DHDKBKDFL MA DLMDKBMFSA[ QSCBLF[7 Ybrb an masbrrfnnf ma nb prasalta tasds nfs dlmdkbmfras urcblfs sfl bquannfs bspaktfs ndobmfs bn djpbktf urcblf macdm macdmf f b nb dlsarkdûl ma kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas kfjarkdbnas al ulb matarjdlbmb ârab urcblb. Astfs dlmdkbmfras huarfl axtrbêmfs ma nfs bltakamaltas kdtbmfs, yb qua nb anbcfrbkdûl ma luavfs dlmdkbmfras talmrêb ul prfkasf ma astumdf jâs bjpndf. B kfltdlubkdûl sa prasaltb nb ndstb ma bquannfs bspaktfs kflsdmarbmfs kfjf djpbktf urcblf7

12

 

BQ]FS ‛ BL]AKAMAL]A

DJYBK]F QSCBLF - Dlkrajaltf al an kfstf man suanf.

Ybquatta, K. (399?). „ Nbs

luavbs

orblmas kaltrbndmbmas kfjarkdbnas al nfs pnblas ma masbrrfnnf urcblf ma nb kdumbm ma Jäxdkf‚ 

- Bntarbkdûl ma nfs usfs man suanf. - Bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas. - Bujaltf man trâlsdtf vaedkunbr. - [bturbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs. - Bcblmflf y matardfrf man aspbkdf p÷cndkf. - Malsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas. - Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl y bujaltf ma nfs vbnfras man

 Blounf, K. (3928),  „An djpbktf urcblf man

jbnn

bvalturb

pnbzb

al

nb

urcbldzbkdûl nb Asjarbnmb, ]rugdnnf  ‛  Yar÷‚ 

tarralf. - Bpbrdkdûl ma bjcunbltas qua dlvbmal nb vêb p÷cndkb. - Bcblmflf ma kfjprbs b nfs jarkbmfs bnambòfs b nb zflb. - Dlkrajaltf man trâhdkf. - Bkkdmaltas ma trâlsdtf.

 Bcbltf y Jfrbnas (3929) urcblf

 ‛ 

Djpbktf

„

bjcdaltbn

kfjf

kflsakualkdb ma nb dlstbnbkdûl man jbnn Sabn Ynbzb ‛ ]rugdnnf‚

- Dlkrajaltf al an kfstf man suanf - Kbjcdf ma usf ma suanf - Kbjcdfs al nb trbjb, parhdnas urcblfs a djboal urcblb - Matardfrf ma nb djboal urcblb

]BCNB L¹ 9=7 Dmaltdhdkbkdûl ma djpbktfs urcblfs HQAL]A7 Anbcfrbkdûl prfpdb 

KNB[DHDKBKDFL T [ANAKKDFL MA DLMDKBMFSA[7 [ao÷l nb Ouêb pbrb Mdsaòf, Kflstrukkdûl a Dltarpratbkdûl ma Dlmdkbmfras, ul dlmdkbmfr maca sar ma hâkdn kfjpralsdûl a dltarpratbkdûl y maca parjdtdr astbcnakar ranbkdflas kfl ftrfs dlmdkbmfras utdndzbmfs pbrb jamdr nb sdtubkdûl f halûjalf al astumdf, as makdr, maca sar kfjpbrbcna al an tdajpf y al an aspbkdf. An prfkasf ma sanakkdûl ma dlmdkbmfras mapalma man kfltaxtf taûrdkf al an qua sa nas raqudarb, as makdr, mapalmal al cualb jamdmb ma nbs kbrbktarêstdkbs man prfyaktf b avbnubr, pfr asta jftdvf nb sanakkdûl ma nfs dlmdkbmfras urcblfs pbrb astb dlvastdobkdûl sarâl bquannfs qua astäl ranbkdflbmfs kfl nbs n bs kubndmbmas ma nfs kfjpflaltas kfjpflaltas urcb urcblfs. lfs. Nb kknbsdhdkbkdûl nbsdhdkbkdûl ma nfs dlmdkbmfras sa astbcnak astbcnakdû dû

13

 

sao÷l nbs kubndmbmas ma nb astrukturb urcblb, ma a astb stb jblarb sa tdala nf sdoudalta7

MDJAL[DFLA[

Q[F[ MA [QANF

KQBNDMBMA[

DJYBK]F QSCBLF

]dpfs ma usf ma suanf Qsfs mfjdlbltas

 Bntarbkdûl al nfs usfs ma suanf Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas

Qsfs kflhndktdvfs

Oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas

Kfstf man suanf urcblf

Dlkrajaltf al an kfstf man suanf urcblf

Xfnujal man trblsdtf

 Bujaltf al an trâlsdtf vaedkunbr

Majblmb ma nfs aspbkdfs

[D[]AJB XDBN

pbrb astbkdflbjdaltfs ]rblsorasdflas man aspbkdf ma astbkdflbjdaltf y kdrkunbkdûl pabtflbn

[bturbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs  Bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas.

Astbmf ma kflsarvbkdûl

ARQDYBJDAL]F QSCBLF [ASXDKDF[

Hrakualkdb y tdajpf ma usf

 Bcblmflf y matardfrf man aspbkdf p÷cndkf.

Sam ma boub pftbcna

Nfs dlmdkbmfras pbrb astbs kubndmbmas

Sam ma masboþa

sarâl b krdtardf ma nbs dlvastdobmfrbs yb

Sam ma alaroêb anäktrdkb

qua lf axdstal raharalkdbs

]BCNB L¹ 917 Knbsdhdkbkdûl y sanakkdûl ma dlmdkbmfras man djpbktf urcblf HQAL]A7 Anbcfrbkdûl prfpdb 

Ma astb jblarb sa tdala nfs dlmdkbmfras b utdndzbr pbrb an masbrrfnnf man prasalta trbcbgf ma dlvastdobkdûl, dlvastdobkdûl, ma jblarb rasujdmb b kfltdlubkdûl kfltdlubkdûl sa axpndkb an prfkamdjdaltf qua qua sa rabndzû pbrb nb dmaltdhdkbkdûl ma astfs dlmdkbmfras7 dlmdkbmfras7

DLMDKBMFS7  Ybrb an prasalta trbc trbcbgf, bgf, nfs dlmdk dlmdkbmfras bmfras tdalal kfjf fcgatdvf jamdr an djpbktf urcblf ma nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas

1;

 

YSFKAMDJDAL]F7

Ybrb nb fctalkdûl ma nfs dlmdkbmfras man djpbktf urcblf ma nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas, sa sdoudarfl nfs sdoudaltas pbsfs • DMA DMAL]D L]DHDKB HDKBKDF KDFL L MA NB[ MDJAL[ MDJAL[DFL DFLA[ A[ MA A[]SQ A[]SQK]Q K]QSB SB QSCB QSCBLB LB

[a dmal maltdhd tdhdkb kb nbs nbs kubn kubndm dmbm bmas as jbs jbs djpfr jpfrtb tblt ltas as ma kb kbmb mb kf kfjp jpfl flal alta ta ma nb astrukturb urcblb, yb qua astfs sarbl nfs qua ndjdltbl an aspbkdf ma astumdf

2

• DMA DMAL]D L]DHDK HDKBK BKDFL DFL MA NF[ DJYBK DJYBK]F[ ]F[ QSCBL QSCBLF[ F[

[a dmaltdhdkb nfs djpbktfs urcblfs prfmukdfms pfr nfs kaltrfs kfjarkd kfja rkdbna bnass saoul saoul nfs bltaka bltakamal maltas tas kdt kdtbmf bmfss

3

• KNB[DHDKBKDFL

;

T [ANAKKKDFL MA DLMDKBMFSA[ [a sa sana nakk kkdf dflb lbl l bq bqua uannnnfs fs djpb djpbkt ktfs fs ur urcb cblf lfss qu qua a as asta tal l ra ranb nbkd kdfl flbm bmfs fs kf kfl l an a spfs bkbspakt df maktfs a fs asturcblf umdfblfs ( sastrukturb urc rcb blb) y ma astb jbl jblarb lf bcbrkbr  ftr ftrfs bsp urc

OSBHDKF L¹ 927 Yrfkasf pbrb nb fctalkdûl ma dlmdkbmfras HQAL]A7 Anbcfrbkdûl prfpdb 

DLMDKBMFSA[ MA DJYBK]F QSCBLF7

MDJAL[DFLA[

DJYBK]F QSCBLF  Bntarbkdûl al nfs usfs ma

Jamdr an pfrkaltbga ma bntarbkdûl al

suanf.

kbmb ulf ma nfs tdpfs ma suanf

Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas.

Q[F[ MA [QANF

FCGA]DXF

Jamdr an pfrkaltbga man dlkrajaltf ma mdvarsbs bktdvdmbmas

Oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf

Jamdr an pfrkaltbga ma nb kbltdmbm ma

kfjpbtdcnas.

bktdvdmbmas lf kfjpbtdcnas

Dlkrajaltf al an kfstf man

Jamdr an pfrkaltbga al an dlkrajaltf

suanf urcblf.

man kfstf man suanf urcblf

1=

 

 Bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr.

[D[]AJB XDBN

ARQDYBJDAL]F QSCBLF

[ASXDKDF[

Mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs.

Jamdr an pfrkaltbga al an bujaltf ma vaeêkunfs Jamdr al qua pfrkaltbga sa mb nb mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs

 Bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb

Jamdr nb prasalkdb man kfjarkdf

ma nbs kbnnas.

bjcunbtfrdb al nbs kbnnas

 Bcblmflf y matardfrf man

Jamdr nb praharalkdb ma usf qua tdalal

aspbkdf p÷cndkf mastdlbmf b nb

nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs man saktfr pfr

rakrabkdûl.

pbrta ma nb pfcnbkdûl

 Bntarbkdûl al an vfnujal ma

Jamdr nb jboldtum al nb bntarbkdûl man

boub.

vfnujal man boub.

 Bntarbkdûl al an

Jamdr nb jboldtum al nb bntarbkdûl man

hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa.

hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa

 Bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr

Jamdr nb jboldtum al nb bntarbkdûl pfr

alaroêb anäktrdkb

an pbof ma alaroêb anäktrdkb

]BCNB L¹ 987 Dlmdkbmfras ma djpbktf urcblf y su fcgatdvf HQAL]A7 Anbcfrbkdûl prfpdb 

3.;.?. Jatfmfnfoêb pbrb nb jamdkdûl man djpbktf djpbktf urcblf7 Ybrb nb jamdkdûl man djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf pfr an Kaltrf Kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb sa kflsdmarû nb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum ma nfs djpbktfs taldalmf nf sdoudalta7

DJYFS]BLKDB T JBOLD]QM MA NF[ DJYBK]F[7 Ybrb an kânkunf ma nb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum ma nfs djpbktfs sa tfjû kfjf raharalkdb b Ma nb Jbzb, K. (3 (399?) 99?) al mflma maskrdca maskrdca qua nb jboldtum man djpbktf kbndhdkb nb mdjalsdûl f tbjbòf man kbjcdf prfmukdmf sfcra ul matarjdlbmf rakursf f anajaltf, jdaltrbs qua nb djpfrtblkdb as nb sdoldhdkbkdûl eujblb man djpbktf. Astf astâ al ranbkdûl mdraktb kfl nb kbndmbm man rakursf bhaktbmf. Ybrb bjcfs sa tdala nb sdoudalta askbnb ma kbndhdkbkdûl7

11

 

- Juy bntb (59-299%)75 b 29 - Bntb (89-?4%)7 8 b ?,4

JBOLD]QM

- Jamdb (=9-14%)7 = b 1,4 - Cbgb (39-;4%)7 3 b ;,4 - Juy cbgb (9-24%)7 9 b 2,4 - [dl djpfrtblkdb : 9 - Jalfr djpfrtblkdb : 2 - Jfmarbmb : 3

DJYFS]BLKDB

- Jbyfr djpfrtblkdb : ; - Jukeêsdjf jbyfr : = Astbs mfs askbnbs ma kbndhdkbkdûl sa tfjbrfl kfjf cbsa taûrdkb pbrb an masbrrfnnf ma nb prasalta tasds y ma astb jblarb jamdr nb jboldtum a djpfrtblkdb ma nfs djpbktfs prfmukdmfs al nb astrukturb urcblb man ssuc uc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl ma Eublkbyf jatrfpfndtblf.

3.=. EDYÛ]A[D[7 3.=.2. Edpûtasds Oalarbn7

An kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka ul djpbktf urcblf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb al nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl.

3.=.3. Edpûtasds Aspakêhdkbs7 b) An kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka prfmuka ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb al an usf ma suanf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl.

18

 

c) An kaltrf kfjarkdbn kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka prfmuka ul dj djpbktf pbktf laobtdv laobtdvf f ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb al an sdstajb vdbn man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. k) An kaltrf kfjarkdbn kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka prfmuka ul dj djpbktf pbktf laobtdv laobtdvf f ma juk jukeb eb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb al an aqudpbjdaltf urcblf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. m) An kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka prfmuka ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb al nfs sarvdkdfs man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl.

3.1. XBSDBCNA7

3.1.2. Mahdldkdûl kflkaptubn ma nb Xbrdbcna7 Xbrdbcna dlmapalmdalta7 Kaltrf Kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb An Kaltrf Kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb as ul astbcnakdjdaltf ma orbl alvarobmurb, kuyb prdlkdpbn bktdvdmbm as an kfjarkdf y b nb vaz fhraka altrataldjdaltf y mdvarsdûl b nfs vdsdtbltas maltrf ma sus dlstbnbkdflas.

Xbrdbcna mapalmdalta7 Djpbktf Qrcblf An djpbktf urcblf as bquan kbjcdf f bntarbkdûl prfmukdmf pfr nb dlsarkdûl ma prfyaktfs ma orbl askbnb kbpbkas ma trblshfrjbr nb astrukturb ma su altfrlf y bhaktbr ma jblarb pfsdtdvb f laobtdvb b nb pfcnbkdûl.

3.1.3. Mahdldkdûl Fparbkdflbn ma nb Xbrdbcna7 Kaltrf Kfjarkdbn Asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn as ul astbcnakdjdaltf tbl dlhnuyalta al nb sfkdambm qua as kbpbz ma trblshfrjbr an astdnf ma vdmb ma nb pfcnbkdûl, bsê kfjf b su altfrlf

1?

 

dljamdbtf, kbusblmf djpbktfs yb sabl pfsdtdvfs pfsdtdvfs pbrb nb pfcnbkdûl y su nuobr ma ajpnbzbjdaltf.

Djpbktf Qrcblf [fl nfs kbjcdfs prfmukdmfs pfr nb djpnbltbkdûl ma ul astbcnakdjdaltf kfjarkdbn al ulb matarjdlbmb ârab urcblb, aspakêhdkbjalta al nb astrukturb urcblb y al sus mdjalsdflas7 usfs ma suanf, sdstajb vdbn, aqudpbjdaltf urcblf y sarvdkdfs.

3.1.;. Fparbkdflbndzbkdûl ma nb Xbrdbcna7 Xbrdbcna7 Kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb MDJAL[DFLA[7 Nbs mdjalsdflas pbrb asta vbrdbcna sarâl bquannfs bspaktfs jâs rasbntbltas, nfs kubnas sarâl maskrdtfs ma jblarb oalarbn al an kbpêtunf ma rasuntbmfs al nb kbrbktardzbkdûl man fcgatf. Nfs bspaktfs jâs rasbntbltas sfl7 2.  Qcdkbkdûl 3.  Bktdvdmbmas ;.  Bpfrtas

urcblfs

Xbrdbcna7 Djpbktf urcblf Nbs mdjalsdflas pbrb asta astumdf astâl kflstdtudmbs pfr nfs kfjpflaltas ma nb astrukturb urcblb, yb qua as an aspbkdf al mflma sa blbndzû nfs djpbktfs urcblfs prfmukdmfs pfr an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb. Nbs mdjalsdflas mdja lsdflas sfl7   Qsf ma suanf



  [dstajb vdbn



  Aqudpbjdaltf urcblf



  [arvdkdfs



15

 

DLMDKBMFSA[7 Nfs dlmdkbmfras huarfl tfjbmfs ma nfs bltakamaltas jalkdflbmfs al asta trbcbgf, yb qua sfl nfs djpbktfs urcblfs jâs ranavbltas prfmukdmfs pfr nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas y pfr annf sa ebkal jbyfr raharalkdb b astfs. Nfs dlmdkbmfras sfl. MDJAL[DÛL

DLMDKBMFSA[  B Bntarbkdûl ntarbkdûl al nfs usfs ma suanf. s uanf.



Jboldtum7

urcblf.

. Juy bntb  bntb 

. Juy bntb  bntb 

 O Oalarbkdûl alarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas.

. Bntb

. Bntb

 M Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl dvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas.

. Jamdb

. Jamdb

 B Bujaltf ujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr.

. Cbgb

. Cbgb

 B Bprfpdbkdûl prfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma

. Juy cbgb

. Juy cbgb

nbs kbnnas.  M Mftbkdûl ftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs.

Djpfrtblkdb7

Djpfrtblkdb7

. Jukeb

. Jukeb

djpfrtblkdb   djpfrtblkdb

djpfrtblkdb   djpfrtblkdb

. Bntb Djpfrtblkdb

. Bntb djpfrtblkdb

 B Bntarbkdûl ntarbkdûl al an vfnujal ma boub.

. Jfmarbmb

. Jfmarbmb

 B Bntarbkdûl ntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man

djpfrtblkdb

djpfrtblkdb

masboþa.

. Yfkb

. Yfkb

 B Bntarbkdûl ntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr alaroêb

djpfrtblkdb

djpfrtblkdb

anäktrdkb

. [dl djpfrtblkdb

. [dl djpfrtblkdb











 B Bcblmflf cblmflf y matardfrf man aspbkdf



QSCBLF

p÷cndkf mastdlbmf b nb rakrabkdûl. 



DJYBK]F AL NF[ [ASXDKDF[

  LAOB]DXF[7



Jboldtum7

Q[F MA [QANF

ARQDYBJDAL]F

  YF[D]DXF[7



 B Bujaltf ujaltf al an kfstf man suanf



[D[]AJB XDBN

KB]AOFSDB[ MA AXBNQBKDÛL



]BCNB L¹ 9?7 Dlmdkbmfras ma djpbktf urcblf y sus kbtaofrêbs ma avbnubkdûl HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

14

 

KBYD]QNF DDD

89

 

JA]FMFNFOÊB ;.2. JA]FMF MA DLXA[]DOBKDFL7 An jätfmf qua sa utdndzû pbrb nb rasfnukdûl ma nfs prfcnajbs pnbltabmfs al an prasalta trbcbgf as an jätfmf kdaltêhdkf, an kubn as ul jätfmf qua as usbmf prdlkdpbnjalta kfjf prfmuktfr ma kflfkdjdaltf.

;.3. ]DYF MA DLXA[]DOBKDFL7 An tdpf ma dlvastdobkdûl dlvastdobkdûl pbrb an masbrrfnnf man man prasalta trbcbgf hua ma ]DYF

BYNDKBMB, yb qua sa cuskû nb bpndkbkdûl ma nfs kflfkdjdaltfs bmqudrdmfs y b nb vaz an alhfqua kubltdtbtdvf cuskb nb rakfnakkdûl ma mbtfs pbrb prfcbr nb edpûtasds, kfl cbsa al nb jamdkdûl lujärdkb y an blândsds astbmêstdkf, al ul matarjdlbmf saktfr ma nb kdumbm y byumb b alrdquakar nfs kflfkdjdaltfs qua pfstardfrjalta ebl sdmf bpndkbmfs pbrb nb rasfnukdûl ma prfcnajbs prâktdkfs . 

82

 

;.;. LDXAN MA DLXA[]DOBKDFL7 An ldvan ma dlvastdobkdûl ma astb tasds as „DLXA[]DOBKDÛL MA[KSDY]DXB

- AUYNDKB]DXB‚, yb qua al asta kbsf sa cuskb matarjdlbr kuân as an djpbktf urcblf qua sa prfmuka al kbmb kfjpflalta ma nb astrukturb urcblb macdmf b nb dlsarkdûl man Kaltrf Kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb, asta prfkamdjdaltf sa rabndzû jamdblta nb jamdkdûl ma nfs dlmdkbmfras man djpbktf urcblf al nfs bòfs 3929, 392= y 392?, y ma astb jblarb kflfkar an ldvan ma sdoldhdkblkdb sao÷l nb jboldtum a djpfrtblkdb ma nfs djpbktfs.

;.=. MD[AÒF MA NB DLXA[]DOBKDFL7 An mdsaòf ma dlvastdobkdûl man prasalta trbcbgf as LF AUYASDJAL]BN, yb qua nbs vbrdbcnas lf sa nnaobrâl b jbldpunbr mandcarbmbjalta, sfnf sa fcsarvbrbl nfs eakefs tbn y kfjf fkurral al an kfltaxtf. Astb dlvastdobkdûl tbjcdäl prasaltb ul mdsaòf NFLOD]QMDLBN, yb qua as ul tdpf ma astumdf fcsarvbkdflbn y nfs mbtfs fctaldmfs sarâl rakfnaktbmfs ma nb jdsjb pfcnbkdûl y avbnubmfs al mdharaltas pardfmfs ma tdajpf.

;.1. YFCNBKDFL T JQA[]SB7 ;.1.2. ]bjbòf ma nb pfcnbkdûl pfcnbkdûl77 Nb pfcnbkdûl qua sa tfjû al kualtb pbrb nb dlvastdobkdûl hua nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. An suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl astâ kflhfrjbmf pfr 3285 pfcnbmfras, pbrb asta kânkunf sa kflsdmarû an YMQ ma Eublkbyf 3998-3922 al mflma sa ebka raharalkdb qua nb pfcnbkdûl pbrb tfmf an suc saktfr Kk as ma 3?53? y tdala 215,4 eb, jdaltrbs qua an suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl kualtb kfl 23.;5 eb. Altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua pbrb nbs 23.;5 eb qua tdala an suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl axdsta 3285 pfcnbmfras.

83

 

Yfcnbkdûl man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl : (3?53? x 23.;5 eb) / 215. 4 eb Yfcnbkdûl man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl : 3285 pfcnbmfras ]BCNB L¹ 957 Kbnkunf ma nb pfcnbkdûl man su saktfr Kflstdtukdûl HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb 

;.1.3. ]bjbòf ma nb juastrb7 An tdpf ma juastrb as bnabtfrdb y sa kflsdmarû ul jbroal ma arrfr man 1% y tdala ul ldvan ma kflhdblzb man 41%, kfl ul 19% ma prfcbcdndmbm ma äxdtf. Astb juastrb sarâ bpndkbmb b nfs dlmdkbmfras ma aqudpbjdaltf urcblf y sarvdkdfs. An kbnkunû sa rabndzû kfl nb sdoudalta hfrjunb ma dlvastdobkdûl ma jarkbmfs7 :

3 ß  ß  ß   3 ß (  ∓ 2) +  3 ß  ß 

 

DJBOAL L¹ 937 Akubkdûl pbrb an kânkunf man tbjbòf ma nb juastrb HQAL]A7 ettps7//www.haamcbk`latwfr`s.kf ettps7//www.haamcbk`latwfr`s.kfj/kbs/axpardalk j/kbs/axpardalkdb/sfn-praoultbr-kbnkunbr.et db/sfn-praoultbr-kbnkunbr.etjn jn

Mflma7 L7 ]bjbòf ma nb pfcnbkdûl W7 Ldvan ma kflhdblzb a7 Arrfr juastrbn masabmf p7 Yrfpfrkdûl ma dlmdvdmufs qua pfsaal nbs jdsjbs kbrbktarêstdkbs q. Yrfpfrkdûl ma dlmdvdmufs qua lf pfsaal nbs jdsjbs kbrbktarêstdkbs l7 ]bjbòf ma nb juastrb

[êjcfnf

Xbnfr

]bjbòf ma nb juastrb

L

3285

W

2.48

[a fctuvf kfjf juastrb

a

1%

;3? alkuastbmfs ma ul

p:q

9.1

tftbn ma 3285 pfcnbmfras

q

9.1

l

;3? ]BCNB L¹ 947 Kbnkunf pbrb an tbjbòf ma nb juastrb

HQAL]A7 ettp7//www.jam.ulla.am ettp7//www.jam.ulla.amu.br/cdcndftakb/kbn u.br/cdcndftakb/kbnkunfs/kbnkun kunfs/kbnkunbmfrb.etj bmfrb.etj 

8;

 

;.8. ]AKLDKB[ A DL[]SQJAL]F[ MA SAKFNAKKDÛL MA MB]F[7 ;.8.2. ]äkldkbs7   Dltarpfnbkdûl sdjpna ma mbtfs7



Astb täkldkb sa bpndkû pbrb nb prfyakkdûl ma mbtfs hbntbltas f dlaxbktfs, d laxbktfs, taldalmf kfjf hualta ma dlhfrjbkdûl pbrb su prfyakkdûl mbtfs vardhdkbcnas.   Sakfpdnbkdûl ma hualtas ma dlhfrjbkdûl7



Astb täkldkb sa bpndkû pbrb nb rakfnakkdûl ma mbtfs ma nfs bòfs 3929 y 392=, sa  rakurrdû b hualtas cdcndforâhdkbs, YMQ ma Eublkbyf, pnblfs brblkanbrdfs, djpuastfs pramdbnas y vbnfrdzbkdflas kfjarkdbnas.   ]rbcbgf ma kbjpf7



Astb täkldkb hua usbmb pbrb nb kflstrukkdûl ma nb cbsa ma mbtfs man bòf 392?, rabndzblmf nfs trbcbgfs kfjf an kfltaf vaedkunbr, kfltaf ma bktdvdmbmas man saktfr, rakfpdnbkdûl orâhdkb, altra ftrfs.   Navbltbjdaltf Kbtbstrbn7



Astb täkldkb hua usbmb pbrb nb anbcfrbkdûl ma nfs pnblfs kbtbstrbnas, taldalmf kfjf raharalkdb an Offona Abrte.

;.8.3. Dlstrujaltfs7   Alkuastb7



As ul dlstrujaltf ma rakfnakkdûl ma dlhfrjbkdûl qua kflstb k flstb ma kuastdflbrdf rahardmf b kbmb dlmdkbmfr pnbltabmf y ma astb jblarb kflfkar nb fpdldûl ma nfs pfcnbmfras man saktfr.   Hdkeb ma raodstrf ma mbtfs7



[fl nfs dlstrujaltfs ma nb dlvastdobkdûl mfkujaltbn qua parjdtal raodstrbr nfs mbtfs sdoldhdkbtdvfs man fcgatf ma astumdf.

8=

 

;.?. YSFKAMDJDAL]F MA NB DLXA[]DOBKDFL7 HB[A

MA[KSDYKDFL

MA[KSDY]DXB

A[]SB]AODB

Al astb hbsa sa matarjdlb an prfcnajb, nfs fcgatdvfs y nb

Fcsarvbkdûl

cbsa taûrdkb qua raspbnma nb dlvastdobkdûl.

