Il Sistema Assiale

 

@I S@SVBJH HSS@HIB @i s`stbjh tolhib Nhrtþk haaolfh ib sub rhf`c` lbii‐hrjol`h fbiib bpocdb prbcbfblt` `l phrt`coihrb lbi Cihss`c`sjo v`bllbsb b lbi ^ojhlt`c`sjo. @lahtt` ul‐hlhi`s` fbiib sub cojpos`z`ol` jostrh cojb qubsto s`stbjh poss`bfb ib propr`btç aolfhjblthi` fbii‐hrjol`h cihss`ch5      

Ib rbihz`ol` aulz`olhi` fb` mrhf` @Q b Q; Ih rbihz`olb fbiib tolhi`tç rbiht`vb jhmm`or` b j`lor`; Ib rbihz`ol` trh mi` hrjol`c`; @i ruoio fbiih sbls`n`ib; I‐opposth tbls`olb fbiih foj`lhltb b fbiih sottofoj`lhltb; Ih fuhi`tç trh pr`lc`p`o tolhib b `ltbrvhiihrb.

h) IB ^BIH ^BIHU@O U@OL@ L@ ARLU ARLU@OL @OLHI@ HI@ V^H V^H @Q B Q Wol`hjo `i s`stbjh tolhib f` Nhrtþk `l ul c`rcoio f` qu`ltb. Wrblf`hjo `i Fo cojb tol`ch (V), Ah ä sottofoj`lhltb (S) b Soi ä foj`lhltb (F). @i Ih ä `i rbiht`vo j`lorb fbiih tol`ch b qu`lf` dh hlcd‐bsso aulz`olb f` tol`ch (V), ^b (sbcolfo mrhfo f` fo) ä sottofoj`lhltb f` Ih j`lorb (S) b J` (tbrzo mrhfo f` fo) ä foj`lhltb f` Ih j`lorb (F). Ih sbr`b J`-Ih-^b-Soi-Fo-Ah corr`spolfb hiih sbr`b fbiib aulz`ol` F-V-S-F-V-S.  Lot`hjo cdb ih sbqublzh F-V-S s` r`pbtb. Bstblfblfo qubsth qubsth  pbr`of`c`tç hi c`rcoio fbiib qu`ltb s` vbfb io scdbjh fbi s`stbjh fbii‐hssb tolhib.

Sbphr`hjo hfbsso ib trb aulz`ol` b cd`hj`hjoib hssb fbiih tol`ch, hssb fbiih sottofoj`lhltb sottofoj`lhltb b hssb fbiih foj`lhltb.

 

HSSB FBIIH SOVVOFOJ@LHLVB

HSSB FBIIH VOL@CH

HSSB FBIIH FOJ@LHLVB

 

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Mi` hccorf` hccorf` nhsht` suiib aolfhjblth aolfhjblthi` i` Fo, J`n (^b#), (^b#), Ah# (Soi (Soi n), n), Ih, Ih, dhllo dhllo aulz`ol aulz`olbb f` tol`ch; Mi` hccorf` hccorf` n nhsht` hsht` suiib aolfhjblth aolfhjblthi` i` J`, Soi, S` n (Ih#), (Ih#), Fo# (^b n), dhllo aulz`olb aulz`olb f` foj`lhltb; Mi` hccorf` hccorf` nhsht` suiib aolfhjblth aolfhjblthi` i` ^b, Ah, Ih n (Soi#), (Soi#), S`, S`, dh dhllo llo aulz`olb aulz`olb f` sottofoj`lhltb.

@ s`lmoi` hss` lol fbvolo bssbrb cols`fbrht` cojb hccorf` f` sbtt`jh f`j`lu`th, jh rbihz`ol` aulz`olhi` f` quhttro f`aabrblt` tolhi`tç phrhmolhn`i` hiib rbihz`ol` jhmm`orb-j`lorb fbiih jus`ch cihss`ch (hf bsbjp`o Fo jhmm`orb - Ih j`lorb b J` n jhmm`orb – Fo j`lorb). Bs`stb pbrþ ulh rbihz`olb joito p`ð aortb trh ` poi` f` ul hssb (hf bsbjp`o Fo b Ah#) cdb trh qubii` colt`mu` (Fo – Ih). Ih rbihz`olb trh ` poi` oppost` ä `i p`ð `jporthltb pr`lc`p`o strutturhib f` Nhrtok, lbiib p`ccoib cojb lbiib mrhlf` aorjb. C`hscul hssb dh ulh fopp`h haa`l`tç pbrcdà poss`hjo opporrb c`hscul poio hi suo opposto jh hlcdb `i rhjo pr`lc`phib hi sbcolfhr`o. Colsbmubltbjbltb ` cojpolblt` fbi s`stbjh hss`hib solo ` sbmublt`5 Woio ^hjo (poio + poio opposto)

