Ilmu Astronomi Abad Pertengahan

 

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EDE K VJBMDCZ@ZDB

D. @D]D @D]DU U EJ@ EJ@DA DADB DBO O Vdmd gdsd Bdek Gucdggdm \D_, k`gu hd`da ej`ug gjbod`dgk pjrajgedbodb ydbo skob skobkh khka kadb db.. Adrjb drjbdd pdmd dmd sd sddt dt ktu ktu ugdt gdt Ks Ks`d `dg g mk mksk skeu eua aad adb b mj mjb bodb odb updy dydd-u updy dydd gjbyjedr`udsadb gjbyjedr`u dsadb dndrdb Ks`dg aj sj`uruc sj`uruc pj`isia pj`isia mubkd. mubkd. \jckbood \jckbood datkhktds datkhktds ubtua ubtua gjboadnk gjboadnk tjbtdbo dstribigk sdbodt aurdbo sjad`k. Nkad pub dmd, ktu cdbyd`dc sjedtds pjbojtdcudb pjbojtdcudb `dbosubo ydbo mkejrkadb D``dc \_] ajpdmd Bdek \D_, mdb ej`ug dmd adnkdb k`gkdcbyd ydbo ejrmdsdradb k`gu pjbojtdcudb. Gdsd ajjgds ajjgdsdb db \jtj`d \jtj`dc c Ks` Ks`dg dg gjbyje gjbyjedr dr sdgpdk sdgpdk mk `udr `udr Gdaadc Gdaadc mdb Gdmkbd Gdmkbdc, c, gu`dk`dc pdrd sdcdedt gjboadnk acdzdbdc k`gu hd`da. Bdgub, sjedodkgdbd mknj`dsadb Mr Gu cdggdm Edsck` D`- ]ciky md`dg euaubyd ydbo ejrtdnua D`-Hd`da wd d`-]dqwkg, adnkdb tjbtdbo k`gu hd`da sjldrd gjbmd`dg edru mkgu`dk pdmd gdsd pjgjrkbtdcdb Mkbdstk Zgdyydc, ydktu tjpdtbyd pdmd gdsd pjgjrkbtdcdb Acd`khdc Acd`km ekb [dzkm ekb Gudwkydc. Dedm Vjrtjbodcdb ydktu pjrkimj sjndrdc mk Jripd sjnda ejrsdtubyd ajged`k mdjrdc  ejads ajaudsddb Ajadksdrdb Uigdwk Edrdt. Dedm kbk gublu` sjtj`dc zdgdb [ubdbk Aubi akrd-akrd pdmd dedm aj : sdgpdk dwd` dedm aj-4?. Edbyda pjbmdpdt gjbodtdadb edcwd pdmd dedm pjrtjbodcdb kbk mksjeut ‐dedm oj`dp‗, ydktu pjgkakrdb hk`sdhdt pdmd dedm pjrtjbodcdb mkmigkbdsk i`jc dodgd, pjgjldcdb sjod`d gdldg pjrsid`db sjcdrk-cdrk sj`d`u mkmdsdradb dtds dturdb-dturdb dodgd, md`dg cd` kbk ojrjnd ydbo mkejrkadb wjwjbdbo acusus, sjckbood lirda pjgkakrdb ajhk`sdhdtdbbyd ejrskhdt tjisjbtrks

E. UZGZ UZGZ\D \DB B GD\D GD\D@D @DC C 4. Adpdb Adpdb gu`dkby gu`dkbydd pjrajg pjrajgedb edbodb odb k`gu dstribi dstribigk gk pdmd gdsd pjrdmded pjrdmdedb b drde mdb dedm dedm  pjrtjbodcdb9 5. \kdpd \kdpd sdnd sdnd tiaic tiaic ydbo ydbo dmd dmd pdmd pdmd gdsd tjrsj tjrsjeut eut99 L. ]ZNZDB 4. Zbtua Zbtua gjbojtd gjbojtdcuk cuk edodkgd edodkgdbd bd pjrajged pjrajgedbod bodb b k`gu k`gu dstrib dstribigk igk dtdu k`gu hd`da pdmd gdsd pjrdmdedb ks`dg mdb pdmd gdsd dedm pjrtjbodcdb. 5. Zbtu Zbtua a gjbo gjbojt jtdc dcuk uk sk skdp dpdd sd sdnd nd tiai tiaic c ydbo ydbo ej ejrp rpjr jrdb db md md`d `dg g pj pjra rajg jged edbo bodb db k`gu k`gu dstribigk.

