Impacto de Los Hidrocarburos Sobre El Medio Ambiente.

 

7

Ndpgita `k cas mn`raigrburas sabrk kc dk`na gdbnkltk. Ynrcktm @gyglg Igrrncca Gdgyg, Gdgyg, Okndy Igracnlg Ecarkz Rgdärkz, Rgdärkz, Ckn`y Uglkssg Ukrjgrg Irkinçl. [lnvkrsn`g` tkilacùjnig `k Bacävgr  Igrtgjklg, Iacadbng igrrnccagdgygsnrcktmFjdgnc.iad okndy-6:Fmatdgnc.iad ckn`yvglkssg2666Fmatdgnc.iad

GBYPRGI?   Pmk g`vkrsk ndpgits GBYPRGI? ndpgits jklkr jklkrgtk` gtk` nl tmk klvnrald klvnraldklt klt gl` mud mudgl gl mkg mkgct ctm m `uk ta tmk `neekrklt `nee krklt kdkrjnlj kdkrjnlj pacc paccutglt utgltss mgs bkkl gl nssuk tmgt ckg`s jrkgt ialikrl. Gt ks prksklt tmk sainkty tmglhs tmglh s ta ta tmk `neekrk `neekrklt lt sauri sauriks ae nlea nleardgt rdgtnal, nal, tmky tmk y grk gwg gwgrk rk ae tmk `ne `neekr ekrklt klt klv klvnra nraldk ldkltg ltgcc prabckds tmgt grk jklkrgtk` nl tmk klvnraldklt. sadk ae tmask paccutglts gl` wmnim wk wncc `nsiuss nl tmn tmnss grt grtnic nickk grk my` my`rai raigrb grbals als.. Zmn Zmnim im mgv mgvkk geekitk` batm tmk klvnraldklt gl` tmk mkgctm ae  pkapck. But bkeark hlawnlj dark nl `kptm tmk `gdgjks tmgt tmk dnsusk ae tmksk iadpaul`s mgs igusk`, wk wncc hlaw g cnttck gbaut maw tmky grk eardk`, wmgt tmknr imkdnigc struiturk ns gl` wmgt tmknr pmysniaimkdnigc prapkrtnks grk. HK^ ZAR@Y HK^ ZAR@Y?? Igrb Igrbal, al, My`r My`rajkl, ajkl, Dack Dackiucks iucks,, Bnacajy, Ialskqukliks, Imkdnstry, Bnaimkdnstry, Vaccut Vac cutnal nal,, An Anc, c, Lgt Lgturg urgc, c, Nlt Nltkrd krdack ackiuc iucgr, gr, Jg Jgs, s, Arjglnsd, Ialikltrgtnal RKY[DKL? cas ndpgitas g`vkrsas jklkrg`as kl kc dk`na gdbnkltk y cg sgcu` mudglg g igusg `k cas `nek `nekrkltk rkltkss ialtg ialtgdnlg dnlgltks ltks kdkr kdkrjkltk jkltkss mg sn`a ul tkdg quk cckvgl g ulg jrgl prkaiupginùl. Kl cg gitugcn`g` cg saink`g` jrgings g cgs `nekrkltks eukl eu kltk tkss `k nl nlea eard rdgi ginù nùl, l, ks kstç tçl l gc tg tglt lta a `k ca cass `nstnltas prabckdgs gdbnkltgcks quk sk jklkrgl kl kc dk`na. gcju gc jula lass `k ks ksas as ia ialt ltgd gdnl nlgl gltk tkss y `k ca cass qu qukk mgbcgrkdas kl kstk grtäiuca sal cas mn`raigrburas.

Cas iugcks mgl gekitg`a tglta gc dk`na gdbnkltk, iada g cg sgcu` `k cgs pkrsalgs. Vkra glt Vkra gltks ks `k ial ialaik aikrr dçs g pra praeul eul`n` `n`g` g` cas `g÷a `g ÷ass qu qukk mg ig igus usg g`a kc dgc usa `k kst stas as iadpuk iad puksta stas, s, ial ialaik aikrkd rkdas as ul pai paia a `k iùd iùda a sk eardgl, iuçc ks su kstruiturg quädnig y iuçcks sal sus prapnk`g`ks ensniaquädnigs. VGCGBRG VGCGB RGY Y IC ICGUK GUKY? Y? Igr Igrbal bala, a, Mn` Mn`raj rajkla kla,, Dacîiucgs, Dacîi ucgs, Bnac Bnacajäg ajäg,, Ialsk Ialskiukli iuklings, ngs, Wuädnig, Wuädnig, Bnaquädni Bnaq uädnigs, gs, Ialtgdnlg Ialtgdnlginùl, inùl, Vktr Vktrùcka, ùcka, Lgtu Lgturgc, rgc, Nltkrdackiucgrks, Jgs, Arjglnsda, Ialikltrginùl.

7.

NLPRA@[IINÙL.

Ca Cass mn mn`r `rai aigr grbu bura rass sa sall ia iadp dpuk ukst stas as arjç arjçln lnia iass ea eard rdg` g`as as pa parr ig igrb rbal alaa k mn mn`r `raj ajkl kla, a, cg dgya dgyarä rägg aiurrkl lgturgcdkltk kl kc pktrùcka iru`a kc iugc sk eardgl g pgrtnr `k dgtkrng arjçlnig quk sk kliukltrg kl kc nltkrnar `k cg tnkrrg. Kc pktrùcka kstç iadpuksta par, igrbala, mn`rajkla, gzuerk y lntrùjkla. Kckdklta

Vksa(%)

Igrbala

=0 ’ =:

Mn`rùjkla

77 ’ 70

Gzuerk

6’2

 Lntrùjkla

6.2

 

2

Pgbcg7. Varikltgok kl pksa `k cas iadpukstas `kc  pktrùcka.

Kc gspkita `kc pktrùcka puk`k skr kc `k ul cäqun`a `k iacar quk vgräg `ks`k kc gdgrncca pgr`a mgstg kc lk lkjr jra. a. Ks nlsa nlsacu cubc bckk kl gj gjug ug y su `kls `klsn` n`g` g` kstç kstç iadprkl`n`g kltrk 6,:; y 6,>; j/dC, par ca tglta, ks dklas `klsa quk kc gjug. Jk Jklk lkrrgc gcdk dklt ltkk mg mgyy pk pkqquk uk÷÷gs igl gltn tn`g `g`k `kss `k iadpukstas jgskasas `nsukctas kl kc cäqun`a, pkra sn îs îsta tass sk kl kliu iukl kltr trgl gl kl dg dgya yarr pr prap apar arin inùl ùl,, kc ygindnklta `k pktrùcka kstç gsaing`a ial ul `kpùsnta `k jgs lgturgc. Cg iadpasninùl `kc pktrùcka vgräg ial cg  praik`kling, prk`adnlgl`a `ktkrdnlg`as tnpas `k mn`raigrburas. Ykjÿl ksta, cas `nekrkltks iru`as sk icgsnenigl kl 9 jrgl`ks igtkjarägs? Vktrùckas `kc tnpa pgrgeälnias? Yal `k iacar  icgra, ecun`as y `k bgog `klsn`g` (6,:; g 6,=; j/dC). @k îstas sk kxtrgk jrgl igltn`g` `k jgsacnlg, qukraskla y gikntks cubrnigltks. 



Vktrùc Vkt rùckas kas `kc tnpa tnpa gseçct gseçctnia nia?? Yal lkjras lkjras,, vnsiasas y `k kckvg`g `klsn`g` (6,>; j/dC). @k îs îsta tass sk kx kxttrg rgkk pa paiig jg jgssac acnnlg y gik iknt ntkk iadbustnbck (eukc anc). Wuk`g rksn`ua gseçctnia. Vktrùckas `k bgsk dnxtg? Pnklkl igrgitkr igrg itkrästni ästnigs gs y rkl`ndnk rkl`ndnkltas ltas kltrk cgs atrgs atrgs `as igtkjarägs. 

2.

EARDGINÙL @K CAY MN@RAIGRB[RAY.