Maskrdpkdûl  Maskrdpkdûl 

NQOBS

Obcdlata

Nb täkldkb kubltdtbtdvb sa cbsb al borupbr y jamdr. DJYBK]F[ MAN K.K. FYAL YNBWB AL NB A[]SQK]QSB QSCBLB7

KQBL]D]B]DXB

- Bntarbkdûl ma nfs usfs ma suanf. suanf.  

Kbnkunbr an pfrkaltbga ma ârab pbrb kbmb usf.

- Bujaltf al an kfstf kfstf man suanf urcblf.  urcblf. 

Kbnkunbr an vbnfr kfjarkdbn ma nfs pramdfs pfr kbnna

[aktfr

- Oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas

Kbnkunbr nb kbltdmbm ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas.

Kbnna prdlkdpbn

- Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas

Kbnkunbr nb kbltdmbm ma bktdvdmbmas kfjarkdbnas.

[aktfr

- Bujaltf man hnugf vaedkunbr.

Kbnkunbr ma nb kbltdmbm ma nb hnftb vaedkunbr pfr kbnnas.

[aktfr

- Bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas.

Kbnkunbr nb kbltdmbm man kfjarkdf bjcunbtfrdf.

Yultfs krêtdkfs

- Mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs.

Kbnkunbr nb kbltdmbm ma astbkdflbjdaltfs.

Yultfs krêtdkfs

- Bcblmflf y matardfrf man aspbkdf p÷cndkf mastdlbmf b nb

Alkuastb b nfs pfcnbmfras sfcra su fpdldûl man aspbkdf

[aktfr

p÷cndkf.

[aktfr

rakrabkdûl.

BLBND]DKB KFJYBSB]DXB

- Bntarbkdûl man vfnujal ma boub

Alkuastb b nfs pfcnbmfras.

- Bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa

Alkuastb b nfs pfcnbmfras.

- Bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb

Alkuastb b nfs pfcnbmfras.

Frmalbjdaltf y blândsds ma nfs mbtfs astbmêstdkfs

Qtdndzbkdûl ma sfhtwbra pbrb an prfkasbjdaltf ma mbtfs

[aktfr

Kfjpbrbkdûl altra nfs bòfs 3929- 392= y nuaof 392=-

Yrfkasbjdaltf y mdskusdûl ma nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs

392?

Obcdlata Obcdlata

]BCNB L¹ 297 Yrfkasf jatfmfnûodkf ma nb dlvastdobkdûl HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

81

 

;.5. ]ÄKLDKB[ MA BLÂND[D[ MA MB]F[7   Yrfkasbjdaltf ma mbtfs astbmêstdkfs7



Astb täkldkb sa utdndzû pbrb an prfkasbjdaltf ma nfs mbtfs pfrkaltubnas.   Jamdkdûl ma djpbktfs urcblfs7



Ybrb jamdr nfs djpbktfs prfmukdmfs sa tuvf t uvf kfjf krdtardf nf sdoudalta7

XBNFSBKDFL MA NB DJYFS]BLKD DJYFS]BLKDB B

XBNFSBKDFL MA NB JBOLD]QM

Jukeb djpfrtblkdb

=

Juy bntb (59-299%)

5 b 29

Bntb djpfrtblkdb

;

Bntb (89-?4%)

8 b ?.4

Jfmarbmb

3

Jamdb (=9-14%)

= b 1.4

djpfrtblkdb Yfkb djpfrtblkdb

2

Cbgb (39-;4%)

3 b ;.4

[dl djpfrtblkdb

9

Juy cbgb (9-24%)

9 b 2.4

]BCNB L¹ 227 Xbnfrbkdûl ma nb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum ma nfs djpbktfs urcblfs HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

88

 

JB]SDW MAN ]DYF MA DJYBK]F [AO×L NB D JYFS]BLKDB T JBOLD]QM YF[D]DXF[

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Qsf kfjarkdbn Qsf rasdmalkdbn   BN]ASBKDFL MA NF[ Q[F[ MA Qsf dlmustrdbn [QANF Qsf rakrabtdvf Ftrfs usfs Bv. Harrfkbrrdn BQJAL]F AL AN XBNFS Gr. Bjbzflbs KFJASKDBN MAN [QANF QSCBLF Yrfn. [bl Kbrnfs OALASBKDFL MA Q[F[ LF KFJYB]DCNA[ MDXAS[DHDKBKDFL MA BK]DXDMBMA[ Bv. Harrfkbrrdn Gr. Bjbzflbs BQJAL]F MAN ]SBL[D]F Yrfn. [bl Kbrnfs XAEDKQNBS Bv. Odrânmaz F N A Q [ A M F [ Q

N BD X

Kbnna Sabn BYSFYDBKDFL YQCNDKB T KFNAK]DXB MA NB[ KBNNA[ MF]BKDFL MA A[]BKDFLBJDAL]F[ BCBLMFLF T MA]ASDFSF MA A[YBKDF[ YQCNDKF[

A

BN]ASBKDFL AL AN XFNQJAL MA BOQB BN]ASBKDFL AL AN HQLKDFLBJDAL]F MAN MA[BOQA A [ BN]ASBKDFL AL AN YBOF YFS ALASODB ANAK]SDKB ]F]BN ]F]B N MA DJYBK]F DJYBK]F[ [ [AO L NB DJYFS]B DJYFS]BLKDB LKDB T JBOLD]QM JBOLD]QM ]F]BN MA DJYBK]F[ YF[D]DXF[ T LAOB]DXF[ . S

DJYBK]F[ LAOB]DXF[

]BCNB L¹ 237 Jbtrdz man tdpf ma dj jpbktf pbktf sao÷l nb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

b

b b

p jd

bg

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DJYBK]F[ YF[D]DXF[

y [ j

8?

 

KBYD]QNF DX

85

 

SA[QN]BMF[ =.2. KBSBK]ASDWBKDFL MAN FCGA]F MA A[]QMDF7 Ybrb rabndzbr nb kbrbktardzbkdûl man fcgatf ma astumdf, kbca saòbnbr qua astâ kfjpuastf pfr nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl, aspbkdf al mflma sa fcsarvbrfl nfs djpbktfs urcblfs man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb. B kfltdlubkdûl sa kflsdmarbl nfs bspaktfs jâs djpfrtbltas.

=.2.2. Qcdkbkdûl7 [ao÷l an Ynbl ma Masbrrfnnf Qrcblf ma nb Kdumbm ma Eublkbyf 3998  ‛ 3922 Eublkbyf jatrfpfndtblf jatrfpfndtblf astâ kfjpuast kfjpuastf f pfr tras orblmas saktfr saktfras as qua sfl sfl nfs mdstrdtfs ma Eublkbyf, An ]bjcf y Kednkb, astfs b nb vaz astâl mdvdmdmfs al suc saktfras, nb astrukturb urcblb man nuobr ma a astumdf stumdf sa ucdkb maltrf maltrf man mdstrdtf ma Eublkbyf al an suc ssaktfr aktfr Kk ‛ 23, qua tdala kfjf lfjcra Kflstdtukdûl.

84

 

Eublkbyf Jatrfpfndtblf7 Kflhfrjbmf pfr nfs mdstrdtfs ma Eublkbyf, An ]bjcf y Kednkb

Yfnêtdkbjalta, nb prfvdlkdb ma Eublkbyf astâ mdvdmdmb al 35 mdstrdtfs 

An suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl sa alkualtrb altra an nêjdta ma nfs mdstrdtfs ma Eublkbyf y An ]bjcf, partalaka bn suc saktfr Kk, an kubn tdala fkef suc saktfras b pbrta man nuobr ma astumdf y tdala kfjf ndjdtas ebkdb an Lfrta7 Sdf [eunnkbs, [ur7 Bv. Odrânmaz. Asta7 Bv. Harrfkbrrdn y ebkdb an Fasta7 Kbnna Sabn DJBOAL L¹ 9;7 Qcdkbkdûl man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. HQAL]A7 YMQ 3998-3922 Eublkbyf.

?9

 

=.2.3. Astrukturb kndjâtdkb7   Kndjb y tajparbturb7



Eublkbyf tdala ul kndjb tajpnbmf parf dlastbcna murblta tfmf an bòf, vbrdblmf altra 34· al nfs mêbs jâs kândmfs y -1· orbmfs kaltêorbmfs al nbs lfkeas jâs hrêbs. Nb orbl vbrdbkdûl ma nbs tajparbturbs ebka qua al nb zflb sûnf sa mdstdlobl mfs astbkdflas, nb tajpfrbmb ma nnuvdbs masma fktucra ebstb bcrdn y nb tajpfrbmb sakb ma jbyf b saptdajcra.   Yrakdpdtbkdflas y eujambm7



Nbs prakdpdtbkdflas blubnas sfl jfmarbmbs nf qua kfltrdcuya b nb hartdndmbm man vbnna eublkb. Nb kdumbm ma Eublkbyf tdala pfkb prasalkdb pr asalkdb ma eujambm.

=.2.;. Malsdmbm y pfcnbkdûl7 Nb pfcnbkdûl man suc saktfr Kk, sao÷l an YMQ 3998 ‛3922, as ma 3?53? y tdala 215,4 eb. Ybrb nfs mbtfs pfcnbkdflbnas sfnf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl, sa eb tfjbmf kfjf raharalkdb raharalkdb 3285 pfcnbmfras yb qua sa tdala 23,;5 eb. Q[F[

L· MA AMDHDKBKDÛL

Eb

%

3324

3=,44

21,?3

XDX. JQN]DHBJDNDBS JQN]DHBJDNDBS

4

9,=2

9,38

XDXDALMB ]BNNAS

31

9,;

9,24

XDXDALMB KFJASKDF

2923

33,3;

2;,45

KFJ. + [AS.

;?;8

=;,14

3?,34

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;5

9,=3

9,38

A. QSCBLF

9

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25,58

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ASDBWF

9

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2,;

9 ?9;4

9 215,4

9 299

XDXDALMB

SQ[]DKF ]F]BN YFCNBKDÛL

3? 53?

DJBOAL L¹ 9=7 Yfcnbkdûl man suc saktfr Kk, Eublkbyf. HQAL]A7 YMQ 3998-3922 Eublkbyf.

?2

 

=.2.=. Wflbs ma rdaofs f vunlarbcnas7 Ybrb an masbrrfnnf man prasalta trbcbgf, sa kflsdmarb nbs zflbs ma rdasofs f ârabs vunlarbcnas, yb qua maltrf ma nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl sa alkualtrbl nbs rdcarbs man Sdf Sdf [eunnkbs [eunnkbs y an an BB.EE [bltb Sfsb, astbs â ârabs rabs sdajpra eb sdmf kbtbnfobmbs kfjf pandorfsbs pbrb nb pfcnbkdûl, pfr asta jftdvf kflsdmarbjfs qua sa maca tfjbr al kualtb. B kfltdlubkdûl sa maskrdcal nbs zflbs ma rdasof sao÷l an YMQ 3998 - 39227

b. Wflb ma rdasof juy bntf7 [aktfras krêtdkfs mflma sa macal prdfrdzbr fcrbs, fc rbs, bkkdflas a djpnajaltbkdûl ma jamdmbs ma jdtdobkdûl blta masbstras ma sar pfsdcna, raucdkbr b nb pfcnbkdûl al zflbs jâs saourbs ma nb kdumbm. Kfnbpsf ma tfmf tdpf ma kflstrukkdûl blta nb fkurralkdb ma ul halûjalf dltalsf. c. Wflb ma rdasof bntf7 [aktfras krêtdkfs mflma sa macal prdfrdzbr fcrbs, bkkdflas a djpnajaltbkdûl ma jamdmbs ma jdtdobkdûl blta masbstras ma sar pfsdcna amukbkdûl y kbpbkdtbkdûl ma nb pfcnbkdûl y butfrdmbmas, lf sfl bptbs pbrb prfkasfs ma malsdhdkbkdûl y nfkbndzbkdûl ma aqudpbjdaltfs urcblfs. Kfnbpsf ma amdhdkbkdflas al jbn astbmf y/f kfl jbtardbnas dlbmakubmfs pbrb sfpfrtbr nfs ahaktfs ma nfs halûjalfs lbturbnas. k. Wflb ma rdasof jamdf7 [uanfs bptfs pbrb usf urcblf. As masabcna djpnajaltbr jamdmbs ma jdtdobkdûl blta masbstras, amukbkdûl y kbpbkdtbkdûl ma nb pfcnbkdûl al tajbs ma pravalkdûl, puamal malsdhdkbrsa kfl bnoulbs rastrdkkdflas. Mbòfs kflsdmarbcnas al vdvdalmbs al jbn astbmf.

?3

 

YNBLF MA SDA[OF[ MAN [QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL

Ma bkuarmf bn mdbolûstdkf rabndzbmf al an pnbl urcblf sa fcsarvb nf sdoudalta7 2) Wflb ma rdasof rdasof juy bntf7 bntf7 nbs rdcarbs rdcarbs man  BB.EE. [bltb Sfsb, pualta ma nb Bv. Harrfkbrrdn, pualta ma nb kbnna Sabn. 3) Wflb ma rdasof rdasof bntf7 ]fmf ]fmf an saktfr KK-23. KK-23. ;) Wflb ma rdasof rdasof jamdf7 jamdf7 nfs hraltas hraltas ma nb Bv. Harrfkbrrdn, y an hralta ma nbs rdcarbs [eunnkbs qua sa alkualtrb al an mdstrdtf man ]bjcf.

DJBOAL L¹ 917 Ynblf ma rdasofs HQAL]A7 Ynbl ma Masbrrfnnf Qrcblf 3998  ‛ 3922  ?;

 

Ma bkuarmf mdbolûstdkf

MA[KSDYKDFL MAN YNBLF MA YANDOSF[ T XQNLASBCDNDMBM XQNLASBCDNDMBM  

bn

rabndzbmf al an pnbl urcblf sa fcsarvb nf sdoudalta7 Yandorfs7 Kêrkunf sfl

lbrblgb7

nfs

krêtdkfs

pultfs ma

bntb

kfltbjdlbkdûl ma rasdmufs

sûndmfs,

ucdkbmf

al

nfs

pualtas ma nb kbnna Sabn

y

nb

Harrfkbrrdn

Bv. (Sêf

[eunnkbs). Hnakeb laorb7 bntb kfltbjdlbkdûl pfr maskbrob ma ram ma boubs

sarvdmbs,

ucdkbmf

al

nbs

rdcarbs man BB.EE. [bltb Sfsb.

DJBOAL L¹ 987 Ynblf ma pandorfs y vunlarbcdndmbm HQAL]A7 Ynbl ma Masbrrfnnf Qrcblf 3998  ‛ 3922

?=

 

=.2.1. Astrukturb urcblb7   Qsfs ma suanf7



[QC [AK]FS KK 23

KFJASKDF DLHFSJBN

KFJASKDF HFSJBN Q[F KFJASKDBN Q[F SA[DMALKDBN Q[F SAKSAB]DXF F]SF[ Q[F[

Qsf kfjarkdbn7 Bntb kfjarkdbn7 Bntb prasalkdb ma asta usf pfr su ucdkbkdûl, ucdkbkdûl, yb qua partalaka partalaka bn kaltrf ma nb kdumbm ma Eublkbyf Eublkbyf mflma sa kflkaltrbl nb jbyfr pbrta ma nbs bktdvdmbmas y axdsta jukef mdlbjdsjf akflûjdkf oalarblmf ma astb jblarb nb prasalkdb tbltf man kfjarkdf hfrjbn a dlhfrjbn. Qsf rasdmalkdbn7 An usf rasdmalkdbn ma nbs amdhdkbkdflas sa alkualtrbl jbyfrjalta masma an saoulmf pdsf, mflma an tdpf ma usf as kflsdmarbmf7 rasdmalkdbn ma malsdmbm bntb, jamdb0 oalarâlmfsa ulb mdharalkdbkdûl man krakdjdaltf masaqudndcrbmf al an ârab jatrfpfndtblb, jdaltrbs ftrfs saktfras sa alkualtrbl al prfkasf ma kflsfndmbkdûl. Qsf rakrabtdvf7 Kucral ulb jêldjb kbltdmbm al nf qua sa rahdara bn ârab, astâ mbmf pfr nb Ynbzb Kflstdtukdûl, nb nfsb mapfrtdvb man BB.EE. [bltb Sfsb y an jbnakûl man Sd Sdf f [eunnkbs Ftrfs usfs7 Al an saktfr sa alkualtrbl aqudpbjdaltfs mastdlbmfs b ftrfs usfs tbnas kfjf7 Nb ?jb kfjblmblkdb ma nb YLY, nb Kbtamrbn ma Eublkbyf, an Brzfcdspbmf ma Eublkbyf, Bumdtfrdf Luastrb [aòfrb man Xbnna, nfs kubnas pfr alkfltrbrsa al an ârab jatrfpfndtblb, kucral b tfmb nb kdumbm.

DJBOAL L¹ 9?7 Qsfs ma suanf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

?1

 



 

[dstajb vdbn7 

[QC [AK]FS KK 23

 BX. HASSFKBSSDN

KBNNA SABN

 BX. ODSBNMAW

XDB BS]ASDBN XDB KFNAK]FSB XDB NFKBN XDB YAB]FLBN

Al an sdstajb vdbn man suc saktfr sa fcsarvb nb prasalkdb ma nbs vêbs jâs djpfrtbltas ma nb kdumbm, nbs kubnas sfl7 Xêbs brtardbnas7 astâl kflsdmarbmbs al prdjar nuobr b nb Bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn y al saoulmf nuobr nb Kbnna Sabn yb qua sfpfrtbl nb jbyfr kbltdmbm ma trblspfrta urcblf jbsdvf, y befrb tdala ul orbl dlkrajaltf vaedkunbr kfl nb prasalkdb man aqudpbjdaltf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb. Xêbs kfnaktfrbs7 nb kfnaktfrbs7 nb Bvaldmb Odrânmaz bulqua sa alkualtrb b 1 kubmrbs man kaltrf kfjarkdbn, astb vêb rakapkdflb an trblspfrta qua vdala ma nb bvaldmb harrfkbrrdn y Sabn bsê kfjf ma ftrbs vêbs ma jalfr garbrquêb, y tbjcdäl eb oalarbmf su dlkrajaltf vaedkunbr. Xêbs nfkbnas7 maltrf nfkbnas7 maltrf man suc saktfr sa kflsdmarbl nbs vêbs nfkbnas bn Gr. Bybkukef, Gr. Kuskf, Gr. Yulf, Gr.  Bjbzflbs, Gr. Blkbse, qua kflaktbl nbs vêbs brtardbnas y kfnaktfrbs, y bnoulfs pbsbgas alkfltrbmfs al an  BB.EE. [bltb Sfsb, qua qua kbrakal ma trbtbjdaltf trbtbjdaltf b axkapkdûl axkapkdûl ma jbnakûl man rdf rdf [eunnkbs Xêb pabtflbn7 Nb ÷ldkb vêb pabtflbn maltrf man suc saktfr as an jbnakûl man rdf [eunnkbs, nb kubn tbjcdäl kualtb kfl ulb kdknfvêb, al nb Bv. Harrfkbrrdn tbjcdäl sa kualtb kfl ulb kdknfvêb qua as pfkf usbmb .

DJBOAL L¹ 957 [dstajb vdbn man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

?8

 

  Aqudpbjdaltf urcblf ma rakrabkdûl7 



[QC [AK]FS KK 23

YNBWB KFL[]D]QKDFL

JBNAKFL MAN SDF [EQNNKB[

NF[B MAYFS]DXB BBEE [BL]B SF[B SAKSABKDFL YB[DXB SAKSABKDFL  BK]DXB

Nb Ynbzb Kflstdtukdûl7 As Kflstdtukdûl7 As ul aqudpbjdaltf ma rakrabkdûl pbsdvb ma ldvan jatrfpfndtblf qua sa alkualtrb al an kaltrf ma nb kdumbm, tdala kflkurralkdb pfr nb pfcnbkdûl y vdsdtbltas lbkdflbnas y axtrblgarfs. Bktubnjal Bktubnjalta ta nb pnbzb Kflstdtukdûl sa alkualtrb al rajfmanbkdûl. Nfsb mapfrtdvb man BB.EE. [bltb Sfsb7 As ulb paquaòb nfsb mapfrtdvb an kubn sa fcsarvû qua al vaz ma sar ul aspbkdf p÷cndkf mflma sa puamb masbrrfnnbr bktdvdmbmas mapfrtdvb mapfrtdvbss sa eb kflvartdmf al ul nuobr pandorfsf pfr sar an rahuodf ma parsflbs ma jbn vdvdr oalarblmf mandlkualkdb.  mandlkualkdb.  Jbnakûl man Sdf [eunnkbs7 Ftrf [eunnkbs7  Ftrf aspbkdf p÷cndkf tbjcdäl djpfrtblta qua sa alkualtrb sfl nbs rdcarbs man Sdf [eunnkbs an kubn sa vdf bhaktbmf pfr nb kfltbjdlbkdûl qua oalarf nb pfcnbkdûl qua vdva karkb, ftrf anajaltf juy djpfrtblta hua nb axdstalkdb ma nb Hâcrdkb ]axtdn „Jbluhbkturbs man Kaltrf‚, nb dlhrbastrukturb qua sa va na eb

mbmf pfkb djpfrtblkdb b nb utdndzbkdûl man ârab varma, qua jâs cdal sa eb kflvartdmf al nuobr pfkf saourf.

DJBOAL L¹ 947 Aqudpbjdaltf urcblf ma rakrabkdûl man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

??

 

  [arvdkdfs7 



Boub7 Ybrb an sarvdkdf ma boub pftbcna b ldvan oalarbn, an YMQ kfltajpnb nb hfrjunbkdûl man astumdf y kflstrukkdûl man Yrfyaktf ma dlkrajaltf ma mftbkdûl ma sarvdkdf ma Boub Yftbcna b =99 Nt/sao. Nb Ajprasb [AMBJ Eublkbyf, bktubnjalta prfmuka 199 Nt/[ao. [dl ajcbrof sfnf sa bcbstaka b ul 89% ma nb Yfcnbkdûl.

Masboþa7  Ybrb an sdstajb ma masboþa, al su tftbndmbm an sdstajb mralb pfr orbvambm y lf tdala ldlo÷l trbtbjdaltf. An astumdf pbrb an trbtbjdaltf ma boubs sarvdmbs lf sa eb rabndzbmf, an prfcnajb sa boumdzb y sa astâl kfltbjdlblmf jâs nfs rêfs [eunnkbs, Hnfrdmf, Kednkb y Jbltbrf.

Anaktrdkdmbm7 An sarvdkdf ma alaroêb anäktrdkb b ldvan mfjdkdndbrdf y al nbs ramas ma bnujcrbmf p÷cndkf sa fcsarvb qua eby ul bcbstakdjdaltf al su tftbndmbm. t ftbndmbm.

DJBOAL L¹297 Bnujcrbmf p÷cndkf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

?5

 

=.3. KBSBK]ASDWBKDFL MAN KAL]SF KFJASKDBN FYAL YNBWB7 =.3.2. Qcdkbkdûl7 An kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb as ulb dlhrbastrukturb kfjarkdbn qua sa dlsartb al nb kdumbm b pbrtdr man bòf 392=, al an tarralf qua bltas fkupbcb nb hâcrdkb taxtdn ma hrbzbmbs. Kfndlmb kfl nb bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn, nb kbnna Bjbzflbs, prfnflobkdûl [bl Kbrnfs y an Sdf [eunnkbs. Y Yfr fr astb ucdkbkdûl asta asta prfyaktf eb prasaltbmf prasaltbmf mdvarsfs dlkflvaldaltas masma su kflstrukkdûl, yb qua nb bltdoub hâcrdkb ma hrazbmbs hua ul hbktfr kfltbjdlblta pbrb an Sdf [eunnkbs, bmajâs b astf sa maca ma sujbr an kfloastdflbjdaltf vaedkunbr qua axdsta al nb bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn, pfr nf kubn b asta prfyaktf sa na pdmdû ul astumdf ma djpbktf vdbn. Ybrb nfs muaòfs man kaltrf kfjarkdbn lf hua hâkdn dldkdbr sus bktdvdmbmas pfr nfs prfcnajbs gumdkdbnas qua tbjcdäl sa talêbl kfl nfs bltdoufs muaòfs. Asta prfyaktf eb raprasaltbmf jâs ma 359 jdnnflas ma sfnas ma dlvarsdûl, oalarblmf ajpnaf pbrb 2199 trbcbgbmfras raprasaltblmf kfjf valtbgbs y fpfrtuldmbmas.

DJBOAL L¹227 Qcdkbkdûl man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb HQAL]A7  ettp7//www.parukflstruya.lat/fpal-pnbzb-eu HQAL]A7 ettp7//www.parukflstruya.lat/fpal-pnbzb-eublkbyf/ blkbyf/

?4

 

=.3.3. Bktdvdmbmas7 Kfl nb bparturb man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb trbgf kflsdof an dlorasf ma nbs jbrkbs man Orupf Hbnbcannb b astb raodûl, kfjf [bob, ]fttus, [fmdjbk, Cblkf Hbnbcannb, Kdlajbr` y mdvarsbs kbmalbs ma kfjdmb râpdmb0 nb kbmalb kfjarkdbn tdala kfjf bktdvdmbm prdlkdpbn an KFJASKDF b trbväs ma nb valtb ma rfpb, kfjdmb, altrataldjdaltf, guaofs y aspaktâkunfs, aspaktâkunfs, kflv kflvdrtdälmfsa drtdälmfsa b nb vaz al ul pul pultf tf ma alkualtrf sfkdbn, maspnbzblmf ma kdartb jblarb b nfs n fs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs bcdartfs ma nb kdumbm yb qua kflkaltrb ulb orbl vbrdambm ma bktdvdmbmas y nbs parsflbs prahdaral

astfs

astbcnakdjdaltfs

qua

crdlmbl

sarvdkdfs

kfjpnatfs

ma

altrataldjdaltf bmajâs ma sar aspbkdfs bkfoamfras y saourfs.

DLHSBA[]SQK]QSB DL]ASDFS7 An jbnn tdala tras dlorasfs pabtflbnas al an prdjar pdsf, kfl ldvan ma varamb y rbjpbs ma bkkasf pbrb mdskbpbkdtbmfs, kualtb kfl jâs ma 819 astbkdflbjdaltfs. An kaltrf kfjarkdbn tdala fkef ldvanas, kdlkf pdsfs ma sûtblfs y tras ldvanas ma tdalmbs y sarvdkdfs7 -

[ûtblf 91, ssa a ucdkbl ucdkbl nbs f fhdkdlbs, hdkdlbs, zzflbs flbs ma ssarvdkdf arvdkdf y kubrtfs täkldkfs.