 

EDE KK VJGEDCD\DB D. VJUAJGEDBO VJUAJGEDBODB DB GD\D GD\D VJUDMDE VJUDMDEDB DB K\@DG K\@DG Vdmd gdsd Bdek Gucdggdm \D_, k`gu hd`da ej`ug gjbod`dgk pjrajgedbodb ydbo skob skobkh khka kadb db.. Adrjb drjbdd pdmd dmd sd sddt dt ktu ktu ugdt gdt Ks Ks`d `dg g mk mksk skeu eua aad adb b mj mjb bodb odb updy dydd-u updy dydd gjbyjedr`u gjby jedr`udsadb dsadb dndrdb Ks`dg aj sj`uruc sj`uruc pj`isia pj`isia mubkd. mubkd. \jckbood \jckbood datkhktds datkhktds ubtua ubtua gjboadnk gjboadnk tjbtdbo dstribigk sdbodt aurdbo sjad`k. Nkad pub dmd, ktu cdbyd`dc sjedtds pjbojtdcudb pjbojtdcudb `dbosubo ydbo mkejrkadb D``dc \_] ajpdmd Bdek \D_, mdb ej`ug dmd adnkdb k`gkdcbyd ydbo ejrmdsdradb k`gu pjbojtdcudb. Dstribigk dmd`dc sudtu k`gu prdatks edok irdbo-rdbo Drde, sjedokdb adrjbd gjrjad cdrus gjbojtdcuk drdc Gdaadc mdrk sjtkdp aitd Ks`dg, supdyd eksd gjbocdmdp aj Ad‛edc ubtua gj`dasdbdadb sci`dt. Md`dg dstribigk sjpjrtk cd`byd md`dg pjboiedtdb edbyda ydbo mkcd mkcdsk sk`a `adb db i`jc i`jc edad edadtt pjbo pjbodg dgdt dtdb db ydbo ydbo sd sded edrr md mdb b lj ljrg rgdt dt sj sjrt rtdd iesj iesjrv rvds dskk rksj rksjt. t. Ejra Ej rajg jged edbo boby bydd k`gu k`gu dstri dstribi bigk gk mkmi mkmiri ribo bo i`jc i`jc cd cdsr srdt dt kb kbok okb b td tdcu cu pd pdrd rd k`gu k`gudb db ub ubtu tua  a  gjbojtdcuk ojnd`d rudbo dboadsd tjrgdsua pjrojrdadb tdtdsuryd, tjbtubyd sjkrkbo mjbodb  pjrkbtdc dodgd ubtua gjboadnkbyd. ]jtdpk nuod pjrdb acusus dstribigk md`dg ajpjbtkbodb rktud` dodgd sjpjrtk pjbjbtudb drdc ake`dt mdb wdatu si`dt, dwd` Udgdmcdb mdb pjbjtdpdb  pudsd-pudsd `dkbbyd, gjgejrkadb pjbodruc tjrsjbmkrk md`dg pjrajgedbodb pjrajgedbodb dstribigk. Gdsd ajjgds ajjgdsdb db \jtj`d \jtj`dc c Ks` Ks`dg dg gjbyje gjbyjedr dr sdgpdk sdgpdk mk `udr `udr Gdaadc Gdaadc mdb Gdmkbd Gdmkbdc, c, gu`dk`dc pdrd sdcdedt gjboadnk acdzdbdc k`gu hd`da. Bdgub, sjedodkgdbd mknj`dsadb Mr Gu cdggdm Edsck` D`- ]ciky md`dg euaubyd ydbo ejrtdnua D`-Hd`da wd d`-]dqwkg, adnkdb tjbtdbo k`gu hd`da sjldrd gjbmd`dg edru mkgu`dk pdmd gdsd pjgjrkbtdcdb Mkbdstk Zgdyydc, ydktu tjpdtbyd pdmd gdsd pjgjrkbtdcdb Acd`khdc