Kxnstkl Kxnst kl inlia inlia kck kckdkl dkltas tas y praiks praiksas as jkacùj jkacùjnia niass ks kskl klin ingc gcks ks pg pgrg rg qu qukk kx kxns nstg tg ul ulgg gi giud uduc ucgi ginù nùll `k mn`raigrburas, ks `kinr? ulg raig dg`rk8 jklkrginùl y

y gulquk ialiurrgl cas atras egitarks y kckdkltas, sn la kx kxns nstk tk ul ulgg raig raig dg dg`r `rk, k, la pa pa`r `rçl çl kx kxns nstn tnr  r  mn`raigrburas.. mn`raigrburas 2.2.   Cas mn` mn`rai raigrb grbura urass sk kli kliukl ukltrg trgll kl ca cass  paras `k cgs raigs, la kl jrgl`ks igvkrlgs a cgjas subtkrrçlkas iada duimg jkltk irkk. Kl kc subsukca kxnstkl raigs, quk `k ul da`a sndncgr g ulg kspalog sal igpgiks `k gbsarbkr gbsarbkr y kxpucsgr kxpucsgr ecun`as. ecun`as. G kstgs kstgs raigs sk cks `kladnlg raig gcdgiîl. Cas tnpas dçs ia iadu dulk lkss `k raig raigss gc gcdg dgiî iîll sa sall cg cgss grkl grklgs gs y igr igrbal balgta gtas. s. Cas gtrnbu gtrnbutas tas ksklin ksklingck gckss `k ulg raig raig gcdgiîl sal cg parasn`g` y cg pkrdkgbncn`g`. Cg parasn`g` ks cg dk`n`g `k cas mukias a paras quk kxnstkl kltrk cas jrglas `k ulg raig, y kxprksg cg igpgin igp gin`g` `g` `k cg raig raig pgrg pgrg gc gcdgi dgiklg klgrr ecu ecun`a n`as. s. Cg  pkrdkgbncn`g` ks ks cg igpgin`g` `k ul cäqun`a pgrg ecunr  g trgvîs `k cas paras `k ulg raig. 2. 2.9. 9. [l [lgg trgdp trgdpgg ks cg iale ialenj njur urgi ginù nùll jk jkad adît îtrn rnig ig `k ulg raig raig parasg parasg y pkrdkg pkrdkgbck bck (raig (raig gcdgi gcdgiîl) îl) `al`k kc mn`raigrbura puk`k quk`gr gtrgpg`a. Cgs trgdpgs puk`kl skr duy vgrng`gs. Cgs dçs iadulks sal cgs kstruitur kstruiturgcks gcks (pcnkjuk (pcnkjukss gltnicnlg gltnicnlgcks, cks, kti.) kti.) y kstrgt kstrgtnjr njrçen çenigs igs (iglg (iglgcks cks tur turbn` bn`ät ätnia nias, s, kti.). kti.). Cgs trgdpgs rkqunkrkl kstgr iubnkrtgs par ulg raig skcca quk mgjg `k bgrrkrg ndpkrdkgbck k ndpn`g quk kc mn`raigrbura ksigpk lgturgcdkltk mging cg supkrenink. Kc pktrùcka y kc jgs lgturgc la kxnstkl ar`nlg ar` nlgrng rngdk dkltk ltk kl igltn` igltn`g` g` iadkr iadkring ingcks cks kl cgs dnsdgs raigs kl cgs quk sk arnjnlgral, par ca iugc ks nl`u`gbck cg dnjrginùl `k cas dnsdas `ks`k cg raig dg`rk mgstg cg raig gcdgiîl. @kbn`a g cg kxt @kbn`a kxtrkd rkdgg davncn davncn`g` `g` `kc jgs lgt lgturg urgc, c, kxnstk paig a lnljulg `u`g sabrk su dnjrginùl. Kc jgs bgoa prksnùl sk dukvk g trgvîs `k ta`gs cgs raigs,

dnjrginùl8 ulg raig gcdgiîl8 ulg trgdpg y ulg raig kxikpta cgs dçs iadpgitgs, snkdprk kl `nrkiinùl g cg dkla dklarr prks prksnù nùl8 l8 us usug ugcd cdkl kltk tk kstg kstg `n `nrk rkii iinù nùll ks skcca. cg gpgrninùl `k cas mn`raigrburas sk rkgcnzg g pgrtnr  gsikl`kltk. `k `ne `nekrk krkltk ltkss dg dglne lnekst kstgin ginalk alkss quk `kpkl` `kpkl`kk `k cg 2.0. 0. Dnjr Dnjrgi ginù nùl l `k cas cas mn mn`r `rai aigr grbu bura ras. s. ianlin`kling kl kc tnkdpa jkacùjnia `k cas snjunkltks 2. kckdkltas? [lg vkz quk cas mn`raigrb mn`raigrburas uras eukral eardg`as, eardg`as, 2.7. 2.7. [l [lgg raig raig dg` dg`rk rk ks ks ulg ulg raig raig sk` sk`nd ndkl kltg tgrn rng, g, kstas tnkl`kl g dnjrgr, ks `kinr, g `kspcgzgrsk `ks`k lardgcdkl lardg cdkltk tk grinccgs grinccgs lkjrgs, lkjrgs, igrbalgta igrbalgtass `k jrgla cg raig dg`rk g trgvîs `k cgs eardginalks parasgs y enla y igrbalks, quk ialtnklkl ulg gctg ialikltrginùl  pkrdkgbcks, mgstg cckjgr g cujgrks `k giuducginùl `al` l`kk pa past stkr krna narr dklt dkltkk qu quk` k`gr grgl gl gt gtrg rgpg pg`a `ass a `k dgtk dgtkrn rngg ar arjç jçln lnig ig.. Cg pr prks kskl klin ingg `k dgtk dgtkrn rngg `a arjçlnig sk `kbk g cg nliarparginùl `k rkstas `k ksigpgrgl. arjgln arj glnsda sdass vnvas vnvas (gc (gcjgs jgs,, ergjdk ergjdklta ltass `k pcg pcgltg ltgss tkrrkstrks, kti.) `urgltk kc `kpùsnta `k cg raig. Cg Kc pktrùcka pgsg par `as tnpas `k dnjrginùl.  prkskling ulgquk raig dg`rkjklkrgrsk ks ula `kmn`raigrburas, cas rkqunsntas ksklingcks`k pgrg puk`gl

Kl pktrùcka cg dnjrginùl `kspuîsg cg `kraig cg jklkrginùl `kc `ks`kprndgrng cg raig dg`rk gcdgiîl,

 

9

cas mn`raigrburas sk `kspcgzgl mgstg cas lnvkcks `k cgs raigs raigs `kpasn `kpasnta ta (paras (parasgs gs y pkrdkg pkrdkgbck bcks). s). Ks kc davndnklta nlningc quk suerkl cas mn`raigrburas. Cg dnjrginùl skiul`grng ks kc davndnklta `k cas mn`rai mn` raigrb grbura urass `kltra `kltra `k cg raig raig gcdgiî gcdgiîl, l, mgstg mgstg giuduc giu ducgrs grskk jrgl`k jrgl`kss igltn` igltn`g`k g`kss y pastkr pastkrnar nardkl dkltk tk quk`gr gtrgpg`as kl ulg trgdpg lgturgc, a mgstg quk kstas sk ksigpkl.

Yacu Yacubn bncn cn`g `g`? `? Ca Cass gc gcig igla lass par par skr skr ia iadp dpuk ukst stas as gpacgrks la sk `nsukcvkl kl gjug, snla kl sacvkltks la pacgrks iada kc bklikla, îtkr y icaraearda. 9.2 Vrap Vrapnk`g` nk`g`ks ks quäd quädnigs nigs??

Axn`ginùl iadpcktg (Iadbustnùl)? cas gciglas sk axn`gl kl prkskling `k gnrk u axäjkla y kc igcar `k ulg ccgdg, pra`uinkl`a `nùxn`a `k igrbala, cuz la duy cudnlasg y igcar. Ksk igcar kdntn`a puk`k skr  igciucg`a y sk `kladnlg igcar `k iadbustnùl. Vnracnsns a irgihnlj? kstk ks ul praiksa usg`a kl cg nl`us nl` ustrn trngg pkt pktrac rackrg krg y ialsns ialsnstk tk kl pgsgr pgsgr ul gci gcigla gla  pksg`a par tubas igckltg`as `k ;66 ¿ g =66 ¿I ca quk  pkrdntk quk kc iadpuksta sk `ksiadpaljg kl gcquklas k mn`rùjkla.

 Ndgjkl 7. Ynstkdg Ynstkdg pktrackra. Padg`a `k? www.cgiaduln`g`pktrackrg.iad

9.

VRAV RAVNK@G@KY ENYNIAW[Ä [ÄD DNIGY @K CAY MN@RAIGRB[RAY.

Mgcajk Mgc ajklgi lginùl nùl?? Cas gci gcigla glass rkg rkgiin iinalg algll ial cas mgcùjklas, kl prkskling `k cuz sacgr a uctrgvnacktg `ks`k 2;6¿I mgstg 066 ¿I, pra`uinkl`a `krnvg`as mgcajklg`as gc sustntunr ula a dçs mn`rùjklas par  çtadas `kc mgcùjkla.

 Lntrgtginùl? Cas gciglas kl kstg`a jgskasa rkgiinalgl ial vgparks `k çin`a lätrnia g 026¿I pgrg Cas mn`raigrburas sk icgsnenigl kl? Mn`raigrburas  pra`uinr lntra `krnvg`as, cg giinùl eukrtkdkltk sgturg`as, ccgdg`as tgdbnîl gciglas, quk prkskltgl axn`g axn`gltk ltk `kc çin`a çin`a lätrnia lätrnia trglseardg trglseardg jrgl pgrtk `kc klcgiks sklinccas. Cas gcquklas, quk tnklkl klcgiks gcigla kl `nùxn`a `k igrbala y gjug. `abcks y cas gcqunlas, ial klcgiks trnpcks. 9.9 Inica Inica gcigla gciglas? s? 9.7 Vrap Vrapnk`g` nk`g`ks ks Eäs Eäsnigs nigs `k `k cas gciglas? gciglas?