-

[ûtblf 9=, sa alkualtrbl nfs kubrtfs täkldkfs, mapûsdtfs, rutbs ma avbkubkdûl0 pbsdnnfs y askbnarbs.

-

[ûtblf 9;, bq bquê uê sa alkualtrb alkualtrb an dloras dlorasf f vaedkunbr man p÷cndkf, y nbs dlstbnbkdflas ma nb tdalmb [fmdjbk.

-

[ûtblf 93, sa ucdkbl nfs astbkdflbjdaltfs, astbkdflbjdaltfs, pf pfrr asta ldvan ssa a bkkama pabtflbnjalta b nb bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn.

-

[ûtblf 92, sa ucdkb ucdkbl l nbs rutbs ma avbkubkdûl y zflb zflb ma asparb ma nbs tdalmbs [fmdjbk y ]fttus.

59

 

-

Yrdjar ldvan, tdala m mfs fs dlorasfs pabtflbnas, bkkasf b tda tdalmbs lmbs y suparjarkbmf.

-

[aoulmf ldvan, bkkasf b nbs tdalmbs, kdla, rastburbltas y pbtdf ma kkfjdmbs. fjdmbs.

- ]arkar ldvan, kualtb kfl nbs sbnbs man kdla, aqudpfs täkldkfs y astbkdflbjdaltfs.

DJBOAL L¹237 Aspbkdfs dltardfras man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb HQAL]A7  ettp7//www.parukflstruya.lat/fpal-pnbzb-eu HQAL]A7 ettp7//www.parukflstruya.lat/fpal-pnbzb-eublkbyf/ blkbyf/

52

 

=.3.;. Bpfrtas urcblfs7 - Kbnna Bjbzflbs7 Ybrb nb kbnna Bjbzflbs sa eb kamdmf ulb hrblgb 2.59j. ma blkef pbrb kujpndr kfl bndlabjdaltf ma nb hbkebmb. - Yrfnflobkdûl [bl Kbrnfs7  Bjpndbkdûl ma varambs ma ulb jblarb kflsdmarbcna, djpnajaltbkdûl ma dnujdlbkdûl lfkturlb, cbrblmbs pardjatrbnas y sajâhfrfs pabtflbnas. - Bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn7 Al nb Bv. Harrfkbrrdn sa fcsarvb an alsblkebjdaltf ma nbs varambs ma ulb jblarb kflsdmarbcna, mflma sa fcsarvb an prdlkdpbn bkkasf p÷cndkf. ]bjcdäl sa fcsarvb nb dlstbnbkdûl ma sajâhfrfs pabtflbnas, bsê kfjf ma cbrblmbs pardjatrbnas al nbs varambs - Jbnakûl man Sdf [eunnkbs7 Yfr an jbnakûl man rdf [eunnkbs, nb vfnujatrêb man prfyaktf sa alkualtrb maltrf ma sus nêjdtas man tarralf, t arralf, raspatblmf an trbtbjdaltf qua talêb bltardfrjalta, an prfyaktf lf eb dlvbmdmf an saktfr.

DJBOAL L¹2;7 Xdstb man KK. Fpal Ynbzb masma nb bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn HQAL]A7  ettp7//www.parukflstruya.lat/fpal-pnbzb-eu HQAL]A7 ettp7//www.parukflstruya.lat/fpal-pnbzb-eublkbyf/ blkbyf/

53

 

=.;. SA[QN]BMF[7 Kbca jalkdflbr qua pbrb nb fctalkdûl ma nfs rasuntbmfs sa jblagbrfl mfs dlstrujaltfs7 hdkeb ma raodstrf ma mbtfs y alkuastb. Ybrb nfs dlmdkbmfras ma bntarbkdûl al nfs usfs ma suanf, bujaltf al an kfstf man suanf urcblf, oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas, mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas, bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr y mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs sa bpndkû nb hdkeb ma raodstrf ma mbtfs, jdaltrbs qua pbrb nfs dlmdkbmfras ma bprfpdbkdûl pucndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas, bcblmflf y matardfrf man aspbkdf p÷cndkf mastdlbmf b nb n b rakrabkdûl, bntarbkdûl al an vfnujal ma boub, bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa y bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb sa bpndkû nb alkuastb.

=.;.2. Bntarbkdûl al nfs usfs ma suanf7 Al nb sdoudalta tbcnb sa fcsarvb an ârab y an pfrkaltbga qua raprasaltb kbmb tdpf ma usf ma suanf raspaktf bn ârab tftbn ma astumdf. (Xar Hdkeb ma raodstrf ma mbtfs L¹92). Astb tbcnb lfs parjdta kflfkar nb fkupbkdûl ma kbmb usf ma suanf ma hfrjb oalarbn pbrb nuaof pfmar astbcnakar nfs pfrkaltbgas ma nbs bntarbkdflas qua suhrdû an usf ma suanf pfr bòf.

3929

392=

392?

Q[F BSAB

%

BSAB

%

BSAB

%

KFJASKDBN

25,343.99

21 %

33,431.?5

24%

18,5=?.99

=8%

SA[DMALKDBN

?=.21;.99

89%

84,124.33

18%

12,;8?.=3

=2%

DLMQ[]SDBN

21,?84.=3

2;%

9.99

9%

9.99

9%

SAKSAB]DXF

23,49=.29

29%

23,49=.29

29%

23,49=.29

29%

F]SF[ Q[F[

3,?;1.99

3%

3,?;1.99

3%

3,?;1.99

3%

9.99

9%

21,51;.13

2;%

9.99

9%

[DL Q[F

]BCNB L¹ 2;7 Ârab y pfrkaltbga sao÷l tdpf ma suanf urcblf HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

5;

 

Q[F KFJASKDBN7 

KB]B[]SF 3929

KB]B[]SF 392?

KB]B[]SF 392=

[a fcsarvb qua an bujaltf man kfjarkdf pbrb an bòf 392? sa mb

BN]ASBKDFL

BÒF

BSAB

%

XBSDBKDFL (mdharalkdb ma %)

BN]ASBKDFL

3929

25,343.99  25,343.99 

299%  299% 

Ybrb an 392= an usf kfjarkdbn sa dlkrajaltû al

3929 -392=

392=

33,431.?5   33,431.?5

231%   231%

BN]ASBKDFL

392=

33,431.?5   33,431.?5

299%   299%

prdlkdpbnjalta al nbs kbnnas jâs karkblbs bn kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal

31%

pnbzb, jdaltrbs qua al nbs kbnnas prdlkdpbnas kfjf sfl nb kbnna Sabn, Ybrb an 392? an usf kfjarkdbn sa dlkrajaltû al 2=5%

392=-392?

392?

18,5=?.99   18,5=?.99

Odrânmaz y Harrfkbrrdn sdajpra axdstdû an kfjarkdf

3=5%

]BCNB L¹2=7 Bntarbkdûl ma usf kfjarkdbn. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb 5=

 

Orbhdkf astbmêstdkf7 BN]ASBKDFL MAN Q[F KFJASKDBN ;99 3=5

319 399 219

231 299

299

299 19 9

9

9 3929 - 392=

392=-392? 3929

392=

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 937 Bntarbkdûl man usf kfjarkdbn man 3929 bn 392?.

HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb 

Al an orâhdkf sa fcsarvb qua al nb prdjarb kfjpbrbkdûl bòf 3929 y 392=, an ârab man usf kfjarkdbn al an bòf 3929 raprasaltb an 2 299%, 99%, jdaltrbs qua pbrb an ârab man usf kfjarkdbn an bòf 392= raprasaltb ul 231%, altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua an dlkrajaltf man usf kfjarkdbn pbrb an bòf 392= hua man 31%. Al nb saoulmb kfjpbrbkdûl bòf 392= y 392? sa fcsarvb qua an ârab man us usf f kfjarkdbn pbrb an bòf 392= raprasaltb an 299% y pbrb an bòf 392? an ârab man usf kfjarkdbn as ma 3=5%, altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua pbrb an bòf 392? an usf kfjarkdbn sa dlkrajaltû al al ul 2=5%, ul vbnfr vbnfr jukef jbyfr qua kflsdmarblmf qua man bòf 392= bn 392? axdsta ul dltarvbnf ma tdajpf jâs kfrtf.

Jamdkdûl man djpbktf urcblf7 [ao÷l nb askbnb ma vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al an usf kfjarkdbn pbrb an bòf 392? as7 

XBSDBKDFL

JBOLD]QM7

Juy bntb (59-299%)  (59-299%) 

DJYFS]BLKDB7 Jukeb DJYFS]BLKDB7  Jukeb djpfrtblkdb  djpfrtblkdb 

2=5%

51

 

Q[F SA[DMALKDBN7 

KB]B[]SF 3929

KB]B[]SF 392?

KB]B[]SF 392=

BN]ASBKDFL

BÒF

BSAB

%

XBSDBKDFL (mdharalkdb ma %)

BN]ASBKDFL

3929

?=,21;.99  ?=,21;.99 

299%  299% 

Ybrb an 392= an usf rasdmalkdbn mdsjdluyf al

3929 -392=

392=

84,124.33   84,124.33

4=%  4=% 

BN]ASBKDFL

392=

84,124.33   84,124.33

299%   299%

8%

[a fcsarvb qua an usf rasdmalkdbn sdoua jbltaldälmfsa al ulb orbl pbrta man saktfr, sdl ajcbrof asta usf eb dmf ramukdälmfsa al kbmb bòf ma astumdf macdmf b nb jbyfr

Ybrb an 392? an usf rasdmalkdbn rasdmalkdbn mdsjdluyf al 38%

392=-392?

392?

12,;8?.=3 

?=%

]BCNB L¹217 Bntarbkdûl ma usf rasdmalkdbn.

prasalkdb ma astbcnakdjdaltfs kfjarkdbnas 

HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb 58

 

Orbhdkf astbmêstdkf7

BN]ASBKDFL MAN Q[F SA[DMALKDBN 239 299

299

4=

299 ?=

59 89 =9 39 9

9

9 3929 - 392=

392=-392? 3929

392=

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 9;7 Bntarbkdûl man usf rasdmalkdbn man 3929 bn 392? 392?   HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Al an orâhdkf sa fcsarvb qua al nb prdjarb kfjpbrbkdûl bòf 3929 y 392=, an ârab man usf rasdmalkdbn al an bòf 3929 raprasaltb an an 299%, jdaltrbs qua pbrb an bòf 392= raprasaltb ul 4=%, altflkas altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua nb mdsjdlukdûl man man usf rasdmalkdbn pbrb an bòf 392= hua man 8%.Al nb saoulmb kfjpbrbkdûl bòf 392= y 392? sa fcsarvb qua an ârab man usf rasdmalkdbn pbrb a ann bòf 392= ra raprasaltb prasaltb an 299% y pbrb an bòf 392? an ârab man usf rasdmalkdbn as ?=%, altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua pbrb an bòf 392? an usf rasdmalkdbn rasdmalkdbn mdsjdluyf al ul 38%, ul vbnfr jukef jbyfr qua kflsdmarblmf qua ma mann bòf 392= bn 392? axdsta axdsta ul dltarvbnf ma tdajpf jâs kfrtf.

Jamdkdûl man djpbktf urcblf7 [ao÷l nb askbnb ma vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al an usf rasdmalkdbn 392? as7

XBSDBKDFL 38%

JBOLD]QM7

Cbgb (39-;4%) 

DJYFS]BLKDB7  Yfkb djpfrtblkdb  DJYFS]BLKDB7

5?

 

Q[F DLMQ[]SDBN7 

KB]B[]SF 3929

KB]B[]SF 392=

KB]B[]SF 392?

[a fcsarvb qua an usf dlmustrdbn

BN]ASBKDFL

BÒF

BSAB

%

XBSDBKDFL (mdharalkdb ma %)

BN]ASBKDFL

3929

21,?84.=3 

299%  299% 

Ybrb an 392= an usf dlmustrdbn mdsjdluyf al

3929 -392=

392=

9 

9%  9% 

BN]ASBKDFL

392=

9 

9%  9% 

392=-392?

392?

9 

9%

pbrb an bòf 392= masbpbrakdû y pbrb an bòf 392? an ârab qua arb

299%

fkupbmb pfr an usf dlmustrdbn sa vfnvdû ma usf kfjarkdbn

 

Ybrb an 392? an usf dlmustrdbn lf axdsta maltrf man suc saktfr

]BCNB L¹ 287 Bntarbkdûl ma usf dlmustrdbn. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb 55

 

Orbhdkf astbmêstdkf7 BN]ASBKDFL MAN Q[F DLMQ[]SDBN 239 299 299 59 89 =9 39 9

9

9

9

9 3929 - 392=

392=-392? 3929

392=

392?

9

OSBHDKF L¹ 9=7 Bntarbkdûl man usf dlmustrdbn man 3929 bn 392?  HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Al an orâhdkf sa fcsarvb qua al nb prdjarb kfjpbrbkdûl bòf 3929 y 392=, an ârab man usf dlmustrdb dlmustrdbnn al an bòf bòf 3929 raprasaltb an 299%, jdaltrbs qu qua a pbrb an bòf 392= raprasaltb ul 9%, altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua an usf dlmustrdbn maspbrakdû al su tftbndmbm pbrb an a n bòf 392=.Al nb saoulmb kfjpbrbkdûl bòf 392= y 392? sa fcsarvb qua an usf usf dlmustrdbn lf ax axdsta, dsta, parf hua raajpnbzbmf pfr pfr an usf kfjarkdbn.

Jamdkdûl man djpbktf urcblf7 [ao÷l nb askbnb ma vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al an usf kfjarkdbn 392? as7

JBOLD]QM7

XBSDBKDFL

Juy bntb (59-299%) 

DJYFS]BLKDB7  Jukeb djpfrtblkdb  DJYFS]BLKDB7

299%

54

 

Q[F SAKSAB]DXF7 

KB]B[]SF 3929

KB]B[]SF 392=

KB]B[]SF 392?

BN]ASBKDFL

BÒF

BSAB

%

XBSDBKDFL (mdharalkdb ma %)

BN]ASBKDFL

3929

23,49=.29 

299%  299% 

Ybrb an 392= an usf rakrabtdvf lf suhrdû

3929 -392=

392=

23,49=.29 

299%   299%

BN]ASBKDFL

392=

23,49=.29 

299%   299%

vbrdbkdflas

[a

puama

vbrdbkdflas 392?

23,49=.29 

299%

]BCNB L¹2?7 Bntarbkdûl ma usf rakrabtdvf. rakrabtdvf.

nb

Fpal pnbzb lf bntarf al ldloulb jboldtum an usf rakrabtdvf man suc

 

392=-392?

qua

prasalkdb man kaltrf kfjarkdbn

saktfr  Ybrb an 392? an usf rakrabtdvf lf suhrdû

fcsarvbr

HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb 49

 

Orbhdkf astbmêstdkf

BN]ASBKDFL MAN Q[F SAKSAB]DXF 239

299

299

299

3929 - 392=

392= - 392?

299

299 59 89 =9 39 9

3929

392=

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 917 Bntarbkdûl man usf rakrabtdvf man 3929 bn 392? HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Al asta usf ma suanf, nfs kubnas sfl an pbrqua Kflstdtukdûl, an jbnakûl man rdf [eunnkbs y nb nfsb mapfrtdvb lf sa eb fcsarvbmf kbjcdfs al kubltf b nbs ârabs murblta nfs ; bòfs.

Jamdkdûl man djpbktf urcblf7 [ao÷l nb askbnb ma vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al an usf rakrabtdvf 392? as7

XBSDBKDFL 9%

JBOLD]QM7

Juy cbgb (9-24%) 

DJYFS]BLKDB7 [dl djpfrtblkdb 

42

 

F]SF[ Q[F[7 

KB]B[]SF 3929

KB]B[]SF 392=

BN]ASBKDFL

BÒF

BSAB

%

BN]ASBKDFL

3929

3,?;1.99 

299%  299% 

KB]B[]SF 392?

XBSDBKDFL (mdharalkdb ma %)

[a Ybrb an 392= ftrfs usfs lf suhrdû vbrdbkdflas

3929 -392=

392=

BN]ASBKDFL

392=

3,?;1.99 

299%   299%

3,?;1.99 

299%   299%

puama

fcsarvbr

qua

nb

prasalkdb man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb lf bntarf al ldloulb jboldtum nfs ftrfs usfs man suc

 

saktfr  Ybrb an 392? ftrfs usfs lf suhrdû vbrdbkdflas

392=-392?

392?

3,?;1.99 

299%

]BCNB L¹257 Bntarbkdûl ma ftrfs usfs. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb 43

 

Orbhdkf astbmêstdkf

BN]ASBKDFL MA F]SF[ Q[F[ 239 299

299

299

3929 - 392=

392= - 392?

299 59 89 =9 39 9 3929

392=

392?

299

OSBHDKF L¹ 987 Bntarbkdûl ma ftrfs usfs man 3929 bn 392? HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Al asta tdpf ma usf ma suanf, qua sfl nfs aqudpbjdaltfs qua sa alkualtrbl ucdkbmfs al an saktfr, tbjpfkf sa eb fcsarvbmf kbjcdfs al nf qua raspaktb b nbs ârabs, murblta nfs tras bòfs ma astumdf (3929 ‛ 392= ‛ 392?).

Jamdkdûl man djpbktf urcblf7 [ao÷l nb askbnb ma vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al ftrfs usfs 392? as7

XBSDBKDFL 9%

JBOLD]QM7

Juy cbgb (9-24%) 

DJYFS]BLKDB7 [dl djpfrtblkdb 

4;

 

=.;.3. Bujaltf al an an kfstf man suanf urcblf7 Ybrb an bujaltf al an kfstf man suanf sa kflsdmarû nbs kbnnas jâs karkblbs bn kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb, yb qua sarâl nbs jâs bhaktbmbs mdraktbjalta pfr su prasalkdb. Ybrb asta kânkunf sa tfjû kfjf raharalkdb nbs vbnfrdzbkdflas kfjarkdbnas y an kfstf man brblkan (Xar Hdkeb ma raodstrf ma mbtfs L¹93). Bsê sa fctuvf nfs sdoudaltas rasuntbmfs pbrb an vbnfr kfjarkdbn ma kbmb kbnna7

XDB

3929

392=

392?

XBNFS

XBNFS

XBNFS

KFJASKDBN

KFJASKDBN

KFJASKDBN

KQ[KF ‛ BTBKQKEF

$242.99 J3

$3;5.99 J3

$;18.99 J3

 BTBKQKEF  BTBKQKE F ‛ YQAL]A

$242.99 J3

$3;5.99 J3

$;18.99 J3

]SBJF

HASSFKBSSDN

HASSFKBSSDN-BJBWFLB[

$233.99 J3

$284.99 J3

$3;5.99 J3

 BJBWFLB[ ‛ YGA

$233.99 J3

$284.99 J3

$3;5.99 J3

KQ[KF-BTBKQKEF

$353.99 J3

$;42.99 J3

$1=?.99 J3

 BTBKQKEF-YQAL]A  BTBKQKE F-YQAL]A

$233.99 J3

$284.99 J3

$3;5.99 J3

[BL KBSNF[

BJBWFLB[

]BCNB L¹ 247 Xbnfr kfjarkdbn man suanf urcblf al an suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

BXALDMB HASSFKBSSDN7 BN]ASBKDFL

BÒF

BSAB

%

BN]ASBKDFL

3929

$242.99

299%   299% Ybrb an 392= nb bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn fctuvf ul

3929 -392=

392=

$3;5.99 

23=%   23=%

BN]ASBKDFL

392=

$3;5.99 

299%   299%

$;18.99 

219%

392=-392?

392?

XBSDBKDFL (mdharalkdb ma %)

bujaltf man 3=% al an kfstf man suanf

Ybrb an 392? nb bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn fctuvf ul bujaltf man 19% al an kfstf man suanf

]BCNB L¹ 397 Bujaltf man kfstf man suanf Bv. Harrfkbrrdn. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

4=

 

Orbhdkf astbmêstdkf  BQJAL]F AL AN KF[]F MAN [QANF [QANF QSCBLF - BX HASSFKBSSDN

219

2=9

23=

239 299

299

299 59 89 =9 39 9 3929 - 392=

392= - 392? 3929

392=

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 9?7 Bujaltf al an kfstf ma suanf urcblf Bv. Harrfkbrrdn 3929 bn 392?

O

KF

9

u a tf a a kfstf ma sua f u cb f

a fkb

9 9b

9

HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Al an orâhdkf sa fcsarvb qua al nb prdjarb kfjpbrbkdûl bòf 3929 y 392=, an kfstf man suanf urcblf al an bòf 3929 raprasaltb an 299%, jdaltrbs qua pbrb an bòf 392= raprasaltb ul 23=%, altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua an bujaltf al an kfstf ma suanf pbrb an bòf 392= hua man 3=%.Al nb saoulmb kfjpbrbkdûl bòf 392= y 392? sa fcsarvb qua qua an kfstf man su suanf anf urcblf pbrb a ann bòf 392= rap raprasaltb rasaltb an 299% y pbrb an bòf 392? an kfstf man suanf raprasaltb an 219%, altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua pbrb an bòf 392? an kfstf man suanf urcblf al nb Bv. Harrfkbrrdn sa dlkrajaltû al ul 19%, ul vbnfr jukef jbyfr jbyfr qua kflsdmarblmf qua man bòf 392= bn 392? axdsta ul dltarvbnf ma tdajpf jâs kfrtf.

Jamdkdûl man djpbktf urcblf7 [ao÷l nb askbnb ma vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al an bujaltf man kfstf man suanf urcblf al nb Bv. Harrfkbrrdn 392? as7 XBSDBKDFL

JBOLD]QM7

Jamdb (=9-14%) 

DJYFS]BLKDB7 Jfmarbmb 

19%

41

 

YSFNFLOBKDFL [BL KBSNF[ BN]ASBKDFL

BÒF

BSAB

%

BN]ASBKDFL

3929

$233.99

299%  299% 

3929 -392=

392=

$284.99 

2;5%  2;5% 

BN]ASBKDFL

392=

$284.99 

299%   299%

$3;5.99 

2=2%

392=-392?

392?

XBSDBKDFL (mdharalkdb ma %)

Ybrb an 392= nb bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn fctuvf ul bujaltf man ;5% al an kfstf man suanf

Ybrb an 392? nb bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn fctuvf ul bujaltf man =2% al an kfstf man suanf

]BCNB L¹ 327 Bujaltf man kfstf man suanf Yrfno [bl Kbrnfs. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Orbhdkf astbmêstdkf7

BQJAL]F MAN KF[]F KFJASKDBN MAN [QANF QSCBLF- YSFN. [BL KBSNF[ 2=2

2;5

2=9 239 299

299

299

59 89 =9 39 9 3929 - 392=

392= - 392? 3929

392=

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 957 Bujaltf al an kfstf ma suanf Yrûn. [bl Kbrnfs 3929 bn 392? HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Al an orâhdkf sa fcsarvb qua al nb prdjarb kfjpbrbkdûl bòf 3929 y 392=, an kfstf man suanf urcblf al an bòf 3929 raprasaltb an 299%, jdaltrbs qua pbrb an bòf 392= raprasaltb ul 2;5%, altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua an bujaltf al an kfstf ma suanf pbrb an bòf 392= hua man ;5%.Al nb saoulmb kfjpbrbkdûl bòf 392= y 392? sa fcsarvb qua qua an kfstf man su suanf anf urcblf pbrb a ann bòf 392= rap raprasaltb rasaltb an

48

 

299% y pbrb an bòf 392? an kfstf man suanf sa dlkrajaltb ebstb an 2=2%, altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua pbrb an bòf 392? an kfstf man suanf urcblf al prfnflobkdûl [bl Kbrnfs sa dlkrajaltû al ul =2%, ul vbnf vbnfrr jukef jbyfr qua kflsdmarblmf qua man bòf 392= bn 392? axdsta ul dltarvbnf ma tdajpf jâs kfrtf.

Jamdkdûl ma djpbktf urcblf7 [ao÷l nb askbnb ma vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al an bujaltf man kfstf man suanf urcblf ma Yrfn. [bl Kbrnfs 392? as7

XBSDBKDFL =2%

KBNNA BJBWFLB[7

Jamdb (=9-14%)  JBOLD]QM7 DJYFS]BLKDB7 Jfmarbmb 

BN]ASBKDFL

BÒF

BSAB

%

BN]ASBKDFL

3929

$233.99

299%  299% 

3929 -392=

392=

$284.99 

2;5%  2;5% 

BN]ASBKDFL

392=

$284.99 

299%   299%

$3;5.99 

2=2%

392=-392?

392?

XBSDBKDFL (mdharalkdb ma %)

Ybrb an 392= nb bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn fctuvf ul bujaltf man ;5% al an kfstf man suanf

Ybrb an 392? nb bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn fctuvf ul bujaltf man =2% al an kfstf man suanf

]BCNB L¹ 337 Bujaltf man kfstf man suanf Kbnna Bjbzflbs. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

4?

 

Orbhdkf astbmêstdkf7 BQJAL]F MAN KF[]F KFJASKDBN MAN [QANF QSCBLFQSCBLF- BJBWFLB[ 2=9

2;5

2=9 239 299

299

299 59 89 =9 39 9 3929 - 392=

392= - 392? 3929

392=

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 947 Bujaltf al an kfstf ma suanf Kbnna Bjbzflbs 3929 bn 392?

HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb 

Al an orâhdkf sa fcsarvb qua al nb prdjarb kfjpbrbkdûl bòf 3929 y 392=, an kfstf man suanf urcblf al an bòf 3929 raprasaltb an 299%, jdaltrbs qua pbrb an bòf 392= raprasaltb ul 2;5%, altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua an bujaltf al an kfstf ma suanf pbrb an bòf 392= hua man ;5%.Al nb saoulmb kfjpbrbkdûl bòf 392= y 392? sa fcsarvb qua qua an kfstf man su suanf anf urcblf pbrb an bòf 392= raprasaltb a ann 299% y pbrb an bòf 392? an kfstf man suanf sa dlkrajaltb ebstb an 2=2%, altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua pbrb an bòf 392? an kfstf man suanf urcblf al an Gr. Bjbzflbs sa dlkrajaltû al ul =2% al ul pardfmf ma tdajpf ma tras bòfs.