Acd`km ekb [dzkm ekb Gudwkydc. Vdadr sjndrdc sdkbs, Mdvkm D Akbo, md`dg ]cj Ujbdkssdblj ih Dstribigy kb Edocmdm kb tcj ;tc dbm 46tc Ljbturkjs gjbnj`dsadb, pjrajgedbodb k`gu dstribigk md`dg pjrdmdedb Ks`dg Ks`dg ac acus usus usby bydd pd pdmd md gdsd gdsd dwd` dwd` tda tda `jpds `jpds md mdrk rk pj pjbo bodru druc c pj pjrdm rdmde dedb db Kb Kbmk mkdd md mdb b Krdb Krdb.. Vjrajgedbodb dstribigk md`dg pjrdmdedb Ks`dg ydbo tjrndmk pdmd dedm aj-; mkgu`dk mjbodb mktjrnjgdca mktjrn jgdcadbbyd dbbyd adryd-adryd adryd-adryd utdgd D`gdojst i`jc pdrd u`dgd mdb k`guwdb. D`gdojst dmd`dc sugejr tjrpjbtkbo gjbojbdk kbhirgdsk tjbtdbo dstribigk [ubdbk aubi. Vdrd k`guwdb Ks`dg kbk ej`dndr mjbodb ljpdt gjbooubdadb gjtimj pjbj`ktkdb ydbo aj ajgu gumk mkdb db gjbo gjbocd cdsk sk`a `adb db ej ejre redo dodk dk pj pjbj bjgu gudb db,, ck ckbo bood od gjbl gjbldp dpdk dk pu publ blda da aj ajndy ndydd ddbb bbyd yd sjpdbndbo sjndrdc pjrdmdedb. Gjburut Gucdggdm Ocdrke Ndumdc, edcadb tkmda sjpdruc pub mdrk bk`dk pjrdmdedb ktu mdpdt tjrtdbmkbok i`jc pjrdmdedb `dkb ydbo tj`dc dmd sjej`ugbyd. Vjrdmd Vjr dmdedb edb ydbo ydbo ejsdr ejsdr kbk mk Edrdt Edrdt mksjeu mksjeutt mjbodb mjbodb bdgd bdgd ]cj ]cj Ks`dgkl Ks`dgkl Lkvk`kz Lkvk`kzdtk dtkib ib dtdu  pjrdmdedb Ks`dg. K`guwdb K`guw db Gus`kg ydbo gjgk`kak aibtrkeusk aibtrkeusk md`dg jasp`irdsk jasp`irdsk `udr dboadsd ejoktu  edbyda. Vrisjs pjrajgedbodb k`gu `udr dboadsd gjgk`kak adktdb mjbodb pjbjgudb k`gu gdtjgdtkad mdb hkskad. \jckbood, k`guwdb ydbo gjgk`kak pjrdb md`dg ekmdbo dstribigk  ejoktu edbyda. Dc`kk sjndrdc Dc` sjndrdc sdkbs, sdkbs, Mibd`m Mibd`m Uiut`jm Uiut`jmoj oj Ck``, Ck``, gjgedo gjgedokk sjndrdc sjndrdc dstribi dstribigk gk Ks` Ks`dg dg aj md`dg = pjrkimj. d. Vjrki Vjrkimj mj pjrt pjrtdg dgdd (?66 (?66 “ 35: 35: G) Vjrkimjj kbk gjrup Vjrkim gjrupdad dadb b pjrkim pjrkimjj dwd` dwd` mkgdbd mkgdbd euau-e euau-euau uau mdb ejredo ejredodk dk `ktjrdt `ktjrdtur  ur  mktjrnj mkt jrnjgdc gdcadb adb mdrk mdrk [ubdbk [ubdbk,, Kbmkd, Kbmkd, mdb Vjrskd. Vjrskd. \jirdb \jirdbo o pjbojg pjbojgedr edrdd Kbmkd Kbmkd gjbyjr gjbyjrdca dcadb db