Vrapnk`g`ks eäsnigs? Pnklkl pultas `k kbuccninùl y Vulta `k kbuccninùl? kc pulta `k kbuccninùl gudkltg  pultas `k eusnùl dçs gctas y `klsn`g`ks `klsn`g`ks dgyarks quk ia iall kc tg tgdg dg÷a ÷a `kc `kc gc gcig igla la pa parq rquk uk cg cgss eu eukr krzg zgss cas iarrk iarrkspa spal`n l`nklt kltks ks gci gcigla glass giä giäicn icnias ias cnlkgc cnlkgcks, ks, nlt nltkr krdac dackiu kiucgr cgrks ks (eukrz (eukrzgs gs `k Ugl `kr Zggcs Zggcs y `k `kbn`a prabgbckdkltk g su dgyar rnjn`kz y sndkträg Cal`al Cal `al), ), sal dç dçss ke kekit kitnvg nvgss iugl`a iugl`a cg dacîiu dacîiucg cg quk pkrdnt pkrdntkl kl ulgs ulgs eukrzg eukrzgss nlt nltkrd krdack ackiuc iucgrk grkss `k  prkskltg dgyar supkrenink. Ks gsä, quk cas pultas `k gtrgiinùl (Cal`al) dçs kekitnvgs. eusnùl y kbuccninùl vgl g gudkltgr g dk`n`g quk sk 9.0 Cas Gcqu Gcquklas klas u ac ackenl kenlgs? gs? nlirkdkltg kc lÿdkra `k çtadas `k igrbala. Vult Vultaa `k eu eusn snùl ùl?? Kc pu pult ltaa `k eu eusn snùl ùl tg tgdb dbnî nîll Ialstntuykl ulg skrnk madùcajg quk sk igrgitkrnzg gudkltg ial kc tgdg÷a `kc gcigla par cg dnsdg  par cg prkskling `k ul `abck klcgik kltrk sus rg rgzù zùll quk quk gu gudk dklt ltgg kc pu pult ltaa `k kb kbuc uccn cnin inùl ùl.. Ca Cass igrbalas, ca quk cas `nstnljuk iada mn`raigrburas gc gcig igla lass ial lÿd lÿdkr kraa ndpg ndpgrr `k ig igrb rbal alas as sk nlsgturg`as. kdpgquktg kdpg quktgll kl ulg kstruitur kstruiturgg irnstgcn irnstgcnlg lg y paskkl paskkl Vrapnk`g`ks eäsnigs `k cas gcquklas? cgs prapnk`g`ks  pultas `k kbuccninùl ul paia dklarks `k ca eäsnigs `k cas gcquklas sal skdkogltks g cg `k cas kspkrg`as kl cas pgrks. gciglas. Gc njugc quk cas gciglas puk`kl klialtrgrsk iadpuk puksta stass kl kstg`a kstg`a jgskas jgskasaa iada iada kc ktkla, ktkla, 7@klsn`g`? G dk`n`g quk gudkltg kc lÿdkra `k iad  butkla y sus nsùdkras sal jgskasas. G pgrtnr `k ; igrbalas, cgs eukrzgs nltkrdackiucgrks sal dgyarks y  par ca tglta cg iamksnùl iamksnùl nltkrdackiucgr. nltkrdackiucgr. Ksta `g iada igrbalas cas iadpukstas sal cäqun`as. rksuctgl`a ul gudklta `k cg praxndn`g` dackiucgr y, Vrap Vrapnk nk`g `g`k `kss Wu Wuäd ädni nigs gs `k ca cass gc gcqu qukl klas as?? Cas Cas  par tglta, `k cg cg `klsn`g`.

gcquklas la sk puk`kl igtgcajgr iada çin`as, pkra su suss prap prapnk nk`g `g`k `kss çi çin` n`gs gs sa sall ul dncc dnccùl ùl `k vk vkik ikss

 

0

Cas vkrtn`as vkrtn`as `k mn`raigrb mn`raigrburas uras arnjnlgl arnjnlgl `nekrklt `nekrkltks ks  prabckdgs ensnacùjnias y/a bnaquädnias kl cas arjglnsda arjgl nsdass gekitg`as gekitg`as.. Kstas Kstas ndpg ndpgitas itas vgl g tklkr  ia ials lski kiuk ukli linngs sab sabrk su vn vngb gbnc ncnn`g `g`` y îx îxnnta rk rkpr pra` a`ui uitn tnva va,, pu pu`n `nkl kl`a `a prav pravai aigr gr gc gctk tkrg rgin inal alks ks jklîtnigs. Pa`as kstas ndpgitas `ktkrdnlgl igdbnas 9.; Cas gcqunlas. kl cg keniging bnacùjnig `k cas arjglnsdas gekitg`as, y par ca tgl tglta ta jklkrg jklkrgll rks rkspuk pukstg stgss `kdajr `kdajrçen çenigs igs Vrapnk`g`ks Eäsnigs `k cas Gcqunlas? (i (igd gdbn bnas as kl kc tg tgdg dg÷a ÷a y irki irkind ndnk nklt ltaa `k cg cgss Cas gcqunlas tnklkl prapnk`g`ks eäsnigs pgrkin`gs g  pabcginalks `k ig`g kspkink). Kstas igdbnas kl cgs cas gciglas y gcquklas gcquklas iarrkspal iarrkspal`nklt `nkltks, ks, iada sk  pabcginalks, oulta ial cgs da`neniginalks kl mçbntgt abskrvg kl cg snjunkltk tgbcg? kl quk sk kliukl kliukltrg trgl, l, jklkrg jklkrgrçl rçl igd igdbna bnass kl cgs rkcginalks kltrk cas `nekrkltks iadpalkltks `k cas kiasnstkdgs.

dgyarks quk cgs `k cas gciglas. Kl cgs rkgiinalks quäd quädni nigs gs g cg `krk `krkim img, g, sk ab absk skrv rvgg ul dg dgya yar  r  `k `ksp spcg cgzg zgdn dnkl klta ta `k `kcc kq kqun uncn cnbr brna na pa parr pk pkr` r`n` n`gg `k  pratalks `kc ktnckla (H476-00), kl iadpgrginùl ial kc ktgla (H4 76-;6)

Cas mn`raigr mn`raigrburas buras gradçtni gradçtnias as (tacukla, (tacukla, lgetgckl lgetgckla, a,  bklzapnrkla, eklgltrkla) sal cas dçs tùxnias? tnkl`kl g giuducgrsk kl cgs jrgsgs y par kcca sal `neäincdkltk kcndnlgbcks kcndnlgbcks par kc arjglnsda.

Pgbcg 2. Vrapnk`g`ks eäsnigs `k cas gcqunlas.

Cas gcqukl gcquklas as puk`kl puk`kl klialt klialtrgr rgrsk sk iada iada jgsks jgsks g tkdpkrgturg gdbnkltk iada kc ktnla, kc prapnla y kc 7-butn 7-b utnla. la. G pgrtnr pgrtnr `kc 2-butn 2-butnla la cas gcq gcqunl unlas as sal cäqun` cäqun`as. as. Yal dklas dklas nl nlsac sacubc ubcks ks kl gjug gjug quk cas gciglas y cas gcquklas, ksta `kbn`a g ulg cg gtrgiinùl quk kxpkrndkltgl cas çtadas `k mn`rùjkla `kc gjug  par cas kckitralks kckitralks `kc trnpck klcgik.

Vgrg Vgrg ia iadp dprk rkl` l`kr kr kc gc gcig igli likk `k ca cass vk vkrt rtn` n`as as ialtgdnlg ialtg dnlgltks ltks,, cas ndpgitas ndpgitas sk icgsneni icgsnenigl gl kl trks jrgl`ks gpgrtg`as? Iadpuksta

Butgla 7-butkla 7-butnla

Vulta `k eusnùl ¿I 79=,9 7=;,6 722,;

Vulta `k kbuccninùl ¿I

Klkrjäg `k klcgik `nstnltnva

-6,;

I-I? =9 Higc/dac I4I? 7:9 Higc/dac ? 22>

-6,9 =,7

Kc ia iala lain indn dnkl klta ta `k cg cgss pr prap apnk nk`g `g`k `kss eä eäsn snig igss y Higc/dac quädnigs tnklk ndpartgling prçitnig la sùca kl kc dglkoa dgl koa `k cgs su sustg stglin lings gs kl kc cgb cgbarg argtar tarna, na, snla snla 0.7 Kekitas `nrkitas cktgcks?   tg tgdb dbnî nîll kl cg nl`u nl`ust strn rngg y kc ma majg jgrr a `a `al` l`kk sk dglnpucgl dglnp ucgl iadpuksta iadpukstass quädnias quädnias.. Kc giktnckl giktncklaa par   pravaigl dartgcn`g` gc ndpk`nr cg rkspnrginùl a kokdpca ks kc gcqunla dçs nlkstgbck, ca quk mgik da`nenigr cg rksnstkling tîrdnig (iada suik`k par  `ne `neäin äincc su gcdgik gcdgiklgd lgdnkl nklta, ta, iugl`a iugl`a sk sadktk sadktk g  prksnùl a g cg prkskling `k iabrk sk `ks`abcg kl sus kc kckd kdkl klta tass ia ials lstn tntu tutn tnva vass jk jklk lkrg rgl` l`aa ul ulgg eu eukr krtk tk kxpcasnùl.

kokdpca kc nia, igsa `k nvg`a cgs`a gvks Yklginùl trgtg ul kek kekita itakl eäsnia eäs , `krnvg `kr `kdgrnlgs). cg ndprkj ndprkjlgi nùl `ka saeaiginùl, gc kltrgr kc arjglnsda kl ialtgita `nrkita ial kc eukc, snl lkiksn`g`, kl duimas igsas, `k quk sk pra`uzig cg nljkstnùl `k cas ialtgdnlgltks.