Jamdkdûl ma djpbktf urcblf7 [ao÷l nb askbnb ma vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf prfmukdmf al an bujaltf man kfstf man suanf urcblf pbrb an Gr. Bjbzflbs 392? as7 XBSDBKDFL

JBOLD]QM7

Jamdb (=9-14%) 

DJYFS]BLKDB7 Jfmarbmb 

=2%

45

 

=.;.;. Oalarbkdûl ma ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas7 Ybrb an blândsds ma asta dlmdkbmfr, sa eb rakfnaktbmf dlhfrjbkdûl sfcra nfs tdpfs td pfs ma bktdvdmbmas qua hulkdflbcbl y hulkdflbl al nb bktubndmbm al an saktfr al nfs tras bòfs ma astumdf (3929 ‛ 392= ‛ 392?), sa eb matarjdlbmf nfs usfs parjdtdmfs parjd tdmfs sao÷l an YMQ (3998 ‛ 3922) al nb tbcnb ma usfs kfjpbtdcnas ma bkuarmf bn tdpf ma zfldhdkbkdûl, qua al asta kbsf sfl mfs7 Wflb Jflujaltbn, Kfjarkdf Jatrfpfndtblf y sfnf pbrb an kbsf man bòf 3929 nb zflb dlmustrdbn pbrb nnuaof uaof ebkar nb kfjpbrbkdûl ma nfs usfs parjdtdmfs y lf parjdtdmfs. (Xar Hdkeb ma raodstrf ma mbtfs L¹9;). Al nb sdoudalta tbcnb sa prasaltb ma jblarb oalarbn nfs usfs kfjpbtdcnas y lf kfjpbtdcnas pbrb kbmb bòf7

3929 Q[F[

392=

392?

KBL].

%

KBL].

%

KBL].

%

KFJYB]DCNA

22;

53%

2?=

5?%

39=

51%

LF KFJYB]DCNA

3=

25%

3?

2;%

;8

21%

]F]BN

2;?

299%

392

299%

3=9

299%

]BCNB L¹ 3;7 Qsfs kfjpbtdcnas y lf kfjpbtdcnas HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Ybrb asta dlmdkbmfr sfnf sa rabndzû an blândsds ma nfs usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas, al nbs sdoudaltas tbcnbs sa juastrb nfs kbjcdfs qua eucf al nb oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas pfr kbmb bòf7 BN]ASBKDFL

BÒF

KBL]DMBM

%

BN]ASBKDFL

3929

3= 

299%   299% Ybrb an 392= nfs usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas

3929 -392=

392=

3? 

22;%  22;% 

BN]ASBKDFL

392=

3? 

299%   299%

;8 

2;;%

392=-392?

392?

XBSDBKDFL (mdharalkdb ma %)

bujaltbrfl al 2;%

Ybrb an 392? nfs usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas bujaltbrfl al ;;%

]BCNB L¹ 3=7 Bntarbkdûl al nb oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

44

 

Orbhdkf astbmêstdkf7 OALASBKDFL MA Q[F[ LF KFJYB]DCNA[ 289 2;;

2=9 239

22; 299

299

299 59 89 =9 39 9 3929-392=

392=-392? 3929

392=

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 297 Oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas man 3929 bn 392?

HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Al asta orâhdkf pfmajfs fcsarvbr qua pbrb an bòf 3929 nb oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas astâ raprasaltbmf pfr an 299%, jdaltrbs qua pbrb an bòf 392= sa mdf al 22;%, altflkas pfmajfs makdr qua pbrb an bòf 392= nb oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas sa mdf al ul 2;%. Ybrb nb saoulmb kfjpbrbkdûl talajfs qua pbrb an bòf 392= nfs usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas raprasaltbl an 299% y pbrb an bòf 392? raprasaltbl an 2;;%, dltarpratblmf ma astb hfrjb qua pbrb an bòf 392? nb oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas sa dlkrajaltû al ul ;;%.

Jamdkdûl man djpbktf7 [ao÷l nb askbnb ma vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al nb oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas 392? as7 XBSDBKDFL ;;%

JBOLD]QM7

Cbgb (34-;4%) 

DJYFS]BLKDB7 Yfkb djpfrtblkdb 

299

 

=.;.=. Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bk bktdvdmbmas7 tdvdmbmas7 Ybrb an blândsds ma asta dlmdkbmfr sa tfjû al kualtb nfs mdvarsfs tdpfs ma bktdvdmbmas qua hulkdflbl al an saktfr al nfs tras bòfs (3929 ‛ 392= ‛ 392?) Ybrb an bòf 3929, nb kbltdmbm ma bktdvdmbmas qua sa masbrrfnnbcbl al an saktfr arb ul tftbn ma 38, nb orbl jbyfrêb ma astfs astbcnakdjdaltfs astbcbl mastdlbmfs bn kfjarkdf, saoudmf pfr nfs astbcnakdjdaltfs qua fhrakêbl sarvdkdfs (fhdkdlbs, amukbtdvfs), y pfr ÷ntdjf al ulb jalfr kbltdmbm mamdkbmfs b nb dlmustrdb, kfjf as an kbsf ma nb Hâcrdkb taxtdn Jbluhbkturbs man Kaltrf. Al an bòf 392=, nb mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas sa dlkrajaltû al ulb kbltdmbm ma mfs (3), ebkdalmf ul tftbn ma 35 bktdvdmbmas qua astbcbl al hulkdflbjdaltf al an saktfr Ybrb an bòf 392?, nb mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas b ktdvdmbmas bujaltf al ulb kbltdmbm ma 22 ebkdalmf ul tftbn ma ;4 bktdvdmbmas al an saktfr. (Xar Hdkeb ma raodstrf ma mbtfs L¹9=) nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs ma hfrjb oalarbn sa prasaltbl b kfltdlubkdûl7

Q[F[

3929

392=

392?

KBL]DMBM

KBL]DMBM

KBL].

38

35

=9

BK]DXDMBMA[

]BCNB L¹ 317 L÷jarf tftbn ma bktdvdmbmas al an suc saktfr HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

292

 

BK]DXDMBMA[7 

KB]B[]SF 3929

KB]B[]SF 392=

KB]B[]SF 392?

Ybrb an bòf 3929 y 392= an bujaltf BN]ASBKDFL

BÒF

KBL]DMBM

%

BN]ASBKDFL

3929

38 

299%  299% 

3929 -392=

392=

35 

295%   295%

BN]ASBKDFL

392=

35 

299%   299%

XBSDBKDFL (mdharalkdb ma %)

al nb mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas sa mdf al nbs prdlkdpbnas kbnnas man saktfr

Ybrb an 392= an bujaltf al nbs bktdvdmbmas sa mdf al 5%

kfjf nb Bv. Odrânmaz, Sabn y al an bòf 392? asta dlkrajaltf ma bktdvdmbmas sa mdf al orbl jamdmb al nbs kbnnas

392=-392?

392?

=9 

2=9%

Ybrb an 392? an bujaltf al nbs bktdvdmbmas sa mdf al =9%

kfndlmbltas bn kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal

 

pnbzb

]BCNB L 387 Bntarbkdûl al nb mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas. bktdvdmbmas. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb 293

 

Orbhdkf astbmdstdkf7

MDXAS[DHDKBKDFL MA BK]DXDMBMA[ 289 2=9

2=9 239

295

299

299

299 59 89 =9 39

9

9

9 3929-392=

392=-392? 3929

392=

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 227 Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas man 3929 bn 392?. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Al asta orâhdkf pfmajfs fcsarvbr qua pbrb an dlmdkbmfr ma mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas al an bòf 3929 astâ raprasaltbmf pfr an 299%, jdaltrbs qua an bòf 392= astâ raprasaltbmf pfr 295% , ma asta pfrkaltbga pfmajfs dltarpratbr qua pbrb an bòf 392= nb mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas bujaltf al ul 5%. Al nb sdoudalta kfjpbrbkdûl ma nfs bòfs 392= y 392?, sa fcsarvb qua an bòf 392= astâ raprasaltbmf pfr an 299% y an bòf 392? raprasaltb an 2=9%, altflkas pfmajfs mamukdr qua pbrb an bòf 392? an bujaltf al nb mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas sa mdf al ul =9%, asta pfrkaltbga as kdlkf vakas jbyfr qua nb prdjarb kfjpbrbkdûl.

Jamdkdûl man djpbktf7 [ao÷l nb askbnb ma vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al nb mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas 392? as7 XBSDBKDFL =9%

JBOLD]QM7

Jamdb (=9-14%) 

DJYFS]BLKDB7 Jfmarbmb 

29;

 

=.;.1. Bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr7

Ybrb asta dlmdkbmfr sa kflsdmarû nfs pultfs krêtdkfs man suc saktfr, kfl astf sa qudara makdr qua sfl bquannfs pultfs al mflma sa prasaltb jbyfras kflhndktfs al an trâhdkf kfjf pfr agajpnf prfcnajbs ma kfloastdûl vaedkunbr. Ybrb an kfltaf vaedkunbr man bòf 392? 392? sa tfjû kfjf rahara raharalkdb lkdb an Ynbl ma Sutbs Eublkbyf 392; al mflma hdourbl tras efrbs pultbs pbrb rabndzbr an kfltaf (?799bj b 29799bj0 23799pj b ;799pj y 8799pj b 4799pj). (Xar Hdkeb ma raodstrf ma mbtfs L¹91) y pbrb nb kbltdmbm ma vaedkunbfs ma nfs bòfs 3929 y 392=, sa tfjû kfjf raharalkdb cdcndforbhêb ranbkdflbmb bn tajb kfjf an YMQ ma Eublk Eublkbyf byf y an an pnbl ma rutbs ma Eublkbyf. Al nb nb sdoudalta tbcnb sa prasaltb nfs rasuntbmfs ma al hfrjb oalarb oalarbn,n, pbrb nuaof ebkar an kânkunf ma nb vbrdbkdûl qua suhrdû asta dlmdkbmfr pfr kbmb bòf7

KBL]DMBM MA XAEDKQNF[ XDB 3929

392=

392?

 BX. HASSFKBSSDN

23,9?5

2;,198

3=,353

YSFN. [BL KBSNF[

3,914

3,;9;

=,2=9

GS. BJBWFLB[

;,341

;,85=

8,83=

 BX. ODSBNMAW

1,?=5

8,=35

22,118

KBNNA SABN

5,435

4,882

2?,;?9

]BCNB L¹ 3?7 Kbltdmbm ma hnftb vaedkunbr 392=-392?. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

29=

 

Ybrb rabndzbr an blândsds man bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr al nbs kbnnas man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl, sa rabndzb nb kfjpbrbkdûl man vfnujal vaedkunbr pfr kbmb bòf ma astumdf (3929,392= y 392?), taldalmf kfjf rasuntbmf nbs sdoudaltas vbrdbkdflas7

BQJAL]F MAN ]SBL[D]F XAEDKQNBS MAN 3929-392= 3929 392= XDB

HASSFKBSSDN [BL KBSNF[

 BJBWFLB[

ODSBNMAW

KBNNA SABN

XAEDKQNF[

%

XAEDKQNF[

%

23,9?5

299%

2;,198

223

3,914

299%

3,;9;

;,341

299%

;,85=

1,?=5

299%

8,=35

5,435

299%

4,882

XBSDBKDFL (Mdharalkdb ma %) [a dlkrajaltû al ul 23% [a dlkrajaltû al ul

223

23% [a dlkrajaltû al ul

223

23% [a dlkrajaltû al ul

223

23% [a dlkrajaltû al ul

223

23%

BQJAL]F MAN ]SBL[D]F XAEDKQNBS MAN 392=-392? 3929

392=

XBSDBKDFL

XDB XAEDKQNF[ HASSFKBSSDN

[BL KBSNF[

 BJBWFLB[

ODSBNMAW

KBNNA SABN

2;,198

% 299%

XAEDKQNF[ 3=,353

3,;9;

299%

=,2=9

;,85=

299%

8,83=

8,=35

299%

22,118

4,882

299%

2?,;?9

%

[a dlkrajaltû al ul 259

59% [a dlkrajaltû al ul

259

59% [a dlkrajaltû al ul

259

59% [a dlkrajaltû al ul

259

59% [a dlkrajaltû al ul

259

]BCNB L¹ 357 Bujaltf al nb hnftb vaedkunbr. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

(Mdharalkdb ma %)

59%

291

 

Orbhdkf astbmêstdkf7 

BQJAL]F AL AN HNQGF XAEDKQNBS 399

259

259 289 2=9 239

223 299

299

299 59 89 =9 39

9

9

9 3929-392=

392=-392? 3929

392=

392?

OSÂHDKF L¹ 237 237 Bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr man 3929 bn 392? HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Al asta orbhdkf pfmajfs fcsarvbr qua al nb prdjarb kfjpbrbkdûl ma nfs bòfs 3929 y 392=, an hnugf vaedkunbr pbrb an bòf 3929 as astâ tâ raprasaltbmf pfr pfr an 299% jdaltrbs qua an hnugf vaedkunbr pbrb an bòf 392= raprasaltb an 223%, ma astf pfmajfs makdr qua an bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr pbrb an bòf 392= sa mdf al ul 23% al nbs vêbs astumdbmbs. Al nb sdoudalta kfjpbrbkdûl ma nfs bòfs 392= y 392?, sa puama fcsarvbr qua an hnugf vaedkunbr pbrb an bòf 392= astâ raprasaltbmf pfr an 299% jdaltrbs qua pbrb an bòf 392? an hnugf vaedkunbr vaedkunbr raprasaltb an 259%, ma as astf tf pfmajfs mamukdr qua an bujaltf al hnugf vaedkunbr pbrb an bòf 392? al nb Bv. Harrfkbrrdn, Yrfn. [bl Kbrnfs, Gr. Bjbzflbs, Bv. Odrânmaz y al nb kbnna Sabn sa mdf al ul 59%, ul pfrkaltbga jukef jbyfr qua al nb prdjarb kfjpbrbkdûl ma nfs bòfs 3929 y 392=. [ao÷l nb askbnb ma vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf prfmukdmf al an bujaltf man hnugf vaedkunbr 392? al nbs vêbs jalkdflbs as7  XBSDBKDFL 59%

JBOLD]QM7

Juy bntb (59-299%) 

DJYFS]BLKDB7 Jukeb djpfrtblkdb 

298

 

=.;.8. Mftbkdûl ma astbkdf astbkdflbjdaltfs7 lbjdaltfs7 Kfl raspaktf bn l÷jarf l÷jarf ma astbkdflbjdaltfs al an suc saktfr sa tdala7 (Xar H Hdkeb dkeb ma raodstrf ma mbtfs L¹98)

BÒF

A[]BKDFLBJDAL]F[ AUD[]AL]A[

[AO×L YMQ

MAJBLMB KQCDAS]B

3929

?;

;81

39%

392=

45

=15

32%

392?

518

22;8

?1%

]BCNB L¹ 347 Astbkdflbjdaltfs axdstaltas al an suc saktfr. HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

MF]BKDÛL MA A[]BKDFLBJDAL]F[ 2=9 239 299 ?1

59 89 =9

39

32

32

3929 - 392=

392= - 392?

39 9 3929

392=

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 2;7 Mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs man 3929 bn 392?  392?  HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb  Yrfpdb 

Nb mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs man bòf 3929 raprasaltb r aprasaltb an 39%, jdaltrbs qua pbrb an bòf 392= raprasaltb an 32%, astf qudara makdr qua nb mftbkdûl pbrb an bòf 392= bujaltf sfnf ul 2% .Al nb saoulmb kfjpbrbkdûl an 392= raprasaltb an 32%, y an 392? astâ raprasaltbmf pfr ul ?1%, astf qudara makdr qua pbrb an bòf 392? nb mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs bujaltf al 1=%. [ao÷l nb askbnb ma vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf prfmukdmf pbrb nb mftbkdûl mftbkdûl ma astbkdf astbkdflbjdaltfs lbjdaltfs 392? as7

XBSDBKDFL 1=%

Jamdb (=9-14%)  JBOLD]QM7 DJYFS]BLKDB7 Jfmarbmb 

29?

 

=.;.?. Bprfpdbkdûl pucndkb pucndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas7

Ybrb asta dlmdkbmfr sa rabndzû ;3? alkuastbs mdrdodmbs b nb pfcnbkdûl man suc saktfr kuyb praoultb hua7 pbrb an bòf 39297 ¶al quä jboldtum sa mbcb an kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn/bjcunbtfrdf al an saktfr ebka ? bòfs6, pbrb an bòf 392=7  ¶al quä jboldtum sa mbcb an kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn/bjcunbtfrdf al an saktfr ebka ; bòfs6 y pbrb an bòf

392?7 ¶al quä jboldtum sa mb an kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn/bjcunbtfrdf al an saktfr bktubnjalta6 fctaldalmf nfs sdoudaltas rasuntbmfs7

BÒF[ JBOLD]QM

JQT BN]B

3929

392=

392?

3%

31%

52%

1%

21%

21%

21%

23%

=%

=2%

35%

9%

;?%

39%

9%

BN]B JAMDB CBGB JQT CBGB

]BCNB L¹ ;97 Jboldtum ma nb prasalkdb man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

BYSFYDBKDFL MA NB[ KBNNA[ 49%

52%

59% ?9% 89% 19%

=2%

;?%

=9% 35%

31%

;9%

21%21%

39% 29%

1%

3%

39%

21% 23% =%

9%

9%

9% JQT BN]B

BN]B

JAMDB 3929

392=

CBGB

JQT CBGB

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 2=7 Jboldtum ma nb bprfpdbkdûl bprfpdbkdûl ma nbs kbnnas HQAL]A7 HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

295

 

Ybrb an bòf 3929 nb pfcnbkdûl saòbnb qua nb prasalkdb man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn al nbs kbnnas sa mbcb al cbgb jboldtum sdalmf an pfrkaltbga jâs bntf raprasaltbmf pfr an =2%. Ybrb an bòf 392= nb pfcnbkdûl fpdlb qua nb prasalkdb man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn al an saktfr sa mbcb al cbgb jboldtum sdalmf an pfrkaltbga jâs bntf altra tfmfs nfs ldvanas kfl ul 35% y pfr untdjf pbrb an bòf 392? sa tdala ul 52% kfjf an jbyfr pfrkaltbga dlmdkblmf dlmdkblmf qua nb pfcnbkdûl kraa qua a ann kfjarkdf

dlhfrjbn sa

bktubnjalta al an saktfr al ulb juy bntb jboldtum. Maskrdtf nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs ma nbs alkuastbs pbrb nb bprfpdbkdûl pucndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas sa tdala taldalmf nbs sdoudaltas vbrdbkdflas7

BÒF[ BN]ASBKDFL 3929

392=

392?

CBGB (=2%)

CBGB (35%)

JQT BN]B (52)%

JBOLD]QM ]BCNB L¹ ;27 Bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Ma nb tbcnb bltardfr y kfjpbrblmf nfs rasuntbmfs jâs bntfs fctaldmfs pfr bòf pfmajfs makdr qua nb pfcnbkdûl saòbnb qua pbrb an bòf 392? eucf ulb bntarbkdûl ma juy bntb jboldtum al nb bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas pfr pbrta man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn. [ao÷l nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs y kfjpbrbmfs an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al nb bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas pbrb an bòf 392? as7 JBTFS KFJASKDF JBOLD]QM7 DLHFSJBN

Juy Bntb 

DJYFS]BLKDB7 Jukeb djpfrtblkdb 

294

 

=.;.5. Bcblmflf y matardfrf man aspb aspbkdf kdf p÷cndkf7 Ybrb asta dlmdkbmfr sa kflsdmarû nb Ynbzb Kflstdtukdûl, bn jbnakûl man Sdf [eunnkbs y nb nfsb mapfrtdvb man B.B. E.E. [bltb Sfsb kfjf aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs mastdlbmfs b nb rakrabkdûl pbsdvb y bktdvb. [a bpndkû nb alkuastb b ;3? pfcnbmfras man saktfr ebkdälmfnas nbs sdoudaltas praoultbs, pbrb an bòf 39297 ¶Kuân as nb djpfrtblkdb qua na mbcb b nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs man saktfr ebka ?bòfs6, pbrb an

bòf 392=7 ¶Kuân as nb djpfrtblkdb qua na mbcb b nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs man saktfr ebka ; bòfs6, pbrb an bòf 392?7 ¶Kuân as nb djpfrtblkdb qua na mb b nfs aspbkdfs  p÷cndkfs man saktfr bktubnjalta6 Al nb sdoudalta tbcnb sa juastrb nfs rasuntbmfs

fctaldmfs pbrb kbmb bòf.

BÒF[ DJYFS]BLKDB JQKEB DJYFS]BLKDB BN]B DJYFS]LBKDB JFMASBMB DJYFS]. YFKB DJYFS]BLKDB

3929

392=

392?

29%

5%

2%

=3%

;?%

31%

3?%

35%

;5%

32%

31%

;8%

9% 3% 9% [DL DJYFS]BLKDB ]BCNB L¹ ;37 Djpfrtblkdb ma nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs al an saktfr HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

DJYFS]BLKDB MAN A[YBKDF YQCNDKF =1% =9% ;1% ;9% 31% 39% 21% 29% 1% 9%

=3% ;?%

;5%

31%

3?%35%

;8% 31% 32%

29%5% 9% 3% 9%

2%

JQKEB BN]B JFMASBMB YFKB [DL DJYFS]BLKDB DJYFS]BLKDB DJYFS]BLKDB DJYFS]BLKDB 3929

392=

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 217 Djpfrtblkdb ma nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs man 3929 bn 392? HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

229

 

Al an orâhdkf al mflma sa raprasaltb nfs ldvanas ma djpfrtblkdb qua nfs pfcnbmfras crdlmbl b nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs man saktfr pfmajfs fcsarvbr qua pbrb an bòf 3929 nb pfcnbkdûl saòbnb qua nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs man saktfr talêbl bntb djpfrtblkdb, sdalmf =3% an jbyfr pfrkaltbga altra tfmfs nfs ldvanas ma djpfrtblkdb, pbrb an bòf 392= nb pfcnbkdûl saòbnb al ul ;?% qua nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs arbl bntbjalta djpfrtbltas al an saktfr, jbltaldalmf an jdsjf ldvan ma djpfrtblkdb qua an bòf 3929, 3929, jdaltrbs qua pbrb an b bòf òf 392? sa tdala ul ;5% kfjf jbyfr pfrkaltbga saòbnblmf qua nfs pfcnbmfras pbrb asta bòf na mbcbl ulb jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb b nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs. Maskrdtf nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs ma nbs alkuastbs pbrb an bcblmflf y matardfrf man aspbkdf p÷cndkf mastdlbmf b rakrabkdûl sa tdala nbs sdoudaltas vbrdbkdflas ma bkuarmf b nb djpfrtblkdb7 B F[ BN]ASBKDFL

DJYFS]BLKDB

3929

392=

 BN]B (=3%)

BN]B (;?%)

392? JFMASBMB (;5%)

]BCNB L¹ ;;7 Bntarbkdûl al nb djpfrtblkdb ma nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Jamdkdûl man djpbktf7 [ao÷l nfs rasuntbmfs y nb kfjpbrbkdûl fctaldmb an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al an bcblmflf y matardfrf ma nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs mastdlbmfs b rakrabkdûl pbrb an bòf 392? as7

JFMASBMB

JBOLD]QM7

Jamdb 

DJYFS]BLKDB7  Jfmarbmb 

222

 

A[YBKDF[ YQCNDKF[ X[ FYAL YNBWB7 Ybrb asta bòf 392? yb sa kualtb kfl nb prasalkdb man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb maltrf man suc saktfr as pfr annf sa pnbltab nb sdoudalta praoultb7 ¶Kuân as nb djpfrtblkdb qua na mb bn kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb6, nb kubn hua bpndkbmb b ;3?

pfcnbmfras man saktfr. Al an sdoudalta orâhdkf sa prasaltb nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs al an ldvan ma djpfrtblkdb qua crdlmb nb pfcnbkdûl b asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb7

DJYFS]BLKDB MAN KAL]SF KFJASKDBN FYAL YNBWB 1?%

89% 19% =9% ;9%

33%

39%

39% 29% 2%

9%

9% JQKEB DJYFS]BLKDB

BN]B DJ DJYFS]B ]BL LKDB

JFMASBMB

YFKB DJY DJYFS]B ]BL LKDB [DL DJY DJYFS]BLKDB

392? OSBHDKF L¹ 287 287 Djpfrtblkdb man KK Fpal Fpal Ynbzb 392?  392?  HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb  Yrfpdb 

Al an orbhdkf sa juastrb qua an jbyfr pfrkaltbga sa mb al bntb djpfrtblkdb kfl ul 1?%. Altflkas bn ebkar nb kfjpbrbkdûl kfl nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs sa tdala7

BÒF 392? DJYFS]BLKDB

A[YBKDF[ YQCNDKF[ Jfmarbmb (;5%)

FYAL YNBWB Bntb djpfrtblkdb (1?%)

]BCNB L¹ ;=7 Djpfrtblkdb ma nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs y Fpal pnbzb 392? HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

223

 

=.;.4. Bntarbkdûl al an vfnujal ma boub7 Ybrb an blândsds ma asta dlmdkbmfr sa rabndzû ulb alkuastb b ;3? pfcnbmfras man saktfr pbrb kflfkar nb fpdldûl qua tdalal sfcra asta sarvdkdf, sa edzf nbs sdoudaltas praoultbs pbrb kbmb bòf7 3929 ¶kuân arb nb jboldtum man vfnujal ma boub pftbcna ebka ? bòfs al su vdvdalmb6, pbrb an bòf 392=7 ¶kuân arb nb jboldtum man vfnujal ma boub pftbcna ebka ; bòfs al su vdvdalmb6 y pbrb an bòf 392?7 ¶kuân as nb al s su u vdvda vdvdalmb6, lmb6, fctaldalmf nfs

jboldtum man man vfnu vfnujal jal ma boub bktubnj bktubnjalta alta

sdoudaltas rasuntbmfs7 

BÒF[ JBOLD]M

JQT BN]B BN]B JAMDB CBGB JQT CBGB

3929

392=

392?

9%

2%

9%

;;%

=;%

;4%

=?%

19%

1?%

39%

?%

;%

9%

%

9%

]BCNB L¹ ;17 Jboldtum man vfnujal ma boub 3929-392=-392? HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

XFNQJAL MAN BOQB 1?%

89%

=?%19%

19%

=;% ;4%

=9%

;;%

;9% 39% 39% ?%

29%

;%

9% 2% 9%

9% 9% 9%

9% JQT BN]B

BN]B

JAMDB 3929

392=

CBGB

JQT CBGB

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 2?7 Jboldtum al nb bntarbkdûl man vfnujal ma boub HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb  Yrfpdb 

22;

 

Ybrb an bòf 3929 nb pfcnbkdûl saòbnb qua an vfnujal man boub arb ma jboldtum jamdb taldalmf an jbyfr pfrkaltbga ma =?% al asta ldvan. Ybrb an bòf 392= nb pfcnbkdûl fpdlb qua an vfnujal man boub sa mbcb al jamdblb jboldtum kfl ul 19% y pfr untdjf pbrb an bòf 392? sa tdala ul 1?% kfjf an jbyfr pfrkaltbga dlmdkblmf tbjcdäl qua an vfnujal man boub sa mbcb al ulb jboldtum jamdb. Maskrdtf nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs ma nbs alkuastbs pbrb nb bntarbkdûl al an vfnujal man boub sa tfjbrfl nfs rasuntbmfs rasuntbmfs jâs bntfs pfr kb kbmb mb bòf, taldalmf nbs sdoudalta sdoudaltass vbrdbkdflas7

BÒF[ BN]ASBKDFL

JBOLD]QM

3929

392=

392?