sblzh f`jbls`ol` h ulh f`jbls`ol`

Hssb (rhjo pr`lc`phib +rhjo sbcolfhr`o) S`stbjh hss`hib (hss` V + S + F)

h fub f`jbls`ol` h trb f`jbls`ol`

Hf bsbjp`o ib opbrb Chstbiio f` Nhrnhnið, Solhth pbr fub p`hloaort` b pbrcuss`ol`, Colcbrto  pbr v`oi`lo b Jus`ch pbr hrcd`, pbrcuss`olb b cbibsth dhllo jofuihz`ol` cdb s` juovolo lbmi` hss` poihr` f` tol`ch. @l phrt`coihrb lbii‐opbrh Jus`ch lbii‐opbrh Jus`ch pbr hrcd`, pbrcuss`olb b cbibsth ` quhttro jov`jblt` dhllo sbmubltb strutturh5  Jov`jblto @ @@ @@@ @Q

@l`z`o Ih Fo Ah# Ih

Jbtç J` n (j`s.21) Ah# (j`s. >13) Fo (j`s. 61) J` n (j`s. 43)

A`lb Ih Fo Ah# Ih

Xubsto scdbjh c` fç hlcdb ul‐hitrh `laorjhz`olb5 tutt` b quhttro ` jov`jblt` r`jhlmolo suii‐hssb fbiih tol`ch Ih-Fo-J` n-Ah# b `i pr`jo b `i quhrto jov`jblto solo sostblut` fhi rhjo pr`lc`phib IhJ`n b ` jov`jblt` jbf`hl`, fhi rhjo sbcolfhr`o Fo-Ah#.

 

 n) IH ^BIHU@OLB FBIIB FBIIB VOLHI@VH‐ ^BIHV@QB ^BIHV@QB JHMM@O^B B J@LO^B J@LO^B @i s`stbjh hss`hib cost`tu`scb ih iom`ch colt`luhz`olb fbiih jus`ch aulz`olhib buropbh, b io stbsso Nhcd lb hvbvh r`colosc`uto ih prbsblzh lbi suo crojht`sjo. @i colcbtto f` rbihz`olb aulz`olhib au `ltrofotto fhiih rbhi`zzhz`olb fbiih succbss`olb @ – @Q-Q – @. Lbi chso fbiih tol`ch Fo5 Sottofoj`lhltb Ah



Vol`ch Fo

Foj`lhltb Soi

 Lbiih tbor`h cihss`ch m`ç s` phrih f` tr`hf` pr`lc`phi` b sbcolfhr`b, po`cdà Fo puþ bssbrb sost`tu`to fhi suo rbiht`vo j`lorb, cos` cojb `i Ah fhi suo rbiht`vo ^b, b Soi fhi suo rbiht`vo J`.

Sottofoj`lhltb Vol`ch Foj`lhltb   Ah Fo Soi ^b Ih J`  Lbii‐hrjol`h rojhlt`ch vh hlcorh p`ð hvhlt` ahcblfo i‐uso fb` rbiht`v` jhmm`or` (bs. Fo jhmm. b Ih j`l., Fo j`l. b J` n jhmm.). 

Sottofoj`lhltb   Ah ^b 

Vol`ch Fo

Foj`lhltb Soi

Ihn Ih J`n J` S`n  Lbi s`stbjh hss`hib i‐hppi`chz`olb fbiib tolhi`tç rbiht`vb jhmm`or` b j`lor` v`blb bstbsh hii‐`ltbro s`stbjh. C`þ `jpi`ch `i ahtto cdb ih tolhi`tç rbiht`vh cojulb h Ih b J`n ä lol soithlto Fo jh hlcdb Ah# (Soi n ) cdb ih tolhi`tç cojulb h ^b b Ihn ä lol soithlto Ah jh hlcdb S`; b cdb ih tolhi`tç rbiht`vh cojulb h J` b S` n ä lol soithlto Soi jh hlcdb Fo# (^b n ).

Sottofoj`lhltb Vol`ch Foj`lhltb   Ah Fo Soi ^b Ihn Ih J`n J` S`n   S` Ah# Fo# C`oä i‐hccorfo jhmm`orb f` Fo ä sost`tu`to fhi rbiht`vo Ih j`lorb oppurb ih tolhi`tç f` J` n jhmm`orb sost`tu`scb ih tolhi`tç rbiht`vh f` Fo j`lorb. Xubst` hccorf` sost`tut`v` possolo bssbrb hlcdb `jp`bmht` lbiih aorjh jhmm`orb – j`lorb b c`þ cd`ufb `i s`stbjh pbrcdà `i rbiht`vo Ih jhmm. (Ah f` f`bs` bs`ss j`l. j`l.)) b qu qubi biio io f` J` J`n n j`lo j`lorb rb (Soi (Soi n jhmm jhmm.) .) s` `l `lco colt ltrhl rhlo o `l ul pu pult lto o f` co co`l `lc`f c`fbl blzh zh blhrjol`ch, Ah# (Soi n ). Fo jhmm`orb - j`lorb Ih j`lorb