9.5 Vrapnk`g`ks quädnigs `k cas gcqunlas?

Cas gcqunlas tkrdnlgcks sk iadpartgl iada çin`as  parquk, kl prkskling `k bgsks eukrtks, puk`kl ik`kr  ul pratùl.

0.2 Kekitas `nrkitas sub-cktgcks?  

datnvg`as par kc ialtgita `nrkita (eul`gdkltgcdkltk g lnvkc `k cas tkon`as iarpargcks) Var kokdpca? Kc gdn`ura sù`nia puk`k grrgligr kc trgs cg nljkstnùl `k cas mn`raigrburas ialtgdnlgltks  par kc arjglnsda, snl quk cckjukl g pravaigr cg  pratùl `k ul giktnckla. giktnckla. (2) dukrtk `kc dnsda, gulquk sä gctkrginalks jklîtnigs, 0. KEKIPAY W[K VRA@[IKL CAY  bnaquädnigs a ensnacùjnigs quk puk`kl rk`uinr su MN@RAIGRB[RAY KL KC GDBNKLPK.

vngbncn`g` y keniging bnacùjnig. sk kliukltrgl ta`as cas kekitas keki tas tùxnias `k casGquä mn`raigrbura mn`raig rburas, s, kl

 

;

 pgrtniucgr `k cas MGVs (Mn`raigrburas gradçtnias  pacniäicnias),, quk, gulquk dklas kvn`kltks gc nlnina  pacniäicnias) `k kpnsa`na, sal `k dgyar ndpartgling ial kc pgsa `kc tnkdpa. Cg bnagiuducginùl `k cas ialtgdnlgltks  puk`k `ktkrdnlgr kekitas sub-cktgcks `k ialsn`krgbck rkckvgling, nlicusa kl arjglnsdas quk gpgrkltkdkltk la mgl kstg`a kl ialtgita ial kc eukc `kc vkrtn`a.

nlvkrlg` nlvkr lg`g, g, rkpra` rkpra`uii uiinùl nùl a `k irä irägg kl ludkra ludkrasgs sgs kspkinks. Cas ndpgitas ndpgitas intg`as intg`as gekitgl gekitgl gsndnsda gsndnsda g kkspkin spkinks ks iadkringcks, ial kc ialsnjunkltk ndpgita kiacùjnia, kialùdnia y saingc. ;.

0.9 Kekitas nl`nrkitas?

eu eul` l`gd gdkl kltg tgcd cdkl kltk tk pk pkrt rtur urbg bgin inal alks ks sa sabr brkk ca cass kiasnstkdgs. Cgs gctkrginalks `k cg bnacajäg `k cgs  pabcginalks y sus ialskiuklings `kdajrçenigs, kl ÿct ÿctnda nda tîrdnl tîrdnla, a, `kskd `kskdbai baigr grçl çl kl igdbna igdbnass kl cg kstruiturg `k cgs iaduln`g`ks kiacùjnigs y, par ca tglta, kl ulg gctkrginùl `k cg rk` `k nltkrrkcginalks kxnstkltks. Kltrk cas prnlinpgcks praiksas gekitg`as, igbk `kstgigr? 7. gctkrginalks ``kkc mmççbntgt 2. ig igd dbnas bnas kl cg cgss rkc rkcgi gina nallks klt kltrk rk pr prk` k`gg`a `ark rkss y prksgs 9. igdbnas kl cgs rkcginalks kltrk iadpktn`arks 0. gc gctk tkrg rgin inal alks ks kl ca cass ln lnvk vkck ckss `k pr pra` a`ui uitn tnvn vn`g `g`` ;. igdbnas kl cgs rk`ks trùenigs,  prabgbckdkltk ulg `k cgs icgvks icgvks pgrg iadprkl`kr cas ndpgitas kl kc kiasnstkdg g dk`na y cgrja pcgza Kl cgs zalgs cntargcks cas kekitas patklingcks sal duy duy su supk pkrn rnar arks ks g ca cass `k za zalg lgss ai aikç kçln lnig igss y kl  pgrtniucgr, `kltra `k cas kiasnstkdgs iastkras, kc rnksja rnks ja ks dçs kckvg`a pgrg gqukccgs kspkinks kspkinks quk tnklkl ul tgdg÷a `k pabcginùl rk`uin`a y/a mçbntgts rk rkst strn rnlj ljn` n`as as.. Kxns Kxnstk tkll ul ulgg skrn skrnkk `k eg egit itar arks ks qu qukk nli nlin`n n`nrçl rçl kl cg dg dgjln jlntu` tu` `kc nd ndpgi pgita ta sabrk sabrk cgs iaduln`g`ks cntargcks? Ca Cass jr jrgl gl`k `kss vk vkrt rtn` n`as as `k mn mn`r `rai aigr grbu bura rass  puk`kl iubrnr buklg pgrtk `kc çrkg `k `nstrnbuinùl `k inkrtgs kspkinks a pabcginalks, aigsnalgl`a ulg jrgl gekiinùl kspgingc. Yn cas cas vkrt vkrtn` n`as as sal sal ia ianl nlin in`k `klt ltks ks ia iall  pkrna`as `k pukstg, kc prnlinpgc ndpgita gekitg g cas  praiksas rkpra`uitnvas, snkl`a g`kdçs cgs egsks vntgcks nlningcks (kdbrnalks, cgrvgs) `k cgs kspkinks duima dçs sklsnbcks g kstk tnpa `k ialtgdnlgltks quk atrgs egsks `k su `ksgrracca. Gekiinùl Geki inùl `k mçbntgts mçbntgts icgvk icgvk y rkstrnlj rkstrnljn`as n`as 



KEKIPAY KL CG YGC[@ IG[YG@AY VAR CAY MN@RAIGRB[RAY.

Cas mn`raigrburas puk`kl nltra`uinrsk kl kc iukrpa `k ulg pkrsalg `k trks eardgs `nekrkltks? ;.7 Nljkstnùl?

Cg nljkst nljkstnùl nùl `k mn`rai mn`raigrb grbura urass puk`k puk`k gekit gekitgr gr 9 snstkdgs arjçlnias eul`gdkltgcks? pucdùl, gpgrgta jgstranltkstnlgc y snstkdg lkrvnasa? g) Vuc Vucdùl dùl, cas cas sält sältad adggs rksp rkspnnrgta rgtarn rnas as sal sal?? tas, tas, gmaja, snbncglings y ralqukrgs. Yältadgs `k `nstrîs rkspnrgtarna iada tas pkrsnstkltk, inglasns, rktrgiinùl nlt nltkr krias iastgc tgc,, tgq tgqunp unplkg lkg.. Jkl Jklkrg krgcdk cdkltk ltk sk nln nlning ingll nldk`ngtgdkltk `kspuîs `k cg nljkstg `k mn`raigrburas.  b) Jklkrgcdkltk sal nrrntgltks `k baig, egrnljk k nltkstnla. Yk mgl abskrvg`a vùdntas kspaltçlkas mgstg kl kc 06% `k cas pginkltks. Duimas prkskltgl lguskgs, lgusk gs, dgck dgckstgr stgr nltkstnl nltkstnlgc, gc, `nstklsnù `nstklsnùll gb`adnlgc, gb`adnlgc, kruitas y ecgtuckling. i) YLI YLI (sns (snsttkd kdgg lkr lkrvn vnaasa ik iklt ltrg rgc) c),, ks nl nlusug usugcc cg gpgrninùl `k sältadgs iada cktgrjng, gtur`ndnklta kstupar y iadg (ialvnklk `ksigrtgr kl kstk igsa cg  prkskling `k g`ntnvas tùxnias iada nlskitnin`gs nlskitnin`gs a MI gradçt gra dçtnia nias, s, a bn bnkl kl cg pasnb pasnbncn ncn`g` `g` `k ulg nljkst nljkstgg nltklinalgc `k jrgl vacudkl, a bnkl cg prkskling `k ulg lkudaläg par gspnrginùl jrgvk). (0) ;.2 Gspnrginùl?  Cg taxnin`g` pucdalgr `kc mn`raigrbura gspnrg`a ks

kc rk rksu suct ctg` g`aa `k cg nl nlmn mnbn bnin inùl ùl `k cg gi gitn tnvn vn`g `g`` suregitgltk y `k cg cksnùl `nrkitg `k cas igpncgrks y kc tkon`a pucdalgr. Kc rnksja `k gspnrginùl `kpkl`k `k cgs prapnk`g`ks `k vnsiasn`g`, vacgtncn`g`, y tklsnùl supkre sup krenin ningc gc `kc mn`rai mn`raigrb grbura ura.. Kc dgy dgyar ar rnk rnksja sja `k gspn gspnrg rgin inùl ùl ia iarr rrks kspa pal`k l`k g ul pra` pra`ui uita ta `k bg bgog og vn vnsi sias asn` n`g` g`,, bg bgog og tk tkls lsnù nùll supk supkre reni ning ngcc y jrgl jrgl vacgtncn`g`. ;.9 Ialtgita?