JAMDB (=?%)

JAMDB (19%)

JAMDB (1?)%

]BCNB L¹ ;87 Bntarbkdûl al an vfnujal ma boub 3929-392=-392? HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Jamdkdûl man djpbktf7 Ma nb tbcnb bltardfr pfmajfs makdr qua nb pfcnbkdûl saòbnb qua lf eucf bntarbkdûl al an vfnujal man boub, yb qua al nfs tras bòfs sa fcsarvb nb jdsjb jboldtum. [ao÷l nfs mbtfs fctaldmfs an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al an vfnujal ma boub pbrb an bòf 392? as7 [DL BN]ASBKDFL

JBOLD]QM7

Juy Cbgb 

DJYFS]BLKDB7 [dl djpfrtblkdb 

=.;.29. Bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa7 Ybrb an blândsds ma asta dlmdkbmfr sa rabndzû ulb alkuastb b ;3? pfcnbmfras man saktfr, sa edzf nbs sdoudaltas praoultbs pbrb kbmb bòf7 3929 ¶kuân arb nb jboldtum man hulkdflbjdaltf ma masboþa ebka ? bòfs al su vdvdalmb6, pbrb an bòf 392=7 ¶kuân arb nb jboldtum man hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa ebka ; bòfs al su vdvdalmb6 y pbrb an bòf 392?7 ¶kuân as nb jboldtum man hulkdflbjdaltf ma masboþa bktubnjalta al su vdvdalmb6, fctaldalmf nfs sdoudaltas rasuntbmfs7

22=

 

BÒF[ JBOLD]M

JQT BN]B BN]B JAMDB CBGB JQT CBGB

3929

392=

392?

9%

2%

9%

;3%

=3%

;;%

12%

1?%

8?%

2?%

9%

9%

9%

%

9%

]BCNB L¹ ;?7 Jboldtum al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa 3929-392=-392? HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

HQLKDFLBJDAL]F MAN MA[BOQA 59% ?9% 89%

8?% 1?% 12%

19%

=3%

=9%

;3% ;;%

;9% 2?%

39% 29%

9% 2% 9%

9% 9%

9% 9% 9%

9% JQT BN]B

BN]B

JAMDB 3929

392=

CBGB

JQT CBGB

392?

OSBHDKF L¹257 Jboldtum al nb bntarbkdûl man hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Ybrb an bòf 3929 nb pfcnbkdûl fpdlf qua an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa arb ma jboldtum jamdb taldalmf an jbyfr pfrkaltbga ma 1;% al asta ldvan. Ybrb an bòf 392= nb pfcnbkdûl kraêb qua an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa sa mbcb al ulb jboldtum jamdb kfl ul 1?% y pfr untdjf pbrb an bòf 392? sa tdala ul 8?% kfjf an jbyfr pfrkaltbga dlmdkblmf tbjcdäl qua an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa sa mbcb al jboldtum jamdb. Maskrdtf nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs ma nbs alkuastbs pbrb nb bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa sa tfjbrfl nfs rasuntbmfs jâs bntfs pfr kbmb bòf, bòf, taldalmf nbs sdoudaltas vvbrdbkdflas7 brdbkdflas7

221

 

BÒF[ BN]ASBKDFL

JBOLD]QM

3929

392=

392?

JAMDB (1;%)

JAMDB (1?%)

JAMDB (8?)%

]BCNB L¹ ;57 Bntarbkdûl man hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa 3929-392=-392? HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Jamdkdûl ma djpbktf7 Ma nb tbcnb bltardfr pfmajfs makdr qua nb pfcnbkdûl saòbnb qua lf eucf bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa, yb qua al nfs tras bòfs sa fcsarvb nb jdsjb jboldtum. [ao÷l nfs mbtfs fctaldmfs an djpbktf prfmukdmf al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa pbrb pbrb an bòf 3 392? 92? as7 [DL BN]ASBKDFL

JBOLD]QM7

Juy Cbgb 

DJYFS]BLKDB7 [dl djpfrtblkdb 

=.;.22. Bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb7 Ybrb an blândsds ma asta dlmdkbmfr sa rabndzû ulb alkuastb b ;3? pfcnbmfras pfcnbmfr as man saktfr, sa edzf nbs sdoudaltas praoultbs pbrb kbmb bòf7 3929 ¶kuân arb nb jboldtum man pbof pfr nb alaroêb anäktrdkb ebka ? bòfs al su vdvdalmb6, pbrb an bòf 392=7 ¶kuân arb nb jboldtum man pbof pfr nb alaroêb anäktrdkb ebka ; bòfs al su vdvdalmb6 y pbrb an bòf 392?7 ¶kuân as nb jboldtum man pbof pfr nb alaroêb anäktrdkb bktubnjalta al su vdvdalmb6, fctaldalmf nfs sdoudaltas rasuntbmfs7

228

 

BÒF[ JBOLD]QM

JQT BN]B BN]B JAMDB CBGB JQT CBGB

3929

392=

392?

2%

9%

2%

=3%

=8%

=5%

1?%

1=%

12%

9%

9%

9%

9%

9%

9%

]BCNB L¹ ;4 Jboldtum al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb 3929-392=-392? HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

YBOF YFS ALASODB ANAK]SDKB 1?% 1=% 12%

89% =5% =3%=8%

19% =9% ;9% 39% 29%

2% 9% 2%

9% 9% 9%

9% 9% 9%

CBGB

JQT CBGB

9% JQT BN]B

BN]B

JAMDB 3929

392=

392?

OSBHDKF L¹ 247 Jboldtum ma nb bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb 

Ybrb an bòf 3929 nb pfcnbkdûl fpdlf qua an pbof pfr an sarvdkdf ma alaroêb anäktrdkb arb ma jboldtum jamdb taldalmf an jbyfr pfrkaltbga ma 1?% al asta ldvan. Ybrb an bòf 392= nb pfcnbkdûl kraêb qua an pbof pfr an sarvdkdf ma alaroêb anäktrdkb sa mbcb al ulb jboldtum jamdb kfl ul 1=% y pfr untdjf pbrb an bòf 392? sa tdala ul 12% kfjf an jbyfr pfrkaltbga dlmdkblmf tbjcdäl qua an pbof pfr an sarvdkdf ma alaroêb anäktrdkb sa mbcb al jboldtum jamdb. Maskrdtf nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs ma nbs alkuastbs pbrb nb bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa sa tfjbrfl nfs rasuntbmfs jâs bntfs pfr kbmb bò bòf, f, taldalmf nbs sdoudaltas sdoudaltas vbrdbkdflas7

22?

 

BÒF[ BN]ASBKDFL

JBOLD]QM

3929

392=

392?

JAMDB (1?%)

JAMDB (1=%)

JAMDB (12)%

]BCNB L¹ =97 Bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr nb alaroêb anäktrdkb 3929-392=-392? HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Jamdkdûl man djpbktf7 Ma nb tbcnb bltardfr pfmajfs makdr qua nb pfcnbkdûl saòbnb qua lf eucf bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr nb alaroêb anäktrdkb, yb qua al nfs tras bòfs sa fcsarvb nb jdsjb jboldtum. [ao÷l nb vbnfrbkdûl vbnfrbkdûl an djpbktf urc urcblf blf prfmukdmf al nb bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb pbrb an bòf 392? as7 [DL BN]ASBKDFL

JBOLD]QM7

Juy Cbgb (9-24%) 

DJYFS]BLKDB7 [dl djpfrtblkdb 

225

 

=.=.

]DYF MA DJYBK]F [AO×L NB JBOLD]QM A DJYFS]BLKDB7 LAOB]DXF[ y

y ut db o

l

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b jd bt

l p

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DLMDKBMFSA[

tbr

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U U U U U U U U U

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Bv. Harrfkbrrdn Gr. Bjbzflbs Yrfn. [bl Kbrnfs BQJAL]F MAN ]SBL[D]F XAEDKQNBS Bv. Odrânmaz Kbnna Sabn BYSFYDBKDFL YQCNDKB T KFNAK]DXB MA NB[ KBNNA[ DB

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U

BN]ASBKDFL AL AN XFNQJAL MA BOQB

U

BN]ASBKDFL AL AN HQLKDFLBJDAL]F MAN MA[BOQA

U

BN]ASBKDFL AL AN YBOF YFS ALASODB ANAK]SDKB

]F]BN MA DJYBK]F[ [AO×L NB DJYFS]BLKDB T JBOLD]QM

U 8

]F]BN MA DJYBK]F[ YF[D]DXF[ T LAOB]DXF[

2

2

3

2

2

9

22 DJYBK]F[ LAOB]DXF[

1

9

=

29 DJYBK]F[ YF[D]DXF[

]BCNB L¹ =27 Jboldtum a djpfrtblkdb ma nfs djpbktfs urcblfs HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb 224

 

Dltarpratbkdûl ma tbcnb7 Ybrb kflfkar an djpbktf prfmukdmf al kbmb mdjalsdûl y an djpbktf oalarbn man Fpal pnbzb sa kfltbcdndzû nbs bspbs (x) taldalmf kfjf rasuntbmf r asuntbmf nf sdoudalta7

Qsfs ma suanf7 sa prfmuka ul djpbktf  pfsdtdvf  ma jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum jamdb sao÷l nfs mbtfs fctaldmfs al nb sdoudalta tbcnb7

DJYFS]BLKDB T JBOLD]QM

LAOB]DXF

Jukeb djpfrtblkdb y juy bntb jboldtum

3

 Bntb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum bntb

9

YF[D]DXF

Jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum jamdb

=

Yfkb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum cbgb

2

[dl djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum juy cbgb

3

=

8

]BCNB L¹ =37 Djpbktf al nfs usfs ma ma suanf HQAL]A7 Yrfp Yrfpdb db

[dstajb vdbn7 sa prfmuka ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma  jukeb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum juy bntb sao÷l nfs mbtfs fctaldmfs al nb sdoudalta tbcnb7

DJYFS]BLKDB T JBOLD]QM

Jukeb djpfrtblkdb y juy bntb jboldtum

1

 Bntb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum bntb

2

Jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum jamdb

2

Yfkb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum cbgb

9

[dl djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum juy cbgb

9

LAOB]DXF

YF[D]DXF

8

2

]BCNB L¹ =;7 Djpbktf al al an sdstajb sdstajb vdbn HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb Yrfpdb

239

 

Aqudpbjdaltf urcblf7 sa prfmuka ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum jamdb sao÷l nfs mbtfs fctaldmfs al nb sdoudalta tbcnb7

DJYFS]BLKDB T JBOLD]QM

Jukeb djpfrtblkdb y juy bntb jboldtum

9

 Bntb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum bntb

2

Jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum jamdb

2

Yfkb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum cbgb

9

[dl djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum juy cbgb

9

LAOB]DXF

YF[D]DXF

2

9

]BCNB L¹ ==7 Djpbktf al an aqudpbjdaltf aqudpbjdaltf urcblf HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

[arvdkdfs7 sa prfmuka ul djpbktf pfsdtdvf ma juy cbgb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum juy cbgb sao÷l nfs mbtfs fctaldmfs al nb sdoudalta tbcnb7

DJYFS]BLKDB T JBOLD]QM

Jukeb djpfrtblkdb y juy bntb jboldtum

9

 Bntb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum bntb

9

Jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum jamdb

9

Yfkb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum cbgb

9

[dl djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum juy cbgb

;

LAOB]DXF

YF[D]DXF

9

;

]BCNB L¹ =17 Djpbktf Djpbktf al sarv sarvdkdfs dkdfs HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Djpbktf oalarbn7 An kaltrf kfjarkdbn kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbz pnbzb b prfmuka ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb djpfrtblkdb y ma juy bntb jboldtum al nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr

Kflstdtukdûl.

232

 

KBYD]QNF X

233

 

MD[KQ[DFL MA SA[QN]BMF[

1.2. Q[F[ MA [QANF7 ]rbs maskrdcdr nfs mbtfs astbmêstdkfs, astbmêstdkfs, nfs rasuntbmfs mbl b kfl kflfkar fkar qua an Kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka djpbktfs pfsdtdvfs ma jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum jamdb al nfs usfs ma suanf man suc saktfr, b kfltdlubkdûl sa maskrdca y

kfjpbrb kfl nfs bltakamaltas an djpbktf pbrb kbmb dlmdkbmfr.

1.2.2. Bntarbkdûl ma nfs usfs ma suanf7 DJYBK]F AL AN Q[F KFJASKDBN7 An astumdf rabndzbmf pfr (Blounf, 3928), al su trbcbgf ma dlvastdobkdûl „An djpbktf urcblf man jbnn bvalturb pnbzb al nb urcbldzbkdûl nb Asjarbnmb, ]rugdnnf Yar÷‚,  sfstdala qua an kfjarkdf oalarb mdlbjdsjf y ajpnaf0 pbrb astb

dlvastdobkdûl talajfs kfjf rasuntbmf qua an usf kfjarkdbn sa vdf bntarbmf al 2=5%, asta pfrkaltbga raprasaltb an dlkrajaltf qua tdala an kfjarkdf masma ma nb prasalkdb an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb, ebkdalmf qua asta suc saktfr talob jbyfr mdlâjdkb kfjarkdbn pfr nb bparturb ma luavfs astbcnakdjdaltfs kfjarkdbnas al nbs kbnnas bnambòbs b asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn rfjpdalmf kfl an krakdjdaltf lfrjbn

23;

 

man kfjarkdf y b nb vaz oalarblmf jbyfr ajpnaf pbrb nb pfcnbkdûl, masma asta pultf ma vdstb an djpbktf prfmukdmf prfmukdmf al an usf kfjarkdbn as  pfsdtdvf ma bntb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum bntb . 

DJYBK]F AL AN Q[F SA[DMALKDBN7 Ma bkuarmf bn astumdf ma (Blounf, 3928) , Kfl nb krabkdûl man kaltrf kfjarkdbn sa prfmugf ul kbjcdf cruskf al nfs usfs ma suanf, nbs zflbs ma usf rasdmalkdbn y borêkfnb sa vdarfl bhaktbmbs macdmf b nb kflkaltrbkdûl ma nb bktdvdmbm kfjarkdbn. Al an prasalta trbcbgf ma dlvastdobkdûl an usf rasdmalkdbn sa vdf bntarbmf al ul 38%, macdmf bn dlkrajaltf man usf kfjarkdbn, asta pfrkaltbga raprasaltb nb mdsjdlukdûl qua tuvf an usf rasdmalkdbn al an suc saktfr maspuäs ma nb dlstbnbkdûl man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb oalarblmf ma astb hfrjb ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma pfkb

djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum cbgb pbrb asta usf. Nbs vdvdalmbs qua bltardfrjalta arbl

usbmbs ÷ldkbjalta kfjf rasdmalkdb, befrb tdala usf kfjarkdbn. 

DJYBK]F AL AN Q[F DLMQ[]SDBN7 An usf dlmustrdbn sa vdf bntarbmf al ul 299% oalarblmf ma astb jblarb ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb , yb qua an ârab qua arb pfsasdflbmb pfr asta usf hua raajpnbzbmb pfr an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb, masbpbrakdalmf al su tftbndmbm an usf dlmustrdbn maltrf man suc saktfr.

DJYBK]F AL AN Q[F SAKSAB]DXF7 Ybrb asta usf, an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb lf eb mastdlbmf ârab pbrb an usf rakrabtdvf al kubltf b ârabs varmas, pfr nf tbltf eb prfmukdmf ul djpbktf laobtdvf sdl djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum cbgb.

DJYBK]F YBSB F]SF[ Q[F[7 Al asta usf lf sa vdf bntarbkdûl bnoulb al an suc saktfr, astf qudara makdr qua an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmugf ul djpbktf pfsdtdvf sdl djpfrtblkdb ma

23=

 

jboldtum juy cbgb, pfrqua lf eucf dlkrajaltf ld mdsjdlukdûl al asta tdpf ma usf

sdl ajcbrof nb bhnualkdb ma nb pfcnbkdûl eb dmf dlkrajaltblmf. 

1.2.3. Bujaltf al an kfstf man suanf urcblf7 urcblf7 Al an astumdf rabndzbmf pfr (Bcbltf & Jfrbnas, 3929) al su trbcbgf Djpbktf Djpbktf „ 

urcblf  ‛   ‛  bjcdaltbn kfjf kflsakualkdb ma nb dlstbnbkdûl man jbnn Sabn Ynbzb  ‛   ‛  ]rugdnnf‚ , jalkdflbrfl qua7 sao÷l rasdmaltas man nuobr al an bòf 3991 nfs tarralfs

nnaobcbl b kfstbr 299 mûnbras an j3 y al nb bktubndmbm nfs prakdfs fskdnbl altra ;99 b 199 mûnbras an j3. Man bltakamalta astumdbmf sa kflknuya qua nb prasalkdb ma ul kaltrf kfjarkdbn hbvfraka b nbs parsflbs qua tdalal prfpdambmas al nbs kbnnas bnambòbs

dlkrajaltblmf kflsdmarbcnajalta su vbnfr. Ybrb an vbnfr kfjarkdbn man suanf urcblf ma astb dlvastdobkdûl sa eb fcsarvbmf ul dlkrajaltf al tfmbs nbs kbnnas avbnubmbs.

BX. HASSFKBSSDN7 Al astb bvaldmb prdlkdpbn sa vdf qua an dlkrajaltf al an kfstf kfjarkdbn man suanf urcblf sa mdf al ul 19% maspuäs ma nb dlstbnbkdûl man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb, b kfjpbrbkdûl ma nfs bòfs bltardfras qua sfnf sa dlkrajaltû al ul 3=%, altflkas pfmajfs mamukdr qua an kaltrf kfjarkdbn prfmugf astb bnzb al an kfstf kfjarkdbn man suanf yb qua kfl su prasalkdb nb majblmb pfr bmqudrdr bno÷l dljuacna al astb bvaldmb sarâ jbyfr as pfr annf qua prfmuka ul djpbktf pfsdtdvf ma jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum jamdb.

YSFNFLOBKDÛL [BL KBSNF[7 Astb kbnna pfr alkfltrbrsa al an altfrlf man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb, an dlkrajaltf man kfstf man suanf urcblf sa eb mbmf al ul =2% maspuäs ma nb dlstbnbkdûl, jdaltrbs qua man bòf 3929 bn 392= as al jalfr vbnfr mâlmfsa an dlkrajaltf al ul ;5%, al asta kbsf nb prasalkdb ma asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn eb

231

 

dlkrajaltbmf su vbnfr kfjarkdbn, fctaldalmf kfjf rasuntbmf ul djpbktf pfsdtdvf ma jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum jamdb. 

GDSÛL BJBWFLB[7 Al an gdrûl Bjbzflbs nfs kbjcdfs fctaldmfs lf ebl sdmf ma jbyfr ranavblkdb r anavblkdb yb qua sa fcsarvb qua an dlkrajaltf man bòf 3929 bn 392= eb sdmf ma ul ;5%, y pbrb an bòf 392= bn 392? eb sdmf ma ul =2%, sa kflknuya qua an kaltrf kfjarkdbn eb prfmukdmf ul djpbktf pfsdtdvf ma jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum jamdb

1.2.;. Oalarbkdûl ma u usfs sfs lf kfjp kfjpbtdcnas7 btdcnas7 Al an astumdf rabndzbmf pfr (Ybquatta, 399?), dlmdkb qua nb prasalkdb ma nfs

kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas ebkal qua nfs suanfs urcblfs suhrbl trblshfrjbkdflas y sa oalaral luavbs bktdvdmbmas. Al nb prasalta tasds nfs usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas qua sa ebl oalarbmf al an suc saktfr sa ebl dlkrajaltbmf pbrb an bòf 392? al ul ;;%, macdmf b nb dlstbnbkdûl man kaltrf kfjarkdbn pfr nf qua sa kbndhdkb kfjf ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma pfkb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum cbgb , yb qua nb zfldhdkbkdûl qua sa mb al

astb pbrta as kfjarkdf jatrfpfndtblf, y nfs usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas sa ebl mbmf jbyfrjalta al nb zflb jflujaltbn. Nb kflknusdûl qua sa ebka pbrb asta dlmdkbmfr as qua astbs dlhrbastrukturbs oalarbl bktdvdmbmas qua lf lakasbrdbjalta astäl bkfrma bn pnbl urcblf sdlf sao÷l b nbs lakasdmbmas qua sa raqudarb.

1.2.=. Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas7 Al an astumdf rabndzbmf pfr (Ybquatta, 399?), nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas sfl kflsdmarbmfs kfjf pfnfs kfjarkdbnas juy djpfrtbltas qua oalarbl luavbs kaltrbndmbmas y pfr kflsdoudalta sa masbrrfnnbl luavbs bktdvdmbmas. Nb kbltdmbm ma bktdvdmbmas qua sa ebl dlkrajaltbmf pfr nb dlstbnbkdûl man Fpal Ynbzb sa eb mbmf al ul =9%, oalarâlmfsa jbyfrjalta al Yrfno. [bl Kbrnfs y al nb Bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn, yb qua sa eb fcsarvbmf nb rakdalta bparturb ma bnoulfs astbcnakdjdaltfs kfjarkdbnas, fctaldalmf kfjf rasuntbmf ul djpbktf pfsdtdvf ma jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum jamdb pfrqua astbs bktdvdmbmas sfnf sa mbl al

238

 

bnoulfs pultfs ma asta suc saktfr. Ybrb asta kbsf sa mamuka qua nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas sfl oalarbmfras ma luavbs bktdvdmbmas pfrqua hulkdflbl kfjf l÷knafs kfjarkdbnas.

1.3. [D[]AJB XDBN7 ]rbs maskrdcdr nfs mbtfs astbmêstdkfs, nfs rasuntbmfs mbl b kflfkar qua an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka djpbktfs laobtdvfs ma juy bntb djpfrtblkdb y ma jboldtum juy bntb al an sdstajb vdbn man suc saktfr, b kfltdlubkdûl sa maskrdca y

kfjpbrb kfl nfs bltakamaltas an djpbktf pbrb kbmb dlmdkbmfr.  

1.3.2. Bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr7

(Blounf, 3928), al su astumdf jalkdflb qua astfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas prfvfkbl prfcnajbs ma trâhdkf a dlknusf bkkdmaltas ma trâlsdtf pfr an masfrmal al an qua sa jfvdndzbl. Ybrb nb prasalta dlvastdobkdûl nfs vaeêkunfs qua trblsdtbl pfr nbs vêbs man saktfr, sao÷l nfs mbtfs fctaldmfs sa tdala qua ebl bujaltbmf kflsdmarbcnajalta, al an trblspfrta p÷cndkf pfrqua sa astbkdflbl al nb jdsjb asqudlb kfjf as an kbsf ma tbxds al nb Bv. Harrfkbrrdn y Yrfno. [bl Kbrnfs kflvdrtdalmf an nuobr al ul pbrbmarf dlhfrjbn, bmajâs man trblspfrta ma kbrob yb qua nb altrbmb pbrb an kaltrf kfjarkdbn as pfr nb Bv. Harrfkbrrdn. Ma astb jblarb sa nnaob b nb kflknusdûl ma qua al nfs kbsfs astumdbmfs sa prasaltbl sdjdndtumas, sfcra nb dlsarkdûl ma asta tdpf ma dlhrbastrukturb dlhr bastrukturb al ulb astrukturb urcblb, yb qua oalarb jbyfr bhnualkdb ma vdsdtbltas ma mdvarsfs nuobras y pfr nf tbltf an dlkrajaltf ma nfs vaeêkunfs pbrb su jfvdndzbkdûl, parf nf rabndzbl ma jblarb masjamdmb y masfrmalbmb.

BX. HASSFKBSSDN7 Nb kbltdmbm vaedkunbr qua sa fcsarvû maspuäs ma nb dlstbnbkdûl man kaltrf kfjarkdbn sa dlkrajaltû al ul 59%, oalarblmf ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum bntb, an rasuntbmf sa fcsarvb yb qua an masfrmal vaedkunbr

eb oalarbmf kbfs.

23?

 

YSFNFLOBKDÛL [BL KBSNF[7 Ma doubn jblarb al astb kbnna tbjcdäl as lftfrdf an kbjcdf prfmukdmf pfr asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn, yb qua sa tdala ul dlkrajaltf man 59%, pfr nf qua an djpbktf as laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum bntb .

GDSÛL BJBWFLB[7 Ybrb an Gdrûl Bjbzflbs tbjcdäl sa eb fctaldmf kfjf rasuntbmf ul dlkrajaltf man 59% qua mb nuobr b ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum bntb, yb qua tbjcdäl sa fcsarvb an bujaltf man vfnujal vaedkunbr pfr an pualta  Bjbzflbs, qua al kfjpbrbkdûl ma nfs bòfs bltardfras su su dlkrajaltf sfnf arb man 23%. 

BX. ODSÂNMAW7 Nb bvaldmb Odrânmaz lf eb sdmf bgalb b asta kbjcdf, tbjcdäl nb kbltdmbm vaedkunbr sa eb dlkrajaltbmf al ul 59% oalarblmf ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum bntb

KBNNA SABN7 Nb kbnna Sabn bn sar ulb ma nbs kbnnas prdlkdpbnas ma nb kdumbm y tbjcdäl sa alkualtrb al an suc saktfr sa eb fcsarvbmf an dlkrajaltf qua eb taldmf bktubnjalta sdalmf ma ul 59% oalarblmf ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum bntb. 

1.3.3. Mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs7 Kfjf nf dlmdkb nb butfrb (Ybquatta, 399?), al su trbcbgf ma dlvastdobkdûl, astfs orblmas lfmfs kfjarkdbnas trbal kflsdof nb sbturbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs pfr nf qua as ul djpbktf laobtdvf. Ybrb astb tasds nb mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs sa ebl dlkrajaltbmf al ul 1=% kfl nb dlstbnbkdûl man Fpal Ynbzb, asta vbnfr raprasaltb

235

 

ul djpbktf pfsdtdvf ma jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum jamdb pfrqua nforb bcbstakar nb majblmb man suc saktfr. Nb kflknusdûl ma asta dlmdkbmfr as qua mdhdara ma nf qua mdka an butfr kfl nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs, jdaltrbs qua pbrb an butfr as ul djpbktf laobtdvf.