J` n jhmm`orb

Ih jhmm`orb

J` n j`lorb Ah# j`lorb : Soi n jhmm`orb

c) IB ^BIHU ^BIHU@OL @OL@@ V^H V^H MI@ H^JOL@ H^JOL@C@ C@ Ih tbor`h fbi s`stbjh hss`hib ä hlcdb sostbluth fhiib ibmm` fbii‐hcust`ch. Hcust`chjbltb, hrr`vhrb fhiih foj`lhltb hiih tol`ch, ä cojb rhmm`ulmbrb ih loth aolfhjblthib fh ul hrjol`co5 tuttb ib rbihz`ol`

 

chfblzhi` s` nhshlo sui pr`lc`p`o f` `ltbrcollbss`olb trh ib s`lmoib lotb b ` ioro hrjol`c`. Cos` ih foj`lhltb foj` lhltb f` Fo lol ä soithlto soithlto Soi, jh hlcdb ` succbss`v` hrjol`c` J` b S`n. Wbr qubsto i‐`ls`bjb fbiib rbihz`ol` foj`lhltb-tol`ch ä bstbso a`lo h `lciufbrb J` Fo b S`n Fo. Wo`cdà Wo`c dà ih rbih rbihz`o z`olb lb fo foj` j`lh lhlt ltb-t b-tol ol`ch `ch co corr rr`sp `spol olfb fb hiib hiib rbihz rbihz`o `ol` l` to tol` l`chch-so sott ttof ofoj oj`l `lhl hltb tb b sottofoj`l sotto foj`lhltb-fo hltb-foj`lhl j`lhltb, tb, i‐httrhz`olb i‐httrhz`olb aolfhjblt aolfhjblthib-hrjo hib-hrjol`co l`co s` dh hitrbtthlto hitrbtthlto nblb trh tol`chtol`chsottofoj`lhltb b sottofoj`lhltb-foj`lhltb.  Aolfhjblthib Vol`ch Fo Foj`lhltb J` Foj`lhltb S`n Sottofoj`lhltb Ihn Sottofoj`lhltb ^b

Hrjol`co J` b S` n Soi# b ^b ^b b Ih n Fo b Soi n Ah# b Fo

^`suithltb Foj`lhltb Sottofoj`lhltb Sottofoj`lhltb Vol`ch Vol`ch

Sb hmm`ulm`hjo `i ruoio fbii‐hrjol`co p`ð v`c`lo, pbr bsbjp`o ih qu`lth, fh qubstb rbihz`ol` poss`hjo r`chvhrb `i s`stbjh hss`hib lbiih suh cojpibtbzzh.

f) @I ^RO ^ROIO IO FBIIB FBIIB SBLS@N SBLS@N@I@ @I@  Lbiih p`ð sbjpi`cb fbiib chfblzb, qubiih f` Q-@, `i ruoio pr`lc`phib ä m`ochto fhiib sbls`n`i` cdb  profucolo i‐httrhz`olb fbiih foj`lhltb vbrso ih tol`ch. Ih sbls`n`ib tblfb hiih aolfhjblthib, aolfhjblthib, jbltrb ih sbtt`jh fbiih foj`lhltb tblfb vbrso `i tbrzo mrhfo fbiih tol`ch (hf bsbjp`o S` r`soivb sui Fo b ih sbtt`jh Ah sui J` o J`n). Xubstb sbls`n`i` solo `l rbihz`ol` f` tr`tolo trh f` ioro. @i tr`tolo, ih jbtç f` ul `ltbrvhiio f` otthvh ä chrhttbr`zzhto fhiih `ltbrschjn`hn`i`tç fbiib sub lotb sblzh juthjblto fbii‐`ltbrvhiio stbsso. Cosé, sb ih rbihz`olb S`-Ah ä chjn`hth `l Ah-S`, hiiorh `i Ah (J`#) hssujb `i ruoio f` sbls`n`ib tblfblfo vbrso `i Ah# jbltrb ih sbtt`jh S` tblfb vbrso `i Ih# o `i Ih. @l qubsto jofo `lvbcb fbii‐httbsh tol`ch f` Fo jhmm`orb, bjbrmb `i poio opposto, c`oä `i Ah# jhmm`orb o j`lorb. Xubsto t`po f` r`soiuz`olb cd`hjhth ’ psbufo-chfblzh nhrtok`hlh‚ nhrtok`hlh‚ ä ushto fh Nhrtok pbr ottblbrb ul rbpblt`lo chjn`o f` scblh.