 pgrg inkrtgs (rägs,ia dgrnsdgs, bgmägs a ks kstu tugr grna nas) s) quk qukspkinks k pu puk` k`kl kl ials lstn tntu tunr nr cu cujg jgrk rkss `k

Vra`uik nrrntginùl `k cg pnkc `k y pniarks, cg pnkc kl kstk kstg`a egincntg cg gbsarinùl cas iadpalkltks `kc

 

5

glugcdkltk kl cas dgrks `kc dul`a y sùca kc 76%  praik`k `k giin`kltks giin`kltks `k buquks pktracäekras. pktracäekras. Kc rksta rksta sk arnj arnjnl nlgg kl pras praspk pkii iina nalk lkss pk pktr trac acäe äekr krgs gs kl ca cass aiîglas, kl cg igrjg y `ksigrjg `k cas buquks y kl apkrginalks `k cndpnkzg `k cas tglquks. [las 5.666  bgrias pktrackras lgvkjgl par gjugs nltkrlginalks y, Gcjulgs `k cgs ialskiuklings `k cg kxpasninùl `kc `k kccas, sùca ul tkrina paskk `abck igsia pgrg kvntgr  arjglnsda mudgla g cgs sustglings tùxnigs quk sk cas `krrgdk `krrgdkss kl igsa igsa `k giin`k giin`kltk ltk.. [las [las `k ca cass kliukltrgl kl gjugs ialtgdnlg`gs par mn`raigrburas giin`kltks igusg`as par vkrtk`kras `k pktrùcka sal? sal içlikrks içlikrks,, gctkrgin gctkrginalks alks jklîtnig jklîtnigss y gekiinalk gekiinalkss rkspnrgtarngs y igr`ägigs, skjÿl genrdg ul nleardk `kc 5. 5.7. 7. Gust Gustrg rgcn cng, g, ; ``kk gbr gbrnc nc `k 26 2676 76 Kc bu buqu qukk imn imnla la Dnlnstkrna `k Ygcu`. (7) Ymkl Lklj 7, quk trglspartgbg 5;.666 talkcg`gs `k igrbùl y >:; talkcg`gs `k igrburgltk, pravaig ul 5. @KYGYPRKY W[K YK MGL `krrgdk `k `as talkcg`gs `k iadbustnbck y jklkrg VRA@[IN@A. ulg dgrkg lkjrg `k trks hncùdktras `k cgrja y 766 G cg cgrjg cgrjg cnstg cnstg `k klekr klekrdk` dk`g`k g`kss `kc pcglktg, pcglktg, cg dktras `k glima, gc quk`gr vgrg`a kl ul bglia `k dgyaräg `k kccgs igusg`gs par kc skr mudgla, sk mg grklg ikrig `k cg iastg `k cg nscg `k Jrkgt Hkpkc, kl sudg`a, ulg vkz dçs, ulg `k sus `acklings dçs cg zalg pratkjn`g `k cas grrkineks `k cg Jrgl Bgrrkrg jrgvks y pkrsnstkltks? cg ialtgdnlginùl `kc dgr y `k `k Iargc. cgs iastgs g igusg `k ul vkrtn`a `k pktrùcka. Kc 5.2 .2.. Ki Kiug ug`a `arr, 25 `k ekbr ekbrkr kraa 266> 266> Yk vnk vnkrtkl rtkl `ksgstrk igusg`a kc 26 `k gbrnc `kc 2676 kl kc Jacea ulas 70.666 bgrrncks `k iru`a (2.225 talkcg`gs) kl kc `k Dî Dîxn xnia ia par par cg kx kxpc pcas asnù nùll ai aiur urrn rn`g `g kl ul ulgg skitar `k Ygltg Rasg, g 766 hncùdktras `k Wunta  pcgtgeardg pktracäekrg `k cg ductnlginalgc Brntnsm (Kiug`ar), gc radpkrsk ul acka`uita g igusg `k "ul Vktr Vktrac acku kud d (BV) (BV) la ks sù sùca ca cg pk pkar ar ig igtç tçst stra raek ek ekl eklùdk ùdkla la lgt lgturg urgc". c". Gulquk Gulquk sk ialtra ialtracù cù cg eujg, eujg, kiacùjnig aiurrn`g kl KK [[, snla tgdbnîl ula `k gcjulgs dglimgs `k pktrùcka ialtgdnlgral cas räas cas `krrgdks `k iru`a dçs jrgvks `k cg mnstarng, ca Ygltg Rasg y Wunoas, gecukltks `kc Iaig. quk rksuctg kspkingcdkltk snjlnenigtnva tklnkl`a kl 5. 5.9. 9. Ia Iark rkgg `kc `kc Y Yur ur,, : `k `k `ni `nink nkdb dbrk rk `k 26 266: 6: Kc iukltg quk la sk trgtg, prkinsgdkltk, `k ulg mnstarng imaquk ial cg jrÿg `k ul igrjukra suriarkgla `k iartg. @ks`k 7>56, g÷a kl quk kc buquk Ynlicgnr  77.=66 talkcg`gs pravaig trks gjuokras kl kc igsia Vktrac Vkt rackra kra `krrg `krrgdù dù 55.;2= 55.;2= talkcg talkcg`gs `gs `k pkt pktrùc rùcka ka `kc pktrackra `k Malj Halj Mkbkn Ypnrnt, `k 705.666 erkltk g cg iastg `k Brgsnc, sk mgl pra`uin`a dçs `k talkcg`gs, pkreargl`a trks `k sus inlia `kpùsntas, quk 796 vkrtn`as jrgvks `k pktrùcka kl dgrks y räas `k vkrtnkral gc dgr dçs `k 72.666 talkcg`gs `k iru`a y ta`a kc dul`a (vgrnas `k kccas, iada cas `kc Vrkstnjk, igusgral ulg dgrkg lkjrg quk gekitù g ulg gdpcng kc Dgr Kjka, kc [rqunacg a kc Lkw Ecgdk, erkltk g zalg iastkrg `k Iarkg `kc Yur. Ks kc pkar vkrtn`a `k iastgs ias tgs kspg÷acg kspg÷acgs), s), y kl gc dk dklas las ulg `aiklg `aiklg sk iru`a kl kstk pgäs, quk g`kdçs ialtgdnlù su ÿlnia supkrù cg igltn`g` `k 766.666 talkcg`gs `krrgdg`gs.  pgrquk lgturgc dgrnla. dgrnla. 5. 5.0. 0. Vg Vghn hnst stçl çl,, 70 gja gjast staa `k 266 26699 Kc buq buquk uk Pmk Pmk Duimas Dui mas `k pkra kstas kstaasklvkrtn` vkrul tn`as as sn`a sn`kra a ig igusg `as giin`k gii n`kltk ltks, s, pkr jrgl jrglmgllÿdkra lÿd `kusg`as kcc kccas as par  cgs DU Pgsdgl Ypnrnt, `k bgl`krg jrnkjg, vgrg`a g 766 ialskiuklings mgbrägl sn`a duima dklarks `k mgbkr  dktras `kc pukrta `k Hgrgimn (Vghnstçl) `ks`k kc 2: kxnstn`a cgs dk`n`gs gprapng`gs `k skjurn`g`. Bgrias `k oucna, sk pgrtk kl `as y vnkrtk 2=.666 talkcg`gs `k kl dgc kstg`a a paia rksnstkltks, rksnstkltks, dkjg pcgtgeardgs pcgtgeardgs iru`a, `k cgs 59.666 talkcg`gs quk trglspartgbg.  pktracäekrgs quk pkreargl cg supkrenink `k cas aiîglas 5.;. Jgcning, 7> `k lavnkdbrk `k 2662 Kc kl snt sntugi uginal nalks ks la kxkltg kxkltgss `k rn rnksj ksja, a, egc egctg tg `k cas  pktrackra Vrkstnjk, quk sk `nrnjäg g Jnbrgctgr, sk ialtra ial tracks cks lkiksg lkiksgrna rnas, s, snt sntugi uginal nalks ks ikr ikrigl iglgs gs g cg mul`k ial 55.666 talkcg`gs `k iadbustnbck g bar`a, nd ndpu puln ln`g `g`` ck ckjg jgc, c, duct ductgs gs gsud gsudnb nbck ckss pa parr cg cgss trgs skr pacîdnigdkltk rkdacig`a g ulas 2;6 Hd `k ductnlginalgcks... ductnlginalgc ks... Kc pktrùcka ialtgdnlg, ksigskg y ks cg iastg `k Jgcning. Yu gvkräg snktk `ägs gltks yg mgbäg igra, pkra, kl ul snstkdg kialùdnia y pacätnia quk igu igusg` sg`aa kc vkrtn` vkrtn`aa `k atr atrgs gs 77.666 77.666 talkcg talkcg`gs `gs `k ialtnlÿg `kpkl`nkl`a `k cas nltkrksks quk jklkrg su iad iadbus bustnb tnbck ck y ulg dgrkg dgrkg lkjrg lkjrg quk gci gciglz glzùù cas nl`u nl`ust strn rng, g, cg cgss dk`n dk`n`g `gss ck ckjg jgck ckss lk lkik iksg sgrn rngs gs pg pgrg rg =6.666 =6.666 dktras dktras iug`rg iug`rg`as `as.. Jgc Jgcnin ningg sk klerk klerkltù ltù gc sustnt sus tntunr unrca ca sk g`aptg g`aptgll ial iukltg iukltgjat jatgs. gs. Ykjÿl Ykjÿl cg dgyar `ksgstrk kiacùjnia `k su mnstarng. @nkz g÷as

iru`a. Yk mg gsaing`a ul gudklta `kc rnksja `k içlikr içl ikr `k pnk pnkcc ial cg prkskl prkskling ing `k mn`rai mn`raigrb grbura urass  pacngradçtnias  pacngradçtni as (VGM). Nrrntginùl `k cas aoas par  ialtgita ialtg ita ial jatgs jatgs `k iru`a. iru`a. Gcjulas Gcjulas iadpalkltk iadpalkltkss  puk`kl skr gbsarbn`as gbsarbn`as g trgvîs `k cg iùrlkg.