1.3.;. Bprfpdbkdûl pu pucndkb cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas7 [ao÷l an astumdf ma (Blounf, 3928), an butfr dlmdkb qua nb bpbrdkdûl man kfjarkdf bjcunbtfrdf y bprfpdbkdûl ma nbs kbnnas as ul djpbktf laobtdvf pbrb nb astrukturb urcblb yb qua astâl dlvbmdalmf nb vêb p÷cndkb ma jblarb masfrmalbmb. Al nb prasalta tasds an kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn sa eb dlkrajaltbmf al ul 52% maspuäs ma nb dlstbnbkdûl man kaltrf kfjarkdbn, prfmukdalmf ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb y jboldtum juy bntb, pfrqua sa eb fcsarvbmf nb prfndharbkdûl ma

mdvarsfs kfjarkdbltas jbyfrjalta al nb bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn, b kfjpbrbkdûl ma nfs bòfs bltardfras qua talêb ul dlkrajaltf ma jboldtum cbgb altra an =2 y 35%. Ybrb an astumdf ma asta dlmdkbmfr sa kflknuya qua nfs rasuntbmfs kfdlkdmal bn jalkdflbr qua nb bpbrdkdûl man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn oalarb dltarrupkdflas pbrb nb ndcra kdrkunbkdûl man pabtûl, y bmajâs ma lf raspatbr nbs lfrjbs f nayas astbcnakdmbs pfr kbmb kdumbm.

1.;. ARQDYBJDAL]F QSCBLF7 Maspuäs ma blbndzbr nfs mbtfs astbmêstdkfs, nfs rasuntbmfs mbl b kflfkar qua an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka djpbktfs laobtdvfs ma jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum jamdb al an aqudpbjdaltf urcblf rakrabtdvf man suc saktfr, b

kfltdlubkdûl sa maskrdca y kfjpbrb kfl nfs bltakamaltas an djpbktf pbrb asta dlmdkbmfr. 

1.;.2. Bcblmflf y matardfr matardfrf f man aspbkdf p÷cndkf7 (Ybquatta, 399?), jalkdflb qua sa nas btrdcuya hdlbnjalta b nfs orblmas kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas nb raspflsbcdndmbm ma kfltrdcudr b prdvbtdzbr an aspbkdf p÷cndkf. Nb bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas, pnbzbs p÷cndkbs, ârabs mapfrtdvbs y

234

 

pbrquas sa astbrêb parmdalmf al nb kdumbm y sa astbrêb prfmukdalmf u lb „altraob bn kbpdtbn prdvbmf ma bktdvdmbmas y aspbkdfs qua bltas fkupbcb an saktfr p÷cndkf‚ , astf nf kbndhdkb kfjf ul djpbktf laobtdvf. Nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs al nb prasalta tasds dlmdkbl qua nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs alkfltrbmfs al an suc saktfr tbjcdäl ebl taldmf ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum jamdb, kfjf sa fcsarvb al nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs al nb alkuastb bpndkbmb b nfs pfcnbmfras, an 1?% ma nb pfcnbkdûl jalkdflbl lftfrdb praharalkdb ma vdsdtbr an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb, yb qua nf kbndhdkbl kfjf ul nuobr saourf y mflma sa puama rabndzbr j÷ntdpnas bktdvdmbmas, y ma astb jblarb sa fcsarvb an bcblmflf ma nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs.

1.=. [ASXDKDF[7

Maspuäs ma blbndzbr nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs sfcra astb mdjalsdûl nfs rasuntbmfs mbl b kflfkar qua an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb prfmuka Djpbktfs  pfsdtdvfs sdl djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy cbgb, yb qua nfs tras sarvdkdfs astumdbmfs

(boub, masboþa y nuz anäktrdkb) lf sa vdarfl bntarbmfs. Macdmf b qua lf sa alkfltrbrfl bltakamaltas sdjdnbras b nfs dlmdkbmfras kfjf nb bntarbkdûl al an vfnujal ma boub, bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa y nb bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb, lfs kaltrbjfs b maskrdcdr nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs al astb dlvastdobkdûl.

1.=.2. Bntarbkdûl al an vvfnujal fnujal ma boub7 Asta dlmdkbmfr lfs mb kfjf rasuntbmf qua an vfnujal man boub pfr vdvdalmb lf sa bntarû pfr nb prasalkdb man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb, asta rasuntbmf hua fctaldmf ma nbs alkuastbs rabndzbmbs b nb pfcnbkdûl, as pfr annf qua an djpbktf as    pfsdtdvf ma juy cbgb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum jboldtum juy cbgb, yb qua nb pfcnbkdûl lf sa

vdf bhaktbmb.

2;9

 

1.=.3. Bntarbkdûl al an hul hulkdflbjdaltf kdflbjdaltf man m masboþa7 asboþa7 Al asta dlmdkbmfr sa tdala kfjf rasuntbmf qua an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa lf sa bntarû pfr nb prasalkdb man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb, asta rasuntbmf hua, as pfr annf qua an djpbktf as  pfsdtdvf ma juy cbgb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy cbgb, yb qua nb pfcnbkdûl lf sa vdf bhaktbmb. bh aktbmb.

1.=.;. Bntarbkdûl al an pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb7  Asta dlmdkbmfr lfs mb kfjf rasuntbmf rasuntbmf qua an pbof pfr nb alaroê alaroêb b anäktrdkb lf sa bntarû pfr nb prasalkdb man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb, asta rasuntbmf hua fctaldmf ma nbs alkuastbs rabndzbmbs b nb pfcnbkdûl, as pfr annf qua an djpbktf al an pbof pfr nb alaroêb anäktrdkb as ul djpbktf pfsdtdvf ma juy cbgb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum

juy cbgb, yb qua nb pfcnbkdûl lf sa vdf bhaktbmb.

2;2

 

KFLKNQ[DFLA[

2;3

 

KFLKNQ[DFLA[

2. Kfltrbstblmf nfs rasuntbmfs kfl nb edpûtasds pnbltabmb, kflknudjfs qua nb edpûtasds sa majuastrb al nb jamdmb al qua matarjdlbjfs an djpbktf urcblf man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb as nb astrukturb urcblb ma suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl, pfr nb tbltf al asta trbcbgf ma dlvastdobkdûl sa matarjdlb qua asta djpbktf urcblf as LAOB]DXF MA JQKEB DJYFS]BLKDB MA JBOLD]QM JQT BN]B. 3. Djpbktf urcblf al nfs usfs ma suanf7 Nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs y al kfltrbsta kfl nb edpûtasds pnbltabmb matarjdlbl an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf pfr an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb al nfs usfs ma suanf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl, pfr nf tbltf sa kflknuya qua asta djpbktf urcblf as pfsdtdvf ma jfmarbmb dj djpfrtblkdb pfrtblkdb ma jboldtum jamdb. 

;. Djpbktf urcblf al an sdstajb vdbn7 Kfltrbstblmf nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs fctaldmfs kfl nb edpûtasds pnbltabmb, kflknudjfs qua nb edpûtasds sa majuastrb al nb jamdmb qua matarjdlbjfs an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al an sdstajb vdbn man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl, kfl nf maskrdtf bltardfrjalta sa

2;;

 

kflknuya qua qua djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf al nb mdjalsdûl man sdstajb vdbn as laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb.

=. Djpbktf urcblf al an aqudpbjdaltf urcblf7 Ybrb astb mdjalsdûl kfltrbstblmf nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs kfl nb edpûtasds pnbltabmb y cbsâlmflfs al qua nb edpûtasds sa majuastrb b pbrtdr ma nb matarjdlbkdûl man djpbkt djpbktf f urcblf prfmukdmf pfr an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al an aqudpbjdaltf urcblf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl, sa sa kflknuya kflknuya qua an djpbktf urcblf pbrb ast astb b mdjalsdûl as laobtdvf ma bntb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum bntb  

1. Djpbktf urcblf al nfs sarvdkdfs7 Nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs y al kfltrbsta kfl nb edpûtasds pnbltabmb matarjdlbl an djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf pfr an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb al nfs sarvdkdfs kfjf sfl an boub, masboþa y alaroêb

anäktrdkb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl, kflknuyalmf ma astb jblarb qua an djpbktf urcblf as pfsdtdvf sdl djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy cbgb.  

2;=

 

SAKFJALMBKDFLA[

2;1

 

SAKFJALMBKDFLA[

2. B pbrtdr ma nb dlvastdobkdûl rabndzbmb, sa rakfjdalmb prdlkdpbnjalta qua nfs ûroblfs ma kfltrfn alkbrobmfs ma hdskbndzbr nbs kflstrukkdflas ma orbl alvarobmurb al luastrb kdumbm kfjf sfl nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas, macal ma axdodr ma jblarb rdourfsb an astumdf man djpbktf urcblf, al mflma lf sfnf sa pravab nfs djpbktfs qua qua sa prfmuzkbl, sdlf qua tbjcdäl sa pnblta pnbltaa a ul pnbl ma bmakubkdûl urcblb y jukef jâs bul ul pnbl ma kfltdloalkdb kfltdloalkdb y ma astb jblarb talar nfs raquardjdaltfs lakasbrdfs pbrb avdtbr djpbktfs urcblfs laobtdvfs qua bhaktal an masbrrfnnf ma nb kdumbm y an cd cdalastbr alastbr ma nb pfcnbkdûl. 3. Mbmf qua an jbyfr djpbktf urcblf man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb sa mdf al nb mdjalsdûl man sdstajb vdbn, sa rakfjdalmb b nbs dlstblkdbs partdlaltas nb raastrukturbkdûl vdbn al hulkdûl bn sdstajb oalarbn, djpnajaltblmf ul pnbl ma ramdsaòf vdbn, yb qua sdl mumb an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb saoudrâ kfltrdcuyalmf pbrb qua an dlkrajaltf ma nb hnftb vaedkunbr kfl an tdajpf sab jukef jbyfr al asta saktfr ma nb kdumbm.

2;8

 

SAHASALKDB[ CDCNDFOSBHDKB[

2;?

 

Saharalkdbs Cdcndforâhdkbs

2. Bcbltf, J., & Jfrbnas, N. (Gundf (Gundf ma 3929). Djpbktf urcblfurcblf- bjcdaltbn kfjf kflsakualkdb ma nb dlstbnbkdfl man jbnn Sabn Ynbzb. ]rugdnnf, Yar÷. Sakuparbmf an ? ma Jbrzf ma 392?, ma ettps7//as.sndmasebra.lat/jbrkfbcbl ettps7//as.sndmasebra.lat/jbrkfbcbltf/hdlbn-djpbktftf/hdlbn-djpbktfurcblf-bjcdaltbn-b-kflsakualkdb-ma-dlstbnbkdl-man-jbnn-rabn-pnbzb 3. Bkuòb, Y. (35 ma Guldf ma 392;). 392;). Rua sa altdalma pfr Astrukturb Qrcblb. Ndjb, Yaru. Fctaldmf ma ettps7//pbvsbroflbutb.wfrmprass.kfj/392;/91/31/qua-saaltdalma-pfr-astrukturb-urcblb/6cnfosuc:kflhdrjdlo#sucskrdca-cnfo ;. Blounf, K. (3928). AN djpbk djpbktf tf urcblf man jbnn bvalturb p pnbzb nbzb al nb urcbldzbkdfl urcbldzbkdfl nb Asjarbnmb, ]rugdnnf- Yaru. ]rugdnnf, ]r ugdnnf, Yar÷. Sakuparbmf an ? ma Jbrzf ma 392?, ma ettp7//mspbka.uldtru.amu.pa/cdtstrabj/eblmna/QLD]SQ/==3;/]A[D[%39JBA[] SDB%39KBSNF[%39GFLB]EBL%39BLOQNF% SDB%39KBSNF[%39G FLB]EBL%39BLOQNF%39KBSMALB[.pmh6sa 39KBSMALB[.pmh6saqual qual ka:2&dsBnnfwam:y =. Brqudlätpfnds. (2; ma 92 ma 392?). ettp7//brqudlatpfnds.kfj/sdtdf/ . Sakuparbmf an

32 ma 94 ma 392?, ma ettp7//brqudlatpfnds.kfj/sdtdf/7 ettp7//brqudlatpfnds.kfj/mdsalf-vdbn-99995=/ 1. Cbzblt, G. (245;). Jblub ma krdtardfs ma mdsaòf urcblf. Jaxdkf. Sakuparbmf an ? ma satdajcra ma 392?, ma ettps7//urcbldsjfmfs.hdnas.wfrmprass.kfj/392=/9?/jblubn-ma-krdtardfs-mamdsak;c2f-urcblf-gbl-cbzblt-s.pmh 8. Cfrgb, G., & Juxd, W. (3999). An aspbkdf p÷cndkf, kdumbm y kdumbmblêb. Cbrkanflb, Aspbòb. Sakuparbmf an 92 ma Jbrzf ma 392?, ma ettps7//www.rasabrkeobta.lat/pucndkbtdfl/==;15449 ettps7//www.rasabrkeobta.lat/pu cndkbtdfl/==;15449VAnVaspbkdfVpu VAnVaspbkdfVpucndkfVkdum cndkfVkdum bmVyVkdumbmbldbVGfrmdVCfrgbVyVWbdmbVJuxd ?. Kbstbòamb, N. (;2 ma Bofstf Bofstf ma 392=). An Cffj ma nfs Kaltrfs Kfjarkdbnas al an Yaru. Ndjb, Yaru. Sakuparbmf an 3? ma Hacrarf ma 392?, ma ettp7//bpultasmabrqudtakturbmdodtbn.cnfospft.pa/392=/95/an-cffj-ma-nfskaltrfs-kfjarkdbnas-al.etjn 5. Kbstannblfs, K., Kuannbr, H., Gdjalaz, Gdjalaz, [., Ybramas, G., & Y Ydlamf, dlamf, A. (35 ma Jbyf Jbyf ma 392;). Yrfpuastb ma ralfvbkdfl urcblb [bl Jdouan. Ndjb, Yaru. Sakuparbmf an ? ma Bofstf ma 392?, ma ettps7//as.sndmasebra.lat/29;928;3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdf ettps7//as.sndmasebra.lat/29;9 28;3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcblb-sbl-jdouan l-urcblb-sbl-jdouan 4. Kebvaz, X. (3991 (3991). ). Jblubn ma Mds Mdsaòf aòf Oafjätrdkf ma Xdbs Q Qrcblbs. rcblbs. (399=). Ndjb, Yar÷. Sakuparbmf an 31 ma 94 ma 392?, ma ettps7//mfks.offona.kfj/hdna/m/9CxNYL]rKdV?u_AHnbQGr]`Tz[_5/amdt 29. Kflasb, X. (224;). Oudb Jatfmfnfodb pbrb nb avbnubkdfl man djpbktf bjcdaltbn. Jbmrdm, Aspbòf. Sakuparbmf an 39 ma Hacrarf ma 392?, ma ettp7//kaltrf.pbft.jx/mfkujaltfs/vbrdfs/oudbVjatfmfnfodkbVdjpbktfVbjcdalt bn.pmh 22. Kflstblzb, O. (23 ma Jbrzf ma 3928). 1 YSFYQA[]B[ MA DL]AS[AKKDFLA[ JB[ [AOQSB[ YBSB MDXAS[F[ JFMF[ MA

2;5

 

JFXDNDMBM. Sakuparbmf an 2? ma Bofstf ma 392?, ma ettp7//www.brkembdny.pa/pa/?5;814/1-prfpuastbs-ma-dltarsakkdflas-jbssaourbs-pbrb-mdvarsfs-jfmfs-ma-jfvdndmbm 23. Ma nb Jbzb, K. (399?). Jblagf y kflsarvbkdfl ma rakursfs hfrastbnas. Kedna. Sakuparbmf an 39 ma hacrarf ma 392?, ma ettp7//rapfsdtfrdf.ukedna.kn/cdtstrabj/eblmna/3319/239;4?/Av ettp7//rapfsdtfrdf.ukedna.kn/cdtstrabj/eblm na/3319/239;4?/AvbnubkdflVmaVDjpb bnubkdflVmaVDjpb ktfsVBjcdaltbnas.pmh6saqualka:2 2;. Ouavbrb, G. (2? ma 98 ma 3921). An sflbmf kbsf jbluhbkturbs man kaltrf. Mdbrdf Nb Xarmbm . 2=. Nûpaz, C, B., Xânkbrka, K, J., & Cbrcblkef, J, J. (s.h.). Dlmdkbmfras Kubltdtbtdvfs y Kubndtbtdvfs Ybrb nb avbnubkdûl ma nb bktdvdmbm dlvastdobmfrb7 ¶Kfjpnajaltbrdfs6 ¶Kfltrbmdktfrdfs6 f ¶Axknuyaltas6 Kûrmfcb, Aspbòb. Sakuparbmf an 34 ma 91 ma 3925, ma ettp7//www.ukb.as/rakursfs/mfk/Qldmbmas/kflsa ettp7//www.ukb.as/rakursfs/mfk/Q ldmbmas/kflsagfVsfkdbn/14945?23 gfVsfkdbn/14945?231V29;392 1V29;392 929=225.pmh 21. Jflmrboûl, Y, B. (s.h.). ¶Rua sfl dlmdkbmfras6 Kunturb Astbm½stdkb y

Oaforâhdkb.

Aspbòb. Sakuparbmf an 34 ma 91 ma 3925, ma ettp7//www.pnblabkdfl.ulbj.jx/maskbrobs/dlmdkbmf ettp7//www.pnblabkdfl.ulb j.jx/maskbrobs/dlmdkbmfras/jbtardbnnakturb/Jflmr  ras/jbtardbnnakturb/Jflmr  bofl93Vdlaod.pmh 28. Ybquatta, K. (399?). Kfjarkdf y pnbldhdkbkdûl urcblb. Nbs luavbs orblmas kaltrbndmbmas kfjarkdbnas al nfs pnblas ma masbrrfnnf urcblf ma nb Kdumbm ma Jäxdkf. Jaxdkf M.H., Jäxdkf. Sakuparbmf an 3; ma Hacrarf ma 392?, ma ettps7//trbka.ravuas.fro/8=2 2?. Sbjbkkdfttd, F. (2459). 24= LF]B[ [fcra Qrcbldsjf, Ynblabjdaltf y Mdsaòf Qrcblf. Kfrmfcb, Broaltdlb. Sakuparbmf an 2? ma Hacrarf ma 392?, ma ettps7//as.skrdcm.kfj/mfkujalt/3144;1;13/Sbjbkkdfttd-[fcra-QrcbldsjfYnblabjdaltf-y-Mdsalf-Qrcblf 25. Saobzzfnd, G. (28 ma Jbrzf ma 3921). Nfs kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas y su djpbktf al nb kdumbm. An [bnvbmfr. Sakuparbmf an 3= ma hacrarf ma 392?, ma ettps7//www.akujaldkf.fro/brtdkna/nfs-kaltrfs-kfjarkdbnas-y-su-djpbktf-al-nbkdumbm/ 24. Sfl, G. (Bcrdn ma 3923). An djpbktf ma nbs Jaobastrkuturbs - "An kbsf man Jbnn Kflmbmf [efppdlo". Rudtf, Akubmfr. Sakuparbmf an 3= ma Jbrzf ma 392? 39. [bnjfl, S., & Brblof, [. (3993). Nb kdumbm7 Ebcdtbt ma mdvarsdmbm y kfjpnagdmbm. Nb brqudtakturb al nb kdumbm . Cfoftb, Kfnfjcdb. Sakuparbmf an ? ma Jbrzf ma 392?, ma ettp7//www.cmdodtbn.ulbn.amu.kf/?53/3/;25V V2VYranV2.pmh 32. [byaoe, @. (Guldf ma 3929). ¡An kaltrf kfjarkdbn kfjf bntarlbtdvb bn aspbkdf p÷cndkf ma nbs kdumbmas6 Kbrbkbs, Xalazuanb. Fctaldmf ma ettp7//214.49.59.11/tasds/9992=424=.pmh 33. ]annb, O., & Yftfk`f, B. (32 ma jbyf ma 3994). Nfs sefppdlo avfnukdflbl kfjf lafkaltrfs urcblfs. Cualfs Bdras, Broaltdlb. Fctaldmf ma

2;4

 

ettp7//www.oudnnarjftannb.kfj/brtdkunfs/nfs-sefppdlo-avfnukdflbl-kfjflafkaltrfs-urcblfs/ 3;. _accar, J., Myk`jbl, G., Outtalcaro, B., _eabtfl, _., & Cbuar, K. (24?9). Dlmbobkdflas sfcra Astrukturb Qrcblb.  Cbrkanflb7 Oustbvf Odnd. Sakuparbmf an 39 ma 9= ma 392?, ma ettps7//pbvsbroflbutb.wfrmprass.kfj/392;/91/31/quaettps7//pbvsbroflbutb.wfrmprass.kfj/392;/91/31/quasa-altdalma-pfr-astrukturb-urcblb/ 3=. Tbltfrlf, F. (3922). Bnoulfs kflkaptfs utdndzbmfs al an pnblabjdaltf . Nb Ynbtb, Broaltdlb. Sakuparbmf an 3; ma Hacrarf ma 392?, ma ettp7//cnfos.ulnp.amu.br/pnblabjdaltfhbu/hdnas/392;/91/Hdkeb-29-BNOQLF[KFLKAY]F[-Q]DNDWBMF[-AL-YNBLABJDAL]F.pmh

2=9

 

BLAUF[

2=2

 

. Jbtrdz ma kflsdstalkdb. . Jbtrdz man dlstrujaltf.

JB]SDKA[

2=3

 

JB]SÊW MA KFL[D[]ALKDB

QLDXAS[DMBM YASQBLB NF[ BLMA[ ]A[D[ YBSB FY]BS AN ]Ê]QNF MA BSRQD]AK]F ]êtunf7 „DJYBK]F QSCBLF MAN KAL]SF KFJASKDBN FYAL YNBWB AL NB A[]SQK]QSB QSCBLB MAN [QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL‚  BQ]FSB[7 KFL]SASB[ YBKEAKF, Ybjanb @bteardla - SFCNA[ JBKEQKB, Lbdseb Astahbly

Yrfcnajbs Yrfcnajbs Oalarbn7 ¶Kubn as an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka an Kaltrf Kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al nb Astrukturb Qrcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl6

Yrfcnajbs aspakêhdkfs7   ¶Kuân as an djpbktf urcblf qua 

prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al an usf ma suanf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl6   ¶Kuân as an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al an sdstajb ma jfvdndmbm man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl6   ¶Kuân as an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al nfs sarvdkdfs man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl6   ¶Kuân as an djpbktf urcblf qua







Fcgatdvfs Fcgatdvfs Oalarbn7

MD[A F ]A SDK DKF F Asquajb ma Jbrkf ]aûrdkf D.- BL]AKAMAL]A[7

Ybquatta, (399?) „Kfjarkdf y pnbldhdkbkdûl urcblb.‚ urcblb.‚   Matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka an  Bcbltf & Jfrbnas, Jfrbnas, (3929) „„Djpbktf Djpbktf urcblf bjcdaltbn kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al nb astrukturb kfjf kflsakualkdb ma nb dlstbnbkdûl man jbnn rabn urcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl pnbzb ‛ pnbzb  ‛  ]rugdnnf‚   Blounf, (3928), „An djpbktf urcblf man jbnn bvalturb Fcgatdvfs aspakêhdkfs7 pnbzb al nb urcbldzbkdûl nb Asjarbnmb, ]rugdnnf‚  3.  3.  Matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb DD.- KFL[]SQKKDÛL MAN JBSKF ]AÛSDKF7 al nfs usfs ma suanf man suc saktfr   Kflkaptfs Oalarbnas7     Djpbktf urcblf Kflstdtukdûl.    Matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf qua   Astrukturb urcblb prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb   Kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas al an sdstajb vdbn man suc saktfr   Jätfmfs y krdtardfs pbrb avbnubr an djpbktf urcblf. Kflstdtukdûl  An jätfmf qua sa utdndzbrb sarâ an jätfmf   Matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf qua kdaltêhdkf y sa utdndzbrb nfs sdoudaltas prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb dlstrujaltfs7 al an aqudpbjdaltf urcblf man suc saktfr   Hdkebs ma raodstrf Kflstdtukdûl   Alkuastbs   Matarjdlbr an djpbktf urcblf qua prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb DDD.- ONF[BSDF MA ]ÄSJDLF[7   Djpbktf urcblf - [arvdkdfs al nfs sarvdkdfs man suc saktfr 

Edpûtasds Edpûtasds7 Oalarbn7 An kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka ul djpbktf urcblf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb al nb astrukturb urcblb man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl.

Edpûtasds aspakêhdkbs7 B) B)   An kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb al an usf ma suanf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûûll  C) C)   An kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb al an sdstajb vdbn man suc saktfr Kf Kflstdtukdûl. lstdtukdûl. K) K)   An kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb al an aqudpbjdaltf urcblf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl  M) M)   An kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb prfmuka

prfmuka an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb al an aqudpbjdaltf urcblf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl6

         



Kflstdtukdûl



Astrukturb Qrcblb - Aqudpbjdaltf Aspbkdf pucndkf Kaltrfs kfjarkdbnas Qsf ma suanf [dstajb vdbn

ul djpbktf laobtdvf ma jukeb djpfrtblkdb ma jboldtum juy bntb al nfs sarvdkdfs man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. 

2=;

 

Xbrdbcna

MDJAL[DFLA[ Qsf ma suanf

[dstajb vdbn

Dlmdkbmfras -

Aqudpbjdaltf

-

Djpbktf urcblf

[arvdkdfs

Jätfmf ma nb Dlvastdobkdûl

Bntarbkdûl al nfs usfs ma ma ssuanf uanf Bujaltf al aann kfstf man suanf suanf urcblf. urcblf. Oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas. Bujaltf al an hnugf vaedkunbr. Bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas. Mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs

Kbtaofrêbs ma avbnubkdûl c) c)  LAOB]DXF[7 LAOB]DXF[7 b)  b) YF[D]DXF[7

Bcblmflf y matardfrf matardfrf man man aspbkdf aspbkdf p÷cndkf p÷cndkf mastdlbmf b nb rakrabkdûl.

- Bntarbkdûl al aann vfnujal vfnujal mman an boub - Bntarbkdûl al an hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa - Bntarbkdûl al aann pbof pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb

Jboldtum7

Jboldtum7

. Juy bntb 

. Juy bntb 

. Bntb

. Bntb

. Jamdb

. Jamdb

. Cbgb

. Cbgb

. Juy cbgb

. Juy cbgb

Djpfrtblkdb7

Djpfrtblkdb7

. Jukeb djpfrtblkdb 

. Jukeb djpfrtblkdb 

. Bntb Djpfrtblkdb

. Bntb djpfrtblkdb

. Jfmarbmb

. Jfmarbmb

djpfrtblkdb

djpfrtblkdb

. Yfkb djpfrtblkdb

. Yfkb djpfrtblkdb

. [dl djpfrtblkdb

. [dl djpfrtblkdb

MD MD[A [A F JA JA]F ]FMF MFNN OD ODKF KF jcdtf ma nb dlvastdobkdûl

Mdsaòf ma nb Dlvastdobkdûl

]DYF7

]D ]DYF YF MA MA MD[A MD[A F7

 Bpndkbmb

Lf axpardjaltbn.