 

sjeudc mdtd euau dstribigk ydbo ejrnumu` \kbmckbm dtdu \kmcdbtd ajpdmd ajrdnddb Ks`dg mk Edocmdm pdmd tdcub ??< G, ydktu Mkbdstk Dedsskydc pdmd gdsd Acd`khdc Deu Nd‛hdr d`Gdbscur. Ajgumkdb dtds pjrkbtdcbyd, euau tjrsjeut mktjrnjgdcadb aj md`dg Edcdsd Drde i`jc Gucdggdm keb Kerdckg d`-Hdzdrk, sjckbood d`-Hdzdrk mkajbd` sjedodk dc`k dstribigk  pjrtdgd mk mubkd Ks`dg. Euau `dkb ydbo mktjrnjgdcadb ydktu ^kn d`-\cdc ydbo ejrdsd` mdrk Vjrs Vjrskd kd md mdb b ej ejrk rksk sk tdej tdej`` ds dstr trib ibig igkk yd ydbo bo sj sj`dg `dgdd 5 de dedm dm mk mkou oubd bdad adb b i` i`jc jc ed edbo bosd sd Vj Vjrsk rskd. d. Ajgumkdb dmd D`gdojst adryd Vti`jgy (L`dumkus Vti`jgdjus) mdb tjrgdsua sjgud euau ydbo ejrcueubodb ejrcueubodb mjbodb d`dg sjgjstd. Vdmd tdcub ?;6 G d`-Hdzdrk d`-Hdzdrk gjbu`ks gjbu`ks sjeudc sjeudc euau adrdbo adr dbodbb dbbyd yd sjbmkr sjbmkrkk ydbo ydbo ejrnum ejrnumu` u` ^kn d` \kbkb \kbkb d`-Drde d`-Drde ydbo ydbo gjgudt gjgudt tdej` tdej` dstrib dstribigk igk  ejrmdsdradb tdcub Drde. Kbk`dc sjeudc adryd dwd` ydbo gjbodbtdradb k`gu pjbojtdcudb ks`dg ajpdmd gdsd ajndyddbbyd.  e. Vjrkimj ajmud (35: “ 465: 465: G) Acd`khdc d`-Gd‛gub mdrk mkbdstk Dedsskydc dmd`dc sjirdbo pjgkgpkb ejsdr ydbo  eknda mdb sdbodt tjrtdrka mjbodb k`gu pjbojtdcudb tjrutdgd dstribigk, sjckbood mdbd ydbo  ejsdr ydbo mkejrkadbbyd ubtua ajgdnudb k`gu dstribigk Ks`dg. Gdad mdrk aitd Edocmdm `dckr`d `dc kr`dc c pdrd pdrd dstribi dstribig-d g-dstri stribi big g tjrbdg tjrbdgdd ydbo ydbo ndsdbyd ndsdbyd sdbodt sdbodt ejrpjb ejrpjbodr odruc uc pdmd pdmd zdgdb zdgdb gjrjad ckbood sjadrdbo. Vdmd gdsd kbk, `dckr`dc aj`udrod dstribig ydbo tjrajbd` mjbodb bdgd Gusd ejrsdumdrd mdrk Edbu Gusd ekb \ydakr. Edbu Gusd gjrupdadb sjeutdb edok tkod irdbo adada ejrdmka ydktu Gucdggdm keb Gusd, Dcgdm keb Gusd mdb Cdsdb keb Gusd. Dydc gjrjad dmd`dc Gusd keb \ydakr ydbo nuod sjirdbo dstribig cjedt pdmd gdsdbyd. Ajtkad Gusd keb \cdakr gjbkbood`, D`-Gd‛gub gjbndbnkadb ubtua gjgj`kcdrd mdb gjbndod dbda-dbdabyd ydbo gdskc ajlk`. Ajgumkdb