arj arjgln glnzgi zginùl kiacaj kia cajnst nstg Jrkklp Jrkpk klpkgi kgik, ula`k s rrgd inl inlia ia dncc dnccal alks ks nùl `k talk ta lkcg cg`g `gs sg `k pktr trùc ùcka kak, skulas `krr gdgl gl

gl gltk tks, s, kc 2 `k `n `nin inkd kdbr brkk `k 7> 7>>2 >2,, at atra ra `k `ksg sgst strk rk kiacùjnia mgbäg grrunlg`a cgs iastgs jgcckjgs iugl`a

 

:

kc buquk jrnkja Dgr Kjka kligccù erkltk g cg Parrk `k Mî Mîri riuc ucks ks kl G Ia Iaru ru÷g ÷g.. Pr Prgl glsp spar artg tgbg bg :> :>.9 .966 66 talk talkcg cg`g `gss `k ir iru` u`a. a. Cg dgrk dgrkgg lk lkjr jrg, g, qu qukk gc `ä `ägg snjunkltk gciglzù cas ;6 Hd2, nlvg`nù cgs rägs `k Ekrrac, Grks y Bktglzas. (:) :. BNA@KJRG@GINÙL @K CAY MN@RAIGRB[RAY.

Yk rkgc rkgcnz nzùù ul kstu kstu`n `naa kl vg vgrn rngs gs ia iadu duln ln`g `g`k `kss igdpksnlgs sntug`gs kl cas igltalks `k Arkccglg y Ygimgs kl cg pravnling `k Arkccglg y kl kc igltùl Ymusmuenl`n kl cg pravnling `k Yuiudbäas, gdbgs kl kc la lar` r`ks kstk tk `k `kcc Kiug Kiug`a `ar. r. Cgs Cgs ia iadu duln ln`g `g`k `kss sk kcnjnkral par kc cgrja pkräa`a `k gitnvn`g` `k cgs iadpg÷ägs pktrackrgs kl ksg zalg.

sk rkiajnkral dukstrgs `k cgs iarrnkltks `al`k cas @k @kjr jrg` g`gi ginù nùll `k mn mn`r `rai aigr grbu bura rass gc gcne neçt çtni nias as kl rksn`kltks abtnklkl gjug pgrg bkbkr, bg÷grsk a cgvgr   prkskling `k axnjkla? Cas mn`raigrburas gcneçtnias cg rapg y Yk glgcnzù kc ialtkln`a `k mn`raigrburas cas cas pa`k pa`kda dass ic icgs gsne neni nigr gr kl gc gcig igla las, s, gc gcqu qukl klas as y tatgcks `k pktrùcka (MPV). gcquncgs `kpkl`nkl`a `k ca sgturg`as quk kstîl sus klcgiks. Iada lardg jklkrgc `kinr quk iada dçs Yk nlvkstnjgral 26 räas pkrtklkinkltks g cgs lukvk nlsgturg`a skg ulg ig`klg igrbalgtg`g (dçs `abcks y iaduln`g`ks kxpukstgs. @k kccas, 7= räas kl aima iaduln uln`g` `g`ks ks kstgbg kstgbgll ialtgd ialtgdnlg nlg`as `as ial MPV, MPV, kl tr trnp npccks klcg lcgik iks) s) dç dçss `n `neä eäin incc a ckl klttg skr skrç su iad ialik ial ikltr ltrgin ginalk alks s quk vgrngr vgr ngral al `k 6,6 6,62 2 pgrtks pgr tks par  `kjrg`ginùl. @k njugc dglkrg cas gciglas `k ig`klg cgrjg cgrjg sal dç dçss rks rksnst nstklt kltks ks g cg bna`kj bna`kjrg` rg`gin ginùl ùl g dnccùl (ppd) kl kc räa Dgl`ura 7 mgstg 2,==9 ppd dk`n dk`n`g `g quk quk cg calj caljnt ntu` u` `k su ig ig`k `klg lg gu gudk dklt ltg. g. kl kc räa Bgsurg. Kl gcjulas räas, cg ialikltrginùl `k mn`rai raigrb grbura urass supkr supkrùù dçs `k 766 vkiks vkiks kc cädntk cädntk Iugl`a gciglzgl ul pksa dackiucgr supkrnar g ;66 mn` `ko `kogl gl `k skrvnr skrvnr iada eukltk eukltk `k igr igrbal balaa pgrg pgrg kc  pkrdntn`a pgrg ialsuda mudgla skjÿl cgs irk irkind indnkl nklta ta dnirab dnirabngl ngla. a. Kl jklkrg jklkrgcc tgdbn tgdbnîl îl cg rkjucginalks `k cg Iaduln`g` Kurapkg tgsg `k Kl cgs `as skdglgs gltks `kc kstu`na, sk klialtrù igrbalas ulg `nekrklin `nekrklingg snjlneni snjlnenigtnvg gtnvg kstg`äst kstg`ästnigd nigdkltk kltk kl cg ia iall ca cass  prkvgckling `k maljas kl cg pnkc `kspuîs `k goustgr  bca caqquk ukggl  par cas egitarks `k ialeusnùl. Cg prkskling `k atras sä sält ltad adgs gs y `k ig igls lsgl glin inaa sk kl klia ialt ltrù rù tg tgdb dbnî nîll gsaing`g ial cg kxpasninùl. @kjr @kjrg` g`gi ginù nùll `k mn mn`r `rai aigr grbu bura rass gr grad adçt çtni nias as kl dksks sks quk prkik` prkik`nkr nkral al gc kstu`n kstu`na, a, cg  prkskling `k axnjkla? axnjkla? Kl kc igsa `k cas mn`raigrburas mn`raigrburas Kl cas 72 dk gradçtnias, kc prnlinpgc prabckdg pgrg `kjrg`grcas ks  prkvgckling `k nrrntginùl lg- sgc y `k cg jgrjgltg kl jrupas dastrù dastrù `nekrkli `nekrklings ngs kstg`ästn kstg`ästnigdk igdkltk ltk radpkr kstk glncca gradçtnia quk puk`kl skr duy gdbas jrupas vgrng`as. vgrng `as. Cas dniraarjg dniraarjglnsd lnsdas as quk utncnzgl utncnzgl kstas kstas snjlnenigtnvgs `kspuîs `k goustgr par cas egitarks `k iadpukstas gradçtnias iada eukltk `k igrbala, ca ialeusnùl. Kc `acar `k igbkzg, cg nrrntginùl `k cas quk mgikl ks quk kl cujgr `k utncnzgr ul klzndg dala aoas, kc `acar `k aä`as, cg `ngrrkg y cg jgstrntns sk klialt altrgr rgral al tgdbnî tgdbnîll gsaing gsaing`as `as ial cg ikrig ikrigläg läg g axnjklg`g kspkiäenig pgrg ig`g dacîiucg `nekrkltk, kli  prkskling `k rgdneniginalks rgdnenigin rk`uik `kcg  bna`kjrg`ginùl parquk alks cas çtadas tk tkri ring ngrn rnas as y iu iugt gtkr krlg lgrn rnas as nlt ltkr kren enkr krkl kl dkig dkigln lnsd sdaas `k `k `kjr jrg` g`ggin inùl ùl a ca tatgcdkltk.