LDXAN7

MD[AÒF OALASBN7

Qldmbmas ma astumdf f blândsds7 Astrukturb urcblb.  Yfcnbkdûl7

Maskrdptdvf - Axpndkbtdvf 

Nflodtumdlbn

[uc [aktfr Kflstdtukdûl

MD[AÒF A[YAKÊHDKF7

Juastrb7

Maskrdptdvf 

Ybrb nbs alkuastbs7 ;3? alkuastbmfs

Dlstrujaltf

  Alkuastb



  Hdkeb ma raodstrf



]äkldkbs a dlstrujaltfs Sakfpdnbkdûl ma Dlhfrjbkdûl7 Hdkeb ma raodstrf ma mbtfs. Alkuastb

Yrfkasbjdaltf ma nb Dlhfrjbkdûl. -  [a prfkasbrbl nfs mbtfs -  [a avbnubrâ nfs rasuntbmfs masma an pultf ma vdstb ma jboldtum a djpfrtblkdb

2==

 

JB]SÊW MAN DL[]SQJAL]F 

XBSDBCNA7 DJYBK]F QSCBLF

MAHDLDKDÛL

MDJAL[DFLA[

MAHDLDKDÛL FYASBKDFLBN

DLMDKBMFSA[  Bntarbkdûl al fs fs usfs ma suanf

Qsfs ma suanf

kfstf man suanf As an prfkasf ma nb fkupbkdûl  Bujaltf al an kfstf man suanf y nbs mdvarsbs urcblf bktdvdmbmas qua sa rabndka al Oalarbkdûl ma usfs lf kfjpbtdcnas än. Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas

As nb bntarbkdûl qua suhra ul matarjdlbmf aspbkdf ma nb kdumbm macdmf b nb dlkfrpfrbkdûl ma ulb dlhrbastrukturb ma orblmas mdjalsdflas

 Bujaltf man hnugf hnugf vaedkunbr

[dstajb vdbn

 Bprfpdbkdûl p÷cndkb y kfnaktdvb ma nbs kbnnas Mftbkdûl al nfs astbkdflbjdaltfs

SABK]DXF[

DL[]SQJAL]F

¶Kûjf arb an usf ma suanf bltas man Fpal Ynbzb6 ¶Kûjf as an usf ma suanf al an saktfr bktubnjalta6

Hdkeb ma raodstrf

¶Kuân hua an kfstf man suanf bltas man Fpal Ynbzb6 ¶Kuâltf as an kfstf man suanf urcblf al an saktfr bktubnjalta6

Hdkeb ma raodstrf

¶Ruä usf ma suanf lf kfjpbtdcna kfjpbtdcna axdstêb bltas man Fpal Ynbzb6 ¶Ruä usf ma suanf lf kfjpbtdcna axdsta bktubnjalta6 ¶Kuâltbs bktdvdmbmas axdstêbl bltas man Fpal Ynbzb6 ¶Kuâltbs bktdvdmbmas axdstal bktubnjalta6 ¶Kuâltfs vaeêkunfs kdrkunbcbl bn mêb bltas man Fpal Ynbzb6 ¶Kuâltfs vaeêkunfs kdrkunbl kdrkunbl bn mêb bktubnjalta6 ¶Al quä jboldtum sa mbcb an kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn bltas man Fpal Ynbzb6 ¶Al quä jboldtum sa mb an kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn bktubnjalta6 ¶Al quä pfrkaltbga nfs astbkdflbjdaltfs p÷cndkfs kucrêbl nb majblmb bltas man Fpal Ynbzb6

Hdkeb ma raodstrf Hdkeb ma raodstrf Hdkeb ma raodstrf Alkuastb

Hdkeb ma raodstrf

¶Al quä pfrkaltbga nfs astbkdflbjdaltfs p÷cndkfs kucral nb majblmb al an saktfr bktubnjalta6 Aqudpbjdaltf urcblf

Dlhrbastrukturbs mastdlbmbs bn  Bcblmflf y matardfrf matardfrf man aspbkdf aspbkdf sarvdkdf ma nb pfcnbkdûl. p÷cndkf  Bntarbkdûl al an an vfnujal man boub

[arvdkdfs

Cdalas qua sbtdshbkal nbs an hulkdflbjdaltf man man lakasdmbmas ma nb  Bntarbkdûl al an

¶Kuân arb nb djpfrtblkdb man aspbkdf p÷cndkf bltas man man Fpal Ynbzb6 ¶Kuân as nb djpfrtblkdb man aspbkdf p÷cndkf bktubnjalta6

Alkuastb

¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum man vfnujal man boub bltas man Fpal Ynbzb6 ¶Kuân as nb jboldtum man vfnujal man boub bktubnjalta6 ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum man hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa bltas man F Y6

Alkuastb

kfjuldmbm

masboþa

¶Kuân as nb jboldtum man hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa bltas man F Y6

 Bntarbkdûl al an an pbof pfr alaroêb alaroêb anäktrdkb

¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum man pbof pfr nb alaroêb anäktrdkb bltas man F Y6 ¶Kuân as nb jboldtum man pbof pfr nb alaroêb anäktrdkb bltas man F Y6

2=1

 

. Alkuastb. . Hdkeb ma raodstrf ma mbtfs. . Xbndmbkdûl ma dlstrujaltfs.

DL[]SQJAL]F[

2=8

 

ALKQA[]B

]A[D[7

„DJYBK]F

QSCBLF MAN KAL]SF KFJASKDBN FYAL YNBWB AL NB A[]SQK]QSB QSCBLB MAN [QC

[AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL‚  BQ]FSA[7

KFL]SASB[ YBKEAKF YBJANB ‛  SFCNA[  SFCNA[ JBKEQKB LBD[EB

Dlmdkbkdflas7 Jbrkbr kfl ulb (x) nb raspuastb.

2.  ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum man vfnujal ma boub al su vdvdalmb ebka ? bòfs6 b.  juy bntb c.  bntb

m. cbgb a. juy cbgb

k.  jamdb 3.  ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum man vfnujal ma boub al su vdvdalmb ebka ; bòfs6 b.  juy bntb c.  bntb k.  jamdb

m. cbgb a. juy cbgb

;.  ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum man vfnujal ma boub al su vdvdalmb bktubnjalta kfl nb prasalkdb man K.K. Fpal Ynbzb6 b.  juy bntb c.  bntb k.  jamdb

m. cbgb a. juy cbgb

=.  ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum man hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa al su vdvdalmb ebka ? bòfs6 b.  juy bntb c.  bntb k.  jamdb

m. cbgb a. juy cbgb

1.  ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum man hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa al su vdvdalmb ebka ; bòfs6 b.  juy bntb c.  bntb

m. cbgb a. juy cbgb

k.  jamdb

2=?

 

8.  ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum man hulkdflbjdaltf man masboþa al su vdvdalmb bktubnjalta6 b.  juy bntb c.  bntb

m. cbgb a. juy cbgb

k.  jamdb ?.  ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum man pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb al su vdvdalmb ebka ? bòfs6 b.  juy bntb c.  bntb k.  jamdb

m. cbgb a. juy cbgb

5.  ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum man pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb al su vdvdalmb ebka ; bòfs6 b.  juy bntb c.  bntb

m. cbgb a. juy cbgb

k.  jamdb 4.  ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum man pbof pfr alaroêb anäktrdkb bktubnjalta6 bktub njalta6

b.  juy bntb c.  bntb k.  jamdb

m. cbgb a. juy cbgb

29.  ¶Kuân arb nb djpfrtblkdb qua na mbcb b nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs man saktfr ebka ? bòfs6 b.  jukeb djpfrtblkdb c.  bntb djpfrtblkdb k.  jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb

m. pfkb djpfrtblkdb a. sdl djpfrtblkdb

22.  ¶Kuân arb nb djpfrtblkdb qua na mbcb b nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs man saktfr ebka ? bòfs6 bòfs6   b.  jukeb djpfrtblkdb c.  bntb djpfrtblkdb k.  jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb

m. pfkb djpfrtblkdb a. sdl djpfrtblkdb

23.  ¶Kuân arb nb djpfrtblkdb qua na mbcb b nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs man saktfr ebka ; bòfs6   . b.  jukeb djpfrtblkdb

m. pfkb djpfrtblkdb

c.  bntb djpfrtblkdb k.  jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb

a. sdl djpfrtblkdb

2=5

 

2;.  ¶Kuân as nb djpfrtblkdb qua na mbcb b nfs aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs man saktfr bktub bktubnjalta6 njalta6   b.  jukeb djpfrtblkdb c.  bntb djpfrtblkdb k.  jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb

m. pfkb djpfrtblkdb a. sdl djpfrtblkdb

2=.  ¶Kuân arb nb djpfrtblkdb qua na mb bn kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb6 pnbzb6   b.  jukeb djpfrtblkdb c.  bntb djpfrtblkdb k.  jfmarbmb djpfrtblkdb

m. pfkb djpfrtblkdb a. sdl djpfrtblkdb

21.  ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum ma nb prasalkdb ma kfjarkdf bjcunbtfrdf/dlhfrjbn bjcunbtfrdf/dlhfrjbn al an saktfr ebka ? bòfs6 m.  juy bntb a.  bntb

m. cbgb a. juy cbgb

h.  jamdb 28.  ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum ma nb prasalkdb ma kfjarkdf bjcunbtfrdf/dlhfrjbn bjcunbtfrdf/dlhfrjbn al an saktfr ebka ; bòfs6 m.  juy bntb a.  bntb h.  jamdb

m. cbgb a. juy cbgb

2?.  ¶Kuân arb nb jboldtum ma nb prasalkdb ma kfjarkdf bjcunbtfrdf/dlhfrjbn al an saktfr bktubnjalta6

m.  juy bntb

m. cbgb

a.  bntb h.  jamdb

a. juy cbgb

2=4

 

219

 

212

 

213

 

21;

 

. Hdkeb L¹927 Bntarbkdûl al an usf ma suanf. . Hdkeb L¹937 Bujaltf al an kfstf man suanf urcblf. . Hdkeb L¹9;7 Oalarbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas bktdvdmbmas lf kfjpbtdcnas. . Hdkeb L¹9=7 Mdvarsdhdkbkdûl ma bktdvdmbmas. . Hdkeb L¹917 Bujaltf man hnugf vaedkunbr. . Hdkeb L¹987 Mftbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdal astbkdflbjdaltfs. tfs.

HDKEB[ MA SAOD[]SF

21=

 

211

 

218

 

21?

 

215

 

214

 

289

 

HF]FOSBHDB[

282

 

HF]F[ MA NQOBS MA A[]QMDF

283

 

KFL]AF MA XAEDKQNF[ MA NB BX. HASSFKBSSDN

28;

 

KFL]AF MA XAEDKQNF[ MA NB KBNNA SABN

28=

 

SAMD[AÒF XDBN QSCBLF MAN [QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL

. Maskrdpkdûl man prfyaktf. . Ynblf ma prfpuastb

YSFTAK]F 2. YNBL]ABJDAL]F MAN YSFCNAJB7

281

 

2. YNBL]ABJDAL]F MAN YSFCNAJB7 Kfl an masbrrfnnf masbrrfnnf ma nb prasalta dlvastdobkdûl, sa pumf matarjdlbr qu qua a an prdlkdpbn djpbktf urcblf prfmukdmf pfr an kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb sa mb al an sdstajb vdbn man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl, sdalmf asta djpbktf ma bspaktf laobtdvf, yb qua asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn lf kflsdmarû ul astumdf pravdf man djpbktf vdbn. [dl mumb astf tdala kfjf kflsakualkdb an mahdkdalta sdstajb vdbn ma asta suc saktfr. Nfs dlmdkbmfras avbnubmfs pbrb astb mdjalsdûl mbl kflfkar nfs mdvarsfs jftdvfs qua axdstal pbrb kflsdmarbr qua an sdstajb vdbn man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl as mahdkdalta. An bujaltf man hnugf vaedkunbr, an dlkrajaltf man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn, nb bntb bhnualkdb pabtflbn y nb jbnb ucdkbkdûl ma astbkdflbjdaltfs ebkal qua tbltf an sdstajb jftfrdzbmf y lf jftfrdzbmf sa vabl bhaktbmfs laobtdvbjalta b pbrtdr ma nb prasalkdb ma asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn, kbusblmf kbfs y masfrmal al astb ârab ma nb kdumbm. Macdmf bn djpbktf urcblf laobtdvf prfmukdmf pfr asta astbcnakdjdaltf, sa pnbltab an SAMD[AÒF XDBN QSCBLF MAN [QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL, sdalmf asta prfyaktf ulb sfnukdûl pbrb an mahdkdalta sdstajb vdbn man suc saktfr y ma astb jblarb mbr ul bpfrta urcblf qua puamb sar ul jfmanf y jagfrbr an sdstajb ma trblspfrta jftfrdzbmf y lf jftfrdzbmf al luastrb kdumbm crdlmblmf ulb jagfr kbndmbm ma vdmb pbrb nfs kdumbmblfs.

2.2. Ârcfn ma prfcnajbs, kbusb kbusbss y ahaktfs7 b. Yrfcnajb kaltrbn7 Mahdkdalta sdtubkdûl man sdstajb vdbn jftfrdzbmf y lf jftfrdzbmf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl. 

288

 

c. Kbusbs man prfcnajb7   Kbusbs mdraktbs7



- Dlbmakubmf hulkdflbjdaltf ma pbrbmarfs. - Dlbmakubmb utdndzbkdûl ma nfs aspbkdfs pbrb an kfjarkdf. - Dlbmakubmb frobldzbkdûl man trâlsdtf vvaedkunbr aedkunbr y pabtflbn.    Kbusbs dlmdraktbs7



- Dlbmakubmb ucdkbkdûl ma pbrbmarfs. - Jbnb frdaltbkdûl b nfs usubrdfs. - Dlbmakubmb ucdkbkdûl ma nfs kfjarkdbltas. -

Masdltaräs al nb frobldzbkdûl man kfjarkdf pfr nbs butfrdmbmas.

- Jbnfs krdtardfs ma saòbndzbkdûl. - Kflkurralkdb masfrmalbmb ma vdsdtbltas vdsdtbltas bn kaltrf kfjarkdbn.

k. Ahaktfs man prfcnajb7 prfcnajb7   Ahaktfs mdraktfs7



- Dlkrajaltf ma pbrbmarfs dlhfrjbnas. - Yrfndharbkdûl man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn. - Bntf kfloastdflbjdaltf vaedkunbr.

  Ahaktfs dlmdraktfs7 - Dltarrupkdûl ma nb kdrkunbkdûl vaedkunbr.



- Dltarrupkdûl ma nb ndcra kdrkunbkdûl pabtflbn. - Dlkrajaltf ma kbfs y bkkdmaltas vaedkunbras.

m. Ahaktf ÷ntdjf y/f hdl7 Cbgf ldvan ma kbndmbm ma vdmb ma nb pfcnbkdûl man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl macdmf bn mahdkdalta sdstajb vdbn. 

28?

 

A[RQAJB MAN ÂSCFN MA YSFCNAJB[, KBQ[B[ T AHAK]F[ 

CBGF LDXAN MA KBNDMBM MA XDMB MA NB YFCNBKDÛL MAN [QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDÛL MACDMF BN MAHDKDAL]A [D[]AJB XDBN

Dltarrupkdûl ma nb kdrkunbkdûl vaedkunbr

Dltarrupkdûl ma nb ndcra kdrkunbkdûl pabtflbn

Dlkrajaltf ma kbfs y bkkdmaltas vaedkunbras

Dlkrajaltf ma pbrbmarfs dlhfrjbnas

Yrfndharbkdûl man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn

 Bntf kfloastdflbjdaltf vaedkunbr

MAHDKDAL]A [D]QBKDFL MAN [D[]AJB JF]FSDWBMF T LF JF]FSDWBMF MAN [QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL

Dlbmakubmf hulkdflbjdaltf ma pbrbmarfs

Dlbmakubmb utdndzbkdûl ma aspbkdfs pbrb an kfjarkdf

Dlbmakubmb frobldzbkdûl man trâlsdtf vaedkunbr y pabtflbn

Dlbmakubmb ucdkbkdûl ma pbrbmarfs

Dlbmakubmb ucdkbkdûl ma nfs kfjarkdbltas

Jbnfs krdtardfs ma saòbndzbkdûl

Masdltaräs al nb frobldzbkdûl man kfjarkdf pfr nbs butfrdmbmas

Kflkurralkdb masfrmalbmb ma vdsdtbltas bn kaltrf kfjarkdbn

Jbnb frdaltbkdûl ma nfs usubrdfs

285

 

2.3. Ârcfn ma fcgatdvfs, jamdfs y hdlas7 b. Fcgatdvf kaltrbn7 Ahdkdalta sdtubkdûl man sdstajb jftfrdzbmf y lf jftfrdzbmf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl.

c. Jamdfs7   Jamdfs mdraktfs7



- Bmakubmf hulkdflbjdaltf ma pbrbmarfs. - Bmakubmb utdndzbkdûl ma nfs aspbkdfs aspbkdfs pbrb an kkfjarkdf. fjarkdf. - Bmakubmb frobldzbkdûl man trâlsdtf vvaedkunbr aedkunbr y pabtflbn.  

  Jamdfs dlmdraktfs7 - Bmakubmb ucdkbkdûl ma pbrbmarfs.

- Cualb frdaltbkdûl b nfs usubrdfs. - Bmakubmb ucdkbkdûl ma nfs kfjarkdbltas. - Dltaräs al nb frobldzbkdûl frobldzbkdûl man kfjarkdf kfjarkdf pfr pfr nbs butfrdmbmas. - Cualfs krdtardfs ma saòbndzbkdûl. - Kflkurralkdb frmalbmb ma vdsdtbltas bn kaltrf kfjarkdbn.

k. Hdlas7   Hdlas mdraktfs7



- Samukkdûl ma pbrbmarfs dlhfrjbnas. - Samukkdûl man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn. - Cbgf kfloastdflbjdaltf kfloastdflbjdaltf vaedkunbr.   Hdlas dlmdraktfs7



- Kfltdludmbm ma nb kdrkunbkdûl vaedkunbr.

- Kfltdludmbm ma nb ndcra kdrkunbkdûl pabtflbn.

284

 

m. Hdl ÷ntdjf7  Bntf ldvan ma kbndmbm ma vdmb ma nb pfcnbkdûl man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl al kubltf bn sdstajb vdbn

A[RQAJB MAN ÂSCFN MA FCGA]DXF[, JAMDF[ T HDLA[  

 BN]F LDXAN MA KBNDMBM KBNDMBM MA XDMB MA MA NB YFCNBKDÛL MAN MAN [QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDÛL AL KQBL]F BN [D[]AJB XDBN

kdrkunbkdûl vaedkunbr

Kfltdlubkdûl ma nb ndcra kdrkunbkdûl pabtflbn

Mdsjdlukdûl ma kbfs y bkkdmaltas vaedkunbras

Samukkdûl ma pbrbmarfs dlhfrjbnas

Samukkdûl man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn

Cbgf kfloastdflbjdaltf vaedkunbr

Kfltdludmbm ma nb

AHDKDAL]A [D]QBKDFL MAN [D[]AJB JF]FSDWBMF T LF JF]FSDWBMF MAN [QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL

 Bmakubmf hulkdflbjdaltf ma pbrbmarfs

 Bmakubmb utdndzbkdûl ma aspbkdfs pbrb an kfjarkdf

Dlbmakubmb frobldzbkdûl man trâlsdtf vaedkunbr y pabtflbn

 Bmakubmb ucdkbkdûl ma pbrbmarfs

 Bmakubmb ucdkbkdûl ma nfs kfjarkdbltas

Cualfs krdtardfs ma saòbndzbkdûl

Dltaräs al nb frobldzbkdûl man kfjarkdf pfr nbs butfrdmbmas

Kflkurralkdb frmalbmb ma vdsdtbltas bn

Cualb frdaltbkdûl ma nfs usubrdfs

kaltrf kfjarkdbn

2?9

 

2.;. Matarjdlbkdûl man prfcnajb prfcnajb kfjf jamdf hulmbjalt hulmbjaltbn7 bn7

Jagfrb ma nb sdtubkdûl man sdstajb vdbn pbrb calahdkdf ma nfs pfcnbmfras man saktfr y vdsdtbltas man kaltrf

FCGA]DXF OALASBN  

kfjarkdbn. Ahdkdalta sdstajb vdbn jftfrdzbmf y lf jftfrdzbmf man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl Kflstdtukdûl..

FCGA]DXF A[YAKDHDKF  SA[QN]BMF[  

2. 3. ;. =. 1.

Kfl Kfltrf trfnn ma pb pbrbm rbmar arfs fs dl dlhfr hfrjbn jbnas. as. Kfl Kfltrf trfnn ma mann kf kfja jarkd rkdf f dl dlhfr hfrjbn jbn.. Kfltr Kfltrfn fn man kflo kfloastd astdflb flbjdal jdaltf tf vvaedk aedkunbr unbr.. Ahd Ahdkda kdalta lta mdsa mdsaòf òf ma ma vê vêbs bs ur urcbl cblbs. bs. Yrfor Yrforbjbs bjbs m ma a frob frobldz ldzbkdû bkdûl l y amu amukbkd kbkdûl ûl vdb vdbnn urcb urcblb. lb.

 BK]DXDMBMA[  BK]DXDMBM A[

 

2.2. Krabkdûl ma pbrbmarfs pbrbmarfs.. 2.3. Jagfrbjdal Jagfrbjdaltf tf man sdstaj sdstajb b ma saòbnd saòbndzbkdûl. zbkdûl. 2.;. Jagfrbjdal Jagfrbjdaltf tf ma nb bkk bkkasdcdndmb asdcdndmbm m pabtflbn. 3.2. Krabkdûl ma asp aspbkdfs bkdfs pbrb nnb b bktdvdmbm kf kfjarkdbn. jarkdbn. 3.3. Kbjpbòb pbrb an frma frmalbjdaltf. lbjdaltf. 3.;. Frobldzbr b nfs kfjarkdb kfjarkdbltas ltas bjcunb bjcunbtfrdfs. tfrdfs. ;.2. Frobldzbkdûl man sdstajb ma kd kdrkunbkdûl rkunbkdûl vvaedkunbr. aedkunbr. ;.3. Krabkdûl ma ul sdstajb ma trblsp trblspfrta frta p÷cndkf jbsdvf. =.2. Jagfrbjdaltf man jbnakûl man rdf [eunnkbs. Samukkdûl ma pbrbmarfs

Samukkdûl man kfjarkdf dlhfrjbn 

Cbgf kfloastdflbjdaltf vaedkunbr  

AHDKDAL]A [D]QBKDFL MAN [D[]AJB JF]FSDWBMF T LF JF]FSDWBMF MAN [QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL

 Bmakubmf hulkdflbjdaltf ma pbrbmarfs

 Bmakubmb utdndzbkdûl ma aspbkdfs pbrb an kfjarkdf

 Bmakubmf kflfkdjdaltf ma frobldzbkdûl

 

 

man trâlsdtf

2?2

 

3. GQ[]DHDKBKDÛL MAN YSFTAK]F7  [ao÷l nfs rasuntbmfs fctaldmfs an jbyfr djpbktf urcblf laobtdvf sa mdf al nb mdjalsdûl man sdstajb vdbn, as pfr asta j jftdvf ftdvf qua sa pnbltab an SAMD[AÒF SAMD[AÒF XDBN QSCBLF MAN [QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL. Kfl asta prfyaktf sa cuskb raastrukturbr raastrukturbr an sdstajb vdbn, ma jblarb qua sdrvb prdlkdpbnjalta p pbrb brb an rafrmalbjdaltf y maskfloastdflbjdaltf man sdstajb jftfrdzbmf y lf jftfrdzbmf, sdalmf ul bpfrta urcblf djpfrtblta pbrb an masbrrfnnf ma nb kdumbm y al calahdkdf ma nb pfcnbkdûl.

BYFS]A QSCBLF7

Nbs kdumbmas man huturf bpultbl b talar ul sdstajb vdbn sustaltbcna, mblmf jbyfr prdfrdmbm bn pabtûl qua bn vaeêkunf, as pfr asta jftdvf qua nb prfpuastb ma SAMD[AÒF XDBN QSCBLF MAN [QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL tdala kfjf cbsa asta bspaktf ma sustaltbcdndmbm, kfl bkkdflas qua pflobl al prdjar nuobr bn pabtûl. An bpfrta urcblf prdlkdpbn as an bnkblka qua sa crdlmb pbrb nb sfnukdûl man mahdkdalta sdstajb vdbn vdbn jftfrdzbmf y lf jftfrdzbmf, yb qua asta prfyaktf sa cbsb al krdtardfs urcblfs y brqudtaktûldkfs cbgf ul jfmanf sfstaldcna y ma astb jblarb sar ul jfmanf b saoudr pbrb an huturf masbrrfnnf ma pnblas urcblfs rahardmfs bn sdstajb vdbn al luastrb kdumbm.

 Bpfrtbr ul jfmanf b saoudr ma sdstajb vdbn sfstaldcna al BYFS]A QSCBLF

nb kdumbm ma Eublkbyf y ma astb jblarb jagfrbr nb kbndmbm

ma

pfcnbkdûl. 

vdmb

ma

nb

2?3

 

;. BLBND[D[ MAN [D[]AJB MA KFLMDKDFLBL]A[7 ;.2. A[]QMDF MAN FCGA]F7

;.2.2. Mahdldkdflas7 Ybrb pfmar kfjpralmar an kflkaptf ma mdsaòf vdbn urcblf as lakasbrdf kflfkar prdjarf nb mahdldkdûl ma mdsaòf urcblf pbrb pfmar nnaobr b ulb mahdldkdûl oalarbn7

Mdsaòf urcblf7 Astâ frdaltbmb bn trbtbjdaltf ma nfs anajaltfs qua kflstdtuyal nb kdumbm, bsê talajfs sus anajaltfs7

AMDHDKBKDFLA[

A[YBKDF YQCNDKF

KBNNA[

]SBL[YFS]A

YBD[BGA

Nfs sdstajbs ma trblspfrta kflaktbl pbrtas ma nbs kdumbmas y byumbl b mbrnas hfrjb y parjdtdr an jfvdjdaltf b trbväs ma nb kdumbm. [a dlknuyal kbjdlfs, kbrratarbs, ramas pbrb kdkndstbs, pabtflbnas y kbrrdnas y gultfs hfrjbl an sdstajb tftbn ma jfvdjdaltf ma nb kdumbm. An cbnblka ma astfs jamdfs vbrdbmfs ma trblspfrta as nf qua byumb b mahdldr nb kbndmbm y an kbrâktar ma nbs kdumbmas y nfs ebkal bjdobcnas ÷ efstdnas pbrb nfs pabtflas. Nbs jagfras kdumbmas sfl bquannbs qua anavbl nb axpardalkdb man pabtûl b nb vaz qua jdldjdzbl nb mfjdlbkdûl man butfjûvdn prdvbmf. (Hualta7 ettp7//www.br`dpnus.kfj/anajaltfs-manmdsalf-urcblf))  mdsalf-urcblf

XDBNDMBM

2?;

 

Mdsaòf vdbn urcblf7 An mdsaòf vdbn urcblf as prdlkdpbnjalta nb frobldzbkdûl ma nfs anajaltfs qua hulkdflbl maltrf man sdstajb vdbn, pbrb qua nfs vaeêkunfs y nbs parsflbs puambl trblsdtbr maltrf ma ulb kdumbm. [ao÷l nb pâodlb wac ma (Brqudlätpfnds, 392?), jalkdflbl qua „An mdsaòf vdbn as djpfrtblta maltrf ma nfs prfyaktfs urcblfs, nb

pnbldhdkbkdûl y cual mdsaòf ma kbnnas as vdtbn pbrb nb jfvdndmbm urcblb y masbrrfnnf ma ulb urcbldzbkdûl f ma ulb kdumbm‚. B kfltdlubkdûl sa juastrbl bnoulfs krdtardfs7

BKKA[DCDNDMBM

[AÒBNDWBKDFL

JFCDNDBSDF

[ASXDKDF YAB]FLBN

AL]FSLF T [Q[]AL]BCDNDMBM

An pabtûl, kflsdmarbmf al prdjar nuobr, pfrqua nb parsflb lf maca talar dlkfjfmdmbm bn trblsdtbr b pda, nb kbnna maca sar hulkdflbn.  hulkdflbn. 