IH SBU@OLB HR^BH @i tbrj`lb sbz`olb hurbh `lf`ch cdb ul `ltbrvhiio ä f`v`so `l jofo thib cdb i‐`ltbrh iulmdbzzh sth hiih  phrtb jhmm`orb cojb ih phrtb jhmm`orb sth hiih j`lorb, c`oä ih phrtb jhmm`orb ä ih jbf`h mbojbtr`ch

 

trh i‐`ltbrh iulmdbzzh b ih phrtb j`lorb. Rl sbjpi`cdb chicoio c` jostrh cdb sb i‐`ltbrh iulmdbzzh ä umuhib h 8, `i vhiorb fbiih sbz`olb jhmm`orb ä 7,184 f` colsbmublzh ih phrtb j`lorb ä 7,34>. Cosé, ih  phrtb jhmm`orb f` ulh quhis`hs` iulmdbzzh f`v`sh `l sbz`olb hurbh ä umuhib hii‐`ltbrh iulmdbzzh joit`pi`chth pbr 7,184. Wbr bsbjp`o bsbjp`o `i pr`jo pr`jo jov`jblt jov`jblto o fbiih fbiih Sol Solhth hth pbr fub p`hloaor p`hloaort` t` b pb pbrcus rcuss`o s`olb lb cojprblfb 663  nhttutb, cosé pbr hlhi`zzhrb ih suh sbz`olb hurbh, us`hjo ih aorjuih prbcblfbltb ä 663x7,184:>=3,== 663x7,184:>=3,== b r`chv`hjo cdb propr`o h nhttuth >=6 `l`z`h ih r`prbsh fbi tbjh. C` possolo bssbrb fub poss`n`i`tç lbiib costruz`olb fbiih sbz`olb hurbh h sbcolfh cdb vblmh pr`jh ih sbz`olb p`ð iulmh o qubiih p`ð corth. Cd`hj`hjo pos`t`vh ih poss`n`i`tç `l cu` ih sbz`olb p`ð iulmh  prbcbfb ih p`ð corth, lbmht`vh qubiih `l cu` ä ih phrtb p`ð corth h prbcbfbrb. S` puþ ossbrvhrb cdb ih sbz`olb hurbh co`lc`fb sbjprb col `i pulto f` voith p`ð s`ml`a`chltb fbiih cojpos`z`olb. Lol soithlto i‐`ltbro hrco aorjhib, jh hlcdb ih strutturh fbiib s`lmoib cbiiuib ä r`moroshjbltb hlhi`zzhn`ib `l cd`hvb mbojbtr`ch. C`oä bs`stb ulh colm`ulz`olb s`jjbtr`ch fbiib sbz`ol` pos`t`vh b lbmht`vh h i`vbiio s`h f` j`crostrutturb cdb f` jhcrostrutturb. IH SB^@B F@ A@NOLHCC@ Ih sbr`b f` A`nolhcc` ä ulh sbr`b lujbr`ch ih cu` chrhttbr`st`ch ä cdb oml` lujbro ä umuhib hiih sojjh fb` fub prbcbfblt`5 >,3,2,4,83,>8,36,22,40…. @loitrb ä ulh sbqublzh cdb s` hppross`jh sbjprb f` p`ð hi ahttorb a`sso `rrhz`olhib fbiih sbz`olb hurbh (ih sbz`olb hurbh f` 22 ä 36 b qubiih f` 40 ä 22 bcc.). Wbr bsbjp`o `i pr`jo jov`jblto jov`jblto fbiih  Jus`ch pbr hrcd`, pbrcuss`olb b cbibsth ä cbibsth  ä cost`tu`to fh 40  nhttutb f`v`sb `l sbz`ol` f` 22 b 36 nhttutb, h ioro voith suff`v`sb `l j`crosbz`ol` col lujbr` f`  nhttutb hpphrtblblt` hiih sbr`b A`nolhcc`. C`oä ib proporz`ol` sbmuolo ih sbr`b A`nolhcc`. Ih sbr`b A`nolhcc` r`aibttb ih ibmmb fbiib proporz`ol` b fbiih crbsc`th lhturhib. Hf bsbjp`o ä arbqubltb lb` m`rhsoi`, lbiib jhrmdbr`tb lbmi` hlhlhs b `l hitr` s`stbj` f` sp`rhi` `lcoltrhrb ` lujbr` sbr`hi` >8,36,22 >8,3 6,22,40 ,40 (hf bsbjp`o `i m`rhsoib m`rhsoib dh 36 pbthi`). Nhrtok haabrjh cdb `i suo cojporrb cojporrb ä mu`fhto mu`fhto fhi sbmu`rb ib ibmm` fbiih lhturh b qu`lf` ih sbz`olb hurbh.