kstginalks `k pktrùcka. (;) (;) utncnzgl ulgs vägs bnaquädnigs ccgdg`gs vägs gctgs a  pazas y kstginalks  pkrneîrnigs quk ialsnstkl kl da`nenigr cas `nekrkltks >. CÄDNPKY @K K]VAYNINÙL gln glncca ccass gradç gradçtni tnias as gbsarb gbsarbn`a n`as. s. Ks `kinr `kinr,, cg jrgl jrgl GIKVPG@AY. vgrnk`g` `k iadpukstas gradçtnias quk sk puk`kl cgrj rjaa pk pkrä räa` a`aa `k cg cgtk tkli ling ng kl kltr trkk cg prnd prndkr krgg klialtrgr sal da`nenig`as y ialvkrtn`as g kstgs `as Kc cg dacîiu dac îiucgs cgs.. G pgrtnr pgrtnr `k kstgs kstgs `as dacîiu dacîiucgs cgs quk kxpasninùl y cg gpgrninùl `k cas sältadgs, oulta g ialvkrjkl ta`as cas iadpukstas, yg sk puk`k cckvgr g duimas atras egitarks, mg mkima quk kc igba kc radpndnklta `kc glncca dk`ngltk klzndgs kstgbckindnklta `k vg-carks cädntk udbrgc pgrg cas kspkiäenigs. Kstg skjul`g egsk kl cg `kjrg`ginùl skrng mn`raigrburas gradçtnias pacniäicnias kl cg gtdùsekrg `kc cujgr `k trgbgoa skg ulg tgrkg gr`ug y `neäinc. ca quk sk ialaikräg iada vägs bgogs. (9) Rk Rkin inîl îl kl kl7> 7>5: 5:,, cg ia iale lekr krkl klin ingg Gdkr Gdkrni nigl glgg `k Mnjnklnst Mnjnk lnstgs gs Nl`ustrn Nl`ustrngcks gcks `kc Jabnkrla Jabnkrla `k Kstg`as Kstg`as =. GLÇCNYNY. [ln`as (GIJNM) g`aptù ul Ugcar Cädntk [dbrgc =.7.  Ygcu` `k igdpksnlas quk vnvkl ikrig `k (PCU) (PC U) `k 6,2 dj dj/d9 /d9pgr pgrgca gcass gcq gcqunt untrgl rglks ks `k muccg muccg  pazas y kstginalks kstginalks `k pktrùcka kl cg cg gdgzalg kiugtarnglg.

vacçtncks, iada kc pksarkiajn`gs `k cg ergiinùl sacubck kl`kenlnîl`ask bklikla `k cgs pgrtäiucgs kl ul

 

=

bna`kjrg`ginùl skrçl `k tnpa gkrabna8 gkrabna8 snl enc enctra tra.. Kl 7>>:, 7>>:, cg G`dnln G`dnlnstr strgin ginùl ùl sabrk sabrk Yg Ygcu` cu` y  praiksas `k bna`kjrg`ginùl Ykjurn`g` Ykjur n`g` Aiupginalgc Aiupginalgc (AYMG) (AYMG) `k Kstg`as Kstg`as [ln`as [ln`as kdbgrja, sn utncnzg sucegtas a kc `nùxn`a `k igrbala kstgbckinù ul Cädntk `k Kxpasninùl Vkrdnsnbck(VKC) sk pra`uik kl ial`ninalks glgkrabngs y cas praiksas  pgrg kc Bklza(g)pnrkla `k 6,2 dj/d9. Kc Cädntk `k `k bna`kjrg`ginùl skrçl `k tnpa glgkrabna. Kxpasn Kxp asninù inùll Rkiadk Rkiadkl`g l`g`a `a (RKC) (RKC) par kc Nlstnt Nlstntuta uta  Lginalgc `k Ygcu` y Ykjurn`g` Aiupginalgc @kjrg`ginùl gkrabng? (LNAYM) `k Kstg`as [ln`as ks `k 6,7 Yustrgta + A →bnadgsg + IA + M  A   2 2 2 dj/d9(ergiinùl dj/d9(ergiin ùl kxtrgäbck kl inica-mkxgla). (5) 76. DK@N@GY BNAIARRKIPARGY RGY KDVCKG@GY KL CG @KYIALPGDNLGINÙL @K Y[KCAY ^ GJ[GY IALPGDNLG@GY VAR  MN@RAIGRB[RAY.

@kjrg`ginùl glgkrabng?

(

−9

Yustrgta +  LA

−9

+9

, YA 0 , Ek , Dl

+0

)

, IA2 →Bnadgsg + IA 2+ ±

Cg ialikltrginùl y iadpasninùl `k cg iaduln`g` `k dnirabnas y cg trglseardginùl `k cas ialtgdnlgltks kstgrç nlecukling`g par `nvkrsas egitarks?

Cgs dk`n`gs bnaiarrkitnvgs `ks`k `îig`gs sk mgl kstg`a kdpckgl`a kl cg `ksialtgdnlginùl `k sukcas y gjugs gjugs ialtgd ialtgdnlg nlg`gs `gs par mn`rai mn`raigrb grbura uras. s. Kstgs Kstgs  Lkiksn`g` `k lutrnkltks? cas lutrnkltks tîi tîilni lnigs gs puk`kl puk`kl skr `k tn tnpa pa gk gkrab rabna na a glgkr glgkrabn abna. a.  prnlinpgcdkltk rkqukrn`as sal kc eùseara y kc Ials Ialsns nsttkl prnl prnliinpg npgcdk cdklt ltkk kl kc usa `k cas lntrùjkla. dniraa dni raarjg rjglns lnsdas das lgt lgturg urgcks cks (ck (ckvg` vg`urg urgs, s, maljas maljas a  pM `kc sukca? kc irkindnklta irkindnklta `k cg dgyaräg  bgitkrngs) kxnstkltks kxnstkltks kl kc dk`na pgrg `ksiadpalkr a `k dniraarjglnsdas ks dçxnda `kltra `kc nltkrvgca `kjrg` `kj rg`gr gr sustgl sustgling ingss pkc pkcnjr njrasg asgss kl sustgl sustgling ingss `k `k pM sntug`a kltrk 5 y =. igrçitkr dklas taxnia a bnkl nlaiugs pgrg kc dk`na Pkdpkrgtur Pkdpk rgturg? g? cgs bgitkrng bgitkrngss jklk jklkrgcd rgcdkltk kltk gdbnkltk y cg sgcu` mudglg. ir irki kikl kl g nl nltk tkrv rvgc gcas as `k tk tkdp dpkr krgt gtur urgg bg bgst stgl gltk tk rk`uin`as, kltrk 7; y 0; ¶I. Vgrg Vgrg cckv cckvgr gr g ig igba ba ta ta`a `ass ca cass pr prai aiks ksas as gl gltk tkss dklinalg`as ks lkiksgrna quk kxnstgl kl kc dk`na Mudk`g`? Mudk` g`? cas dniraarjg dniraarjglnsda lnsdass rkqunkrkl rkqunkrkl ulgs ial`ninalks eäsnia-quädnigs ùptndgs. Ks `kinr, ulg ulgss ial`ni ial`ninal nalks ks dä dälnd lndgs gs `k mudk`g mudk`g`` pgrg pgrg su sk lkik lkiksn sntg tgrç rç cg kx kxns nstk tkli ling ng `k `k `ktk tkrd rdnl nlg` g`gs gs irkindnklta, kc kxiksa `k kstg nlmnbnrç kc irkindnklta  pabcginalks `k dniraarjglnsdas dniraarjglnsdas gutùitalas igpgiks  bgitkrngla gc rk`uinr cg ialikltrginùl `k axäjkla kl `k utncnzgr cas mn`raigrburas iada eukltk lutrninalgc kc sukca. y `k klkrjäg, tgdbnîl skrç lkiksgrna ul `ktkrdnlg`a Kstrui Kst ruitur turgg quädni quädnigg `kc mn`rai mn`raigr grbur bura? a? cg lÿdkra `k gikptarks `k kckitralks quk nlm nlmkr krklt kltkk bna`kj bna`kjrg` rg`gbn gbncn` cn`g` g` `k ul mn`rai mn`raigrb grbura ura klzndçtnigdkltk axn`k cas igrbalas praik`kltks `k `kpkl `kpkl`k `k kl jrgl dk`n`g `k su kstruitur kstruiturgg dackiucg dackiucgr  r  cas cas mn mn`r `rai aigr grbu bura ras, s, gsä gsä ia iada da ul ulgs gs ia ial` l`ni nina nalk lkss cas pgrçdktras quk dçs vgl g gekitgr cg g`kiug`gs `k pM, lutrnkltks, tkdpkrgturg, mudk`g`, mgcajklginùl, cg kxnstkling `k rgdneniginalks, cg bgog tkxturg, kstruiturg `kc sukca y ialikltrginùl `k cas sacubncn`g` kl kc gjug y cg `nekrkltk igrjg gtùdnig. 

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ialtgdnlgltks. Kltrk kstgs tîilnigs klialtrgdas? Pa`a ksta tnklk ul eul`gdklta bnaquädnia, kstk sk Bnavkltnlj a nlykiinùl `k gnrk? Kstg tîilnig  bgsg kl cg ig`klg rkspnrgtarng a trglspartg`arg trglspartg`arg `k kckitralks `k cgs iîcucgs, sk vgl g pra`uinr ulg skrnk ks ul trgtgdnklta `k bnarrkiupkrginal `k tnpa –nl `k rk rkgii giinal nalks ks `k ùxn`aùxn`a-rk` rk`uii uiinùl nùl iuya iuya enl ks cg sntu— quk ialsnstk kl cg vkltncginùl earzg`g `kc sukca abtkli abt klinùl nùl `k klkrjä klkrjäg. g. Kstg Kstg ig`klg ig`klg nln nlning ing ial ul dk`ngltk cg nlykiinùl g prksnùl `k axäjkla kl cg sustrgta arjçlnia (iadpukstas mn`raigrburg`as) quk zalg la sgturg`g `kc sukca g trgvîs `k pazas `k nlyk ykii iinù nùl. l. @kbn @kbn`a `a g ksta ksta sk vg g egva egvark rkik ikrr cg ks kxtkrla g cg iîcucg y quk gitÿg iada `g`ar `k nl `kjrg`ginùl `k cas mn`raigrburas par `as datnvas? kckitralks, `k da`a quk cg gitnvn`g` dktgbùcnig `k cg iî iîcu cucg cg gi gigb gbgg `k `kjr jrg` g`gl gl`a `a y ia ials lsud udnk nkl` l`aa `n `nim imgg  par vacgtncnzginùl, egincntgl`a cg dnjrginùl `k cg egsk sustgling. Cas dçs utncnzg`as par cas vacçtnc `k cas ialtgdnlgltks, y par bna`kjrg`ginùl, dniraa dni raarjg rjglns lnsdas das sal kc axäjkl axäjkla, a, cas lnt lntrg rgtas tas,, kc yg quk gc nlirkdkltgr cg axnjklginùl `kc sukca sk vg mnk mnkrra rra(N (NNN) NN),, cas suc sucegt egtas as y kc `nùxn` `nùxn`aa `k igr igrbal bala. a. g kstnducgr cg gitnvn`g` bgitkrnglg. Bnapncgs8 Ks ul trgtgdnklta `k Iugl`a Iug l`a kc utn utncnz cnzg`a g`a ks kc axäjkl axäjklaa cg rks rkspnr pnrgin ginùl ùl dnirabnglg sk pra`uik kl ial`ninalks gkrabngs y cas  bnarrkiupkrginal `k tnpa –kx sntu— kl ial`ninalks la 