Yrdlkdpdfs man mdsaòf vdbn

2?=

 

Jatfmfnfoêb pbrb an mdsaòf urcblf7 Xdbndmbm [ao÷l (Cbzblt, 245;) al an „Jblubn ma krdtardfs ma mdsaòf urcblf‚, suodara nb sdoudalta jatfmfnfo jatfmfnfoêb êb pbrb rabndzbr ul ahdkdalta mdsaòf ma ma vdbndmbm7

Ynblabkdûl man trblspfrta Dlvaltbrdbr sdstajb vdbn, usfs ma suanf, malsdmbm, kbrbktarêstdkb sfkdfakflûjdkb, raonbjaltfs axdstaltas

Yrfyaktbr y sdjunbr b hutrf7 oalarbkdûl ma vdbgas, mdstrdcukdûl y jfmbndmbm ma vdbgas, kbjcdf ma jfmbndmbm

Yrfpflar sdstajbs bntarlbtdvfs vdbnas qua sbtdshbkal nbs sdjunbkdflas

Avbnubr bntarlbtdvbs y sanakkdûl ma nb ûptdjb

Nfkbndzbkdûl ma vêbs prdlkdpbnas Hfrjunbr krdtardfs ma nfkbndzbkdûl, ndobs urcblbs, sdtdf, kffrmdlbkdûl ma jfmbndmbmas, vdstbs

Avbnubr trbzbmf vdbn al hulkdûl man djpbktf akfnûodkf, akflûjdkf y hulkdflbn

Garbrqudzbr vêbs prdjbrdbs ma bvaldmbs, kbnnas kfnaktfrbs y ratfrlfs

]rbzbmf asquajâtdkf ma nb vdbndmbm al hulkdûl bn suanf axdstalta

Mdsaòf vdbn Wfldhdkbkdûl ma usfs ma suanf, frdaltbkdûl oalarbn ma trbzbmf

Kbnkunbr an vfnujal pfr jfmbndmbm ma kdrkunbkdûl kfkea, butfc÷s

Kflsuntbr lfrjb, kurvbs jêldjbs, vdsdcdndmbm, vanfkdmbmas parjdsdcnas, kbpbkdmbm

Mdsaòbr asquajâtdkb jalta an sdstajb vdbn. Garbrquêb vdbn

Mdsaòf ma anajaltfs vdbnas Anajaltfs jalfras7

[akkdflas7 Astbkdflbjd

Dltarsakkdfl

Kurvbs y

blkefs ma

jurfs ma kfltalkdûl, rbjpbs, tbnumas

altfs, saòbnbjdalt fs, ratfrlfs

as, pbsfs ma masldvan, alnbkas

rbmdfs ma odrf

 Bndlabjdalt f vartdkbn y efrdzfltbn

kbnnas, cblquatbs, brrfyfs, oubrldkdûl, kbjannûl 2?1

 

;.2.3. Blândsds man raharalta7 raharalta7

  „YSFYQA[]B MA SALFXBKDÛL QSCBLB MA [BL JDOQAN ‛  NDJB‚ 



Kbstannblf y ftrfs (392;) ebka ul astumdf kfjpnatf man astbmf bktubn man mdstrdtf ma [bl Jdouan, maskrdcdalmf krdtardfs tbnas kfjf vdbndmbm y trblspfrta, hfrjb urcblb, zfldhdkbkdûl, aspbkdfs p÷cndkfs, pbrb an prasalta prfyaktf sa kflsdmarb an blândsds y nb prfpuastb qua an butfr ebka sfcra vdbndmbm y trblspfrta.

Dmab prdlkdpbn7  Kfl astb prfpuastb an butfr cuskb mbrna prdfrdmbm bn pabtûl, djpnajaltblmf ârabs varmas y kdknfvêbs qua ebobl jâs bkkasdcna an trâlsdtf, bmajâs cuskb qua an hnugf vaedkunbr sab nf jalfs pfsdcna, pbrb astf bpndkb an alsblkebjdaltf ma nbs vêbs y su kfltdludmbm.  Ma asta bltakamalta pfmajfs rasbntbr nb prdfrdmbm qua an butfr na mb bn maspnbzbjdaltf man pabtûl, puas sa pumf fcsarvbr nb djpnbltbkdûl ma vêbs pabtflbnas y kdknfvêbs qua ebkal qua nb trblsdtbcdndmbm pabtflbn sab jâs bkfoamfrb, saourb y hnudmb, b nb vaz cuskb qua an hnugf vaedkunbr sab nf jêldjf pfsdcna. As knbrf qua asta prfyaktf tdala kfjf cbsa ulb dmab sustaltbcna. B kfltdlubkdûl sa maskrdcal nfs krdtardfs qua an butfr kflsdmarû pb pbrb rb nb sfnukdûl man sdstajb vdbn mahdkdalta qua prasaltbcb an mdstrdtf ma [bl Jdouan.

2?8

 

HQAL]A7 ettps7//as.sndm ettps7//as.sndmasebra.lat/29;928; asebra.lat/29;928;3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcbl 3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcblb-sbl-jdouan b-sbl-jdouan

An butfr tbjcdäl pnbltab bnoulfs krdtardfs qua sa macal kflsdmarbr pbrb ebkar ul kfrraktf prfyaktf ma vdbndmbm urcblb bsê talajfs nf sdoudalta7 Frmalbjdaltf man hnugf vaedkunbr7 Asta krdtardf tdala kfjf hdlbndmbm an maskfloastdflbjdaltf ma nbs vêbs, pbrb astf sa krab ulb vêb pabtflbn an kubn rastrdlob an bkkasf ma

vaedkunbr

b

matarjdlbmbs vêbs qua sa

alkualtrbl

sbturbmbs, ebkdalmf an vfnujal

mdsjdluyb,

 Bmajâs sa pnbltab an alsblkebjdaltf kbrrdnas

ma

HQAL]A7 ettps7//as.sndm ettps7//as.sndmasebra.lat/29;928; asebra.lat/29;928;3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcbl 3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcblb-sbl-jdouan b-sbl-jdouan

2??

 

Frmalbjdaltf man hnugf pabtflbn7 Asta krdtardf tdala kfjf hdlbndmbm ebkar qua an pabtûl

sa

trblspfrta

saourf y borbmbcnajalta pfr nbs kbnnas ma nb kdumbm, pbrb

asta

hdl

sa

pabtflbndzbl kbnnas, sa djpnajaltbl

kdknfvêbs

kfl an blkef bmakubmf pbrb qua nbs parsflbs puambl

trblsdtbr

ndcrajalta, bmajâs al an pbsaf djpnbltb

pabtflbn an

sa

kfjarkdf, HQAL]A7 ettps7//as.sndm ettps7//as.sndmasebra.lat/29;928; asebra.lat/29;928;3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcbl 3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcblb-sbl-jdouan b-sbl-jdouan

HQAL]A7 ettps7//as.sndm ettps7//as.sndmasebra.lat/29;928; asebra.lat/29;928;3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcbl 3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcblb-sbl-jdouan b-sbl-jdouan

2?5

 

[fnukdûl y mdsaòf ma krukas pabtflbnas7 Asta krdtardf as djpfrtblta yb

qua

obrbltdzb

nb

saourdmbm ma nfs pabtflas y avdtbr nfs bkkdmaltas ma trâlsdtf, pbrb astf sa djpnajaltbl sajâhfrfs, rbjpbs

pbrb

mdskbpbkdtbmfs

y

nb

saòbndzbkdûl kfrraktb pbrb nfs vaeêkunfs b tfmf astf sa na sujb an ârab varma.

HQAL]A7 ettps7//as.sndm ettps7//as.sndmasebra.lat/29;928; asebra.lat/29;928;3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcbl 3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcblb-sbl-jdouan b-sbl-jdouan

HQAL]A7 ettps7//as.sndmasebra.lat/29;928; ettps7//as.sndmasebra.lat/29;928;3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcbl 3/prfpuastb-ralfvbkdfl-urcblb-sbl-jdouan b-sbl-jdouan 

2?4

 

;.2.;. Blândsds ma nb lfrjbtdvdmbm7 lfrjbtdvdmbm7   „JBLQBN MA MD[AÒF OAFJÄ]SDKF MA XÊB[ QSCBLB[‚- 3991



f

  KNB[DHDKBKDFL MA XDB[7 An blândsds ma asta jblubn sa cbsb al nb knbsdhdkbkdûl ma vêbs y bnoulfs

kflkaptfs qua sa sa maca talar al kualtb bn jfjaltf man mdsaòf vdbn, ma as astb tb jblarb an dloaldarf Keâvaz, X. (3991), knbsdhdkb nbs vêbs urcblbs ma nb sdoudalta jblarb7 -

Xêbs axprasbs7  Astbcnakal nb ranbkdûl altra an sdstajb dltarurcblf y an sdstajb vdbn urcblf. [fpfrtbl orblmas vfn÷jalas vaedkunbras, kfl kdrkunbkdûl ma bntb vanfkdmbm y cbgbs kflmdkdflas ma bkkasdcdndmbm.

-

Xêbs brtardbnas7 Yarjdtal an trâlsdtf vaedkunbr, kfl jamdb y bntb hnudmaz, cbgb bkkasdcdndmbm y ranbtdvb dltaorbkdûl kfl an usf man suanf kfndlmblta. Macal sar dltaorbmbs b nbs vêbs axprasbs y parjdtal ulb cualb mdstrdcukdûl y rapbrtdkdûl man trâhdkf. An astbkdflbjdaltf y maskbrob ma jarkblkêb astâ prfedcdmf. 

-

Xêbs kfnaktfrbs7  Kflaktbl nbs vêbs nfkbnas b nbs brtardbnas, an hnugf vaedkunbr as dltarrujpdmf hrakualtajalta pfr dltarsakkdflas sajbhfrdzbmbs. 

-

Xêbs nfkbnas7  [u hulkdûl prdlkdpbn as prfvaar an bkkasf b nfs pramdfs, trblsdtbl vaeêkunfs ndvdblfs, sa parjdta an astbkdflbjdaltf y an trâlsdtf pabtflbn as drrastrdktf. [ao÷l astb knbsdhdkbkdûl sa tdala kubtrf tdpfs ma vêbs, sdalmf nbs jâs

djpfrtbltas nbs vêbs axprasbs pfr sar nbs vêbs qua sfpfrtbl an jbyfr vfnujal vaedkunbr b ldvan dltarprfvdlkdbn, saoudmb ma nbs vêbs brtardbnas, kfnaktfras y  

259

 

nfkbnas nbs kubnas sfpfrtbl an trâlsdtf vaedkunbr dltarurcblf. Ma astbs vêbs urcblbs as djpfrtblta kflfkar bnoulbs kbrbktarêstdkbs, kfltdlublmf kfl an dloaldarf Keâvaz, X. (3991), kflkaptubndzb bnoulbs mahdldkdflas nbs kubnas sa prasaltbl b kfltdlubkdûl7 -

Xfnujal man trâlsdtf7  [a mahdla vfnujal ma trâlsdtf, kfjf an l÷jarf ma vaeêkunfs qua pbsbl pfr ul pultf f sakkdûl trblsvarsbn mbmfs, ma ul kbrrdn f ma ulb kbnzbmb, murblta ul parêfmf matarjdlbmf.

-

Xanfkdmbm ma mdsaòf7 Al oalarbn an tärjdlf vanfkdmbm sa mahdla kfjf nb ranbkdûl altra an aspbkdf rakfrrdmf y an tdajpf qua sa tbrmb al rakfrrarnf. As makdr, pbrb ul vaeêkunf raprasaltb su ranbkdûl ma jfvdjdaltf, j fvdjdaltf, oalarbnjalta axprasbmb al `dnûjatrfs pfr efrb (`j/e).

-

Kbpbkdmbm ma nb vêb7 ]aûrdkbjalta nb kbpbkdmbm (qjâx) sa mahdla kfjf nb tbsb jâxdjb ma hnugf qua puama sfpfrtbr ulb vêb f kbnna. Ma jblarb pbrtdkunbr, nb kbpbkdmbm ma ulb dlhrbastrukturb vdbn as an jâxdjf l÷jarf ma vaeêkunfs (pabtflas) qua puamal pbsbr pfr ul pultf f sakkdûl uldhfrja ma ul kbrrdn f kbnzbmb murblta ul dltarvbnf ma tdajpf mbmf, cbgf nbs kflmdkdflas pravbnakdaltas ma nb dlhrbastrukturb vdbn, man trâlsdtf y ma nfs mdspfsdtdvfs ma kfltrfn. 

-

jamdr nb kb kbndmbm ndmbm man hnugf vaedkunbr sa usb a ann Ldvan ma sarvdkdf7 Ybrb jamdr kflkaptf ma ldvan ma sarvdkdf. As ulb jamdmb kubndtbtdvb qua maskrdca nbs kflmdkdflas ma fparbkdûl ma ul hnugf vaedkunbr, y ma su parkapkdûl pfr nfs jftfrdstbs y/f pbsbgarfs.

252

 

  YBSÂJA]SF[ MA MD[AÒF XDLKQNBMF[ B NB KNB[DHDKBKDÛL MA XÊB[

f

QSCBLB[

HQAL]A7 Jblubn man mdsaòf oafjätrdkf ma vêbs urcblbs 3991

  L×JASF MA KBSSDNA[, BLKEF MA NB[ KBNWBMB[7

f

HQAL]A7 Jblubn man mdsaòf oafjätrdkf ma vêbs urcblbs 3991

253

 

  „YNBL MA MA[BSSFNNF QSCBLF EQBLKBTF 3998-3922‚ 



Yrfpuastbs pbrb Xdbndmbm y ]rblspfrta7 

  Astrukturbr y kfl kflsfndmbr sfndmbr ul sds sdstajb tajb vdbn qua qua parjdtb dltaorbr dltaorbr nfs mdharaltas saktfras ma nb kdumbm y ârabs ma axpblsdûl urcblb b trbväs ma agas nflodtumdlbnas, trblsvarsbnas y ulb ram ma vêbs kfjpnajaltbrdbs.   Ebcdndtbr y jagfrbr nbs kflmdkdflas man sdstajb vdbn prdlkdpbn ma nb kdumbm pfr



kflstdtudr kfjpflalta djpfrtblta ma nb astrukturb hêsdkb ma nb kdumbm.   Jagfrbr nb brtdkunbkdû brtdkunbkdûl l ma nb kdumbm kdumbm kfl an rastf m man an [dstajb jatrf jatrfpfndtblf, pfndtblf,



kfl an âjcdtf jdkrf-raodflbn y an âjcdtf prfvdlkdbn fptdjdzblmf nfs hnugfs ma trblspfrta masma nbs ârabs rasdmalkdbnas y prfmuktdvbs b nfs kaltrfs nbcfrbnas, amukbtdvfs y jarkbmfs ma kflsujf raspaktdvbjalta.   Oastdflbr nb rabktdvbk rabktdvbkdûl dûl man sarvdkdf sarvdkdf man tral ma pbsb pbsbgarfs garfs y kbrob Ndjb ‛ 



Eublkbyf.   Yrfjfvar y oastdflbr ul sdsta sdstajb jb ma trblspfrta râpdmf jbsdvf b ldvan ldvan man



Xbnna man Jbltbrf usblmf nb nêlab man Harrfkbrrdn Kaltrbn.   Kflsfndmbr an bldnnf vdbn trblsvars trblsvarsbn bn qua brtdkunb nfs saktfras As Asta ta y Fasta m ma a



nb kdumbm.

Yrfpuastbs pbrb An [dstajb ma Aspbkdfs Y÷cndkfs axdstaltas7   Sakuparbkdûl ma nbs rdcarbs man man [eunnkbs, pfsdcdndtblmf pfsdcdndtblmf nb bkk bkkasdcdndmbm asdcdndmbm y usf



rakrabtdvf.   Djpunsbr nb kf kflstrukkdûl lstrukkdûl ma nfs pfrtbnas al nb Bv Bv.. Odrânmaz y ndjpdbr ma



bjcunbltas nb Kbnna Sabn y pabtflbndzbr kfjf prdjarb atbpb nb Kbnna

Eubjbljbrkb b hdl ma fhartbr al nb Wflb Kaltrbn nbs ârabs ma mfjdldf.

25;

 

;.3. A[]QMDF MA Q[QBSDF7

;.3.2. Yabtûl7   Kubltdtbtdvf7



Al an saktfr sa puamal alkfltrbr mfs tdpfs ma pabtûl7 nfs pfcnbmfras qua vdval al an saktfr sdalmf ul tftbn ma 3285 ebcdtbltas y nfs vdsdtbltas bn kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb, bjcfs ebkal usf man sdstajb vdbn y al kflsakualkdb tbjcdäl sa val bhaktbmfs pfr nb mahdkdalta sdtubkdûl man sdstajb axdstalta. [a rabndzû ul kfltaf râpdmf man l÷jarf ma pabtflas qua trblsdtbl pfr nbs kbnnas bnambòbs bn kaltrf kfjarkdbn taldmf nf sdoudalta7

 BX. HASSFKBSSDN

3=1 YAB]FLA[

GS. BJBWFLB[

35 YAB]FLA[

YSFN. [BL KBSNF[

233 YAB]FLA[

]F]BN

;41 YAB]FLA[ HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

  Kubndtbtdvf7



An pfcnbmfr as ul tdpf tdpf ma parsflb kfl dlorasfs akflûjdkf akflûjdkfss jamdblfs y as bquan qua ebka usf man sdstajb vdbn pbrb pfmar trblspfrtbrsa b su nuobr ma trbcbgf f astumdf masma an suc saktfr, nb jbyfrêb ma nfs pfcnbmfras rahdara talar jbyfr mdhdkuntbm pbrb trbsnbmbrsa masma nb bpbrdkdûl man kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb. Jdaltrbs qua nfs vdsdtbltas b asta kaltrf kfjarkdbn sfl usubrdfs kfl dlorasfs akflûjdkfs prfjamdfs y rabndzbl bktdvdmbmas tbnas kfjf nb rakrabkdûl, kfjprbs y ma mdvarsdûl. Astfs usubrdfs rahdaral qua pbrb nnaobr bn kaltrf kfjarkdbn axdstal mdhdkuntbmas yb qua an trblsdtf as juy naltf y bmajâs qua lf

puamal kdrkunbr kûjfmbjalta pfr nb prasalkdb man kfjarkdf bjcunbtfrdf y an axkasdvf hnugf pabtflbn.

25=

 

;.3.3. ]rblspfrta7

  Kubltdtbtdvf7



 Bn ebkar an blândsds kubltdtbtdvf man trblspfrta sa ebka raharalkdb bn hnugf vaedkunbr qua sfpfrtbl nbs vêbs bnambòbs bn kaltrf kfjarkdbn Fpal pnbzb as bsê qua talajfs nb sdoudalta tbcnb qua raprasaltb an hnugf vaedkunbr tftbn pfr kbmb vêb7 BÒF

XDB

392?

 BX. HASSFKBSSDN

3=,353

YSFN. [BL KBSNF[

=,2=9

GS. BJBWFLB[

8,83=

HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb

Kubndtbtdvf7 Al an kfltaf vaedkunbr tbjcdäl sa pumf fcsarvbr an tdpf ma vaeêkunf qua trblsdtb pfr nb vêb, vêb, al Bvaldmb H Harrfkbrrdn arrfkbrrdn an vaeêkunf qua trblsdtb jâs sfl nbs kfjcds, al prfnflobkdûl prfnflobkdûl [bl Kbrnfs y Bjbz Bjbzflbs flbs trblsdtbl ul jbyfr l÷jarf ma tbxds. Al nbs ftrbs vêbs qua sa alkualtrbl maltrf man suc saktfr kfjf nb Bv. Odrânmaz kdrkunbl vvaeêkunfs aeêkunfs ma trblsp trblspfrta frta p÷cndk p÷cndkf f (kfjcds, (kfjcds, cusas cusas,, kfnaktdv kfnaktdvfs) fs) y trblspfrta prdvbmf (tbxds), al nb kbnna Sabn trblsdtbl vaeêkunfs ma trblspfrta prdvbmf kfjf nfs tbxds, al nbs ftrbs vêbs kdrkunbl vaeêkunfs jalfras al su jbyfrêb tbxds y butfs kfnaktdvfs yb qua sfl ma sakkdflas jêldjbs, axkaptf nbs kbnnas Fjbr Tbnd y Bjbzflbs qua tdalal t dalal nb prasalkdb ma nbs kfjcds.

251

 

;.;. A[]QMDF MAN KFL]AU]F HÊ[DKF A[YBKDBN7

;.;.2. Astumdf man sdstajb vdbn jftf jftfrdzbmf7 rdzbmf7

  GASBSRQDWBKDÛL MA XÊB[7



[ao÷l an YMQ 3998  ‛ 3922 nb garbrqudzb garbrqudzbkdûl kdûl ma nbs vê vêbs bs al an suc sak saktfr tfr ma astumdf sa mb ma nb sdoudalta jblarb7

Xêbs brtardbnas7 astâl kflsdmarbmbs al prdjar nuobr nb Bvaldmb Harrfkbrrdn y al saoulmf nuobr nb Kbnna Sabn yb qua sfpfrtbl nb jbyfr kbltdmbm ma trblspfrta urcblf jbsdvf, y befrb tdala ul orbl dlkrajaltf vaedkunbr kfl nb prasalkdb aqudpbjdaltf kfjarkdbn Fpal Ynbzb.

YSDLKDYBN   

   F    L    B    C    S    Q    S    A    ]    L    D    N    B    D    X    B    J    A    ]    [    D    [

[AKQLMBSDF 

man

Xêbs kfnaktfrbs7  nb Bvaldmb Odrânmaz bulqua sa alkualtrb b 1 kubmrbs man kaltrf kfjarkdbn, astb vêb rakapkdflb an trblspfrta qua vdala ma nb bvaldmb harrfkbrrdn y Sabn bsê kfjf ma ftrbs vêbs ma jalfr  garbrquêb, y tbjcdäl eb oalarbmf su dlkrajaltf vaedkunbr.

Xêbs nfkbnas y vêbs pabtflbnas7  maltrf man saktfr sa kflsdmarbl nbs vêbs nfkbnas bn Gr. Bybkukef, Gr. Kuskf, Gr. Yulf, Gr. Bjbzflbs, Gr. Blkbse, qua kflaktbl nbs vêbs brtardbnas y kfnaktfrbs, y bnoulfs pbsbgas alkfltrbmfs al an BB.EE. [bltb Sfsb, qua kbrakal ma trbtbjdaltf b axkapkdûl ma jbnakûl man rdf [eunnkbs, parf pfr nb hbntb ma kunturb ma nbs parsflbs sa eb maskudmbmf

Xêbs ma Eublkbyf HQAL]A7  HQAL]A7 www.offona.kfj.pa www.offona.kfj.pa  

258

 

YNBLF MA GASBSRQDWBKDFL XDBN

[QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL

BX. HASSFKKBSSDN

BX. ODSBNMAW

NATALMB XDB YSDLKDYBN KBNNA SABN

XDB [AKQLMBSDB XDB NFKBN

HQAL]A7 YMQ 3998 -3922 EQBLKBTF

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  [AL]DMF XDBN7

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An saltdmf vdbn ma nbs kbnnas man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl as7 YNBLF MA NF[ [AL]DMF[ XDBNA[ |  [QC [AK]FS KFL[]D]QKDFL

BX. HASSFKKBSSDN

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KBNNA SABN

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255

 

  [AKKDFL XDBN7

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Nbs sakkdflas vdbnas ma nbs kbnnas qua sa alkualtrbl maltrf man nuobr ma astumdf sfl nbs sdoudaltas7

XDB

[AKKDFL XDBN

L¹ MA KBSSDNA[

Kbnna Sabn

39 j

8 kbrrdnas

Gr. Blkbse

23 j

; kbrrdnas

8.99 j (man Sdf [eunnkbs ebstb Yrfno. Gr. Bjbzflbs

[bl Kbrnfs)

3 kbrrdnas

29.99 j (ma Yrfno. [bl Kbrnfs ebstb Gr. Fjbr Tbnd

23 j

3 kbrrdnas

;?. 29 j (man pualta dltaorbkdûl  Bv. Harrfkbrrdn

eublkb ebstb kbnna sbnkamf) ;;. 99 j (ma kbnna [bnkamf ebstb kbnna

5 kbrrdnas

Dkb) 3;.89 j ( ma kbnna Sabn ebstb kbnna  Blkbse)  Bv. Odrânmaz

33.89 j ( ma kbnna Blkbse ebstb kbnna  Bjbzflbs)

8 kbrrdnas

31.99 j (ma kbnna Bjbzflbs ebstb nb  Bv. Harrfkbrrdn) Gr. Yulf

29 j

3 kbrrdnas

Gr. Kuskf

23 j

3 kbrrdnas

Gr. Bybkukef Yrfno. [bl

23 j

3 kbrrdnas

23 j

3 kbrrdnas

Kbrnfs

HQAL]A7 Yrfpdb y YMQ 3998 3922 Eublkbyf

 B kfltdlubkdûl sa juastrbl bnoulbs sakkdflas ma nbs vêbs jâs djpfrtbltas man suc saktfr Kflstdtukdûl7

254