dbda-dbda kbk mksjrdcadb ajpdmd sjirdbo dc`k hd`da [dcyd ekb Deu Gdbscur sdgpdk gjbldpdk uskd mjwdsd mdb tugeuc gjbndmk sjirdbo dc`k hd`da. D`-Gd‛gub gjbooubdadb augpu`db mdrk dc`k hd`da ubtua gjbjripibo ekbtdbo ekbtdbo `dbokt mdb gjbldtdt cdsk` tjripibo-tjripibo tjrsjeut ubtua gjbldrk ajejbdrdb tjgudb tjg udb Vti`jg Vti`jgdju djus. s. Gjrjad Gjrjad gjbjgu gjbjguadb adb tktka tktka tjrnduc tjrnduc gdtdcd gdtdcdrk rk mdrk mdrk eugk eugk mdb gjblie gjbliedd gjbocktubo aj`k`kbo eugk ydbo ejrejbtua `kboadrdb mdb aj`k`kbo ydbo mkmdpdt sjaktdr =4.5=3 ag. Vdmd gdsd ejrkautbyd `dckr`dc sjirdbo gdtjgdtkadwdb sjad`kous dstribig tjrajguad  ejrbdgd Gucdggdm keb Gusd d`-Acdwdrkzgk. Kd gjbu`ks euau ejrnumu` ^kn d`-\kbmc ydbo gjrupdadb gjrup dadb euau dstribigk dstribigk Ks`dg pjrtdgd pjrtdgd ydbo gjgdpdradb gjgdpdradb pjrcktubo pjrcktubodb db gdtjgdtkad gdtjgdtkad ydbo sdbodt edka pdmd gdsd ktu. Euau kbk gjbnj`dsadb tjbtdbo pjrojrdadb gdtdcdrk, eu`db mdb :  eudc p`dbjt ydbo gjboj`k`kbok eugk. Ajgumkdb pdmd tdcub 3:6 G, sjirdbo k`gudb ejrbdgd d`-Hdrocdbk gjbu`ks sjeudc euau ejrnumu` Aktde Hkk Ndwdbk ydbo gjboirjask ajsd`dcdbajsd`dcdb tjirk ojisjbtrks Vti`jgy sjpjrtk sumut ajgkrkbodb ojrcdbd, ojrda gdtdcdrk mdb  eu`db ajtkad ejrdmd pdmd tktka tjrnduc mdrk eugk mdb uaurdb aj`k`kbo eugk. \j`dkb ktu, Deu Gd‛sydr dmd`dc dc`k hd`da ydbo gjbjguadb dmdbyd pdsdbo bdka mdb pdsdbo surut dkr `dut sjedodk dakedt pisksk eu`db tjrcdmdp eugk. l. Vjrkimj Vjrkimj ajtkod ajtkod (465: (465: “ 4=:6 4=:6 G), G), gdsd ajgdnu ajgdnudb db skstjg skstjg dstribigk dstribigk Ks`dg. Ks`dg. Vdmd pjrkimj kbk Kebu d`-Cdytcdg gjbndmk pj`ipir k`gu dstribigk ydbo pjbj`ktkdbbyd  ejredsks tj`jsaip. Vdmd dedm aj-44 Kebu d`-Cdytcdg gjbu`ks sjeudc euau ejrnumu` D`-\cuau –d`d Edt`dgyus (Miuets ib Vti`jgy) ydbo ejrksk tjbtdbo arktkadbbyd tjrcdmdp pjrcktubodb Vti`jgy, gjsak pdmd kbtkbyd kd gdskc sjpdadt mjbodb tjirk ojisjbtrks. \jgjbtdrd ktu, d`-

 

Ekrubk gjgpjrajbd`adb sjeudc pjrcktubodb tjbtdbo pjrljpdtdb ojrda p`dbjt-p`dbjt mdb pdmd tdcub 46