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>

sgturg`gs, ialsnstk kl cg rk`uiinùl `k cg ia iali likl kltr trgi ginù nùll `k ia ialt ltgd gdnl nlgl gltk tkss `k `krn rnvg vg`a `ass `k `kcc  pktrùcka kl sukcas kxigvg`as dk`ngltk kc usa `k cg  bna`kjrg`ginùl. Kstg ialsnstk kl cg eardginùl `k  pncgs `k dgtkrngc bna`kjrg`gbck `k `ndklsnalks vgrngbcks, eardg`gs par sukca ialtgdnlg`a y dgtkrng arjçlnig (iadpast) kl ial`ninalks egvargbcks pgrg kc `ksgrracca `k cas praiksas `k bna`kjrg`ginùl `k cas ialtgd ial tgdnlg nlgltk ltks. s. Cgs pnc pncgs gs puk`kl puk`kl skr gnrkg` gnrkg`gs gs `k eardg gitnvg, vactkgl`a cg pncg, a bnkl `k eardg  pgsnvg, dk`ngltk dk`ngltk tubas pkrearg`as pkrearg`as `k gnrkginùl.

BNBCNAJRGEÄG. (7) @glnkc Gimury. (2670). KEKIPAY KL CG YGC[@ VAR CAY MN@RAIGRB[RAY. 2;/62/7>, `k Vrkzn Yntna wkb? mttps?//prkzn.iad/xjucm`aQcmt/kekitas-kl-cg-sgcu`-par-cas-mn mt/kekitas-kl-cg -sgcu`-par-cas-mn`raigrburas/ `raigrburas/ (2) Eul`ginùl K`uigtnvg Mîitar G. Jgriäg. (267;). Vrapnk`g`ks eäsnigs y quädnigs `k cas mn`raigrburas. 2;/62/7>, `k Vraykita Ygcùl Majgr Yntna wkb?mttp?//www.sgcalmajgr.lkt/qundnig/ladklicgtur  wkb? mttp?//www.sgcalmajgr.lkt/qundnig/ladklicgtur  gQqundnig/Vrapnk`g`ksQensQqundQmn`ra.mtd

Gtkluginù Gtklug inùll lgt lgturg urgc? c? Gulquk Gulquk kstg kstg la kstç kstç (9) Glùlnda. (2679). @KJRG@GINÙL @K ialsn`krg`g iada ulg tîilnig `k `ksialtgdnlginùl MN@RAIGRB[RAY. 2;/62/7>, `k Bna Nleardgtnig  prapngdkltk, kstg kstg kljcabg`g `kltra `k cgs cgs tîilnigs `k Yntna wkb? mttp?//bnanleardgtnig.ugb.ks/bnaiadputgina/t /bnaiadputgina/trkbgccs62 rkbgccs62 rkdk`nginùl nl sntu `k duy bgoa iastk. Yu prnlinpgc mttp?//bnanleardgtnig.ugb.ks igrgitkrästnig ks cg utncnzginùl `k cas praiksas eäsnia- -69/RBurjas/`g`ks/`kjrg`gin quäd quädni nias as `k nltk nltkrg rgii iinù nùll ia ialt ltgd gdnl nlgl gltk tk-s -suk ukca ca y %I9%B9lQ`kQmn`raigrburas.mtd  praiksas `k bna`kjrg`ginùl quk tnklkl cujgr `k (0) Glùlnda. (267 ;). Gckrtg par cas kekitas `k cas eardg lgturgc kl kc dk`na. Kstas praiksas sk ialaikl mn`raigrburas sabrk cg sgcu`. 2;/62/7>, `k Cg Lginùl iada praiksas `k bnatrglseardginùl lgturgc. Kstas Yntna wkb? mttps?//www.cglginal.iad.gr/5;259sal gqukccas quk vgl g rk`uinr cg ialikltrginùl `k cas ialtgdnlgltks y kltrk cas quk sk kliukltrgl cg gckrtg-par-cas-k gckrtg-par-cas-kekitas-`k-cas-mn ekitas-`k-cas-mn`raigrburas-sabrk-c `raigrburas-sabrk-cggsgcu` `nsacuinùl `nsac uinùl,, `nspkrsnù `nspkrsnùl, l, vacgtncnz vacgtncnzginùl ginùl,, g`sarinùl, g`sarinùl,  bna`kjrg`ginùl y gqukccgs rkgiinalks quädnigs quk (;) Ytkpmkls, Grdstralj, Ygl Ykbgstnçl. Y kbgstnçl. (2667). Cg sk pra pra`ui `uikl kl kc suk ukcca a kl kc gj gjuug y qu qukk  sgcu` `k duokrks duokrks quk vnvkl ikrig ikrig `k pazas y ialtrnbuykl `k gcjulg eardg kl cg `nsdnluinùl `k cg kstginalks `k pktrùcka kl cg Gdgzaläg kiugtarnglg. ialtgdnlginùl. (=) Rkiupkrg`a `k? mttps?//www.sinkcasp.arj/sinkca.pmp1  pn`4Y76260>=>2667666566660&sirnpt4sinQgbstrgit 77. IALIC[YNÙL. (5) Dgstgl`rkg, Imnimnzacg, Cu`uk÷g, Yçlimkz, Cas mn`raigrburas par sn sacas la pra`uikl ul jrgl Çcvgrkz y Jutnîrrkz. (266;). Mn`raigrburas ndpgita gdbnkltgc, par ca ialtrgrna, sal buklas pgrg gradçtnias pacniäicnias. pacniäicnias. Rnksjas pgrg cg sgcu` y kcgbargr sustglings ÿtncks iada dk`nigdkltas, rapg, dgrig`arks bnacùjnias. Gitg Bnaquäd Icäl Cgtnlagd, Cgtnlagd, tnltgs, iasdîtnias y atras. 9> (7)? 2:-95. 

Ks iugl`a iugl`a sal utn utncnz cnzg`a g`ass iada iada iadbus iadbustnb tnbcks cks y dglnpucg`as, quk sk tarlgl `g÷nlas pgrg kc dk`na gdbnkltk.

(:) DÇNW[K_ (2676). Cg cnstg dçs lkjrg? Dçs `k 796 `ksgstrks par vkrtn`as `k pktrùcka `ks`k 7>56.   PNKRRG UNUG Icndg, sastklnbncn`g` y dk`na gdbnkltk. Rkiupkrg`a `k?

Kl duim duimas as ig igsa sass ia iada da ia ials lski kiuk ukli ling ng `k kstg kstg mttps?//www.26dnlutas.ks/latning/:2=;0:/6/vkrtn`as/ mttps?//www.26dnlutas.ks/latning/ :2=;0:/6/vkrtn`as/ dglnpu dgl npucgi cginùl nùl sk pkr`nk pkr`nkral ral nli nligci gciucg ucgbck bckss vn`gs vn`gs  pktracka/icgvks/#xtar4G@-7;&xts405:259  pktracka/icgvks/#xtar4G@-7;&xts405:259 mudg mudglg lgs, s, sk `g `g÷ù ÷ù cg sgcu sgcu`` `k jr jrgl gl pg pgrt rtkk `k cg  pabcginùl y sk sadktnù g ial`ninalks nlmudglgs g (=) GRRA^A, R. W[KYG@G, D. W[KYG@G ^ cas abrkras `kc pktrùcka. JKAINYG. (266:). gpcniginùl `k snstkdgs `k  bnarrkdk`nginùl  bnarrkdk`ngin ùl `k sukcas y gjugs ialtgdnlg`gs par Kl cg gitugcn`g` cg tadg `k ialinkling dul`ngc ks mn`raigrburas. pratkiinùl gdbnkltgc `k sukcas. dgyar quk mgik ulgs `îig`gs y cas kdprkl`ndnkltas sk kstçl rkgcnzgl`a ial cg nltkrvklinùl `k iadpg÷ägs kxtrglokrgs, cgs prkvnsnalks `k sus tkilacajägs sal dgyarks y su kltrklgdnklta `kvnklk `k sntuginalks `k kstk tnpa.

 

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